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An Overview Of Geo-Polymer Concrete Including Recycled Aggregate

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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

An Overview Of Geo-Polymer Concrete Including

Recycled Aggregate
Khaleel H. Younis, Koran A. Salihi, Talib K. Ibrahim

Abstract: In order to mitigate the problem of CO2 emissions into the environment, which is a worldwide recognized issue, the use of natural materials
needs to be minimized. Among many solitons to that problem, geopolymer binders and recycled aggregates are considered as environmentally friendly
products, they can be utilized to concrete production since geopolymer and recycled aggregates are the part of the sustainable development of concrete,
and using them to make concrete addresses the problem of CO2 emissions. And Geopolymer concrete with recycled concrete (RCA) could be an
effective method. One of the hardened properties of concrete is compressive strength, which is the most vital properties by having the final say to
determine the required quality. As for the rheological properties of any concrete mixture, the workability is counted as the most important characteristics,
in this study the use and effect of recycled aggregate (RCA) in geopolymer concrete is presented and reviewed. The main objective of this paper is to
discuss compressive strength and workability of geopolymer concrete made with recycled aggregate.

Index Terms: Geo-Polymer concrete, Compressive strength, Recycled aggregate, Review, Workability, Fly Ash,
——————————  ——————————

1 INTRODUCTION
It is obvious that water is the most consumed material in the
world but second material used in the world mostly is
concrete. Over the next few years, the use of concrete is
expected to increase due to a significant growth in the world
population and urban development. The reasons which make
concrete being preferred, its exceptional strength properties,
specifically compressive strength, economics, availability, and
its excellent durability. [1, 2]. One of another properties of
concrete which makes the concrete most suitable material for
construction is that, it can be molded to any shape. The main
ingredient in concrete is OPC (ordinary Portland cement)
which is the binder of the aggregate particles in any mixture of
concrete. However, an extreme quantity of energy is required
to product OPC and one ton of CO2 is released to the
atmosphere for every single ton of OPC production. The
cement industries in the world are responsible for %8 of the
total global greenhouse emission, and CO2 is the main reason
for global warming. [3]. To overcome that concern, most of the
studies and researches have been focused on finding a
sustainable alternate binder, supplementary cementitious
materials (SCM) to OPC to be used in concrete. In addition,
the consumption of natural aggregate (NA) is increasing due
to the continually increasing need for the use of concrete. The
result for this is abiotic depletion which is gradually destroys
the natural resources of the ecosystem. In addition,
construction and demolition waste (CDW) disposal can be
used as a means to encourage many researchers around the
world to find different ways to recycle and reduce pressure on
scarce landfill spaces available as a means of reducing
dependence on the current resources of natural aggregates
and minerals [4] [5] [6, 7]. Depending on the fact of
composition of concrete, it is well-known that the percentage
of fine and coarse aggregate is 75-80%, so that would make
———————————————
 Khaleel H. Younis , Assistant Professor at:
- Erbil Polytechnic University-Road Construction Dept. Erbil-Iraq.
- Tishk International University, Civil Engineering Dept. Erbil –Iraq.
E-mail: khaleel.younis@epu.edu.iq
 Koran A. Salihi is a researcher at:
-Tishk International University, Civil Engineering Dept. Erbil-Iraq.
E-mail: goranazad2004@gmail.com
 Talib K. Ibrahim, Professor at:
- Knowledge University, College of Engineering, Environment
Dept.
Email: talib.ibrahim@knowledge.edu.krd
IJSTR©2020
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the CDW be a good potential to use as recycled coarse
aggregate (RCA) [5]. This theme is not new, but recently there
has been a lot of research that refers to the inferior properties
of concrete, including recycled aggregate, compared to
conventional concrete [8] [5, 9].
Geopolymer is a new binder currently under development.
This is a kind of binder developed to replace the use of
cement in the production of concrete. The aim is to develop a
sustainable and eco-friendly concrete that contains alternative
binder to OPC. Initially, the geopolymer was first discovered by
Davidovits in 1991 [10]. The term geo-polymer is a two-part
term called geo and polymer. The former ―geo‖ is geological or
industrial materials such as fly ash (FA), blast furnace slag
(BFS), silica fume (SF), and shell ash (RHA) rich in silica (Si)
and alumina (AL). Means the material derived from by-
products), the latter "polymer" means a chain of molecules
produced from the same unit. When alkaline activator is
bonded with one of these by-products is, a geopolymer binder
is obtained. The total energy required to produce fly ash-based
geopolymers is 60% less than cement production and CO2
emissions are at least 80% less [11]. There has been a lot of
research and research on geopolymer concrete and
composites around the world so far, and in the future
geopolymer concrete may exist in the world as the ultimate
sustainable building material [12]. In fact, the use of
geopolymer concrete can help increase the sustainability of
concrete technology and the construction industry. This
reinforcement can be further developed by mixing recycled
aggregates to geopolymer concrete, it can be partial or 100%
replacement of NA. In the result, the greenhouse gases can
be reduced to minimum and landfills are relieved from the
pressure of a huge amount of CDW accumulation.
Geopolymer binders are OPC's sustainable alternative
composite materials, where recycled aggregates and
geopolymers are mixed to produce recycled aggregate
geopolymer concrete there is a possibility that will provide
ultimate sustainability in the construction industry in the near
future. The purpose of this study is to present a review on
geopolymer binders and recycled aggregates. Additionally, a
literature review will provide details on the performance of
sustainable geopolymer concrete incorporating RCA. This
includes the following: Rheological and mechanical properties
of geopolymer concrete mixtures made with RCA.
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2 BACKGROUND
There are numerous published studies and papers that tackle
the fresh and mechanical properties, and durability
characteristics for geopolymer concrete mixed with natural
aggregate and OPC concrete, there are also studies about
OPC concrete incorporated with recycled aggregate.
Contrariwise, limited number of researchers have studied and
investigated the mechanical properties and durability of
geopolymer concrete mixed with RCA [13, 14].
2.1 Recycled coarse aggregate concrete
Compressive strength, bending strength, tensile strength, and
elastic modulus are RAC properties also called hardened
properties. These properties depend on many parameters
such as the w / b ratio, engineering and physical properties of
RA used in concrete. Not only the fine structure, also the
weakness of the bonds between the old mortar and RA leads
to appearance of diagonal cracks and opening in recycled
aggregate during the procedure of recycling and the presence
of weak porous mortar around RA. The main concern about
RAC is its inferior mechanical properties, which is a challenge
to accurately validate prior to its use. Additionally, the
replacement ratio and the moisture content of RAC are the
major parameters influence its mechanical properties. [15,
16]. Water absorption of RA, free moisture content of
aggregate, and amount of attached mortar in RAC, are
affected by the w/b ratio so it considered as a critical factor.
However compressive strength of RAC also could be induced
by many aspects, but mainly by replacement ratio, w/b ratio
[16, 17] and moisture condition of RA. Mechanical and
physical properties of RA are also crucial this is because the
crush strength and impact strength of the aggregate affect the
resistance to compressive load. Many studies, researchers,
and authors mentioned that the compressive strength of RAC
is directly proportion to the replacement amount or percentage
(%) of recycled aggregate (RA) using the same w/b ratio[18]
[19], and many papers and researches presented that the
compressive strength with %100 replacement with RA is %30
less compared to natural concrete aggregate. [20, 21]. Similar
cases, also recorded by some other authors, that concluded
the decrease in compressive strength is between 12% and
%25 with 100% RA replacement ratio [15, 22, 23].
2.2 Geo-polymer Binders
Among several by-product waste materials which are
produced and generated in different industrial fields, some of
them could be suitable to substitute OPC binder, and can be
as the source for geo-polymer. It is challenging to discard
those extreme amounts of wastes in the environment so it can
be the potential alternative for OPC. Fly ash also known as
PFA pulverized fuel ash is one of the waste materials that
could be source for geo-polymer, FA is industrial waste from
power plants generated from coal combustion, accounting for
75-80% of the world's annual ash production. [24]. Fly ash
compared to OPC concrete have better mechanical and
durability properties [25, 26]. By increasing the fineness of the
fly ash, the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete
can be improved. In case of increment of surface area of the
fly ash the geopolymerization process also increase, which
leads to more reactive fly ash. [27, 28]. Concrete is a multi-
faceted, heterogeneous material, and the mechanical
properties related to stress are affected by the behavior of
each component material and the interface between these
IJSTR©2020
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materials. Recently the studies and researches about cement-
less concrete concluded that, there are many factors influence
the mechanical properties. Besides, the authors recently
focusing their studies on investigating the reaction
mechanisms by using paste and mortar excluding aggregates.
Based on the extensive test results of OPC concrete by Yang
et 2008, the development of compressive strength of alkali
activated mortar was compared with the design formula
specified in ACI 209 and EC 2 [29].
3 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED
AGGREGATE GEO-POLYMER CONCRETE
(RAGC)
The nature of the geopolymerization process is mainly affected
by the chemical activator and curing periods and types, which
is also, influence the rheological properties, and physical
properties of geopolymers [30, 31]. It was found that the
period of curing for high calcium fly ash geopolymer paste was
directly proportioned to the NaOH concentration up to 18
molarity. At low concentration of NaOH the leakage of Ca 2+
into the pore solution is not considerably interfered, which
results in appropriate dissolved Ca 2+ in the reaction, calcium
silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and aluminate allow for the formation
of calcium hydrate (C-A-H) gel. But as the concentration of
NaOH is increased the geopolymerization process dominate
the curing regime of the paste, compared to to CSH and CAH
dependent cement systems, the geopolymerization process
occurs at a slower rate, so it leads to a longer curing period.
[30]. The study of ground bottom ash (GBA) done by
Sathonsaowaphak et al.[32]. In the study the flow was tested
for geopolymer mortars containing numerous alkaline
liquid/ash, ratio and sodium silicate/ sodium hydroxide ratio at
different NaOH concentrations. The result in the practical
range of liquid alkali / ash ratio was 0.429-0.709. as the liquid
alkali / ash ratios increased geopolymer mixtures found to be
more workable this was because of inferior particle
interference and greater inter-particle distance. While the
outcome of for the practical range of SS (sodium silicate) /
NaOH, ratio and, NaOH concentration was 0.67-1.5-7.5-12.5
M respectively. Higher ratio of SS / NaOH and, higher NaOH
concentration caused in a less workable mortar mixture due to
the higher viscosity of sodium silicate and NaOH. Due to
economic issues the quantity of sodium silicate in the mortar
mixture should be kept as low as possible, but it is also
recommended not to compromise the workability and strength
of the geopolymer mortar. In palm oil fuel ash (POFA) it was
found that by increasing the solid/liquid ratio, and decreasing
the SS/SH ratio in samples of geopolymer paste, higher
amounts of efflorescence occurred [34]. As the source material
for geopolymer concrete Fly ash class F ASTM, is the material
used the most [25, 35, 36]. One of the disadvantages of the
aforementioned ash material, is the heat curing requirements,
due to the extra energy which is needed to produce
geopolymer concrete if compared to conventional concrete,
this heating is required to obtain faster setting time and high
early strength for the geopolymer pastes. However angular
shape, high water absorption and the roughness the recycled
aggregate, influence the fresh properties of concrete [37].
Generally, the porosity of RCA aggregate is higher than the
natural aggregate, this is because of the adhered mortar of
RCA. There are some solutions to the mixing methods
developed recently to overcome the workability concerns,
such as adding the super-plasticizer, increasing the water
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content, and using pre-saturation RCA, or increasing, cement
amount in the concrete composition. It was recorded by
Mathias et al. that the RCA with higher water absorption affect
the mixing water [38] and results in a unavoidable variations in
the workability of concrete. Since the water content in the mix
affects the workability and the final strength of the mixture,
therefore it is necessary to calculate the water required and
the water absorbed by the RCA, the estimation of the mixing
time also shouldn‘t be avoided. Moreover, it was concluded by
Padmini et al. [39] that 10 minute of absorbing water by RCA
is sufficient to occur suitable workability performance of
concrete. In another method conducted by Etxeberria et al.
[40], in the study higher quantities of super-plasticizer than to
the natural mix were used in samples containing RCA
aggregate to attain the required slump and w/b ratio. The
authors Gonzalez-Fonteboa and Martinez-Abella [41] used
50% of coarse recycled aggregate, in their study to obtain the
slump similar to conventional concrete, they increased the
amount of the cement by 6.2%.Nuaklong et al, [33], published
a paper investigating the influence of recycled coarse
aggregate on fly ash based geopolymer concrete, in their fresh
properties result, slump for geopolymer concrete mixed with
%100 recycled coarse aggregate, was between 550-660.
According to EFNARC (2005),[42] this result was clearly a
proof of the geopolymer of this study is class SF1 self-
compacting concrete, and this is because of high viscosity of
geopolymer concrete. Moreover, in another practical study
conducted by Nuaklong et al,[1], it was found that the
workability and slump flows of geopolymer concrete
incorporated with recycled coarse aggregate (RCA), and
replacing different percentages of metakaolin (MK) as additive
to the mixes, was higher than required, without using any
super-plasticizer. In the Figure 1 the slump flow for the
geopolymer concrete mixed with various ratio of metakaolin
(MK) is presented. As for the results for Natural Aggregate
Geopolymer Concrete (NAGC) and RAGC the range is
between 398–510 mm and 473–697 mm, separately. Clearly
this shows that the slump flow for RAGC is almost 16.0–26.8%
higher than that for NAGC. These results are resembled with
studies done by [40,41] on the use of RCA in OPC concrete.
FIG. 1. Workability of geopolymer concrete of NCA from lime
stone (L) and RCA from crushed concrete specimen (C)[1].
Poon et al.[43] published a paper about the effect of moisture
condition of natural (NA) and recycled aggregates (RA), on
slump flow and compressive strength of concrete, in the study
their recommendation was to add a big amount of free water
to the RAG batches to attain SSD condition, this leaded to
release the trapped water particles due to cracking while
mixing, so the result was higher workability compare with
IJSTR©2020
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natural aggregate mixes. Additionally, due to the fineness and
angular shapes of the metakaolin which plays the major role in
the workability, thus by increasing the percentage of the MK
the slump flow is decreased [44]. Replacement ratios for 0%,
10%, 20% and 30% of metakaolin (MK) the slump flows for
RAGC are 697, 609, 546, and 473 mm, separately. However
for the NAGC at the same percentage of MK the slump flows
are reduced by 17%, 20% and 16%.
4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED
AGGREGATE GEO-POLYMER CONCRETE
(RAGC)
Many authors have published numerous studies about the
mechanical performance of geopolymer concrete incorporating
recycled aggregate, the results and outcomes of selected
studies are reviewed in the following section, Anuar et al.
(2011) [14], investigated the effects of recycled aggregate from
concrete wastes on compressive strength of geopolymer
concrete, and using fly ash and slag used paper sludge ash as
the geopolymer binder. The compressive strength was
increased by 10% at 28th day in accordance with 7th day
results, while the higher molarity of the activator solution
resulted in higher compressive strength. The mechanical
properties of geopolymer concrete was recorded in another
study by Shuang et al. (2012) [45], they investigated
geopolymer concrete mixed with two different quantities of
50% and 100% RCA as a replacement of NCA and compared
the result with those of normal concrete. The results show that
geopolymer concrete containing RCA has a lower compressive
strength and elastic modulus than comparable virgin concrete
containing RCA, and the mechanical properties decrease as
the RCA content increases. In the same study it was found
that the ITZ of geopolymer concrete is more enhanced
compare to conventional concrete. Recently, Posi et al. (2013)
published a study about the mechanical properties of
geopolymer concrete, mixed with, recycled lightweight
aggregate and recycled coarse aggregate, in the result it was
discovered that the compressive strength is decreasing with
increasing the quantity of recycled lightweight aggregate [46].
Sata et al. (2013), [13] instead of natural coarse aggregate
(NCA), they studied crushed concrete and crushed bricks in a
geopolymer permeable concrete test with different
concentrations of sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH). The
results showed that the compressibility and indirect tensile
strength of geopolymer permeable concrete, including ground
concrete and ground brick, is lower because recycled coarse
aggregate is less than natural coarse aggregate. it was also
found that, higher concentration of sodium hydroxide solution
resulted in higher compression and indirect tensile strength of
all three geopolymer concrete. Recently another paper was
published by Nuakalong et al. (2016), in their research they
studied about geopolymer concrete made from crushed
concrete as coarse aggregate, they observed clear decrease
in compressive strength due to the addition of recycled
crushed concrete as coarse aggregate [33]. In this study, there
were a comparison between two types of coarse aggregate,
natural crushed limestone and recycled coarse aggregate, in
the results, the strength of RCA mixes were 76-93% same, in
accordance with the mixes with natural crushed limestoneIn
another study by Shaikh, F. U. A. (2016) [47] about mechanical
and durability of fly ash based geopolymer concrete, mixed
with recycled coarse aggregate from local demolition and
waste. The results show that when 50% of RCA is partially
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replaced by NCA, the compression strength is reduced by
15% in 7 days compared to 100% NCA geopolymer concrete,
and there is a difference in 28 days as shown in Figure 2. It
shows that there is. The indirect tensile strength was almost
the same.
60
Compressive strength at 28 days
In his paper, Khater [58] investigated the impact of silica fume
on concrete waste and metakaolin and recorded a significant
increase at 90 days of age as long as the material hardened at
room temperature 25 C and 100% RH. Ahmari et al. [59]
studied the impact of mixing concrete wastes with fly ash using
solution of sodium silicate, and sodium hydroxide as activator,

the maximum compressive strength obtained was 35 MPa,

50
45.3
41.8
where they used the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium
40 37.6 36.8 hydroxide of 2, with molarity of 10M. In another research the
(MPa)

effect of silica fume and metakaolin on geopolymer concrete

30
mixed with concrete waste, were investigated by Yang et al.
20
[60], the geopolymer concrete based on a blended mixture of
concrete waste and metakaolin (5–25%) recycled aggregates
10 percentage is 40%. They concluded that after addition of
metakaolin and silica fume the final compressive strength
0
GPC0 GPC15 GPC30 GPC50 increases significantly. the results of some of the researches
Type of Concrete Mix that inspected the performance of the geopolymer concrete
incorporated with recycled coarse aggregate, are abridged
FIG. 2. Effect of RCA content on the compressive strength on and presented in Table 1. The table illustrates the percentage
geopolymer concrete (47) of the RCA, binder type, percentage of the alkaline solution
and its molarity, curing type and time, the compressive
Krishnan et al. (2017) [48], studied different factors that affect strength at different ages and the main finding of these
the strength of geopolymer concrete, they used 100% RCA, in studies.
their study, they showed that in their results that, compressive
strength of RCA mixes was increased by 3%, with specific TABLE 1.
period of curing and temperature. Aly et al. (2019),[49] in his Effects of replacement ratios of RCA on compressive strength
research recently studied the effects of recycled rubber on of geopolymer concrete mixtures.
performance of slag based geopolymer concrete, the authors
have reported that there is a significant enhancement of
compressive strength by inclusion of recycled rubber by
10%.Nuaklong et al. (2018), in their study concluded the
compressive strength can be increased by 37% compare with
100% natural coarse aggregate by addition of 15% OPC to the
100% recycled aggregate geopolymer mixes [1]. Allahverdi
and Kani [50] in their paper, obtained 40 MPa compressive
strength by using brick wastes from construction fragments at
28 days of curing, in their research they used sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) in a proportion of 8% Na2O, as alkali
activator. Their strength result was up to 50 MPa in a following
study, using a blend of concrete wastes and brick wastes with
amount of 60% and %40, and activated with a solution of
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) [51,
52]. Another study done by Sun et al. [53], mixed ceramic
urban waste with geopolymer, as activator they used KOH and
NaOH the result of compressive strength was 71.1 MPa at 28
days for the curing method of 60 C. In a similar study by, Reig
et al. [54] in his research he used clay brick waste with 7 M of
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as activator, as the result in they
obtained a compressive strength of 30 MPa at 7 days of curing
at 65 C. Another study achieved by Lampris et al. [55] they
use alkali-activated microwaste (663 lm) of construction waste
built in a recycling plant, compressive strength is 18.7 MPa in
7 days, curing is 105 ° C, 20% for 24 hours at room
temperature, As a result of adding metakaolin, the soluble
alumina source increased the strength of the geopolymer by
112% and 63%.Komnitsas et al. [56] published a study aiming
to find out the potential of different materials from construction
wastes, such as tiles, bricks and concrete, to be used in
geopolymer concrete, as for the activator they used NaOH of
14 M as and the curing was at 90 C for 7 days, the result
showed that a compressive strength of 49.5 and 57.8 MPa for
bricks and tiles were obtained, but for the concrete waste, the
compressive strength was just 13 MPa, which is as a result is
43% higher than the research done by Pathak and Kumar [57].
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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020
TABLE 1.(cont.)
4 CONCLUSION
This study outlines the effects of different proportions and
types of recycled aggregates on the workability and
compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. As a result of
this paper, we can conclude that:
1. it was found out that the compressive strength of
NAGC, is higher compare to RAGC, but the quality of the
RCA, replacement ratio, liquid/ ash ratio, other mineral
additives, and the activator, plays inevitable role in deciding
the results of the final strength.
2. Compressive strength of geopolymer concrete mostly
influenced by the curing type and periods either with or without
replacing recycled aggregate
3. Due to higher viscosity of geopolymer concrete, the
workability of geopolymer concrete shows better slump results
compare to OPC concrete.
4. Inclusion of recycled aggregate to geopolymer
concrete leads to decrease the workability in compare with
that of natural aggregate. likewise, geopolymer concrete
mixed with recycled aggregate of SSD condition is higher than
that of dry RCA.
5. The concentration of the alkali activator that results in
higher strength is around 12 M.
6. we can conclude the possibility of obtaining more
sustainable binder materials to OPC, and geopolymer
concrete is more sustainable and could show equivalent or
better (in some cases) performance of compressive strength
compare to OPC mixes.
7. Replacing the natural coarse aggregate with recycled
aggregate obtained from different sources make the
sustainability of geopolymer concrete further extended.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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