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A Review of Recent Advances for Preventing, Diagnosis and Treatment of

Diabetes Mellitus using Semantic Web

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DOI: 10.1109/HORA52670.2021.9461282

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 A Review of Recent Advances for Preventing,
Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus using
Semantic Web
Kadime Göğebakan Melike Şah
Computer Engineering Department, Near East University Computer Engineering Department, Near East University
Nicosia, North Cyprus via Mersin 10 Turkey Nicosia, North Cyprus via Mersin 10 Turkey
kadime.gogebakan@gmail.com [0000-0002-2584-9647] melike.sah@neu.edu.tr [0000-0003-3869-7205]

Abstract— According to the World Health Organization the top 10 causes of death worldwide. According to the data
(WHO), the number of patients with chronic diseases continues we received from the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx)
to increase rapidly for various reasons and these diseases are [2], we process the data and analyze the findings in Figure 1.
among the leading causes of death in the world. Among the The top 10 causes of death in 2000 accounted for 53% of all
chronic deaths, diabetes accounts a major cause. Especially deaths and 56% of all deaths in 2019.
Type 2 Diabetes (diabetes mellitus) and its complications have
become the top 10 causes of death by rapidly increasing all
over the world in the last 20 years. Therefore, to prevent and
detect diabetes in early stages is crucial. For this purpose,
machine learning, expert systems, fuzzy logic and Semantic
Web based approaches have been developed. In particular,
Semantic Web provides technologies to represent diabetes data
as machine-processable metadata. This metadata then can be
used to automatically infer possible prevention, diagnosis,
treatment plans at early stages using semantic rules and
SPARQL query language. Therefore, in our work, we review
recent ontology-based intelligent systems for preventing,
diagnosis and treatment of diabetes patients. We compare the Fig. 1. Comparison of top 10 causes of death with all causes of death
methods in terms of aim, ontologies, technology, user worldwide in 2000 and 2019 (our owns)
interfaces, reasoning capabilities, evaluation metrics and
software. In addition, we provide insights about recent Furthermore, according to our analysis of GHDx data, the
developments and future directions. top 3 diseases, which are among the top 10 causes of death
worldwide, constitute 16% of all deaths. These top 3
Keywords—diabetes mellitus, ontologies, fuzzy logic, fuzzy diseases, which account for 16% of all deaths, are: Ischemic
ontology, rules, Semantic Web, review heart disease, Stroke and Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease. Again, according to the data we obtained from the
I. INTRODUCTION GHDx, when the 2000 and 2019 data were compared:
Chronic diseases are generally asymptomatic diseases Diabetes was among the top 10 causes of death with an
that progress slowly and are often preventable. Individuals increase of 74% [3]. Therefore, early diagnosis and proper
with these diseases need constant and regular care and treatment plans are essential, which may differ from person
monitoring because chronic diseases persist for a long time. to person.
Although the treatment of patients with worsening conditions
is made in the hospital, the main treatment continues from
home. Since its course is slow and its symptoms are not self-
evident, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, heart
attack, kidney disease and respiratory tract diseases pose a
great threat to human health worldwide.
Non-communicable diseases negatively affect the quality
of life of patients, but also place a huge burden on
governments and healthcare professionals [1]. The main
purpose of chronic disease treatment is to increase the quality
of life of the patient and prevent premature deaths. In Fig. 2. Comparison of diseases that were the top 10 causes of death
addition, the education and counseling services to be worldwide in 2000 and 2019 (our owns)
provided to the patients and their family members will make
them feel stronger in the face of the consequences of the In recent years, for prevention and early diagnosis of
disease and the immediate side effects or confusion. diabetes mellitus, machine learning, expert systems, fuzzy
According to the of the WHO's 2019 report, non- logic and Semantic Web based approaches became popular.
contagious and slow-progressing diseases such as cancer, Semantic Web technologies allow us to create machine-
diabetes, cardiovascular diseases make up more than 70% of processable metadata in the form of Resource Description

978-1-6654-4058-5/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE

Framework (RDF) conforming to ontologies. Ontologies
provide a schema/vocabulary to describe domain specific
terms so that information can be exchanged between
different computers, new data can be inferred using semantic
rules and detailed querying is possible using SPARQL
queries. As a result, Semantic Web provides technologies for
intelligent processing and reasoning, which is the main focus
of this research. We review recent advances that employ
ontology-based intelligent systems for increasing quality of
diabetes mellitus patient’s life, treatment and follow-up. In
particular, we review twenty research papers from year 2016-
2021. In addition, we compare these methods in terms of
aim, ontologies, user interfaces, reasoning capabilities,
evaluation metric and software.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2
describes diabetes. Section 3 summarizes the main concepts
of Semantic Web technologies. Section 4 discusses recent
ontology-based intelligent systems for diabetes research.
Section 5 compares the reviewed methods in detail. Section 6
is conclusions and future work.
II. DIABETES
The full name of diabetes is Diabetes Mellitus. In a
healthy individual, the fasting blood glucose level is in the
range of 70 to 100 mg / dl, and an increase in blood sugar
above this level is usually defined as diabetes [3]. Inadequate
or no insulin hormone production or insensitivity of body
tissues to insulin causes diabetes. Although there are many
types of diabetes, the most common is type 2 Diabetes
(T2D), which occurs in individuals between the ages of 35-
40. Insulin resistance, known as T2D, is the development of
resistance to the hormone insulin, since the receptors for the
insulin hormone do not work, although the amount of insulin
produced by the pancreas is sufficient. As a result, since
blood sugar cannot be transported to the tissues, the blood
glucose level rises above normal and blood glucose
increases. The most important cause of diabetes mellitus is
unhealthy diet and insufficient physical activity. Rural
residents are more fortunate than people living in
metropolitan cities because they have a higher chance of
having access to health, food, and physical activity.
Symptoms of the diabetes mellitus disease are dry mouth,
weight loss, drinking too much water, weakness, frequent
urination, etc. as a result of the blood glucose level being
above normal. It manifests itself in the form. Many
complications arise when diabetes mellitus treatment is not
fully followed or the treatment is not fully applied. Renal
disorders, cardiovascular system and eyes are the leading
complications of these permanent complications. The patient
diagnosed with diabetes should be educated about the disease
immediately and an appropriate nutrition program should be
prepared and applied. Recently for prevention, diagnosis and
treatment of diabetes mellitus, Semantic Web based solutions
became popular. First, in section III, we briefly discuss the
basic concepts of Semantic Web technologies, and then in
section IV, we discuss the recent advances.
III. SEMANTIC WEB AND ONTOLOGIES
Semantic Web is proposed to provide technologies for
human and computer cooperation [24][25]; computers
helping humans to process and understand the data
automatically. As of today, one of the biggest challenges is
processing of vast amounts of data. Data can be in variety of
different formats (text, image, speech, etc.) and in different
locales (as Web content, in a Word file, in an Excel file, in a
text file, in a database, etc.). Therefore, extraction of data and
understanding it automatically is a great challenge, which is
the main aim of Semantic Web to tackle.
Semantic Web provides technologies for a machine
understandable content. Semantic Web technologies stack is
shown in Figure 3. The building block of Semantic Web is
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). Each resource in the
Semantic Web context has a unique URI. If different content
use the same URI, it means that they mention the same
resource. In Semantic Web, information about resources is
represented by a data language called Resource Description
Framework (RDF) [26]. RDF consists of subject, predicate
and object triples. These triples form the basics of Semantic
Web, such as;
“voc:Patient1” “voc:hasBloodSugar” “95”.
Metadata can be serialized in a variety of formats such as
RDF/XML (eXtensible Markup Language [27]), turtle, N-
Triple, Json, etc. Generally, RDF/XML representation is
used to represent the metadata which can be easily
exchanged between different computers. For understanding
the meanings of the terms, in other words, understanding the
vocabulary between different computers, there is a need for
an ontology. In simple words, an ontology provides classes,
class hierarchy, properties, restrictions and individuals of a
specific domain in RDF format using the Web Ontology
Language (OWL) [28]. Finally, once the data is generated or
annotated with RDF conforming to ontologies, it can be
automatically queried in detail using SPARQL queries [29].
New data can be inferred using semantic rules (such as
Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) [30]), and user
friendly user interfaces and applications can be developed on
top of the machine processable and queryable data.
Fig. 3. Semantic Web Technologies Stack
IV. RECENT ONTOLOGY-BASED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS FOR
PREVENTING, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DIABETES
Recently, Semantic Web based intelligent solutions for
diabetes research became popular. In this section, we briefly
discuss recent advances. In all reviewed methods, at least one
ontology is proposed for diabetes research. These ontologies
differ in terms of aim, such as some of ontologies are
proposed for the diagnosis of diabetes, some ontologies are
developed for treatment of diabetes and some ontologies are
used for prevention. As a result, ontologies have been praised
for improving the quality of life of diabetes patients,
treatment methods, diets, activity and early diagnosis. Some
publications are integrated into existing systems, while
others have been developed from scratch. The review we
have made for each publication is briefly as follows.
 El-Sappagh et al. [4] Development of Diabetes Mellitus
Treatment Ontology (DMTO) that includes complications,
symptoms, laboratory tests, glucose-related diseases,
glucose-related drugs, drug-drug interactions, as well as
lifestyle and medications, as well as personalized education
for T2DM patients, drug-disease interactions. The main
entities of DMTO are shown in Figure 4. A comprehensive
study including drug-food interactions was also carried out.
Fig. 4. Main entities of DMTO for diabetes mellitus treatment [4]
Diabetes mellitus reduces people's quality of life and
causes premature death. Early diagnosis is a very important
and at the same time complex study. For this purpose, there
is a need for an integrated decision support system together
with the electronic health system. To overcome this
challenge, El-Sappagh, Shaker and Ali, Farman [5]
developed the OWL2 Diabetes Diagnostic Ontology (DDO)
following the design principles proposed by the Open
Biomedical Ontology Foundry for this field. DDO is made
up of several ontologies; specialized ontologies, domain
ontologies (e.g. diseases, symptoms, drugs, lab tests) and
general medical science ontology.
Mahmoud and Elbeh [6] developed the IRS-T2D
recommendation system to customize treatment for type 2
diabetes since treatment differs from person to person. Type
2 Diabetes management documents and patient files were
used as sources of information and adapted to create
ontologies. In the proposed systems, two ontologies were
created, one of the patient profile and one for the antidiabetic
drug. Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) is used in drug
restriction, OWL/SWRL knowledge base and JESS to create
the IRS-T2D system.
Considering the rapid increase in diabetes among
American Indians, a personal care system was developed by
S. Alian, J. Li and V. Pandey [7]. The system, which can be
accessed through the mobile phone interface, offers healthy
life and care advice for patients and their relatives for
diabetes.
Farman Ali et al. proposed a system [8]; it accurately
examines data using social networks, medical records,
wearable sensors and smartphones for people with diabetes
and blood pressure. In this study, many technological
integrated system studies have been conducted for chronic
patients and a health monitoring framework has been
established. In particular, the framework includes new
technologies such as cloud computing and data analytics
engine based on bi-directional Long Short Term Memory
(LSTM). The proposed framework aims to improve the
uniformity of data processing and processing performance
and to improve the accuracy of healthcare data classes.
El-Sappagh et al. [9] propose implementation for a fuzzy
ontology-based semantic CBR system and a decision support
system for diagnosis of diabetes. Fuzzy ontologies
incorporate uncertainty into the description of datatype and
object properties using membership functions. In other
words, instead of concrete data values, values are represented
with probabilities using fuzzy set theory as shown in Figure
5. In the work of El-Sappagh et al. authors applied fuzzy
ontology representation using the OWL2 language [31]. By
incorporating uncertainty data into the decision system, the
authors aimed to increase the decision efficiency of the
physician in the diagnosis process with this system. The
system was found to have an accuracy of 97.67%.
Fig. 5. Fuzzy datatype sample from [9]
El-Sappgh et al. [10] advanced in a new Case Base
Reasoning (CBR) research, proposing a unique CBR fuzzy
ontology in the field of diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus. With
this study, the first fuzzy case-based ontology in the field of
medicine was created and the case-based fuzzy OWL 2
ontology (CBRDiabOnto) was proposed. The resulting fuzzy
CB ontology has been evaluated in terms of syntax,
semantic, and content scope. Similarly, in another work of
El-Sappagh et al. [11] a case-based preparedness framework
is recommended for CBR systems that transform electronic
health record medical data into fuzzy CBR information for
diabetes diagnosis. By recommending a precise entity-
relationship information model for the causes of the CBR
disease, 60 real diabetic case groups were used in this study.
Compared to current ontologies developed to diagnose
and treat diabetes worldwide, Li Chen et al. [12] has
conducted a comprehensive clinical approach study. This
study focuses on creating an ontology-based system by
collecting more detailed diagnosis and treatment information
of patients. The most important feature of the proposed
ontology is the concept of semantic resources for electronic
health record and semantic interoperability in remote
monitoring of the health system.
To increase the accuracy and precision of healthcare
decisions, a study was conducted by Titi S. et al. [13]. Its aim
was to develop a fuzzy-ontology-based system using the
Internet of things (IoT) and to continuously monitor diabetic
patients. System combines IoT and fuzzy ontologies, which
includes data collection using sensors, fuzzification, fuzzy
inference and deffuzification, as shown in Figure 6. The
system aims to ensure that diabetic patients lead a quality life
where diabetes is combined with activity and exercise.
In the system proposed in this article prepared by Ali
Farman et al. [14], while recommending appropriate
medicines and foods for diabetes patients it recommends
Internet of Things (IoT) based healthcare to monitor the
patient’s body in the best way. For the appropriate drug, food
and body data; patient ontology, food ontology and sensor
ontology suggestion system are presented. In addition, this
system proposes a sophisticated ontology-based semantics
for intelligent decision-making during the calculation of
patients’ health values.
Fig. 6. Sensors and fuzzy ontology based healthcare system [13]
In this study conducted by Akremi, Houda & Zghal,
Sami [15], the modeling of uncertainty in the background of
a domain ontology is discussed. In the study in question,
fuzzy ontologies are represented by using fuzzy OWL 2
language for imprecise information in the semantic web
language for the method of dealing with uncertainty, data
fusion, information retrieval and linking ontologies.
Laia Subirats et al. in this study by [16], in line with the
prediction of P4 medicine, ontologies were tried to be
personalized and an approach to personalization of
ontologies was applied for the case of diabetes use [13].
Overview, zooming / filtering and detail interaction models
were applied in the field of medicine by adapting the Rhi-
zomer tool. Current diabetes ontologies are also mentioned.
The Questionnaire ontology [17] proposed by Sherimon,
P. C. and Krishnan, Reshmy is a study of the research
process of the OntoDiabetic system. By entering the patient's
history and current situation into the system, it is aimed that
physicians, nurses, dieticians and other healthcare
professionals make better decisions about the patient.
L. Nachabe et al. proposed a diabetes mobile app for e-
health in this study. The proposed application is integrated
into the CareWare architecture and existing diabetes
ontologies, and the communication between biomedical
sensors and mobile applications has been implemented and
evaluated in real-life conditions for the follow-up and
assistance of diabetic patients [18]. In this study, especially
the lifestyles of type 2 diabetes patients were taken into
consideration and focused on these patients.
In this study, Yi-fan Zhang et al. [19] proposed an
ontology-based framework for systematically identifying,
analyzing, aggregating, reshaping, sharing, and making
useful information necessary for the follow-up and
management of patients with Type 2 Diabetes, with a focus
on preventing congestion in hospitals. In this proposed
framework, SNOMED CT was used as the standard
terminology for semantic interoperability.
In this study by Shaker El-Sappagh and Mohammed
Elmogy, 1) an encoding method using SNOMED CT (SCT)
was proposed, 2) this method was used to encode case-
themed data, and 3) the SCT concepts used were collected in
a reference set [20]. In the created ontology, diabetes disease
has been selected for the case study and the ontology will be
used in Case-based reasoning (CBR) systems as domain
information representation for diagnosis of diabetes.
Chen, R. C. et al. The Order of Choice According to
Ideal Solution Technique (TOPSIS), a personalized
antidiabetic drug recommendation system for patients with
diabetes, was developed by physicians by calculating many
factors while prescribing [21]. The fuzzy technology used
was provided to personalize the HbA1c target of the patient
by entering patient data from the user interface of physicians.
TOPSIS used antidiabetic drug profiles presented by the
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE)
and the American College of Endocrinology (ACE) (2016) to
recommend the most ideal, prioritizing drugs.
The mobile application (FoodWiki: Ontology-Driven
Mobile Safe Food Consumption System) developed by
Duygu Çelik [22] contributes to the right choice by
informing the consumer about the content of the product in
the selection of the products on the market shelves. The
FoodWiki system makes concept matching by using the
person, disease, product and food components / compounds
from its ontology knowledge base and developing concepts
semantically. Only the design of the food consumption
recommendation system was considered.
R. F. Alharbi et al. This article provides a diagnosis and
treatment recommendation system for diabetes. The
presented system provides an ontology-based Clinical
Decision Support Systems (CDSS) design and development
method for the diagnosis of diabetes, taking into account
patient information, symptoms, risk factors and laboratory
test results. It recommends a treatment plan based on the type
of diabetes recommended by the Clinical Practice Guidelines
(CPG) within the CDSS [23]. The aim is to increase the
quality of patient care and reduce the use of drugs.
V. COMPARISON OF THE METHODS
In this section, we compare the reviewed articles methods
in terms of aim, method, ontologies, user interface,
evaluation metric and software as illustrated in Table I. We
observe that proposed solutions are developed for three main
purposes; diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Different
methods generally address one or two of these aims. In all
compared methods, several ontologies are utilized. Some
methods use SWRL and others utilize knowledge-based for
reasoning. Different evaluation metrics are employed. Table
I also summarizes advantages of these compared methods.
VI. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
In our work, we reviewed recent ontology-based
intelligent systems for preventing, diagnosis and treatment
of diabetes patients. In particular, we compared the methods
in terms of aim, ontologies, technology, user interfaces,
reasoning capabilities, evaluation metrics and software. We
observe that several diabetes, patient, treatment, food and
drug ontologies are developed. In addition, these methods
consist of complex semantic rule sets in order to provide
recommendations for diabetes patients.
Recently, fuzzy ontology-based solutions for diabetes
research started to be more popular since they can handle
imprecise information, as well as, machine processable data
is produced by ontologies. On the other hand, IoT, Semantic
Web and mobile applications are started to be new trends for
smart patient monitoring [32] and recommendation of
personalized plans for different individuals.
 TABLE I. COMPARISON OF METHODS
User Evaluation Software/
Research Aim Method Ontology Comments
Interface Metric Tools
. Diabetes
El-Sappagh, Diabetes . Protégé, Personalize treatment, physical
SWRL Mellitus Programing Evaluation
S. et al. Mellitus . SWRL, activity and menu is
Rule Set Treatment Interface not available
2018 [4] Treatment . OWL 2 recommended.
Ontology
El-Sappagh, Diabetes . Diabetes . Accuracy
Knowledg Computer . Protégé 5 Facilitating problem solving in
S. et al. Mellitus Diagnosis .Completene.
e based Interface . OWL2 diabetes management
2016 [5] Diagnosis Ontology .Appropriate.
Mahmoud Individualized SWRL . Patient profiles, . JESS, Prevents wrong drug and
Computer
and Elbeh, Drug Recom. to Rule Set . Anti-diabetic Precision . OWL treatments for personalized Type
Interface
2016 [6] Type 2 Diabetes Kno.based drugs . Protégé 2 Diabetes treatment
S. Alian, J. Rule- Quickly accessability from
Proactive . Accurate . SWRL API
Li and V. Based . Knowledgebase Mobile anywhere, and healthy lifestyle
Diabetes Self- . Appropriate . PAC4J
Pandey SWRL ontology Interface suggestions can be obtained
care Recommen. . Relevant . OWL API
2018 [7] Rule Set from the mobile phone interface.
. Precision,
Storing and Rule-
Recall, F- Prevents high-risk situations by
Farman Ali analyzing based . Ontologies-
Programing score, . Java making the necessary warnings
et al. 2021 healthcare data classifier based semantic
Interface . Accuracy . Protégé before the health condition of
[8] with high Fuzzy knowledge
. RMSE, diabetes patients worsens.
precision Rules
MAE
. Prec., Rec., Facilitates the inquiry processes
El-Sappagh
Diabetes Rule- Fuzzy Case-Base Computer . F-measure, . Protégé, of physicians and automatic
et al. 2015
Diagnosis based OWL2 Ontology Interface . Accuracy, . OWL, collection of information from
[9]
. Specificity their EHRs
Development of easy fuzzy
El-Sappagh Diabetes OWL2 Fuzzy . Protégé, OWL
Knowledg User Similarity semantic state finding
et al. 2017 Mellitus Case-Base . SPARQL-DL
e-based Interface metric algorithms, supporting query
[10] Diagnosis Ontology . Java, SQWRL
statement by physicians
. Precision,
Outperforms algorithms tested
El-Sappagh Creating fuzzy . Recall,
Rule- for diabetes diagnosis
et al. 2019 CB information . Fuzzy Ontology - . F-measure, . Database
based Disadvantage: Having some
[11] from EHR . Accuracy,
problems with semantic retrieval
. Specificity
Obtaining clearer results for the
Chen, L. et Diabetes . Accuracy . Protégé
Knowledg . diabetes User diagnosis and treatment of
al. 2019 diagnosis and . Specificity . SWRL
e-base patients ontology Interface diabetes by collecting more
[12] treatment . Sensitivity . OWL
detail information form patients
. Protégé The combination of fuzzy
. Precision,
Continuous Fuzzy . OWL ontolgies with IOT;improves the
Titi S. et al. Programmi . Recall,
monitoring of Rule- . Fuzzy Ontology . SWRL health status and lifestyle of the
2020 [13] ng Interface . F-measure,
diabetic patients Based . SPARQL-DL patient by generating effective
. Accuracy
. Jena API recommendations
. Type 2 Fuzzy . Matlab, Jena
System . Precision, Determining the risk factors of
Ali, Farman Determination of Fuzzy Ont. Fuzzy . Protégé,
(Programmi . Recall, the patients and arranging their
et al. 2018 patient risk logic- Patient Ontology . SPARQL,
ng . F-measure, diabetes prescriptions
[14] factor values based . Sensor Ont. . OWL,
Interface) . Accuracy accordingly.
. Food Ontology . SWRL
Akremi, Recommending . domain . Complexity Defining ambiguous rules and
Houda and diets with Fuzzy ontology . Abstraction . Protégé executing ambiguous queries to
-
Zghal, Sami specific foods Rules . crisp ontology . Cohesion . Fuzzy OWL2 identify and interpret imprecise
2021 [15] and drugs . fuzzy ontology . Conceptual. information using ontologies
. Personalize . Effectiven.
Subirats, L. Personalization . Protégé Personalization and visualization
Knowledg Ontology User . Efficiency
et al. 2019 of Ontologies . SPARQL of medical ontologies for
e Based Visualization Interface . Satisfac.
[16] Visualization . RDF patients with diabetes
. Web Ontology
Sherimon, Advantage: To enable
Modeling and . Diabetic patient
P. C. and . OWL 2 physicians to make a more
implementation Knowledg clinical analysis User
Krishnan, - . Protégé accurate decision about the
of clinical e Based ont. , Semantic Interface
Reshmy patient by creating a health
guidelines profile ontology
2016 [17] record and history of the patients
. Smart Diabetes . SPARQL
Increasing the quality of life
L. Nachabe Diabetes patients Onto.: Patient, . JSON
Semantic Mobile with timely assistance and
et al. 2020 follow-up and Signs, Daily - . Microsoft
Data Interface support by monitoring diabetic
[18] assistance Activity, Food, .NET Remoting
patients
Drug, Symptoms interface
Yi-fan Follow-up and . sensitivity Preventing crowds in hospitals
Semantic . patient follow- User . Protégé
Zhang et al. eval. of type 2 . specificity by monitoring patients with
Rules up ontology Interface . OWL
2017 [19] patients at home . accuracy chronic diseases from home
. domain Early diagnosis to identify the
Sappagh
Diabetes Rule knowledge and occurrence of other
and Elmogy - . similarity . Protégé
Diagnosis Based case-based complications in the kidney and
2016 [20]
ontology liver
 Determine the Helping specialist doctors and
Chen, R. C. . Drug
order of Fuzzy User . Protégé young doctors in arranging
et al. 2017 knowledge . Satisfaction
antidiabetic Rules Interface . Jena prescriptions by determining the
[21] ontology
drugs order of antidiabetic drugs
Providing info Using barcode or QR code on
SWRL
about the product Mobile the packaged market products,
Çelik 2015 Rule Set
and preventing . Food Ontology User . similarity . Protégé providing detailed information
[22] Knowledg
possible side Interface about the product to people and
e Based
effects preventing possible side effects.
SWRL Graphical
Alharbi et Diabetes . Domain . OWL-DL Advantage: Increasing the
Rule Set User
al. 2015 diagnosis and Ontology - . JESS quality of patient care and
Knowledg Interface
[23] treatment . Patient Ontlogy . Protégé decreasing drug use
e Based

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