Fruit ix the enlarged rppened. Mu a ori a on S. Ae becomes. beta o- 2 te Condltion for germinati dleaves state he ety fiw i is COMMAS Mt Pew Mc nt of ee ein ithstand unfavourable temperature. droughitite Lure known to remain dormunt coal 1uplires, ny the galing, ' the rool sysliin Suitable temperature : 7 s > 8 S 8 Se those, 2Jern|ieaion|,/ dhe dhangre chohen d seca typey: Frushed above m Y i the Rhizoph / Sonnerative Seedy 2s |as(ele Sbedling ti ce che growth of a plant ofa plant foorn a sped before it has become boll ident of the stored in OD, USSU CCAMO: aed SUT CUT C Of SCC re. are S0- SM La cave barely visible ti L ye Some Me ge as ple cle Types of Seed On the basis of endosperm, seeds are classified as: (i) Albuminous (endospermic) — In sich'séeds, " cotyledons are thin and membranous and endosperm ‘persists; e.g. Monocot albuminous seeds : cereals, ‘illets, palm, Dicot albuminous seeds : poppy, (ii) Exalbuminous (non-endospermic) - In\Sii¢h seeds, the cotyledon stores food and becomes thick Monocot exalbuminous seeds - and fleshy; e.g.Broadly the seeds are of two kinds — monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous. © Monocotyledonous seeds contain one cotyledon (seed leaf); e.g. maize, grasses. '* Dicotyledonous seeds contain two cotyledons; eg. pea, gram, bean. 1, THE BEAN SEED (Fig. 6.1) ‘There are a number of different kinds of beans such as broad bean, lima bean, french bean, etc. but the general structure of their seeds is the same Most are kidney-shaped with a convex and a concave side. TESTA Testa MC RADICLE CONVEX CONCAVE ‘SIOE ‘SIDE ‘HILUM ‘HILUM A B COTYLEDON ¢ WITH TWO. RUDIMENTARY LEAVES EPICOTYL TEGMEN TESTA HYPOCOTYL, RADICLE COTYLEDON Fig. 6.1 Structure of Bean seed. A & B—External structure, C—Testa removed, D—Seed cut open to show various pars, Seed coat consists of testa, the outermost hard brownish covering. It protects the delicate inner parts of the seed from injury and from the attack of bacteria, fungi and insects. Tegmen (Fig, 6.1 D) is a thin inner layer lying next to the testa, and is also protective in nature. Hilum is a distinct whitish oval scar on the concave side of the seed. !t represents the spot where thevovule (now the seed) Was/attached to the ovary wall through placenta. A tiny pore called micropyle is situated close to qkelhilumy, It marks the opening through whch pollen tube had entered the ovule. Micropyle Set, two functions -— , (1) When soaked in water, the seeds absorb, 7 mainly through this micropyle and make available to the embryo for germination, . (2) It pprowides forthe diffusion of respiratory ea for the growing embryo. Below the seed coat-are two thick which contain food for the embryo and protecti On carefully separating the two" cotyledons; thy tiny embryo can easily be seen attached to one of the cotyledons. The embryo consists of two parts— the radicle which later forms the root and thy plumule which later forms the shoot. The consists of a short stem with a pair of tiny leaves and a growing point between them. (Do not misspell radicle as “radical” which is q term in chemistry). The region of the axis between the)pointiof attachment of cotyledons and the plumule is called epicotyl, The region of the axis below thé cotyledons is called hypocotyl. | 2. MAIZE GRAIN (Fig. 6.2) j ‘The maize grain is actually a single-seeded fruit | in which the fruit wall and the seed coat are fused) together to form a protective layer. Therefore, we call such a fruit as grain. On one side of the grain occurs a small light- coloured oval area which marks the location of the embryo inside. The remaining major part of the | grain contains a large endosperm which is rich in starch. The endosperm and the embryonic part are separated from each other by a thin epithelial layer. The outermost layer of the endosperm is rich in protein and is called the aleurone layer. The embryo consists of a single cotyledon here called scutellum, a radicle and a plumule. The radicle is towards the pointed end and it is enclosed in a protective sheath, the coleorhiza. The plumule is towards the upper broader side of the embryonic, region and is enclosed in a protective sheath, the coleoptile.unples, of this, ccanple of Lhis type of yun are rice wheal and oat | One cotyledon (scutellum) Large endosperm present. Small embryo. 4, Plumule leaves } Plumule leaves rolled. | folded. : 5. Plumule large. Punt very small. 6, Hilum and nen Hilum and micropyle not visible. visible. 7. Seed separately The seed wall and the fruit wall ~ contained in the fruit | fused to form a single grain with called pod. "no separate seed.