NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY

Integrated Basic Education Department

Senior High School
Lagao, General Santos City

Select subject here.

Quarter/Term: Midterm Date: 2021.01.11 – 2021.01.15

Week No.: 1 21st Century Skills:
Damean’s Beat: Family Spirit  Critical Thinking
NDDU’s 4Cs:  Christian Leaders  Computing/ICT Literacy
 Competent Professionals ☐ Communication
 Community-Oriented Citizens ☐ Creativity
☐ Culture-Sensitive Individuals ☐ Collaboration
Teacher/s: MARK HERO S. CABUSAO ☐ Cross Cultural Understanding
JEAN V. HANDOG ☐ Career and Learning Self Reliance
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Online Lesson:
I. Topic: Electric Charge, Insulators and Conductors, Coulomb’s Law and Electric force and
field
II. Learning Targets:
At the end of the lesson, I can:
1. calculate the electric field due to a system of point charges using coulomb’s law
2. identify experiments as charging by induction, conduction and friction.
3. describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge experiences a force.

III. Introduction:
In this lesson, you will learn about two kinds of electric charges, their behavior in different
circumstances, the forces that act between them, the behavior of the surrounding space etc. Broadly
speaking, we wish to study that branch of physics which deals with electrical charges at rest. This
branch is called “electrostatics”.

You learned from chemistry that the atom is the basic building block of matter. It comprises the
following subatomic particles: proton, electron and neutron. Basically, these three differ in the charge
that they carry. Protons are positively charged (+), whereas electrons have negative charges (−).
Neutrons have no charge or are electrically neutral.

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 The SI unit of charge is coulomb, abbreviated as 𝐶. The charge of an electron is −1.6 × 10−19 𝐶. The
charge of a proton is 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶. The value 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶 is usually designated by a letter 𝑒. Thus,
an electron has charge of −𝑒 while a proton has a charge of +𝑒.
𝑒 = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶

Electric Charge

In the atomic level, an electric charge determines the electric interaction and magnetic interaction
between subatomic particles and other charge particles. This means that they are affected by
electromagnetism. This interaction between charges is called the law of charges it stated as follows:
like charges repel each other, and unlike charges attract each other.

As a derived SI (or International System of Units) quantity, an electric charge is represented by the
symbol “𝑞” and measured using the unit coulomb (𝐶). In chemistry, you learned that the charges of
subatomic particles are measured in terms of 𝑒. The relationship between 𝑒 and coulomb is
1 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 = 6.242 × 1018 𝑒
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Furthermore, electric charge is quantized. This means that the charges are either zero or a multiple
of the basic unit of 𝑒.
In an atom, the subatomic particles provide the net charge. An electrically neutral atom contains an
equal number of protons and electrons. An atom that has imbalance in the number of protons and
electrons called an 𝑖𝑜𝑛. Cation are positive (more protons than electrons), and anions are negative
(more electrons than protons).

Conductor and Insulator

A conductor is a material which allows charges to flow readily. Metals are good conductors because
they have plenty of free electrons that can move about the material.
An insulator is a material that resist the flow of charges. Rubber, plastic, mica, paper, glass, and air
are insulators.

Process of Charging

Charging an object involves the addition or removal of electrons. There are three ways by which a
neutral body may be charged: by friction, conduction and induction.

 Charging by Friction

When you rub one material to another, they are charged by friction. Material losing electron is
positively charged and material gaining electron is negatively charged. Amount of gained and
lost electron is equal to each other. In other words, we can say that charges of the system are
conserved. When you rub glass rod to a silk, glass lose electron and positively charged and
silk gain electron and negatively charged.

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 Scientist have come up with a ranking of some common
materials based on their ability to hold or give up
electrons. This ranking is what we called the triboelectric
series. In general, when two different materials are
rubbed together, the one that is higher in the list that will
become positively charged.

 Charging by Conduction

Charging by conduction involves the contact of a charged object to a neutral object. Hence
when an uncharged conductor is brought in contact with a charged conductor, charge is
shared between the two conductors and hence the uncharged conductor gets charged.
During charging by conduction, both objects acquire the same type of charge.

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 In this process, a charged object is brought near but not touched to a neutral conducting object.
The presence of a charged object near a neutral conductor will induce (force) electrons within
the conductor to move.
The movement of electrons leaves an imbalance of charge on opposite sides of the neutral
conductor. While the overall object is neutral (i.e., has the same number of electrons as
protons), there is an excess of positive charge on one side of the object and an excess of
negative charge on the opposite side of the object.

 Charging by Induction
The process of induction does not involve contact between the neutral body and the charging
body. The neutral body is just brought very near the charging body.

In induction, the acquired charges is opposite that of the charging body.

Coulombs Law

We already discuss that like charges repel and opposite charges

attracts. But how strong this attractive and repulsive force between
charged particles? In 1788, Charles Augustin de Coulomb formulated
the relation between this electric force with the distance between the
particles and the quantity of the charge of the particles.

The electric force between charged particles is proportional to the

quantity of each of the charges and inversely proportional to the
quantity of each of the charges and inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between them. The statement is called Coulomb’s
Law. Mathematically, this can be written as

𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
𝑭=𝒌
𝒅𝟐
Where:
𝑭 = 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑵𝒆𝒘𝒕𝒐𝒏 (𝑵)
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 𝒌 = 𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑵𝒎𝟐 /𝑪𝟐
𝒒𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒𝟐 = 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒃
𝒅 = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔

Coulomb’s Law Versus Newton’s Law on Universal Gravitation

The electrical force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of their charges and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them: It is expressed
coulomb's law
𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
𝑭=𝒌
𝒅𝟐

The gravitational force between two masses is directly proportional to the product of their masses
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them:
newton's law on universal gravitation
𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝑭=𝑮
𝒅𝟐
The mathematical form of Coulomb’s law is the same as Newton’s law on universal gravitation. The
counterpart of 𝐺 (6.67 × 10−11 𝑁𝑚2 /𝑘𝑔) is 𝑘. The counterpart of the product of masses 𝑚1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚2
is the product of charges 𝑞1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞2 .

Both forces in the two laws vary inversely proportional as the square of the distance between the
charges or masses. However, the gravitational force is only an attractive force. The electric force,
on the other hand, may be attractive or repulsive. The gravitational force in general is much weaker
than the electric force.

Calculate the force of attraction between the lone electron and proton in a hydrogen atom. The
average distance between them is 5.0 × 10−11 𝑚.

Solution:
The charge of an electron is −1.6 × 10−19 𝐶, while the charge of a proton is 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶.
Without considering the sign of the charges, substitute these values in Coulomb’s law.

Given:
(𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑵𝒎𝟐 /𝑪𝟐 )(1.6 × 10−19 𝐶)(1.6 × 10−19 𝐶)
𝑭=
5.0 × 10−11 𝑚

𝑭 = 𝟗. 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝑵

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 A metal sphere is given a charge of −3.0 × 10−6 𝐶 and a second identical sphere a charge of
+2.0 × 10−6 𝐶. The spheres are separated by a distance of 0.010 𝑚. (a) What is the force between
them? Is this attractive or repulsive force? (b) the sphere are brought into contact with each other.
What happens as a result of this contact? The spheres are again separated by 0.010 𝑚. What is now
the force between them? Is this an attractive or repulsive?

Solution:
a. Using coulombs law and substituting the values of the distance and charges (disregarding the
signs of the charges)

(𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑵𝒎𝟐 /𝑪𝟐 )(𝟑. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑪 )(+𝟐. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑪)

𝑭=
(𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝒎)𝟐

𝑭 = 𝟓𝟒𝟎 𝑵 (𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆)

b. When the spheres are allowed to touch each other, they will neutralize each other and share
whatever charge remains. The remaining charge is −1.0 × 10−6 𝐶 and each sphere will have
one half of this charge. Therefore, the charge on each sphere is −0.5 × 10−6 𝐶. The force
therefore is repulsive and has a magnitude of

(𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑵𝒎𝟐 /𝑪𝟐 )(𝟎. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑪)(𝟎. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑪)

𝑭=
(𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝒎)𝟐

𝑭 = 𝟐𝟑 𝑵 (𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆)

Electric field

An electric field has the property that charged particle placed in it will experience an electric force.
To explain the interaction between two charges placed at a distance, Faraday introduced the concept
of electric field. The electric field 𝐸 at a point is defined as the electric force 𝐹 experienced by a
positive test charge 𝑞0 placed at that point divided by the magnitude of the test charge.
Mathematically, we write
𝑭
𝑬=
𝒒𝟎
Where:
𝐸 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 (𝑁/𝐶)
𝐹 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 (𝑁)
𝑞0 = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 (𝐶)

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If we know the electric field at a point, then we can find the force on any other charge placed at that
point simply by multiplying the charge by the electric field strength.
𝑭 = 𝒒𝟎 𝑬
If the charge happens to be negative, the direction of the force of the negative charge is opposite to
the direction of the field.

A uniform electric field is directed downward and has a magnitude of 5 𝑁/𝐶. Find the magnitude
and direction of the force experienced by a charge of −6 𝐶 placed in this field.

Given:
𝐸 = 5 𝑁/𝐶, directed downward
𝑞 = −6 𝐶

Solution:
To find the magnitude of force 𝐹 on 𝑞, we use the formula 𝐹 = 𝑞𝐸. We may disregard the
sign of the charge.
𝐹 = 𝑞𝐸
𝐹 = (6 𝐶)(5 𝑁/𝐶)
𝐹 = 30 𝑁

Since the charge is negative, the direction of the force is opposite the direction of the field.
Hence, the force on the charge must be directed upward.

A charge 𝑄 of 2.5 𝜇𝐶 is in a two-dimensional electric field with horizontal and vertical component
of 35.0 𝑁/𝐶 and 52.0 𝑁/𝐶, respectively. Find the magnitude and direction of the electric force on
charge 𝑄.
To calculate the electric field strength at any point at a distance 𝑑 in space from a charge 𝑞, we
imagine a test charge 𝑞0 placed at that point. By Coulomb’s Law, the force on 𝑞0 is

𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
𝑭=𝒌
𝒅𝟐
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 𝐹
Knowing that 𝐸 = 𝑞 , the electric field intensity is given by
𝒒 𝒒
𝒌 𝟏 𝟐𝟐
𝐸= 𝒅
𝑞

𝒒
𝑬=𝒌
𝒅𝟐

Point A is 50.0 𝑐𝑚 from a charge of 6.0 × 10−7 𝐶. What is the magnitude and direction of the electric
field at point A?

Solution:
Given: 𝑞 = 6.0 × 10−7 𝐶
𝑑 = 50 𝑐𝑚 = 0.5 𝑚
𝒒
Using the formula for electric field strength 𝑬 = 𝒌
𝒅𝟐

𝟗 𝟐 𝟐
𝟔. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑪
𝑬 = (𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎 𝑵𝒎 /𝑪 )
(𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎)𝟐

𝑵 𝑵
𝑬 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒
𝑪 𝑪

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IV. Check your Understanding

1. Which will be positively charge and which will be negatively charged when the pair are rubbed
against each other? (a) human hair and rubber, (b) amber and wool, (c) PVC pipe and nylon,
(d) leather and Styrofoam.
2. ____________ is a material that does not allow flow of charges through it.
3. ____________ is a material where charges can flow easily.
4. ____________ a charge acquired by a body when rubbed with another body depends on the
relative position in the triboelectric series of the materials of which they are made of.
5. A charge by __________ it involves contact, acquires a charge similar to the kind of charge
of the charging body.
6. A body charge by ____________ it does not involves contact between the neutral and charge
bodies; it acquires a charge opposite to the kind of charge of the charging body.
7. Like charges _________ and unlike charges __________.
8. The force of attraction and repulsion between charged particles is given by ______________.
9. _________________ has the property that any charge particle placed in it will experience an
electric force.
10. Formula of electric field.

6. induction
5. conduction
4. friction
3. conductor
2. insulator
d. leather +, Styrofoam –
𝒒𝟎
10. 𝑬 = c. nylon +, PVC pipe –
𝑭
b. wool +, amber –
9. electric field same reason applies to the other pairs.
rubber becomes negatively charged. The
8. coulomb’s law
rubber, hair becomes positively charge and
7. repel, attract 1. a. since human hair is higher in the list than

V. Enrichment

Your enrichment activity will be in a short test that will be posted in Moodle.

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VI. References/Materials
Power point
Hand-outs

Silverio, A. (2017). Exploring life through science series: General Physics 1. Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines.

Ferrer, R. & Ungson O. (2010). Science, Environment, Technology, and Society: Physics. Sibs
Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines.

Crisostomo, R. & Padua, A. (2003). Practical and Explorational Physics Modular Approach. Vibal
Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines.

Arevalo, R. (2017). General Physics 1. Diwa Learning Systems, Inc. Makati City, Philippines.

Module No.: 1

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 NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY
Integrated Basic Education Department
Senior High School
Lagao, General Santos City

Select subject here.

Student’s Name: ________________________________ Date Submitted: __________________

Grade & Section: ________________________________
Quarter/Term: Select quarter here. Week No.: Select week no. here.
Teacher/s: Click or tap here to enter text.

_________________________________
Parent’s / Guardian’s Name & Signature

2021.01.10 12:59:26 PM NDDU-IBED-F-081