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Renewable Energy in Nepal – Progress at a Glance from 1998-2003

Conference Paper · October 2003

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 RENEWABLE ENERGY IN NEPAL – PROGRESS AT A GLANCE FROM 1998 TO 2003

JAGAN NATH SHRESTHA*, TRI RATNA BAJRACHARYA ,** SHREE RAJ SHAKYA** and BIJAY GIRI**

*Center for Energy Studies, IOE, TU and President, Nepal Solar Energy Society;
**Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU, Pulchowk, Kathmandu, Nepal,
E-mail: jns@healthnet.org.np, triratna@ioe.edu.np, shreerajshakya@ioe.edu.np, bijaygiri@hotmail.com

Abstract – The paper contains a brief account of the natural resources along with the present Renewable Energy
(RET) scenario of Nepal. It focuses on the trend of RET applications consisting of biogas technology, biomass
technology, micro and pico-hydro technology, wind technology, solar thermal technology, solar PV technology,
geothermal energy observed until mid 2003. It also highlights their manufacturing capability and
commercialization, government energy policy and strategy, main barriers and suggestions for barrier removal.
Finally the paper contains some recommendations and action plan for promotion, development and
commercialization of renewable energy technology in Nepal.

Keywords: energy resources, RET, commercialization, consumption, energy policy

PREAMBLE

The first International Conference on Renewable Energy Technology for Rural Development was held from 12 to14
October 1998. The recommendations made by this conference were implemented particularly on establishing Center for
Energy Studies (CES) under the Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University and starting MSREE course in
December 2001. There were also recommendations to promote RET in Nepal and watch its progress regularly. Hence
this paper highlights the progress made in the development of RET in Nepal from 1998 to mid 2003.

1 NATURAL RESOURCES OF NEPAL

It is estimated that in Nepal more than 6,000 rivers flow, whose total length is about 45,000 km. Forests supply
nearly 76 % of the total energy requirement of the country, and also provide 50% of fodder for livestock. The theoretical
and commercial potential of hydro-power in Nepal are about 83,000 MW and 42,000 MW respectively. So far,
however, only about 548 MW [1](i.e. 1.3 % of the total commercial potential) has been generated by the various
hydro-power stations.
No proper wind mapping of Nepal has been done so far. Significant wind potential is available in Mustang district,
Khumbu region, Palpa, Ramechhap, Karnali Chisapani, Jumla, etc. On average Nepal has 6.8 sunshine hours per day,
i.e. 2,482 sunshine hours per year with the intensity of solar insolation ranging from 3.6 to 5.9 kWh/sq.m./day. (National
average is about 4.5 kWh/m2/day.) [2,3]

2 THE PRESENT ENERGY SCENARIO

Nepal relies to a large extent on traditional energy resources; as no proven significant deposits of fossil fuel are
available. Based on the studies conducted by various government agencies the total energy consumption in Nepal was
8.205 million TOE in 2002; (about 15 GJ per capita) and it is expected to increase by 4.5 percent to 8.575 million TOE
in the year 2003. Traditional energy provided 85.27%, commercial energy provided about 14.24% and
renewable/others provided only 0.48% of the total energy consumption in 2002. [3,4]
Of the total traditional and commercial energy consumption in 2002, proportional shares of the sources – i.e.
fuel wood, agriculture residues, cattle wastes, petroleum, coal, electricity, are shown in the Figure 1. Similarly, fuel
consumption by sectors – i.e. household, industrial, commercial, transportation and agriculture, are shown in the Figure
2. [5]. The comparative energy consumption pattern by fuel type and by sector for the year 1998 and 2003 is given in
Figure 3 and 4.
About 13% of the total energy demand is met at present by imported petroleum products and coal at a cost of
about 40% of Nepal’s total merchandise export. About 40% of the total population has benefited from electricity by the
end of Ninth Five Year Plan [4]. This 40 % is reported to include consumption of 33% from National grid and 7% from
alternative energy.

RETRUD 03, 12-14 October, 2003, Kathmandu, Nepal 1

 Energy Consumption by Fuel Type in Nepal, Energy Consumption by Sector in Nepal, 2002
2002
Commercial Agriculture
0.79% Others
Electricity Renewables/ 1.33%
Coal 0.13%
1.47% Others
Transport
Petroleum 3.53% 0.48%
3.44%
Products
9.24%

Agricultural Industrial
Residues 5.25%
3.75%

Animal Fuelwood
Waste 75.78%
5.74% Residential
89.05%

Figure 1: Energy Consumption (Fuel Type) in 2002 Figure 2. Energy Consumption (Sector) in 2002

Energy Consumption Pattern (by Fuel Type) Energy Consumption pattern (by Sector)

Renewables/Others 0.5% 0.1%

0.3% Others
0.1%
Electricity 1.5%
1.2% 0.8%
Agricultural 0.4% 1998 2003 (Est.)
1998 2003 (Est.)
Coal 3.7%
0.8% 3.4%
Transport 4.4%
Petroleum 9.5%
8.7% 1.3%
Commercial 1.0%
Animal dung 5.7%
6.0%
5.3%
Industrial 2.3%
Agriculture residue 3.7%
3.9%
89.0%
75.4% Residential 91.8%
Fuelwood 79.2%
0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%
0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%
% Composition
% Composition

Figure 3: Energy Consumption Comparison (Fuel Type) Figure 4: Energy Consumption Comparison (Sector)

About 84 % of Nepal’s population lives in rural areas, and agricultural work is the mainstay of the rural
population. According to the survey conducted by WECS in 1995, from energy end-use perspective, residential cooking
is the single use that accounts for about 65 % of the total energy consumption in the Rural Household end uses as shown
in Figure 5. Space heating accounts for 8%, agro processing for 3%, water boiling for 2%, lighting for 1%, while
miscellaneous other uses (animal feed preparation, religious occasions and ceremonies etc.) accounts for 21% [14].
Rural Household Energy End-Use, 1995
Others
21%
Lighting
1%
Agro-
Processing
3%
Water boiling Cooking
2% 65%

Space Heating
8%

Figure 5: Rural Household energy End-Uses, 1995 (Source: WECS)

RETRUD 03, 12-14 October, 2003, Kathmandu, Nepal 2

3 NEED, IMPORTANCE AND STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF RETS

Historically, Nepal’s rural population has been meeting their energy needs from traditional sources like fuel
wood and other biomass resources. This is neither sustainable nor desirable from environmental considerations and the
need to improve the quality of life. Therefore there is a need to substitute as well as supplement the traditional energy
supply system by modern forms of energy in terms of resource and technology. Because of the country’s dependence on
imported fossils fuels, the high cost of grid connection and low and scattered population density, a decentralized energy
supply system becomes the natural choice. Decentralized new and renewable energy systems like micro hydro, solar
photovoltaic (PV), biogas, Improved Cooking Stove (ICS), etc., provide feasible and environmentally friendly energy
supply options in rural areas.

Renewable energy is virtually uninterruptible and infinitely available because of its widespread complimentary
technologies which accomodate Nepal’s need to diversify supply. Being environmentally friendly, there is reduced or
negligible emission of Green House Gases (GHG), negligible impact on the landscape, climate, physical, geographical
and natural environment. The most important renewable energy technologies (RETs) in Nepal are related to
pico-hydropower and micro-hydropower; bio-mass energy (biogas, briquettes, gasifiers, improved cooking stoves,
etc.); solar photovoltaic energy (solar home system (SHS)), solar PV water pumping, solar battery charging, etc.; solar
thermal energy (solar water heaters, solar dryers, solar cookers, etc.) and wind energy (such as wind generators, wind
mills, etc.). Many RETs, such as micro-hydro, biogas and solar PV home systems, are mature and are at varying stages
of commercialization, whereas other technologies are at different stages of development. Table 1 briefly summarizes
the status of various RETs. [14]

Table 1: Stages of Development of RETs (Source: REPPON-2000-2020), [17]

Stage of Development

Technology

Needs to Develop Quality Control

Needs Financing Assistance

& Monitoring Mechanism

End-use Diversification

Commercialization
 Data

Adoptive R&D

Demonstration

Dissemination

Needs HRD
Fundamental
R&D

Resource



Microhydro       
Solar PV        
Solar Thermal      
Passive Solar   
Building

Biogas       
Liquid Biofuel   
Solid Biomass   
Improved Cooking      
Stove

Wind Energy   
Geothermal    
Note:  Represents present stage of activity and needs for technology adoption in near term

Climatically and topographically Nepal is a diverse country as are the RETs. Therefore, it would be a gross
exaggeration to state that a specific RET will be useful under all climatic and topographical conditions. The suggested
suitability of different RETs is shown in Table 2 for various topographical regions.[14]

RETRUD 03, 12-14 October, 2003, Kathmandu, Nepal 3

 Table 2: Suitability of Different RETs by Topographical Region
Topographical Region
RETs
Terai Hill Mountain
Microhydro  
Solar PV   
Solar Thermal   
Passive Solar Building   
Biogas  
Liquid Biofuel   
Solid Biomass   
Improved Cooking Stove   
Wind Energy   
Geothermal  

4 STAKEHOLDERS AND THEIR ROLES IN THE PROMOTION OF RETS

Bank and Financial Institution - Agriculture Development Bank/Nepal (ADB/N) is the main development
finance institution, which played an active role in rural energy program by financing micro hydro, biogas, stand-alone
SHS etc. Local commercial banks have also started to act as financing intermediaries for the development of RET by
participating in various programmes, like SNV/BSP, under the priority sector-lending.
Non Government Organization - Various NGOs registered with the Social Welfare Council have been engaged
in the promotion, development and dissemination of RET. Besides some of the NGOs, like Center for Self-help
Development (CSD), Center for Renewable Energy (CRE), Nepal Solar Energy Society (NSES), have been
successfully involved in limited banking activities and mobilizing donor assistance.
Donor Agencies - Various donor agencies like DANIDA, US AID, SNV/Nepal, CSD, UNCDF, KfW, UNDP,
UNICEF etc. have been involved in promotion of various RET programs through the financial support in the form of
grant-aid and soft loan.
Manufacturer/Installers - Manufacturers and installers are responsible for the success of the RET systems
through the quality service of the RET systems installation. HMG/N has initiated various policies and programs to
encourage them by tax leaving scheme, de-certification scheme, loan granting scheme etc.
Private Sector - The ADB/N has not only provided loan facilities but also channels subsidies. It assures the
local enterpreneurers the necessary capital for investment through the loan and subsidy programme. The private
investment in the RET projects can help to commercialize fruitfully, manage and operate the RET based projects.
Government Institutions - The government institutions, like National Planning Commission (NPC), the
Ministry of Science and technology (MOST), the Water and energy Commission Secretariats (WECS) of the Ministry
of water Resources, the Ministry of Finance, etc., influences the RETs development’s policies and programmes.
User of RET - It is the user whose activities will directly affect the effectiveness and sustainability of the
program undertaken for fulfilling their energy requirement. The active participation of the user is vital for any RET
projects if it is to succeed.
R & D and Human Resource Development Centre - Institutions such as RONAST, NARC, RECAST,
CES/IOE etc., are involved in different levels of R & D activities focused on the development of cheap, socially
adoptable, economically viable and sustainable RET that can be directly implemented in the focused area. Institutes like
CES/IOE, CTEVT are involved in human resources development at different levels for the successful planning,
designing, installation, operation and maintenance of RET projects.
Quality Controlling Body – An independent body like Nepal Bureau of Standard, can play a very important
role in controlling the quality of the components/devices/systems of the RET so that healthy competition among the
suppliers can be initiated and quality assurance can be guaranteed to the users. Some of the quality testing stations are
either established or are in the process of being established. Solar Energy Testing Station (SETS) has already been
established and has started to certify the various SHS components for quality assurance.

The number of major institutions and organizations involved in the RET sector in 1998 and 2003 are shown in the Table
3. The detail is given in the Appendix.

RETRUD 03, 12-14 October, 2003, Kathmandu, Nepal 4

Table 3: Institutions and Organizations involved in the RET (Source: CES Survey) [7]

Sector/Category Micro-Hydro Solar PV Biogas Biomass

1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003
Govt./Semi-Govt. 11 13 8 16 5 5 6 14
INGO/NGO 9 23 4 15 5 8 3 29
Manuf./Inst./Consts. 13 58 4 25 40 52 2 3
Sector/Category Solar Thermal Wind Geothermal
1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003
Govt./Semi-Govt. 7 7 5 6 2 3
INGO/NGO 4 7 1 2 0 0
Manuf./Inst./Consts. 7 12 1 3 0 0

5 OBSERVED TREND AND PRESENT STATUS

Biogas Technology: The estimated total technical potential of biogas plants is about 1.3 million plants of which 600,000
plants are thought to be economically viable. The present installation as of mid 2003 is above 118,000 of varying
capacities (4, 6, 8, 10, 15 and 20 m3) [8,9]. The trend observed during the period of 1998-2003 shows an increase,
mainly because of the technical and financial support from BSP/SNV. The yearly installation and trend are shown in the
Table 4 and Figure 5.
Cumulative trend of the Biogas Plant Installations
Table 4: Yearly Installation of (1998-2003)
40,000 140,000
Biogas plant
35,000 120,000

Cumulative No of Biogas
No of Biogas Plant

30,000
Year of No of 100,000

plant Instllations
Installations

Installation Plants 25,000

80,000
till 1997/98 37,354 20,000
60,000
1998/99 11,352 15,000
40,000
1999/00 13,466 10,000
2000/01 18,541 5,000 20,000

2001/02 16,952 - -
*2002/03 20,649 till 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 *2002/03
1997/98
Total 118,314
Time Duration
No of Plants Cumulative No of Plants
Source: BSP, REDP, 2003 [8,9]
* Installed till June 2003 Figure 5: Cumulative Installations of Biogas Plant

Solar PV Technology: The estimated market potential is huge and about 2,500 kWp of photovoltaic power is currently
being used in various public and private sectors (telecommunication, utility supply, stand-alone, water supply, aviation
etc.) in Nepal [8, 10]. Stand-alone system constitute above 1,600 kW with more than 44,600 SHSs as of mid July, 2003;
among them 34,561 SHSs have been installed under AEPC/ESAP subsidy program. The installation of stand-alone SHS
is shown in the Table 5 and Figure 6. The trend of SHS installation shows a steep rise after 2000 due to the subsidy
policy implemented by AEPC/ESAP. Till mid July 2003, 40 solar PV pumping units have been installed, of which 23
were installed after 2000 with subsidy provided from AEPC. The installation of PV pumping units is shown in Table 6.
Cummulative Capacitywise Installation of SHSs
Table 5: Installation of SHSs
25,000 1,800
1,600
Cumulative Installed Capacity

Total 20,000
No of SHS Installation

1,400
Year of No. of Capacity,
1,200
Installation Installations kW 15,000
1,000
(kW)

till 1997/98 1,580 57.4 800

10,000
1998/99 1,899 68.3 600
1999/00 2,715 97.4 400
5,000
2000/01 6,082 237.0 200
2001/02 12,931 511.1
- -
* 2002/03 19,451 690.2 till 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03
Total 44,658 1,661.3 1997/98 Time Duration

No. of Installations Cum Total Capacity, kW

Source: CADEC [10, Official sources]
*Installed till mid July 2003 (AEPC/ESAP) Figure 6: Cumulative Capacity wise Installation of SHSs
RETRUD 03, 12-14 October, 2003, Kathmandu, Nepal 5
 Table 6: Installation of Solar PV Pumping

Year of Installation No of PV Pump

1997/98 12
2002/03 40

Source: AEPC (as of September 2003)

Micro and Pico-Hydropower Technology: There exists a huge hydropower potential and an ever increasing market, and
as of mid 2003, there have been a total of 2065 micro-hydro schemes, with an installed capacity of over 14,000 kW,
installed in various parts of Nepal since 1962. Of them 1,504.4 kW are peltric schemes, 5,529.6 kW are non peltric
micro hydro schemes and 7,076.5 kW-mechanical [8,11]. Table 7 and Figure 7 shows the status and trend of the MHP
installations. The trend of MHP installation shows steep rise after 2000 due to the subsidy policy implemented by
AEPC/ESAP.
Cumulative Installation of MHP
Table 7: Installation of MHP 6000 16000
14000

Cumulative MHP Installation

Peltric Mechani 5000

MHP Installation (kW)

Year of Non-Pelt Set cal Total 12000
Installation ric (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW) 4000
10000
till Dec 1998 2,867.2 857.9 7,052.2 10,777.3
3000 8000
1999 386.5 226.4 14.3 627.2
2000 719.5 213.5 933 6000
2000
2001 891 81.2 10 982.2 4000
2002 434.3 100.4 534.7 1000
2000
*2003 231.1 25 256.1
Total 5,529.6 1,504.4 7,076.5 14,110.5 0 0
till Dec 1999 2000 2001 2002 till June
1998 2003
Source: CADEC/REDP [11] Time Duration
Non-Peltric (kW) Peltric Set (kW)
* Installation till June 2003
Mechanical (kW) CummulativeTotal MHP (kW)

Figure 7: Cumulative Installation of MHP

Solar Thermal Technology: With National average sunshine hours of 6.8/day and solar insolation intensity of about 4.5
kWh/m2/day, there is a huge potential for solar thermal devices such as Solar Water Heaters (SWH), Solar Dryers (SD),
Solar Cookers (SC). Presently SWH have been fully commercialized with total installation of more than 30,000 systems
and SD and SC are still in the phase of dissemination and commercialization. According to the survey conducted by
WECS in 1997 it was estimated that 20,000 SWH have been installed in that year [12]. The comparatative solar thermal
installations are shown in Table 8,9 and 10.

Table 8: Installation of SWH Table 9: Installation of SD Table 10: Installation of SC

Year No of Units Year No of sites Year No of sites
1997/98 20,000 1998 808 1998 280
2002/03 30,000 2003 2246 2003 400

Source: WECS/REDP [12] Source: CRT (Official sources) Source: CRT (Official sources)

Wind and Geothermal Technology: Appreciable potentials of wind energy are reckoned to exist at various localities,
such as 200 MW of electrical power (annual energy production of 500 GWH) from wind resources just along the 12 Km
valley between Kagbeni and Chusang in Mustang district. A pilot project for demonstrations and dissemination is being
carried out by various organizations like AEPC, ITDG etc. ITDG has installed five 200-watt wind turbines at various
locations like Kavre, Tansen Palpa, Makawanpur, Chisapani (Karnali), and Udayapur for the stand-alone system
whereas RECAST has installed one 400-watt wind turbine at Nagarkot for demonstration purposes. The status of the
wind energy is given in the Table 11.
Regarding geothermal energy, 32 hot water spring sites are situated at various parts of the country, with a water
temperature up to 50° Centigrade [13]. They are used for the therapeutic purposes and a study is needed to investigate
the possible end uses of the hot water spring resources. The status of the geothermal site is shown in the Table 12.

RETRUD 03, 12-14 October, 2003, Kathmandu, Nepal 6

Table 11: Installation of Wind Turbines Table 12: Geothermal site reported

Year No of Units Year No of sites

1998 1998
2003 6 (1,900 Wp) 2003 32

Source: ITDG/RECAST (Official sources) Source: CES [13]

Biomass Technology: There is a huge potential for biomass technologies like Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS),
Bee-hive briquettes, Briquetting mechanism, Gasifier. More than 90,000 ICS have been so far installed through various
government and non-government organizations as shown in Table 13 and trend is shown in Figure 8..

Table 13: Installation ICS Cumulative Installation of ICS

50,000 120000
Year of 45,000
100000

Cumulative Installation
40,000
No of ICS Installation

Installation No of Units
till 1997/98 45,800 35,000
80000
1998/99 180 30,000

of ICS
1999/00 820 25,000 60000
2000/01 9,437 20,000
40000
2001/02 16,971 15,000
*2002/03 22,878 10,000
20000
Total 96,086 5,000
- 0
Source: CRT/REDP [8, Official sources] till 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03
* till June 2003 1997/98 Time Duration
No of Units Cumulative No of Units

Figure 8: Cumulative Installation of ICS

6 NEED OF REVIEWS ON THE IMPACT OF RETS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

There are several direct and indirect impacts of RETs on socio-economic development of any community. They
indirectly help to improve social indicators like standard of living, health, education, drudgery, etc. A major impact on
the local economy can be realized by the creation of income generating activities through the use of RET. There is a
need for a review of the policies and programmes relating to the application of RET for the fulfillment of the ever
increasing decentralized energy demands. It should be focused on enhancing the local capability, affordability,
sustainability and, above all, should be closely linked with other socio-economic activities. Energy is the indispensable
requirement for the comprehensive development of any region.

7 LINKS TO POLICIES

The positive role of alternative energy technology for the fulfillment of energy needs of the rural people was
recognized by the National planning Commission/Nepal during the Seventh Plan period (1987-1992). The Eighth Plan
(1992-1997) envisaged the need for a coordinating body for a large-scale promotion of alternative energy technologies
in Nepal and the Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC) was thus established to promote the use of RET and act
as the government coordinating body.

In the Ninth Five Year Plan (1997 - 2002) HMG of Nepal had planned the following installations in the country; its
achievements are also detailed.
 38,000 units of solar PV home systems. (79% achievement)
 90,000 bio-gas plants. (66% achievement)
 250,000 improved cookstoves in about 45 districts of the country. (20% achievement)
 Generation of extra 5,216 KW of electricity through pico and micro-hydropower installations.(63% achievement)

The current Tenth Five Year Plan (2002 – 2007) emphasizes: (1) increasing the consuming capacity of rural
families by developing and extending the alternative energy sources, seen as a powerful tool in poverty alleviation; (2)
supplying energy for commercialization of the domestic needs and the professions of rural people by developing
alternative energy technologies based on local resources and tools; (3) reducing dependency on imported energy
sources, and reducing negative environmental effects by the proper use of resources and tools of local energy and (4) by
RETRUD 03, 12-14 October, 2003, Kathmandu, Nepal 7
improving and increasing the energy use competency and increasing the access of rural people by reducing the cost of
development and installation of alternative sources of energy [6].
In the current Tenth Five Year Plan (2002 to 2007) HMG of Nepal plans to install the following:
 52,000 units of solar PV home systems.
 200,000 biogas plants.
 250,000 improved cook stoves in about 45 districts of the country.
 Generation of extra 10,000 kW of electricity through pico and micro-hydropower installations

8 ACTION PLAN FOR COMMERCIALIZATION OF RETS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 To encourage financial institutions for formulating effective and appropriate policies; and to encourage more and
more financial institutions, besides the existing ones to participate in the development of renewable energy sector in
Nepal.
 To allocate adequate subsidy in a consistent manner to promote the renewable energy sector. Subsidy allocation
should be determined by the accessibility of the project area, and the appropriate method of energy generation.
 To strengthen education and training in renewable energy, especially end-users’ training, technical/vocational
training and trainers’ training.
 To emphasize R&D works under co-ordination of Center for Energy Studies (CES).
 To execute awareness programmes targeted to policy makers, government officials, entrepreneurs, social workers,
consumers and people at DDC/VDC levels.

REFERENCES

1. Nepal Electricity Authority, Fiscal Year 2002/2003 – A year in Review, August 2003, Durbar Marg,
Kathmandu
2. Climatic and Hydrological Atlas of Nepal, ICIMOD, 1996, Kathmandu, Nepal
3. Economic Survey, FY 2001/2002, HMG/Nepal, MOF, July 2002
4. Economic Survey, FY 2002/2003 HMG/Nepal, MOF, July 2003.
5. Survey Report of WECS as per letter Ref. 2059/060, 530 dated 2060/1/2 (April 15, 2003).
6. Tenth Five-Year Plan, HMG/Nepal, July 2003.
7. CES Survey of RET related Institution in Nepal, CES/IOE, August 2003
8. REDP, (2003), RURAL ENERGY – Annual Reports.
9. BIOGAS NEPAL 2002, Biogas Support Programme, January 2003.
10. CADEC, (June 2003), Status of Solar Photovoltaic Sector in Nepal.
11. CEDEC, (Nov 2002) Micro hydro Yearbook of Nepal, ( 1962 – mid July 2002).
12. REDP, (July 2002), Solar Water Heater in Nepal.
13. The Feasibility Studies of Geothermal Energy Application in Nepal, Centre for Energy Studies, (June 2001)
14. Centre for Energy Studies, April, 2000, Renewable Energy Perspective Plan of Nepal (REPPON), 2000-2020:
An Approach, Volume 1and 2.
15. Marketing of Solar PV Technology in Nepal; Centre for Renewable Energy, Kathmandu; July, 1998.
16. Alternative Energy Technology: An Overview and Assessment (Supporting Document No. 3, Perspective
Energy Plan), 1994/95 WECS, Kathmandu.
17. Kamal Rijal; Renewable Energy Technologies – A Brighter Future; ICIMOD; May, 1998.

RETRUD 03, 12-14 October, 2003, Kathmandu, Nepal 8

 APPENDIX

RENEWABLE ENERGY IN NEPAL - PROGRESS AT A GLANCE 1998 - 2003

Institutions/Organizations Involved in the Promotion of Renewable Energy Technology

Micro-Hydro Power Solar PV Solar Thermal Biomass Biogas Wind Geothermal

Category 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003
Government/
Semi-Govt
1 ADB/SFD
ADB/N RADC ADB/N ADB/N AEPC AEPC ADB/N AEPC AEPC AEPC AEPC AEPC AEPC
C
2 CES/IO
AEPC ADB/N AEPC AEPC BTTC BTTC AEPC AEPC GGC CES/IOE DHM CES/IOE WECS
E
3 AEPC/ES CES/IO RECAS
BTTC AEPC BTTC CTEVT RECAST BIWMP RECAST IOE DHM WECS
AP E T
4 AEPC/ES American
CS/IOE CTEVT IOE CTEVT REDP CES/IOE REDP REDP RONAST WECS
AP Embassy
5 British RECAS
CTEVT BTTC IOE RECAST RONAST DWD WECS WECS WECS RONAST
Emabassy T
6 RONAS
IEDI CES/IOE REDP BTTC RONAST WECS HLFFDP IOE
T
7 RONAS
RADC CS/IOE CCO WECS WECS NACRMP
T
8 REDP CTEVT WECS CES/IOE PPP
9 RONAST IEDI CTEVT RECAST
10 SHPD/NE Indian
REDP REDP
A Embassy
11 WECS RONAST RADC SIWDP
12 WECS RBB RONAST
13 SHPD/NE
REDP WECS
A
14 SETS/RO AEPC/ES
NAST AP
15 WECS
16 IOE
11 13 8 16 7 7 6 14 5 5 5 6 2 3
Micro-Hydro Power Solar PV Solar Thermal Biomass Biogas Wind Geothermal
INGO/NGO 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003
1 ACAP/KM ACAP/KM ACAP/K ACAP/KM ACAP/KM ACAP/K
CRE CRE AESTED KMTNC CRE ITDG
TNC TNC MTNC TNC TNC MTNC
2 CARE/Nep
CADEC CADEC ICIMOD ECCA CRE CRE CRE BSP BSP CRE
al
3 NACSO
CRE CECI/N NSES Eco Himal NSES IRDS ICIMOD CEAPRED NBPG
D
4 ICIMOD CRE SRCD HLF SRCD NSES CECI/CHI NBPG CRT
5 ITDG CRT/N HSP SEF CRE NIRDI ITDG
6 MCAP/KM ACAP/KM
CSD KAAA SRCD CENSOM
TNC TNC
7 ACAP/K
NMHDA DCRDC MDSA CRT/N NACSOD
MTNC
8 USC-Cana DEDPRO
NSES CSD NIRDI
da/N SC
9 WWF GLJSIS NT CSDEP
10 DEPROS
HIMEA SAN
C
11 ICIMOD SELF ECCA
12 ITDG SEMAN EMA
13 JSC WWF HDSC
14 MCAP/KM Hoste
ICIMOD
TNC Hainse
15 MGPUG SRCD HWEPC
16 NCDC ITDG
17 Nepal
ICIMOD
Trust
18 NMHDA Manushi
19 USC
Canada-N MSMT
epal
20 WWF NRCS
21 YOUCASP RRN
22 Youth Star
RSDC
Club
23 RUCODE
GTZ
S
24 Samuhik
Abhiyan
25 SAP/Nepal
26 SAPPROS
/N
27 USC-Cana
da/N
28 WOSEC
29 WWF
9 23 4 15 4 7 3 29 5 8 1 2
Micro-Hydro Power Solar PV Solar Thermal Biomass Biogas Wind Geothermal
Manufactures
/Installers/Co 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003
nsultants
1 Power
BISCON Companie
BYS AEDC SEC AERN BYS CRT Teck N (P) CRT KGEW KGEW
S s = 39
Ltd
2 AG Power Lotus CMS/Nepa CMS/Nepa CMS/Ne Workshop Lotus
CRT BE CRT BYS
Co. Energy l l pal s = 11 Energy
3 Power
DCEME Appropriat RAECO Compan CMS/Nep Teck
DSE KGEW CRT CRT
(P) Ltd. e Engg. N ies = 38 al Nepal (P)
Ltd.
4 Nepal
C-ZONE
DCS BDA Nepal Wisdom ESE Solar CRT
HVAC
Works
5 East
KGEW BHPEC KG RAECON
Consult
6 Bojini Power
KMI KPC SAL
Company Teck
7 LEDCO BPC LSN Sun KGEW

RETRUD 03, 12-14 October, 2003, Kathmandu, Nepal 9

 Hydrocons Works
ult
Micro-Hydro Power Solar PV Solar Thermal Biomass Biogas Wind Geothermal
1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003 1998 2003
8 Nepal
NHE BYS SEC Solar
Works
9 NMASS CEBUD NED SAL
10 Sun
NPP CIEW NJ
Works
11 NSE DAT PEN TRUST
12 DCEM
NYSE Engg. (P) PPN UCS
Ltd.
13 DE
TEI Consultan RES
cy
14 DETA RESC
15 Lotus
DIP
Energy
16 CRT RAECON
17 DCS Wisdom
18 East
SHC
Consult
19 EDS SJC
20 Energy
SP
Systems
21 FEED SPS
22 GEI ST
23 GWE SU
24 Himalaya
Energy Swogun
Dev. Co.
25 HLF WLG
26 HOSECO
27 HPI
28 Hulas
Steel Ind.
29 Hydro
Consult
30 Hydro-Eng
g.
Services
31 Infrastruct
ure Dev.
Experts
32 ITECO
33 KMI
34 KGEW
35 LEDCO
36 Machhapu
chhre
37 Mainawati
Steels Ind.
38 Masina
Continenta
l
39 MEC
Consultan
cy
40 NEC
41 NEHA
42 NHE
43 NMASS
44 NPP
45 NSE
46 NYSE
47 OPS
48 PEN
49 Power
Teck
Nepal (P)
Ltd.
50 RAESC
51 RRN
52 RSEW
53 SESC
54 Sharada
Metal &
Mechanica
l Udyog
55 SPD
56 Structo
Nepal
57 Thapa
Engg. Ind.
58 UCS
13 58 4 25 7 12 2 3 40 52 1 3

RETRUD 03, 12-14 October, 2003, Kathmandu, Nepal 10

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