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Delhi Public School: Jaipur
Delhi Public School: Jaipur
Delhi Public School: Jaipur
JAIPUR
PROJECTILE MOTION
JAIPUR
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Definition
Projectile motion is a form of motion experienced by an object
or particle that is thrown near the Earth's surface and moves
along a curved path under the action of gravity only.
Applications
1. Ballistics is the science of mechanics that deals with the flight, behavior, and
effects of projectiles, especially bullets, unguided bombs, rockets, or the
like; the science or art of designing and accelerating projectiles so as to
achieve a desired performance.
2. A ballistic missile is a missile only guided during the relatively brief initial
powered phase of flight, and whose subsequent course is governed by the
laws of classical mechanics (which includes projectile motion). It plays an
important role in sports.
E.g.- Football, baseball, golf, javelin throw, discuss throw, cricket, tennis,
table tennis, basketball and rugby.
TREBUCHET
Definition
A trebuchet is a type of catapult, a common type of siege engine w hich uses a sw inging arm to throw a projectile.
History
1. The first recorded use of traction trebuchets w as in ancient China. They w ere probably used by the Mohists as early as
4th century BC.
2. The hand trebuchet was a staff sling mounted on a pole using a lever mechanism to propel projectiles. Basically a one-man traction
trebuchet, it was used by emperor Nikephoros II Phokas around 965 to disrupt enemy formations in the open field.
3. The earliest known description and illustration of a counterweight trebuchet comes from a commentary on the conquests
of Saladin by Mardi ibn Ali al-Tarsusi in 1187.
4. The couillard is a smaller version of a counterweight trebuchet with a single frame instead of the usual double "A" fram es. The
counterweight is split into two halves to avoid hitting the center frame.
5. With the introduction of gunpowder, the trebuchet began to lose its place as the siege engine of cho ice to the cannon.
Structure
In general, the trebuchet consists of a long beam that pivots around an axle
positioned above ground on a wooden structure. The axle divides the beam into a
long and short arm. The projectile is placed at the terminal end of the long arm and
pulling ropes or a counterweight is positioned at the terminal end of the short arm.
Historically, there were three basic forms of trebuchets: traction machines, powered
by crews pulling on ropes; counterweight machines, activated by the fall of large
masses; and hybrid machines employing both pulling ropes and falling large masses.
Counterweight trebuchets were the most powerful of the three types. Large
counterweight trebuchets could throw 300 kg rocks over 200 yards. The most
massive trebuchets were reported to throw rocks in excess of 1000 kg.
Principle
The trebuchet relies on the principle that stored potential energy of the counterweight can be converted into kinetic energy of the
payload, launching it into the air. It is also based on the principle of projectile motion.
Working
A trebuchet works by using the energy of a falling (a nd hinged) counterweight to launch a projectile (the payload), using
mecha nical a dvantage to a chieve a high launch s peed. For maximum launch speed the counterweight must be much heavier
tha n the payload, since this means that it will "fall" quickly.
the counterweight pivots around a much s horter distance than the payload end. The advantage of this is that the payl oad end
of the beam reaches a much higher l inear velocity than the counterweight end of the beam. This i s the principal of mechanical
a dva ntage, and is what allows the payload to reach a high launch velocity. However, because the co unterweight pivots a round
a much s horter distance, its weight must be much greater than the weight of the payl oad, to get a high launch velocity.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:
Physics(Part 1)-Textbook for class 11(NCERT)
Galileo’s Notes on Motion by Stillman Drake
The Art of Renaissance Science Galileo and Perspective featuring Joseph W.
Dauben
Galileo Gleanings XXII: Galileo's Experimental Confirmation of Horizontal
Inertia: Unpublished Manuscripts by S. Drake
Websites:
Wikipedia.org
Galileo.edu
Scienceexplained.com
Quora.com
Sciencebuddies.com
Real-world-physics-problems.com