Hydrodynamic calculation Gate valve (through-

conduit)

2D L

+F x Qair

1.2D
+F y

Qmax +F bx
D

+F by

4D

1.5D

1.1D

0.3D

Fig. 1 - Through conduit

Values for calculation:

Valve diameter D
1500 mm

Flow Qmax
20 m /s
3
 Rated net head (max 6500m) h0
65 m

Gravitational acceleration g
9.81 m/s
2

The water temperature t

10 C°

Density ρ
1000.1 kg/m
3

Increasing pressure on water hammer ΔP

10 m

Aeration n
yes

Under-pressure behind the valve Patm

0 m

Air density ρair

1.3 kg/m
3

Closing time t
10 s

Pipe length behind valve L

5 m

Valve speed:
6 6
4 ⋅ 10 ⋅ Qmax 4 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 20
v0 = = = 11.3m/s
2 2
π ⋅ D π ⋅ 1500

Theoretical pressure in the valve at full opening:

2 2
v 11.3
0
Δh = ⋅ (ξ + 1) = ⋅ (0 + 1) = 6.5m
2g 2 ⋅ 9.81

Pressure parameter:

Δh 6.5
p = = = 0.1
h0 65

0 < p ≤ 1 → 0 < 0.1 ≤ 1

Does suit.
 Coefficient of Coefficient of Coefficient Coefficient
hydraulic force hydraulic force of hydraulic of hydraulic
on a sliding on a sliding force on force on
Valve Flow plate in the axis plate in the axis body in the body in the
position coefficient x y axis x axis y

s KQ Kx Ky Kbx Kby

0 1 0 0 0 0

10 0.892 0.139 0.152 0.181 1.924

20 0.691 0.298 0.229 0.316 0.265

30 0.513 0.478 0.211 0.497 0.177

40 0.375 0.576 0.184 0.594 0.237

50 0.253 0.723 0.154 0.734 0.174

60 0.165 0.808 0.093 0.816 0.071

70 0.087 0.893 0.049 0.902 0.089

80 0.029 0.953 0.007 0.954 0.116

90 0.001 0.993 0.005 0.992 0.121

100 0 1 0 1 0
 -●-K x [−]

-●-K y [−]

-●-K bx [−]

-●-K by [−]

s[%]

Fig. 2 - Coefficient of force

 -●-K Q [−]

s[%]

Fig. 3 - Flow coefficient

Reduced free flow area in Flow of Water

Valve Loss the throttle control Relative water in velocity in
position coefficient system flow the pipeline pipeline

s ξ fr Qp Q v

3
% m /s m/s

0 0 1 1 20 11.318

10 0.257 0.892 0.987 19.747 11.174

20 1.094 0.691 0.949 18.984 10.743

30 2.8 0.513 0.883 17.669 9.999

40 6.111 0.375 0.787 15.744 8.909

50 14.623 0.253 0.636 12.729 7.203

 Reduced free flow area in Flow of Water
Valve Loss the throttle control Relative water in velocity in
position coefficient system flow the pipeline pipeline

s ξ fr Qp Q v

3
% m /s m/s

60 35.731 0.165 0.467 9.336 5.283

70 131.118 0.087 0.266 5.313 3.007

80 1188.061 0.029 0.091 1.823 1.032

90 1234566.901 0.001 0.003 0.057 0.032

100 999999999999 0 0 0 0
 -●-ξ[−]

s[%]

Fig. 4 - Loss coefficient

2
1 − K
Q
ξ =
2
K
Q
 -●-f r [−]

-●-Q p [−]

s[%]

Fig. 5 - Coefficients

KQ
fr =
KQmax

fr
Qp =
2
√p + f (1 − p)
r
 -●-Q[m 3
/s]

-●-v[m/s]

s[%]

Fig. 6 - Flow and speed of water in the pipeline

Q = Qp ⋅ Qmax

6
4Q ⋅ 10
v =
2
π ⋅ D

Valve position Loss of pressure on the valve Pressure on the valve Cavitation number

s HL Hv σ

% m m

0 0 6.529 11.473

10 1.634 8.125 9.017

20 6.437 12.827 5.337

Valve position Loss of pressure on the valve Pressure on the valve Cavitation number

s HL Hv σ

% m m

30 14.267 20.528 2.954

40 24.722 30.896 1.624

50 38.67 44.95 0.806

60 50.835 57.59 0.418

70 60.413 68.217 0.212

80 64.46 73.602 0.142

90 64.999 74.971 0.132

100 65 75 0.132
 -●-H L [m]

-●-H v [m]

s[%]

Fig. 7 - Loss of height on valve and pressure height on Gate valve

2
v
HL = ξ
2g

2
v
Hv = HL + + (1 − Qp ) ⋅ (ΔP + Patm )
2g
 -●-σ[−]

s[%]

Fig. 8 - Cavitation number

10 − 0.1 + h0 − HL
σ =
Hv

Valve Forces on sliding Forces on sliding The force at the The force at the
position plate in axis x plate in axis y valve axis x valve axis y

s Fx Fy Fbx Fby

% kN kN kN kN

0 0 0 0 0

10 19.581 21.413 25.498 271.039

20 66.271 50.926 70.274 58.932

30 170.12 75.095 176.882 62.994

40 308.538 98.561 318.179 126.95

 Valve Forces on sliding Forces on sliding The force at the The force at the
position plate in axis x plate in axis y valve axis x valve axis y

s Fx Fy Fbx Fby

% kN kN kN kN

50 563.451 120.016 572.024 135.602

60 806.751 92.856 814.739 70.89

70 1056.155 57.953 1066.799 105.261

80 1216.102 8.933 1217.378 148.025

90 1290.708 6.499 1289.409 157.277

100 1300.307 0 1300.307 0

 -●-F x [kN]

-●-F y [kN]

s[%]

Fig. 9 - Forces on sliding plate

2
πD
Fx = ⋅ ρ ⋅ g ⋅ Hv ⋅ K x
9
4 ⋅ 10

2
πD
Fy = ⋅ ρ ⋅ g ⋅ Hv ⋅ K y
9
4 ⋅ 10
 -●-F bx [kN]

s[%]

Fig. 10 - Forces on the body x

2
πD
Fbx = ⋅ ρ ⋅ g ⋅ Hv ⋅ Kbx
9
4 ⋅ 10
 -●-F by [kN]

s[%]

Fig. 11 - Forces on the body y

2
πD
Fby = ⋅ ρ ⋅ g ⋅ Hv ⋅ Kby
9
4 ⋅ 10

Effective closing time factor:

0.1
cef = min [ lim ] = 0.497
s→90 [Qps − Qps+10 ]

Pressure behind the valve:

L ⋅ v0 ⋅ ρ 5 ⋅ 11.3 ⋅ 1000.1
5 5
P2 = min { ; 1 ⋅ 10 } = min { ; 1 ⋅ 10 } = 11387.1Pa
t ⋅ cef 10 ⋅ 0.497

Valve Aerated Coefficient of under- Relative Flow of water in Air

position coefficient pressure of aerated hole flow the pipeline flow

s β f2 Qp Q Qair
 Valve
% Aerated Coefficient of under- Relative Flow of
m water
3
/s in Air
3
m /s

position coefficient pressure of aerated hole flow the pipeline flow

s β f2 Qp Q Qair

3 3
% m /s m /s

20 0.2 6.924 0.949 18.984 3.797

30 0.3 16.78 0.883 17.669 5.301

40 0.4 30.924 0.787 15.744 6.297

60 0.6 76.342 0.467 9.336 5.602

100 0 0 0 0 0
 -●-Q air [m
3
/s]

s[%]

Fig. 12 - Air flow

P2 < 50000 → Qair = βQ

P2 ≥ 50000 → Qair = max[Qmax − Q; βQ]

Valve Under-pressure in the Air The flow area of The flow area of the
position aerated pipeline velocity the aerated hole aerated pipeline

s P2air vair fair fair−pipe

2 2
% Pa m/s m m

20 41309.773 176.469 0.022 0.076

30 86839.601 250 0.021 0.106

40 100000 250 0.025 0.126

60 100000 250 0.022 0.112

 Valve Under-pressure in the Air The flow area of The flow area of the
position aerated pipeline velocity the aerated hole aerated pipeline

s P2air vair fair fair−pipe

2 2
% Pa m/s m m

100 11387.104 92.651 0 0

 -●-P 2air [Pa]

s[%]

Fig. 13 - Under-pressure in the aerated pipeline

2
v L ⋅ v0 ⋅ ρ
5 5
P2air = min {1 ⋅ 10 ; f2 ⋅ ⋅ ρ + (1 − Qp ) ⋅ min { ; 1 ⋅ 10 }}
2 ⋅ g t ⋅ cef
 -●-v air [m/s]

s[%]

Fig. 14 - Air velocity

2 ⋅ P2air
vair = min {0.7 ⋅ √ ; 250}
ρair
 -●-f air [m
2
]

s[%]

Fig. 15 - The flow area of the aerated hole

Qair
fair =
vair
 -●-f air−pipe [m
2
]

s[%]

Fig. 16 - The flow area of the aerated pipeline

Qair
vair > 50 → fair−pipe =
50

vair ≤ 50 → fair−pipe = fair