Variables and Data

 1. Data
 Information obtained by observing values of
variables
 2. Qualitative Data
 Nominal and Ordinal Data
 3. Quantitative Data
 Interval and Ratio Data
 4. Discrete Data and Continuous Data

R. Ali |Introduction 21

Qualitative Data
Examples: gender, blood groups, voters
distribution(45 Democrats,80Republicans,90
Nominal Data Independent etc
Measurements that simply classify the units of the
sample (or population) into categories
 Often uses labels rather than numbers
 No arithmetic operation or comparison is possible

Ordinal Data
Measurements that enable the units of the sample (or
population) to be ordered w.r.t the variable of interest
Maybe verbal labels or numbers
Examples: Rating, Pay Scales,
Noarithmetic operation is possible
Shirt Sizes, Educational
Comparison is possible
Qualification etc.

R. Ali |Introduction 22

1
 Quantitative Data
Interval Data
Measurements that enables comparison of the sample (or population)
units according to the difference between values
Always numerical Examples:Temperature, Time etc.
Only addition and subtraction are meaningful

Zero point on the scale does not denote absence of measuring

characteristic
Ratio Data
Measurements that enables comparison of the sample (or population)
units according to the multiple of the values
Always numerical Examples:Weight, Length, Distance,etc.
All arithmetic operation are meaningful

Zero point on the scale indicates an absence of measuring

characteristic R. Ali |Introduction 23

Statistical Data

Statistical
DATA

Primary Secondary
Data Data

R. Ali |Introduction 24

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Primary Data

 Raw Data, Collected for the first time

 Has not undergone any kind of statistical treatment
 Collection methods involve
• Survey
• Interviews
• Questionnaires
• Recording events

R. Ali |Introduction 25

Secondary Data
 Previously Collected and Recorded Data
 Has undergone some kind of statistical treatment
 Collected from
• Previous Records
• News Papers
• Publications

R. Ali |Introduction 26

3
Conclusion
 Defined Statistics
 Described the Uses of Statistics
 Distinguished Descriptive & Inferential Statistics
 Defined Population, Sample, Parameter,
& Statistic
 Defined variables and data
 Distinguished Qualitative & Quantitative variables
 Distinguished Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio
Data

R. Ali |Introduction 27

CA-01

R. Ali |Introduction 28