Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Strength analysis of geopolymer concrete based on fly ash and P-sand

R. Rajendrana a,⇑, D. Sarath Kumar b, K. Megan c, P. Muneswaren c, D. Senthilvel c, B. Shri c, N. Lingeshwaran d
a
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, K Ramakrishnan College of Technology, Trichy 621112, India
b
Research Scholar, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankukathur, TN, India
c
UG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, K Ramakrishnan College of Technology, Trichy 621112, India
d
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (Deemed to be University), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The genuine emergency of the world is confining today for trending of natural causes the ecological con-
Received 1 July 2021 tamination. In the development business principally the creation of OPC will causes the discharge of tox-
Received in revised form 2 August 2021 ins brings about ecological contamination. We can cut down the contamination impact on climate, by
Accepted 4 August 2021
broadening the utilization of modern outgrowth in our development industry. Geopolymer concrete is
Available online xxxx
the current study, to create the geo-polymer concrete. The Portland concrete is completely replace with
fly debris and the fine total is replaced with p-sand and basic fluids can be utilized for the limiting of
Keywords:
materials. The antacid fluids utilized in this assessment for the polymerization are the arrangements of
Geopolymer concrete
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2Sio3). Various molarities of sodium hydroxide
Sodium silicate arrangement for example 8 M, 10 M and 12 M are taken to get ready distinctive mix. Also, the compres-
Compression test sive strength is determined in the structural lab. The solid shape examples are taken of size
Split tensile and flexural test 150 mm  150 mm  150 mm and the 1 m3 3D square. The geopolymer concrete specimens are tried
for their compressive strength at the period of 21 days, mixes of different sodium hydroxide molarities
i.e.8 M, 10 M and 12 M are readied and they are cured by direct daylight and their strengths are deter-
mined for 21 days. The outcome shows that the strength of geopolymer concrete rises with the expansion
of the molar concentration of sodium hydroxide.
Copyright Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the International Conference on Sustainable materials,
Manufacturing and Renewable Technologies 2021.

1. Introduction
For the construction of any structure, Concrete is the predomi-
nant material. Concrete around the world is second only to water.
The main ingredient to manufacture concrete is Portland cement
[1]. On the other side global warming and environmental pollution
are the biggest hazard to the human race on this planet today. The
production of cement means the production of pollution because of
the emission of CO2 during its production [2]. These are two differ-
ent sources of CO2 emission during cement production. Combus-
tion of fossil fuels to operate the rotary kiln is the largest source
and other one is the chemical process of limestone into lime in
the cement kiln also produces CO2 [3]. In India about 2,069,738
thousands of metric tons of CO2 is emitted in the year of 2010.
The cement industry contributes about 5% of total global carbon
dioxide emissions. And cement is manufactured by using the raw
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: rajendranraja07@gmail.com (R. Rajendrana).
materials such as lime stone, clay and various minerals. These
raw materials is also causes environmental degradation [4]. The
1.6 tons of raw materials are required to 1 ton of cement produc-
tion and the time taken to form the lime stone is much longer than
the rate at which humans use it. But the demand of concrete is con-
stantly increasing day by day for its ease of preparing and fabricat-
ing in all sorts of convenient shapes. So to get better of this
problem, the concrete to be used should be environmental friendly.
2. Experimental investigation
The experimental programme consists of casting and testing of
strength analysis geopolymer concrete based on flyash and p-sand.
2.1. Materials used
The materials used in the geopolymer concrete are the Flyash
and P- sand with the alkaline solution of Sodium hydroxide and
the sodium silicate [5]. And the crushed aggregate having the nom-

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.08.032
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the International Conference on Sustainable materials, Manufacturing and Renewable Technologies 2021.

Please cite this article as: R. Rajendrana, D. Sarath Kumar, K. Megan et al., Strength analysis of geopolymer concrete based on fly ash and P-sand, Materials
Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.08.032
R. Rajendrana, D. Sarath Kumar, K. Megan et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1
Physical properties of Fly ash and P-sand.

Properties Fly ash P-sand Alkaline solution Coarse aggregate

Specific gravity 2.75 2.60 – 2.87
Fineness modulus 12.23 14 – 8.14
Oxide composition (%by mass) Sio2 59.2 – Na2O 7.5%-8.55% –
Al2o3 38.02 SiO2 25%-28%
CaO 0.94 Water 67.5%-63.5

Assume the density of geopolymer concrete as 2500 kg/m3.

Assume the volume of combined aggregates occupied 70% of the
mass of concrete.
i.e., 0.70 X 2500 = 1750 kg/m3
The Mass of Aggregates = 1750 kg/m3
Coarse Aggregate
60% = 9.24 kg
Fine Aggregate
40% = 6.16 kg
Mass of liquid and fly ash = 2500–1750 = 750 kg/m3
For fly-ash
60% = 3.99 kg
For liquid
40% = 2.66 kg
NaoH = 1.06 kg
Na2Sio3 = 1.59 kg

Fig. 1. Concrete preparation.
Table 2
Details of the test specimen.
Compressive strength
Cubes of 150 * 150 *
150 mm
4. Concrete preparation
Water/cement ratio and alkaline ratio was kept same for all the
types of concrete to investigate the effect of the different trail mix
in the concrete when the other parameter was not changed [6].
Table 1 presents the details of the test and the test specimens.
Split tensile strength Fig. 1 represents the concrete preparation. The PCC specimens
Cylinders of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm were prepared in the accordance with Indian Standard Specifica-
height tion. The other concretes were prepared as per test procedure men-
tioned in literature.

inal size of 20 mm and plastering sand were used as the coarse and
fine aggregate respectively. Both the coarse and fine aggregate
were used confirming to zone II and shown in Table 1.
Super plasticizer Sulphonated naphthalene based super plasti-
cizers were used for the improvement of the workability.
5. Test procedure and setup:
The static compressive strength test, static split tensile test and
static flexural strength test were performed in the 1000 kN capac-
ity automated UTM as per Indian Standard specification [7]. And
the details of the test specimen shown in Table 2. The flexural

3. Mix proportioning of geopolymer concrete Table 4

Cube compressive strength.
Mix proportion for M25 concrete was created was carried out
Name of the mix Compressive strength in N/mm2 of specimen
based on the trail mix for geopolymer concrete. cured by 7 days, 14 days, 28 days
Mix proposition for geopolymer concrete:
CC 7 days 14 days 28 days
The mass of fine aggregates + coarse aggregates = 1750 kg/m3.
GP1 17.6 22.4 27.3
Grade of Concrete GP3 18.23 23.6 27.2
M25 (1:1:2) GP3 21.26 24.1 28.4
Admixtures GP4 21 24.9 29.1
Fly Ash and P-Sand

Table 3
Details of the tests and test specimen.

Name of the Fly ash (kg/ P - sand (kg/ Coarse Aggregate Sodium silicate solution (kg/ Sodium hydroxide solution (kg/ Super plasticizer (kg/
mixture m3) m3) (kg/m3) m3) m3) m3)
20 mm 12 mm
GP1 450 700 400 650 200 100 (8 M) 3.375
GP3 450 700 400 650 200 100 (10 M) 3.375
GP3 450 700 400 650 200 100 (12 M) 3.375

2
R. Rajendrana, D. Sarath Kumar, K. Megan et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 2. Compressive strength of specimens at the age of 7 days.

Table 5
Cube split tensile strength.

Name of the mix Split Tensile Test N/mm2 of Cubes

7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
CC 1.7 2.29 2.81
GP1 1.9 2.37 2.70
GP2 2.1 2.40 2.83
GP3 2.2 2.42 2.90

Fig. 3. Compressive strength of specimens at the age of 14 days.

Fig. 5. Split Tensile Test of specimens at the age of 7 days.

Fig. 4. Compressive strength of specimens at the age of 28 days.

strength test was conducted 25 kN capacity automated slow con-

trolled actuator by applying displacement-controlled loading [8].

6. Compressive strength test

Compressive strength is the limit of a material or construction

to withstand axially driven forces. Cubes of
150 mm  150 mm  150 mm were casted and compressive
strength test was led on different specimens at 7, 14, 21 days. To Fig. 6. Split Tensile Test of specimens at the age of 14 days.

3
R. Rajendrana, D. Sarath Kumar, K. Megan et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

increment of the strength by 75% and its shown in the Table 4

and shown in the Figs. 2–4.

7.2. Split tensile test

In case of considering the split tensile test the strength can

change as it is compared with the compressive strength. The only
change that we can notice is mixing ratio of the quantity. The
charts shows that there is an increase of composition by 40% to
80 %. The split tensile test shown in the Table 5 and shown in Fig-
ure Figs. 5–7.

7.3. Workability test

By the comparison of normal mix the workability mix is

increases due to the addition of fly ash and p-sand. Its shown in
the Table 6 and Fig. 8.

Fig. 7. Split Tensile Test of specimens at the age of 28 days. 8. Conclusion

In light of the experimental work reported in this study, the fol-

Table 6 lowing conclusions are drawn. More concentration (regarding
Workability for mix design. molar) of sodium hydroxide arrangement brings about higher
S.NO Name of the Mix Workability in mm compressive strength of fly debris and P-sand based geo-polymer
concrete. We observe that the compressive strength is increased
1 CC 65
2 GP1 75 with the increase in the molar concentration of the sodium
3 GP2 82 hydroxide. After 72 h of curing the increase the compressive
4 GP3 92 strength is not sufficient. The geo-polymer concrete is effectively
used for the beam column junction of the reinforced concrete
structure. Geo-polymer concrete shall also be used in the Infras-
tructure works. In addition to that fly ash shall be effectively used
and hence no landfills are required to dump the fly ash.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

R. Rajendrana: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision.

D. Sarath Kumar: . K. Megan: . P. Muneswaren: . D. Senthilvel:
. B. Shri: . N. Lingeshwaran: Conceptualization.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-

cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.

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