SESP11918

05/09/99
Saudi Consolidated Electric Company ≠B@IZ¢y{{ ©X@R•}{A ™¶X•@@la{A ™yZ@c{A

in the Eastern Province
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SCECO-EAST ENGINEERING STANDARD SES-P-119.18
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 SCOPE
2.0 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
2.1 Loadings
2.2 Safety Factors
3.0 SOIL INFORMATION
3.1 Soil Conditions in Saudi Arabia

3.2 Soil Classification
3.3 Soil Testing
3.4 Soil Bearing Values
3.5 Ground Water Table
3.6 Differential Settlement
4.0 TYPES OF FOUNDATION
5.0 MATERIALS
5.1 Concrete
5.2 Reinforcing Steel
6.0 DESIGN PROCEDURES
6.1 General
6.2 Drilled Piers
6.3 Spread Footing and Mat Foundation
6.4 Pad Foundation
6.5 Driven Piles
7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX 1 - EXAMPLE : DESIGN OF A DRILLED PIER FOUNDATION

APPENDIX 2 - EXAMPLE : DESIGN OF A SUBSTATION TRANSFORMER
FOUNDATION
[SES11918/SW:as] 0799 PAGE NO. 18: 2 of 29

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1.0 SCOPE
This standard defines the requirements governing the design of foundation of the substation
buildings, transformer and other structures and equipment, and to provide basis and guidelines
for the design engineer.
2.0 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
2.1 Loadings
2.1.1 Considering the foundation as an extension of the substation equipment

support structures or building structure, it is obvious that the foundation must
resist the same loading that the structures resists. The design engineer shall
analyze the structural system and the appropriate combination of axial, shear
and moment loads acting on every foundation for each loading case based on
the information specified SES-P-119.19 and SES-P-119.09. All other
applicable loadings shall also be considered.
2.1.2 For substation structures, the design engineer shall analyze the loading
combinations acting on the foundation for each loading case based on the
criteria specified in SES-P-122.05.
2.2 Safety Factors
2.2.1 The factor of safety applied to the foundation design shall be greater than the
factor of safety applied to the structure design. The overall factor of safety,
against the maximum anticipated pressure applied to the soil, shall not be less
than 3.0.
2.2.2 In case working loads (unfactored) are to be considered, foundation design

shall be based on the allowable bearing capacity of the soil.
2.2.3 The factor of safety against sliding and overturning during construction or
erection and other non-reoccurring load elements shall not be less than 1.5 and
for all other conditions shall not be less than 2.0 based on working loads.
Passive earth pressure from backfill shall not be considered in computing
these factors of safety.

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2.2.4 The factor of safety for shallow foundation against uplift shall not be less than
2.5.
2.2.5 Unless otherwise established by the soil analysis or actual pile load test, the
minimum safety factor, against the long-term operating loads, shall not be less
than 3.0 for both compression and tension.
3.0 SOIL INFORMATION
3.1 Soil Conditions in Saudi Arabia
The significant soil conditions prevalent in Saudi Arabia include the following:
a. Sabkah area wherein the material composition is firm enough to support

roadways when dry, but becomes soft and unstable when water table rises. As
much as possible, substation should not be located in this type of areas. In case
the substation location is on this type of soil, the development of Sabkha soil
described in SCS-Q-002 shall be followed.
b. Areas of Eolian sand introduce the problem of shifting of the overburden at

the foundation due to wind action. This type of problem shall be alleviated by
stabilizing the surface with any method approved by SCECO-East.
c. Areas of marl, wherein the material properties are cohesive in nature, are
generally suitable for substation foundations. However, SCECO-East approval
is required prior to its use.
d. Areas of rock outcroppings, where the rock is generally a weathered limestone

that is drillable to a sufficient depth to install drilled piers or rock-anchor type
of foundations.
3.2 Soil classification
To promote uniformity in describing and interpreting descriptions of soil and their

property, and for reference in reviewing soil data accumulated in a test boring
program, the Unified (ASTM) Soil Classification System described in Table 18-2 shall
be used.

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3.3 Soil Testing
3.3.1 Of utmost importance in the design of foundations is an accurate and thorough

knowledge of the site soil characteristics, for all seasons of the year. Soil
boring and testing programs are required and shall be under-taken at an early
date.
3.3.2 To promote uniformity in obtaining test data on soil samples obtained in a test
boring program, the procedures and standards described in Reference no.3,
Chapter 3 shall be followed.
3.3.3 For all foundations, site soil parameters must be ascertained from soil borings
and from the laboratory soil tests. Soil properties and parameters listed below
are commonly used in various design procedures:
a. Total unit weight of the soil, kg/m³(γ).
b. Cohesive strength of the soil, in kg/m² (The cohesive strength is taken

as one half of the unconfined compressive strength).
c. The angle of internal friction of the soil, in degrees (φ).
d. The maximum expected elevation of the water table, in mm,

(projected from water encountered during borings), the season of the
year, and the topography of the area.
e. The atterberg limits of cohesive soil.
f. Grain size analysis of granular soils.
g. Chloride and Sulfate tests for water and soil.
h. Consolidation test.
i. Electrical and thermal resistivity tests.
j. California Bearing Ratio (Soaked-CBR).

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k. Unconfined strength of intact rock core, in case of rock.
3.3.4 Before carrying out soil investigation, the proposal for the soil geotecnical
investigation shall be submitted to SCECO-East for review and approval. Soil
investigation report shall also be submitted to SCECO-East for review and
approval.
3.4 Soil Bearing Values
For Spread footing and mat foundation, allowable bearing pressure shall be limited by
the following considerations :
a. The factor of safety against ultimate shear failure must be adequate.
b. Settlement under allowable bearing pressure shall not exceed the tolerable
values.
Ultimate bearing capacity shall be analyzed and computed as described in Reference

no.3, Figures 11-1 through 11-5. An example of this procedure is included in
Appendix 2. To obtain allowable bearing pressure, safety factor of not less than 3.0
shall be used.
For deep foundation such as drilled pier, ultimate bearing capacity in cohesive and
cohesionless soil shall be analyzed and computed as described in Reference no.3,
Figures 12-1, 12-2 and 12-3.
3.5 Ground Water Table
Ground water table elevation is essential in foundation design because excavation

below it requires dewatering and increases the cost. It has a significant effect on the
bearing capacity of shallow foundation. The submergence of soil causes loss of all
apparent cohesion and at the same time the unit weight of submerged soil will be
reduced to one half the weight of the same soil above the water table. Thus, bearing
capacity shall be analyzed using the highest possible groundwater level derived from
the report of the Geotechnical Investigation.

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3.6 Differential Settlement
Clay, silt and silty sands are usually problematic types of soil. Weak stratas of soil
under a thin layer of dense or good soil shall be carefully examined and taken into
consideration. To determine differential settlement between foundations that would
cause damage to support equipment, settlement shall be investigated as recommended
in Reference no.3, Figures 11-8 and 11-9, subject to SCECO-East approval.
4.0 TYPES OF FOUNDATION
The types of foundation mostly used for substation building structures and equipment support
structures can be summarized as follows:
4.1 Drilled piers used to support light equipment and structures having primarily
horizontal and uplift loads such as bus support and arbor structures.
4.2 Spread footing and mat foundation are usually preferred for the foundation of control
building and large electrical equipment.
4.3 Pad foundation is sometimes recommended as foundation for miscellaneous

equipment, and power transformer.
4.4 Driven piles maybe required where adequate bearing or uplift strength cannot
otherwise be obtained.
5.0 MATERIALS
5.1 Concrete
Concrete shall be as specified in 71-SMSS-5.
5.2 Reinforcing Steel
Reinforcing steel shall be deformed bars conforming to ASTM A615, Grade 50 or

Grade 60 as required by the design.

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6.0 DESIGN PROCEDURES
6.1 General
6.1.1 Top of concrete shall be 150 mm to 450 mm above nominal final grade unless
otherwise noted. Design reveal shall be 450 mm maximum.
6.1.2 Top of concrete shall be at a constant elevation throughout the substation.
6.1.3 Welding shall not be permitted except at the top and bottom of the bar and
cage, unless the mill test reports are furnished and show that the steel has been
modified for weldability.
6.1.4 Concrete design procedure shall be in accordance with the requirements of

ACI 318.
6.2 Drilled Piers
6.2.1 Lateral loads on drilled piers shall be analyzed in accordance with the
procedures described in Reference no.1. An example of this procedure is
included in Appendix 1.
6.2.2 Pier embedment lengths shall be given in 300 mm intervals.
6.2.3 Minimum concrete cover shall be 85 ± 10 mm, measured from the nominal
radius of the drilled pier to the outside surface of the circular ties. (This
minimum cover allows for some hole out-of-roundness and/or out-of-
plumbness which may occur during construction, and for some flexibility of
the reinforcing cage).
6.2.4 Longitudinal steel shall extend to 85 ± 10 mm below top of concrete, and 85 ±

10 mm above the design bottom of pier. If during construction the pier is
slightly longer than detailed, the rebar cage shall be lifted to within 75 mm of
the top of the pier.
6.2.5 Downward and upward loads on drilled piers shall be analyzed in accordance
with Reference no.3. Figures 12-1, 12-2 or 12-3, and Reference no.2.

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6.2.6 In designing pier reinforcement, axial loads, both tension and compression,
shall be considered to extend the full length of the pier. The effect of skin
friction in diminishing the axial load will be ignored.
6.2.7 Shear reinforcement requirements, if any, will be determined from the

maximum shear in the foundation. If shear reinforcement is required, it shall
be provided for the full length of the pier.
6.2.8 Reinforcement Details
a. Minimum longitudinal reinforcement shall be 0.005 times the full cross

sectional area of the pier. Additional reinforcement maybe required by
bending in the pier. Not less than 16 mm bar size shall be used in
longitudinal reinforcement and not less than four (4) bars shall be used in
any pier.
b. Minimum ties shall be 10 mm diameter bars. Additional ties may be

required by shear in the pier. Maximum spacing of ties shall not exceed 16
longitudinal bar diameters, or 48 tie diameters or 610 mm whichever is
less.
c. Lap splice lengths have been calculated as 1.7 x the development length
for longitudinal steel and 1.7 x development length x 0.8 for tie steel.
Lap length for reinforcing steel shall be as indicated in Table 18-1.
Table 18-1 : Steel Lap Length
Rebar Strength Rebar Strength

Rebar For 350 MPa (50,000 psi) For 420 MPa (60,000 psi)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Size/Dia. Tie Lap Vertical Steel Tie Lap Vertical Steel
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
10 432 - 432 -
12 432 533 432 533
16 432 533 533 660
20 457 559 686 840
25 813 1016 1220 1500
28 - 1270 - 1900
32 - 1626 - 2410
36 - 1981 - 2970
Note: Values listed in Table 18-1 are based on Concrete Strength of 20.7MPa (3,000 psi). In
addition the values in column 2 & 3 are based on rebar strength of 275 MPa (40,000
psi) instead of 350 MPa (50,000 psi).

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d. Vertical bars shall be placed within the circle of the ties, and wired to the
ties at each intersection. Tie wire shall be a minimum of 1.50 mm
thickness.
6.3 Spread Footings and Mat Foundation
Design procedure and analysis shall be as per recommendation in Reference no.4,

chapter VIII for Spread footing and Reference no.3 for mat foundation.
6.3.1 The bearing capacity shall be determined as recommended in the soil

investigation report submitted by the soil consultant.
6.3.2 Uplift capacity for spread footing shall be analyzed as recommended in

Reference no.3, Figure 11-11, titled “Footing Resisting Large Uplift and Small
Horizontal Load”.
6.3.3 The design of mat foundation shall be based on the theory for beams or plates
on elastic support. Detailed methods are outlined in Reference no.3 Chapter
11, section 3.
6.4 Pad Foundation
Pad foundation maybe subjected to jacking loads, dragging and impact loads, such as
transformer pad. These loads shall be checked with all possible eccentricities. Sample
design calculations are illustrated in Reference no.4, Chapter VIII.
6.5 Driven Piles
Driven piles are recommended for foundation located in areas with poor soil
properties. Design procedure and analysis shall be as per recommendation in
Reference no.3, chapter 13.
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11

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7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. J. Brinch Hansan, " The Ultimate Resistance of Rigid Piles Against Transversal
Forces" (Book).
2. M. J. Tomlinson, "Foundation Design and Construction" (Book).
3. NAVFAC DM-7,1971, "Design Manual-Soil Mechanics, Foundations, and Earth

Structures", Naval Facilities Engineering Command (Department of Navy), 1971
(Book).
4. REA Bulletin 65-1, "Design Guide for Rural Substations", US Department of

Agriculture, 1978.
5. W. C. Teng, "Foundation Design" (Book).
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APPENDIX 1
EXAMPLE : DESIGN OF A DRILLED PIER FOUNDATION
1. Ultimate Foundation Loads
Lateral Load, H = 3.6 Tons
Compression, C= 19 Tons
Uplift, U = 16 Tons
2. Assume 1.10 meter Diameter Drilled Pier
3. Assume Soil Conditions as follow :
Soil Type : Loose Dry Sand
φ = 30°
3
γ = 1440 kg/m (water table below pier depth)
N = 6 - 11 blows per (0.3048 meter)
4. Design for lateral loads in accordance with Reference no.1. Design for compression and uplift
in accordance with Reference no.3, Figure 12-1, 12-2, or 12-3.
5. Approach
For this example, uplift will control the pier design. Therefore, design the pier for uplift and
check design for compressive and lateral loads.
From Reference no.3, Figure 12-3, the general formula for determining the ultimate bearing
capacity of a cylindrical foundation is :
Resistance due to Resistance due to Resistance due to

QULT = Bearing Pressure + Adhesion + Skin Friction
 2C D   2D tan δ 
Q ULT = (13
. CN c + γ DN q + 0.6γ RNγ ) +  A  +  H 
 R   R 
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a. Resistance due to bearing pressure
Multiplying the bearing pressure term by the base area of the pier,
π B2
A= B= diameter in meter
4
Substituting B/2 for R and letting D (in meter) equal the total embedment depth (depth to base
of pier), the bearing capacity of foundation at depth (D) becomes :
π B2
(1. 3CN C + γ DN q + 0.3γ BNγ )
4
b. Resistance due to adhesion
Substituting Dzi (in meter) for the length of pier for soil zone i for which adhesion is
calculated, and B/2 for R and multiplying by surface area of the pier, Asi = πBDzi for zone i.
The total resistance due to adhesion at any depth is the sum of the adhesions of all soil zones
penetrated by pier, where CAi is unit adhesion for soil layer i,
 
 2C D 
= ∑ π BD zi  Ai zi 
 B 
 2 
= Σ4πCAiD²zi
c. Resistance due to skin friction
−
For the skin friction term of the general formula, substitute the term Ksi P di tan δiAsi from
Reference no.2, Equation 7.4,
Where, Ksi is obtained from Table 7.1 of the same reference,
and δi = 0.75 φi
and Pdi = average effective overburden pressure for layer i
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Asi = surface area of pier for layer i = πBDzi
Then, the skin friction term of the general formula for layer i becomes :
π BD zi Ksi Pdi tan δ i
@ depth D, the effective overburden pressure, Pd = γD

−
− P
For layer i, the average overburden pressure Pdi = ∑ P d + di
2
The average overburden pressure at various layers then becomes :
− Pd γ D z1
Layer # 1 P d1 = =
2 2
− γ 2 D z2
Layer # 2 P d 2 = γ 1D z1 +
2
− γ 3D z3
Layer # 3 P d 3 = γ 1D z1 + γ 2 D z 2 +
2
Etc.
− γ i D zi
Layer # I P d1 = γ 1D z1 + γ 2 D z2 +.........+ γ ( i −1) D z ( i − 1) +
2
The total skin friction acting on a pier
− −
= π BD z1K s1 tan δ1  P d 1  + π BD z2 K s2 tan δ 2  P d 2 
+ π BD z3K s3 tan δ 3  P−  +....+

 d3
−
+ π BD zi Ksi tan δ i  P di 
The general equation for the total ultimate bearing capacity at any depth then becomes :
π B2
( )
−
Q ULT = . CN C + γ DN q + 0.3γ BN γ + Σ 4 π CAi D2zi + Σπ BD zi Ksi tan δ i P di
13
4
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Where, B = Diameter of pier in meter
D = Total embedment depth (to base of pier) in meter
CAi = Adhesion for layer i in kg/m2 from soil borings or Figure 13-
1, Reference 7(f)
Dzi = Depth of soil layer i passed through by the pier
C = Cohesion in kg/m2
−
Pd = Average overburden pressure for each soil layer passed
through by the pier,
γ 1D1
Pd1 =
2
γ 2 D2
Pd2 = γ 1 D1 +
2
γ 3D3
Pd3 = γ 1 D1 + γ 2 D 2 + Etc.
2
Nc, Nq, and Nγ from Reference no.3, Figure 11-1.
Ks , δ from Reference no.2, Table 7.1.
For this example :
From Reference no.3, Figure 11-1
Nc = 32
Nq = 20
Nγ = 18 rough base
From reference no.3, Figure 13-1 : for C = 0, CA = 0
Ks = 1.0
δ = 0.75 φ
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Then, for a diameter B = 1.10 meter, QULT at any depth
π (110
. )2
Q ULT = [(13
. x 0 x 32) + (1.44) x 20D + (1.44)(0.3 x 1.10 x 18)]
4
−
+ Σ 4 π (0 × D2x ) + Σ π (35
. × 1) tan (0.75 × 30)D zi P di
−
Q ULT = 17.3180 D + 18.18 + 4.5545 D zi P di
Step # 1
Divide the soil used in this example into 1.0 meter layers and calculate the total uplift capacity
(skin friction + weight of pier) and ultimate bearing capacity at the top and bottom of each
layer (In this example, the bottom of one layer will correspond to the top of the next layer
down).
Uplift
resistances
due to
friction of Remarks
- Weight Layer Total Bearing
Depth Pd Pd of Pier Dzi Uplift Capacity
D Wc (Tons) Capacity (Tons)
0 0 0 1.045 0 1.045 8.13
1.0 1.44 0.72 3.325 1.030 4.355 36.53 Bearing Capacity

36.53 T > 19.0 T.
Comp. Load,
Hence safe
2.0 2.88 2.16 5.606 3.091 9.727
3.0 4.329 3.60 7.887 5.152 17.16 Uplift capacity

17.16 > 16.0 ton
uplift load, hence
safe
4.0 5.76 5.04 10.168 7.212 26.653
Check 3.0 m embedment for lateral loads. This check is made in Steps #2 through #8.
 π B2 
Note : Wc = 2.4   ( D + 0.458) where: 0.458 is the exposed height
 4 
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Formulas
The following formulas taken from Reference no.1, are used in Steps Number 2 through 8
which follow.
π
[(1/ 2 ) π + ( ) ϕ ] tan φ
(1) K
q = e 180
cos φ tan [45o + (1 / 2)φ]
π
− [(1/ 2 ) π − ( ) ϕ ] tan φ
−e 180
cos φ tan [45o − (1 / 2) φ]
π
 [(1/ 2 ) π + ( 180 ) ϕ ] tan φ 
(2) K
c = e cos φ tan [45o + (1 / 2)φ] − 1 cot φ
 
(3) d ∞c = . + 4.09 tan 4 φ

158
(4) Nc = e π tan φ tan 2 [45 + (1 / 2 ) φ ] − 1 cot φ
(5) Ko = 1- sin φ
(6) K ∞c = N c dαc
(7) K ∞q = N c d c∞ K o tan φ
K q K o sin φ
(8) aq =
K −K ∞
q

q sin[45 + (1 / 2) φ]
 D
Koq + K∞q (a q ) 
 B
(9) K qD =
 D
1 + ( a q ) 
 B
K c
(10) ac = ∞
2 sin[ 45 + (1 / 2 ) φ ]
Kc − Kc
 D
Koc + Kc∞ (a c ) 
 B
(11) K cD =
 D
1 + ac  
 B
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 γ   γ1 
(12) q = P+  D dry +   D submerged
 1000   1000 
(13) eD = qK qD + cK cD
Definition of Terms
φ = Friction Angle
2
p = Surcharge in kg/m
γ = Unit weight above ground water table in kg/m3
γ1 = Unit weight below ground water table in kg/m3
c = Cohesion in kg/m2
D = Arbitrary depth below ground line in meter
B = Diameter of foundation in meter
Step # 2
Determine ultimate soil pressures at various depths.
Assume : Loose dry sand

c = 0
φ = 30°
γ = 1440 kg/m3 (water table below pier depth)
N = 6 - 11 blows per (0.3048)meter
30 π
] tan 30
(1) Kq

= e
[(1/ 2 ) π +
180 × cos 30 tan 60
30 π
−[(1/ 2 ) π − ] tan 30
−e 180 × cos 30 tan 30
= 4.75
(3) d ∞c = 1.58 + 4.09 tan4 30º
= 2.04
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(4) Nc = [ e π tan 30 tan 2 60 − 1] cot 30
= 30.14
(5) Ko = 1 - sin 30°
= 0.50
(7) K ∞q = (30.14) (2.04) (0.50) tan 30°
= 17.75
  0.50 sin 30 
o
 4.75
(8) aq = 17.75 − 4.75   sin 60o 
 
= 0.10548
 D
4.75 + 17.75(010548
. ) 
 B
(9) K qD =
 D
1 + (010548
. ) 
 B
 1440 
(12) q = 0+ D + 0
 1000 
  D 
 4.75 + 187
.   
 1440    B
(13) eD =  1000  D x  +0
   1 + (0.10548) D  
  B  
Check lateral capacity of pier for 3.0 meters embedment depth.

  D 
 4.75 + 187
.   
 1440    B
From Equation 13, e D =   D x  
 1000    1 + (010548
.
 D 
)  
 B 
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D
@ Ground Line; D=0; e =0
  10. 
 4.75 + 187.  
D  1440   . 
 110
@ 1.0 m. below G.L.; e =  . 
 10  = 8.48 T/m2
 1000    1 + 010548  10. 
 .  
 11. 
  2.0  
 4.75 + 187.  
 1440    110
. 
@ 2.0 m. below G.L.; e
D
=   2.0   = 19.70 T/m2
 1000    1 + 010548 .
 2.0  
 
 .  
 110
  3.0  
 4.75 + 187
.  
 1440   . 
 110
@ 3.0 m. below G.L.; e
D
=   3.0   = 33.05 T/m2
 1000    1 + 010548  3.0  
 .  
.  
 110
  4.0  
 4.75 + 187
.  
 1440   . 
 110
@ 4.0 m. below G.L.; eD =   
4.0   = 48.08 T/m2
 1000    1 + 010548  4.0  
 .  
.  
 110
Step 3
Assume exposed height of 0.458 meter.

H = 3.6 Ton
0.458 m
Ground Line
Embedment Depth, D
Figure 18-1: Embedment Depth of Pier

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Step # 4
Multiply value of e D by foundation diameter, B=1.10, to obtain ultimate soil pressure per
meter and draw soil pressure diagram
Ground Line
1st Layer
9.33 T/M - 1.0
2nd Layer
21.67 T/M - 2.0
3rd Layer
36.36 T/M - 3.0
4th Layer
52.89 T/M - 4.0
Figure 18-2: Soil Pressure Diagram
Step # 5
Calculate depth below ground line where shear due to external load equals shear due to soil
pressure, such that the net shear at that section equals zero.
Let required depth = y1
 . − 0 
 933
0 + 0 +  10  y1
. − 0  
 (y1)
 2  = 3.6
 
4.665 × y12 = 3.6

0.5
 3.6 
y1 =
 4.665 
y1 = 0.878 meter
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Step # 6
Calculate moment @ point of zero shear, i.e. Maximum Moment.
 9.33 − 0 
Soil pressure @ y1 = 0+  0.878
 10. −0 
= 8.19 T/M
H = 3.6 Ton
458 mm
Ground Line
8.19 T/M
- 0.878 meter
Figure 8-3: Soil Pressure @ y1
 0.878 
MMAX = 3.6(0.458 + 0.878) − A1
 3 
 819
. 
= 4.81 −   (0.878)(0.293)
 2 
= 4.81 - 1.05
= 3.76 T-M
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Step # 7
Determine depth of rotation center (see Reference no.1) such that the shear below the rotation
center, S2, is equal to the shear above the rotation center, S1 (total shear between point of zero
shear and rotation center).
Let distance from ground line to rotation center equals X.
Assume rotation center lies in the third soil layer (see Step #4)
Then, X = 2.0 + X1
S1
  36.36 − 21.67  
 . + 2167
2167 . + 
 8.19 + 9.33  9.33 + 21.67   − 
 (1.0 − 0.878) +   (2 − 1) + 
3 2  X1

 2   2   2 
 
  36.36 − 2167.  
 2167. +  X 1 + 36.36 
 3− 2 
S 2 = ( 3 − (2 + X 1 ))  
 2 
 
By equating S1 and S2 and solving we get
14.69 X12 + 43.34 X1 − 12.446 = 0
X1 =
[
−43.36 ± (43.34) + 4 × 14.69 × 12.446
2
] 05
2 × 14.69
= 0.2636 m.
X = 2.0 + X1
= 2.0 + 0.2636 = 2.2636 m. below ground level
 36.36 − 2167
. 
Soil pressure @ 2.2636 m. = . +
2167  (0.2636)
 3− 2 
= 25.54 T/M
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Check for values of S1 & S2
 43.34 + 3.8726 
S1 = 1.0687 + 155
. +  × 0.2636 = 22.79
 2 
  3 6 .3 6 − 2 1.6 7  
  2 1.6 7 +   × 0 .2 6 3 6 ) + 3 6 .3 6 

S2 =  1.0  (1 − 0 .2 6 3 6 ) = 2 2 .7 9
 2 
 
 
Step # 8
8.19 T/M
Zero Shear - 0.878
A2
9.33 T/M
- 1.00
A3
A4
21.67 T/M
- 2.00
A5
A6
25.54 T/M
25.54 T/M - 2.26363
A7 Center of Rotation
A8
36.36 T/M
- 3.0
Figure 18-4: Soil Pressure Above and Below Center of Rotation
Take moments of S1 and S2 about point of zero shear.
. − 0.878 
 10  2.0 − 10
.  
MS1 = A 2  + A 3  + (10
. − 0.878)
 2   3  
  2.0 − 10
.    2.2636 − 2.0  
+ A 4 2  + (10
. − 0.878) + A5  + (2.0 − 0.878)
  3    3  
  2.2636 − 2.0  
+ A62  + 2.0 − 0.878
  3  
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 8.19 + 9.33  9.33  2167

. 
=  (0.122)(0.061) +   (10
. )(0.4553) +   (10
. )(0.7887)
 2   2   2 
 21.67   25.54 
+  (0.2636)(1.21) +   (0.2636)(1.298)
 2   2 
= 18.56 T - M
 3.0 − 2.2636   2(3.0 − 2.2636) 
MS2 = A7  + (2.2636 − 0.878) + A8 + (2.2636 − 0.878)
 3   3 
 25.54   36.36 
=  (3.0 − 2.2636)(1.631) +   (3.0 − 2.2636)(18765
. )
 2   2 
= 15.338 + 25.122
= 40.46 T-M
Net moment of S1 and S2 about point of zero shear
MNET = MS2 - MS1
= 40.46 - 18.56
= 21.90 T-M > 3.76 T-M (See Step #6)
Required embedment depth, D= 3.0 m (See Step #1)
NOTE : In the above example, soil resistance to lateral load has been assumed to act
along the total embedment depth of pier. Where excavation for grounding, etc.
occurs, the designer may wish to ignore the top 0.500 to 1.0 meter of soil.
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APPENDIX 2
EXAMPLE : DESIGN OF A SUBSTATION TRANSFORMER FOUNDATION
1. Assume Maximum Weight of Transformer with oil as 75 ton.
2. Assume Base Dimensions for bearing on Concrete as 3.0 m x 3.6 m.
3. Assume eccentricity “e”, as 0.3 m. In long direction and zero in short direction
4. Assume Soil Conditions as follow :
Soil Type : Loose Dry Sand
φ = 30°
γ = 1.59 ton/m3 (water table below pier depth)
N = 6 - 11 blows per (0.3048 meter)
5. Design the foundation for maximum load equal to weight of transformer with oil and
Safety Factor of 3.0.
P = 75 x 3.0 = 225 ton
6. Assume 0.3 m exposed height.
Step #1
Determine ultimate bearing capacity of soil in accordance with Figure 11-1 of Reference no.3
for cohesionless soils in terms of B & D of foundation.
Q ULT = ( γ DN q + 0.4 γ BNγ ) From Figure 11-1
Q ULT = (159
. x20D + 0.4x1.59x18xB) Nq = 20
Q ULT = 318
. D + 11.45L Nγ = 18 (Rough base)
B = L narrow dimension of foundation
D = Depth
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Step #2
Try: Mat foundation B,L,D = 4.8 x 4.2 x 0.450
CLTRANSFORMER
600 mm
e 305 mm
Center of Gravity
of Foundation
C.G. of Load
L = 4200 mm
CL Transformer
600 mm
Base of Transformer
600 mm 600 mm
B = 4800 mm
Figure 18-5: Mat Foundation
Step #3
Weight of Concrete, Wc = 2.4 ( 4.8 x 4.2 x 0.450 ) x 3.0
= 65.32 tons
Note: Factor of Safety is 3.0.
Step #4
Determine maximum ultimate pressure on soil, Figure 11-3, Reference no.3
 P + WC   6xe  
QMAX =  BxL  *  1 + B  
 
 225 + 65.32   6x0.3 

=  4.2 x4.8  *  1 + 4.8  
 
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2 2
QMAX = 19.8 ton/m < Qult = 31.8x0.15+11.45x4.2 = 52.86 ton/m
Determine minimum pressure on soil
 P + WC   6xe  
QMIN =  BxL  *  1 − B  
 
 225 + 65.32   6x0.3 

=  4.2 x4.8  *  1 − 4.8  
 
QMIN = 9.0 ton/m2.
USE : MAT 4.8 m. x 4.2 m x 0.450 m
0.30 m Exposed Hight

0.15 m Embedment
29

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05/09/99

Saudi Consolidated Electric Company ≠B@IZ¢y{{ ©X@R•}{A ™¶X•@@la{A ™yZ@c{A

SCECO-EAST ENGINEERING STANDARD SES-P-119.18

2.0 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

3.0 SOIL INFORMATION

3.1 Soil Conditions in Saudi Arabia

4.0 TYPES OF FOUNDATION

6.0 DESIGN PROCEDURES

APPENDIX 1 - EXAMPLE : DESIGN OF A DRILLED PIER FOUNDATION

[SES11918/SW:as] 0799 PAGE NO. 18: 2 of 29

SCECO-EAST ENGINEERING STANDARD SES-P-119.18

2.0 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

2.1.1 Considering the foundation as an extension of the substation equipment

2.2 Safety Factors

2.2.2 In case working loads (unfactored) are to be considered, foundation design

[SES11918/SW:as] 0799 PAGE NO. 18: 3 of 29

SCECO-EAST ENGINEERING STANDARD SES-P-119.18

3.0 SOIL INFORMATION

3.1 Soil Conditions in Saudi Arabia

a. Sabkah area wherein the material composition is firm enough to support

b. Areas of Eolian sand introduce the problem of shifting of the overburden at

d. Areas of rock outcroppings, where the rock is generally a weathered limestone

3.2 Soil classification

To promote uniformity in describing and interpreting descriptions of soil and their

[SES11918/SW:as] 0799 PAGE NO. 18: 4 of 29

SCECO-EAST ENGINEERING STANDARD SES-P-119.18

3.3 Soil Testing

3.3.1 Of utmost importance in the design of foundations is an accurate and thorough

a. Total unit weight of the soil, kg/m³(γ).

b. Cohesive strength of the soil, in kg/m² (The cohesive strength is taken

c. The angle of internal friction of the soil, in degrees (φ).

d. The maximum expected elevation of the water table, in mm,

e. The atterberg limits of cohesive soil.

f. Grain size analysis of granular soils.

g. Chloride and Sulfate tests for water and soil.

i. Electrical and thermal resistivity tests.

j. California Bearing Ratio (Soaked-CBR).

[SES11918/SW:as] 0799 PAGE NO. 18: 5 of 29

SCECO-EAST ENGINEERING STANDARD SES-P-119.18

k. Unconfined strength of intact rock core, in case of rock.

3.4 Soil Bearing Values

a. The factor of safety against ultimate shear failure must be adequate.

Ultimate bearing capacity shall be analyzed and computed as described in Reference

3.5 Ground Water Table

Ground water table elevation is essential in foundation design because excavation

[SES11918/SW:as] 0799 PAGE NO. 18: 6 of 29

SCECO-EAST ENGINEERING STANDARD SES-P-119.18

3.6 Differential Settlement

4.0 TYPES OF FOUNDATION

4.3 Pad foundation is sometimes recommended as foundation for miscellaneous

Concrete shall be as specified in 71-SMSS-5.

5.2 Reinforcing Steel

Reinforcing steel shall be deformed bars conforming to ASTM A615, Grade 50 or

[SES11918/SW:as] 0799 PAGE NO. 18: 7 of 29

SCECO-EAST ENGINEERING STANDARD SES-P-119.18

6.0 DESIGN PROCEDURES

6.1.2 Top of concrete shall be at a constant elevation throughout the substation.

6.1.4 Concrete design procedure shall be in accordance with the requirements of

6.2 Drilled Piers

6.2.2 Pier embedment lengths shall be given in 300 mm intervals.

6.2.4 Longitudinal steel shall extend to 85 ± 10 mm below top of concrete, and 85 ±

[SES11918/SW:as] 0799 PAGE NO. 18: 8 of 29

SCECO-EAST ENGINEERING STANDARD SES-P-119.18

6.2.7 Shear reinforcement requirements, if any, will be determined from the

(4) Nc = e π tan φ tan 2 [45 + (1 / 2 ) φ ] − 1 cot φ