Department Of Electrical Engineering

POWER GENERATION LAB

COMPLEX ENGINEERING ACTIVITY

DISTANCE RELAY
SUBMITTED BY

M.ABIS 02-133182-065
BEE-7B

FALL 2021

SUBMITTED TO

SIR AYAZ
Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1

2. EQUIPMENT/TOOLS ...................................................................................... 3

3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM/ SOFTWARE CODING ......................................................... 4

4. METHODOLOGY..................................................................................... 8

5. FINDINGS/RESULTS .................................................................................... 10

6. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 13
1. INTRODUCTION
RELAY:
Relay is an electrical device that can be used to make or break an electrical connection. It
contains a segment of flexible electronic devices that can be controlled electronically, in
essence, a relay is just like a machine switch but you can control it with an electronic signal
instead of turning it on or off automatically. Here again this transfer operating system is only
compatible with the electromechanical relay.
DISTANCE RELAY:
Transfer protection range is a term given to protection, the action of which depends on the
degree of error feed. The duration of the operation of such protection is a function of the
voltage measurement and current, i.e., impedance. This interference between the relay and
the fault depends on the distance of the voltage between them. The main type of transmission
range are impedance relays, reactance relays, and reactance relays. The principle of remote
transmission differs from other types of protection because their performance does not
depend on the magnitude of the current or the voltage in the protection circuit but depends on
the ratio of the two figures. Double actuating quantity relay one coil is powered by voltage and
the other coil is powered by current. The current element produces positive torque or pick-up
while the voltages element causes negative torque and reset. The relay only works when the
voltage and current level fall below the set value. During the error the magnitude of the
current rises and the voltage at the fault area decreases. The current and voltage ratio are
measured in the current and power transformer area. The voltage across the potential
transformer depends on the distance between the PT and the fault. If the fault is close, the
rated voltage is low, and if the fault is far away, the rated voltage is higher. Therefore, it is
assumed that the constant voltage fluctuations of each voltage and current rating value are
measured from the transmission point compared to the distance between the transmission
point and the error point in the line. Such protection is therefore called distance protection or
impedance protection. Location range is not a unit of protection, that is, the protection area is
inaccurate. Distance protection is a high speed protection and we simply use it. It can be
used as a basic protection and backup. It is widely used in the protection of transmission
cables. Range transfers are used for both phase error and low error protection, and provide
high speed debugging. It is also independent of the changing size of the short, current
regions and that is why they are less affected by changes in production capacity and system
configuration. Therefore, they remove longer error-free times near power sources required by
the overcurrent relay when used for a purpose.
USE OF DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAY
The Distance Protection relay is widely distributed to protect the high voltage AC transmission
line and distribution lines. They have replaced them with over-protection for the following
reasons.
 Provides faster protection compared to overcurrent relay.
 It has a permanent setting without the need for redesign.
 Direct transmission transmission has a small effect on production value and error rates.

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TYPE OF DISTANCE RELAY
 Impedance Relay.
 Admittance Relay.
 Reactance Relay.

IMPEDANCE RELAY:
the term „impedance‟ can be applied to resistance alone or reactance alone, or a combination of
the two. In protective relaying terminology, however, an impedance relay has a characteristic that
is different from that of a relay responding to any component of impedance and therefore, the
“impedance relay” is very specific.

An impedance relay is a voltage restrained overcurrent relay. The relay measures impedance up
to the point of fault and gives tripping command if this impedance is less than the relay setting Z.
Relay setting Z is known as replica impedance and it is proportional to the set impedance i.e.
impedance up to the reach of the relay. The relay monitors continuously the line current I through
CT and the bus voltage V through PT and operates when the V/I ratio falls below the set value.

Operation of an Impedance Relay:

The voltage element of the relay is excited through a potential transformer (PT) from the line under
protection and current element of the relay is excited from a current transformer (CT) in series with
the line. The portion AB of the line is the protected zone. Under normal operating conditions, the
impedance of the protected line is Z. The relay is so designed that it closes its contacts whenever
impedance of the protected section falls below the set value i.e., Z in this case. Now assume that
a fault occurs at point F1 in the protected zone. The impedance, is the ratio of the bus voltage and
fault current (V/I), between the point where the relay is located and the point of fault will become
less than Z and hence the relay operates. Should the fault occur beyond the protected zone (say
at point F2) the impedance will be more than Z and the relay contacts do not close.

Types of Impedance Relays:

 Electromagnetic Type Impedance Relay
 Induction Type Impedance Relay
 Directional Impedance Relays
 Single Phase Impedance Type Distance Relay for Transmission Line Protection
 Modified Impedance Type Distance Relay

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2. EQUIPMENT/TOOLS
USED
 Arduino UNO

 ACS712

 ZMPT101B

 100Watts 3 BULBS

 LED

 LCD 16*2

 MCB

ALSO WE CAN USED

 ACS70331: If you're looking for a current sensor that supports both AC and DC yet
retaining performance advantages over the ACS712, the above Grove – ±5A DC/AC
Current Sensor (ACS70331) is your pick

DATASHEET

 Fig a: ZMPT101B FIG b: ACS712

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3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM/ SOFTWARE CODING

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PARALLEL LOAD

 FIG 1: In this circuit load is connected in parallel and and only indicated
tripping signal.

SERIES LOAD

 FIG 2: In this circuit loads are connected in series and also pickup led and
triping led indication is added.

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  ARDUINO UNO CODE:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2);
const int sensorIn = A0;
int mVperAmp = 66; // use 100 for 20A Module and 66 for 30A Module
double Voltage = 0;
double VRMS = 0;
double AmpsRMS = 0;
double sensorValue1 = 0;
double sensorValue2 = 0;
int crosscount = 0;
int climb_flag = 0;
int val[100];
int max_v = 0;
double VmaxD = 0;
double VeffD = 0;
double Veff = 0;
int Z,Z1,Z2,Z3;
int Zp = 149;
void setup(){
//Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(8,OUTPUT);
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.print(" Distance Relay ");
delay(2000);
}

void loop(){

Voltage = getVPP();
VRMS = (Voltage/2.0) *0.707; //root 2 is 0.707
AmpsRMS = (VRMS * 1000)/mVperAmp;
//Serial.print(AmpsRMS);
//Serial.println(" Amps RMS");
//digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
//if(AmpsRMS>0.32 || AmpsRMS<0.1)
//{
// digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
//}
for ( int i = 0; i< 100; i++ ) {
sensorValue1 = analogRead(A1);
if (analogRead(A1) > 511) {
val[i] = sensorValue1;
}
else {
val[i] = 0;
}

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 delay(1);
}

max_v = 0;

for ( int i = 0; i< 100; i++ )

{
if ( val[i] >max_v )
{
max_v = val[i];
}
val[i] = 0;
}
if (max_v != 0) {

VmaxD = max_v;
VeffD = VmaxD / sqrt(2);
Veff = (VeffD - 220.76);
}
else {
Veff = 0;
}
Serial.print("Voltage: ");
Serial.println(Veff);
VmaxD = 0;
//delay(100);
Z = Veff/AmpsRMS;
if(Z<Zp&& Z>5)
{
digitalWrite(8,LOW);
lcd.clear();
delay(1000);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Current =");
lcd.setCursor(10,0);
lcd.print(AmpsRMS);
delay(4000);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Voltage =");
lcd.setCursor(10,0);
lcd.print(Veff);
delay(4000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Impedance =");
lcd.setCursor(11,0);
lcd.print(Z);
delay(4000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Fault Not Detected!!!");
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 }
else if(Z>Zp)
{
digitalWrite(8,HIGH);
lcd.clear();
delay(500);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Current =");
lcd.setCursor(10,0);
lcd.print(AmpsRMS);
delay(4000);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Voltage =");
lcd.setCursor(10,0);
lcd.print( Veff);
delay(4000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Impedence=");
lcd.setCursor(11,0);
lcd.print(Z);
delay(4000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Fault Detected!!!");
}
}

float getVPP()
{
float result;
int readValue; //value read from the sensor
int maxValue = 0; // store max value here
int minValue = 1024; // store min value here

uint32_t start_time = millis();

while((millis()-start_time) < 1000) //sample for 1 Sec
{
readValue = analogRead(sensorIn);
// see if you have a new maxValue
if (readValue>maxValue)
{
//record the maximum sensor value
maxValue = readValue;
}
if (readValue<minValue)
{
//record the minimum sensor value
minValue = readValue;
}
}
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 // Subtract min from max
result = ((maxValue - minValue) * 5.0)/1024.0;

return result;
}

4. METHODOLOGY
Group work:
 In this task we design a circuit worked on same scheme like distance relay we use
microcontroller arduino uno and set the same conditions same as on which
distance relay worked on. As distance relay worked on the basis of impedance so
to find the impedance we find out voltage and current,

 For this purpose we have used current and voltage sensors which measure the
current and voltages respectively.

 So we use ACS712 a current sensor, the sensor detects the incoming current
through its magnetic field generation. Once detected, the sensor generates a
voltage proportional to its magnetic field that's then used to measure the amount
of current.

 And to find voltage we use The ZMPT101B is a voltage transformer used to

measure AC voltage. You can measure AC voltages up to 250 volts by using this
module. The output of this sensor is analog. if you change input voltage, the
output voltage will change as well.

 The outputs of these sensors are given to the analog input of arduino. To make
the arduino read the analog signals of the sensors, the signals are converted into
digital signals and later a DC shift is given which converts the negative cycle into
positive cycle and scaled it down from 0-5v.

 Then we use lcd 16*2 to display the voltage and current and also impedance of
load

 For arduino to detect the fault conditions, a condition is applied in the code, where
the impedance is calculated at normal condition, when the impendence changes
from the impedance at normal condition, the fault is detected.

 Here at normal condition the impedance is 240ohm, when it changes; the LED
lights up and lcd display the message of Fault detection.

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 ADDITION
 As our task is working only on parallel load so it is negative point for project so
include series load and add the feature of relay it can operate on series load also
As impedance is greater in series load than parallel because current is same in
series As it is difficult to perform the short circuit test in parallel so by running the
task in series load it would be easy to perform short circuit test

 One of also feature added is that when fault is occur there is only error indication
so the pickup led and tripping led is added in it which can in indicate that when
error occur first system read the error and when read the error indicate it on
pickup led then if error is not remove within given time delay generate tripping
signal error.

STEPS
1. First connect the load in series and run the circuit.

2. When system is run then lcd on and show status of distance relay.

3. Then system calculate voltage and current by the sensor and display it on screen

4. When current and voltage is display on the screen then it calculate the impedance
of the system and load and display it on screen

5. Now system is operating on normal condition when fault in generate in system so

the impedance of the system is change system match the impedance from giving
condition if it is matched from faulty condition impedance so it can generate alert
that the fault is occurs and pickup led is glow then if error is not resolve within
given time period so the system generate the trip signal and led is on.

6. When pickup signal led is on so it can also display the error line of lcd screen that
fault is pickup and when tripping led on write status on lcd screen that system is
triped

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5. FINDINGS/RESULT

SOFTWARE RESULT

Fig 3: main screen

Fig 4: parallel overloading

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Fig 5: short circuit in parallel load

Fig 6: series load connection overloading

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 HARDWARE:

Fig 7: Without load parallel connection Fig 8: With load parallel connection

Fig 9:fault condition in series load Fig 10:normal condition in series load

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6. CONCLUSION
Distance protection relay is the name given to the protection, whose action depends
on the distance of the feeding point to the fault. The time of operation of such
protection is a function of the ratio of voltage and current
Distance relay is used protect the transmission line. We have implemented the
distance relay algorithm using the microcontroller. Upon detection of fault the
microcontroller will indicate the fault condition.

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