QUARTER 2 WEEK 1

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

MRS. CHERYL A. RETIO

 ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
Using a cathode ray tube showed that all
elements contain electrons.
Rutherfords Atoms
• After the Rutherford
experiment the atom
model looked liked
this:
• Looked like the
infinity Wizard logo.
 ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
• is a method of indicating the arrangement of electrons
about a nucleus.
• A typical electron configuration consists of numbers,
letters, and superscripts with the following format:
-A number indicates the energy level (The number is
called the principal quantum number.).
- A letter indicates the type of orbital; s(sharp),
p(principal), d(diffused), f(fundamental).
- A superscript indicates the number of electrons in the
orbital.
- Example: ls2 means that there are two electrons in the
‘s’ orbital of the first energy level. The element is
helium.
THREE GENERAL RULES
• Aufbau Principle
• Hunds Rule of Multiplicity
• Pauli Exclusion Principle
 General Rules
6d
Aufbau Principle 7s
5f
6d
5f
6p 7s

– building up 5d
6s
4f 6p
5d
5p 6s 4f

– Electrons fill the 4d

4p
5s
5s
5p
4d

lowest energy 4s
3d 4p

orbitals first. 3p 4s
3d

Energy 3p
-The sum of the 3s
3s
2p
superscripts should 2s 2p

equal the total number 2s

of electrons.
Ex: 12Mg =ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 1s
1s

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Using a guide, the order can be designated as
follows: (Energy diagram for atomic orbitals)
 Configuration Writing Practice
Write the electron configurations for the
following atoms.
1. ₁₂Mg 6.₇N
2. ₁₅P
3. ₂₃V
4. ₃₂Ge
5. ₃₆Kr
 General Rules
• Hund’s Rule (proposed by Friedrich Hund)
– When electrons enter a sublevel containing more
than one orbital, they will spread out over the
available orbitals with their spins in the same
direction before they pair up with opposite spins.

WRONG Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

RIGHT
 Example
1. Give the electron configuration of ₈O
and its orbital diagram.
2. Give the electron configuration of ₁₇Cl
and its orbital diagram.
 8
O
Notation 15.9994

• Orbital Diagram

O
8e- 1s 2s 2p
• Electron Configuration

2 2
1s 2s 2p 4
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 Configuration Writing Practice
Write the orbital notations for the
following atoms.
1. ₁₂Mg 6.₇N
2. ₁₅P
3. ₂₃V
4. ₃₂Ge
5. ₃₆Kr
 General Rules
• Pauli Exclusion Principle Wolfgang Pauli

– Each orbital can hold TWO electrons with opposite

spins.

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 16
S
Notation 32.066

• Longhand Configuration

S 16e- 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p4

Core Electrons Valence Electrons

• Shorthand Configuration

S 16e- 2
[Ne] 3s 3p4
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 Shorthand Configuration

– Core electrons:
• Go up one row and over to the
Noble Gas.
– Valence electrons:
• On the next row, fill in the # of e- in
each sublevel.

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 32
Ge
Shorthand Notation 72.61

• Example - Germanium
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p 2

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 Shorthand Configuration
Element symbol Electron configuration
Ca
V
F
Ag
I
Xe
Fe
Sg
 Shorthand Configuration
Element symbol Electron configuration
Ca [Ar] 4s2
V [Ar] 4s2 3d3
F [He] 2s2 2p5
Ag [Kr] 5s2 4d9
I [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p5
Xe [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p6
Fe [Ar] 4s23d6
Sg [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d4
 Stability
• Full energy level
• Full sublevel (s, p, d, f)
• Half-full sublevel
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

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 The Octet Rule
Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons
until they have eight valence electrons.

This fills the valence

shell and tends to give
the atom the stability 8
of the inert gasses.

ONLY s- and p-orbitals are valence electrons.

 Stability
• Electron Configuration Exceptions
– Copper
EXPECT: [Ar] 4s2 3d9

ACTUALLY: [Ar] 4s1 3d10

– Copper gains stability with a full

d-sublevel.

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 Stability
• Electron Configuration Exceptions
– Chromium
EXPECT: [Ar] 4s2 3d4

ACTUALLY: [Ar] 4s1 3d5

– Chromium gains stability with a half-full d-

sublevel.

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