Frequency Distribution Example

 Ages of a sample of 35 diabetics

Age(yrs) Frequency Rel Freq
0-9 1 0.029
10-19 1 0.029
20-29 2 0.057
30-39 2 0.057
40-49 7 0.200
50-59 6 0.171
60-69 7 0.200
70-79 6 0.171
80-89 3 0.086
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Histogram
Count

0.30
0.25
Frequency 0.20
0.15
Relative
Frequency 0.10
Percent 0.05
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Lower Boundary
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 Frequency Polygon
Count

0.30
0.25
Frequency 0.20
0.15
Relative
Frequency 0.10
Percent 0.05
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Lower Boundary
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Frequency Polygon
Count

0.30
0.25
Frequency 0.20
0.15
Relative
Frequency 0.10
Percent 0.05
0.00
0 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95
Class Marks (Mid Points)
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Example: Frequency Distribution for
Hits in 9 Innings Game

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Example: Histogram for Hits in 9-

Innings Game

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Frequency distribution
 If the data-set stretches out to one side or the other, it might be a
good idea to use “un-equal width” class intervals
 Using large no. of equal class widths may result in classes with
zero frequency
 Using small no. of equal classes may results all observation
falling in just 1 or 2 classes
 A good choice is to use wide classes at extreme ends and
narrower classes in the region of high concentration

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Class Densities

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Example

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A Density Histogram (bond strength data)

 Note that the right-tail stretches out much farther than the left one.
(non symmetric behavior)
 The area of each rectangle = relative frequency of the class

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Cumulative Frequency Distributions

 Several alternative forms of distributions for grouping the data

 The “less than”, “or less,” “more than,” and “or more”
cumulative distributions.
 A cumulative “less than” distribution shows the total number
of observations that are less than given values.
 These values must be class boundaries or class limits, but they
may not be class marks.
 The graph of cumulative frequency distribution is called an
Ogive.

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Example
 A metallurgical engineer was experiencing trouble with a
grinding operation. The grinding action was produced by
pellets. After some thought he collected a sample of pellets
used for grinding, took them home, spread them out on his
kitchen table, and measured their diameters with a ruler. His
histogram is displayed in Figure below. What does the
histogram reveal?

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Example (Ogive)
 Consider the following 80 determinations of the daily emission
(in tons) of sulfur oxides from an industrial plant:

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Example (Ogive) cont . . .

 From the F.D we make CFD of type “less than” and plot CF’s
against class boundaries:

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