10/17/2019

Air University Spring 2017 (Rev 1.1)

Analog & Digital Communications

EE 330
Lecture # 06

Formatting & PCM Waveforms

Muhammad Tilal
Department of Electrical Engineering
Air University (AU) Islamabad

The theme of this presentation is an inspiration from the one used in S2 Department of Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Previous Lecture
• Analog to Digital Conversion

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Session Overview

Topic Formatting & PCM Waveforms

Formatting Textual Data (Character Coding)
Concepts PCM Waveforms, Non-Return to Zero (NRZ), Return to Zero
(RZ), Phase Encoded, Multilevel Binary.
Recommended Section 2.1 & 2.2 of [1].
Reading Sections 2.8.1 through 2.8.5of [1].
PCM, Quantization, Quantization Noise, A Law, µ Law, PCM
Keywords Waveforms, NRZ, RZ, Phase Encoded, Multilevel Binary, M-
ary Modulation, Bit Rate, Symbol Rate.

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Formatting

Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition.

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Formatting

Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition.

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Character Coding (ASCII)

(American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

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Character Coding (ASCII)
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition.

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Character Coding (EBCDIC)

(Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)

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Messages Characters & Symbols

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PCM Waveforms
• The process of Pulse code • Generally a bit ‘1’ is represented
Modulation converts the analog by the presence of pulse and a ‘0’ is
signal into the sequence of bits. represented by the absence of
pulse.
• Bits are only the representation of
data without any physical • The pulse width can have any value
existence. up to the maximum of bit
interval/time. The details of pulse
• The bits must be represented by a width and its effect on the receiver
voltage level if they are to be design will be discussed later.
transmitted.
• When this pulse modulation is
• These bits can be represented using applied to the bits obtained from
pulses and transmitted using a PCM, it is known as PCM waveform.
baseband channel.

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PCM Waveforms

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PCM Waveforms
• There are four major types of •
PCM waveforms which include
– Non Return to Zero (NRZ).
– Return to Zero (RZ).
– Phase Encoded.
– Multilevel Binary.

• These waveforms are used in

telephony systems and are also
known as line codes.

• There are certain line codes

which are applied to non binary

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Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)

• NRZ is the most commonly used • NRZ-Level or NRZ-L
waveform type and divided into 3 – A binary ‘1’ is represented by one
subgroups. voltage level.
– NRZ-L evel OR NRZ-L – A binary ‘0’ is represented by
another voltage level.
– NRZ-Mark OR NRZ-M
– There is a change in level whenever
– NRZ-Space OR NRZ-S
there is a change in data (from ‘1’ to
‘0’ or from ‘0’ to ‘1’).
– Used in digital logic circuits.

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Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)

• NRZ-Mark or NRZ-M • NRZ-Space or NRZ-S
– A binary ‘1’ or mark is represented by – Complement of NRZ-M
a change in level. – A binary ‘0’ or space is represented
– A binary ‘0’ or space is represented by a change in level.
by no change in level. – A binary ‘1’ or mark is represented
– Also referred to as Differential by no change in level.
Encoding.
– Used in Magnetic Tape Recording.

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Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)

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Return to Zero (RZ)

• RZ waveforms are subdivided into • Unipolar RZ
3 groups – A binary ‘1’ is represented by
– Unipolar RZ. pulse having a width equal to
– Bipolar RZ. half of bit time.
– RZ-AMI – A binary ‘0’ is represented by
the absence of pulse.

• Used in baseband transmission

and magnetic recording.

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Return to Zero (RZ)

• Bipolar Return to Zero (RZ)
– Binary ‘1’ and ‘0’ are represented
by opposite polarity pulses.
– These pulses are half bit wide.
• RZ- Alternate Mark Inversion
(AMI)
– Binary ‘1s’ are represented by equal
amplitude alternate pulses.
– Binary ‘0s’ are represented by the
absence of pulse.
– Used in telephone systems.

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Return to Zero (RZ)

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Bi-phase
• Bi-phase waveforms are further • Bi-phase Level (L)
divided into 03 sub groups – A binary ‘1’ is represented by a
– Bi-phase-Level (L). half bit wide pulse positioned
– Bi-phase-Mark (M). during the first half of bit
interval.
– Bi-phase-Space (S)
– Used in magnetic recording
systems, Optical – A binary ‘0’ is represented by a
Communications and satellite half bit wide pulse positioned
telemetry systems. during the second half of bit
interval.

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Bi-phase
• Bi-phase Mark (M) • Bi-phase Space (S)
– A transition occurs at the start of – A transition occurs at the start
every bit interval. of every bit interval.
– A binary ‘1’ is represented by a – A binary ‘0’ is represented by a
second transition one half bit second transition one half bit
interval later. interval later.
– A binary ‘0’ is represented by no – A binary ‘1’ is represented by no
second transition. second transition.

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Parameters of PCM Waveforms

• DC Component
– Elimination of DC component can
enable the systems to be AC
coupled.
– The systems using transformer
coupling have low sensitivity to
low frequency signal.
– Such systems can lose low
frequency information.
• Self Clocking
– Symbol or bit synchronization is
crucial for digital systems.
– Some PCM signals provide inherent
clocking signal.
– Example ?
• Error Detection
– Certain PCM waveforms provide
some form of error detection.
– Example ?
• Bandwidth Compression
– Some PCM waveforms provide
better bandwidth efficiency by
using multi-level codes.
• Noise Immunity
– Some PCM waveforms have better
noise immunity than others.
– NRZ better than uni-polar RZ

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Next Lecture
• Tutorial Seesion

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References
[1] Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications- Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd
Edition.

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