LMR-HEMATOLOGY

M1 AML without maturation

M2 AML with Maturation Chloroma
M3 Acute promyelocytic leukemia DIC, Auer rods
M4 Myelomonocytic leukemia
M5 Monocytic maturation Gum hypertrophy
M6 Erythroid maturation
M7 Megakaryocytic maturation Downs syndrome

Bad prognostic factors for ALL

1. Age < 2 years >10 years

2. Hypodiploidy
3. t(8;14)
4. t(9;22) Involvement of CNS, mediastinum, testicular involvement

Good prognostic factors:

1. Age 2-10 years

2. Hyperdiploidy
3. t(9;22), t(12;21)
4. CALLA positivity

Beta Thalassemia: Hb synthesis defect. Decreased production of beta globin chain and
increased unpaired production of alpha chains

Mentzner index = MCV/RBC count > 13: Iron deficiency anemia

<13: Thalassemia

Increased HbF production

HbA2 increased indicates thalassemia minor; differentiates from Iron deficiency anemia

Presence of Target cells

Sickle cell Anemia: Go Welcome (mnemonic)

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Glutamate gone, replaced by Valine(Welcome)

DIC

• Increased PT
• Increased APTT
• Increased Fibrin degradation products
• Increased D-dimer
• Increased Bleeding time
• Decreased Fibrinogen

Causes of increased PT and APTT (both) : Heparin treatment

Vitamin k deficiency

Hodgkins lymphoma:

A. Classical Hodgkins lymphoma

1. Nodular Sclerosis : MOST COMMON worldwide

Lacunar variant RS cells and collagen bands

2. Mixed cellularity: MOST COMMON in India

Biphasic incidence

3. Lymphocyte rich

4. Lymphocyte depleted or poor :

worse prognosis

Pleomorphic RS cells and Mummified RS cells

B. Lymphocyte predominant: Popcorn RS cells

Lymphohistiocytic variant

Best prognosis

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CLL/SLL CD5+ CD23+
Mantle cell lymphoma CD5+ CD23-Cyclin D1 positive
t(11;14)
Follicular lymphoma BCL-2
t(14;18)
Diffuse Large B cell CD20, BCL-6
Lymphoma
Burkitts Lymphoma BCL-6 Positive
BCL-2 absent
t(8;14)
Marginal zone lymphoma t(11;18) BCL-10, MALT-1

CLOTTING IN THE LABRORATORY CLOTTING IN VIVO

A B

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