You know the old expression, “what goes in must come out”.

It applies to the tankers too, not literally though.

During loading of cargo on oil tankers, when the cargo enters a cargo tank, it replaces
the air (Or inert gas) inside the tank.

Simple physics right ?

This air (or inert gas) must be allowed to come out of the tank so that the pressure
inside the cargo tank is within limits.

Same goes during the unloading of the cargo on tankers. As the cargo is removed
from the cargo tank, the void created must be replaced by air or inert gas.

The arrangements and system provided on tankers for allowing this air to come out of
the cargo tank is called venting system.

In this post, I will discuss about the primary and secondary means of venting on
tankers.

Primary means of Venting

As per SOLAS Chapter II-2, reg 11.6.1,

“The venting arrangements shall be so designed and operated as to ensure that neither
pressure nor vacuum in the cargo tanks shall exceed design parameters…”
This is what the purpose of venting system is all about.

So during loading and unloading, how the tanks are maintained at optimum pressure
level?

Whatever this arrangement is, it becomes the primary means of venting.

Let us discuss few of the primary means of venting used on tankers.

1. Mast Riser

Mast riser is generally fitted on crude oil tankers as these ships would always carry
homogeneous cargo in all tanks.

Because crude oil tankers carry homogeneous cargo, the cargo tanks of these ships
have a common cargo tank venting pipelines.

All these cargo tank venting pipelines lead to the Mast riser.

The mast riser is a vertical pipe fitted to the common venting pipelines of all the cargo
tanks.
The mast riser is fitted with a valve (called mast riser valve).

When loading the pressure inside the cargo tank is released through the mast riser by
opening the mast riser valve.

The cargo tank pressure is monitored and if required the mast riser valve is throttled
to maintain the cargo tank pressure at certain level.

During discharging, we need to not allow the tanks to go to negative pressure. For
this, the inert gas is continuously supplied to the cargo tanks.

The duty officer sets the desired pressure from the CCR and this pressure will be
automatically maintained by auto adjustments of the two valves on the IG system.
One of this valve is for release of IG to the atmosphere and other one for supply of IG
to the cargo tanks.

As per the SOLAS requirement, the height of the mast riser need to be minimum of 6
meters. This is to ensure that the cargo vapors emitting from the cargo tanks through
the mast riser does not accumulate on the deck.

2. Pressure Vacuum (PV) Valves (High Velocity Vents)

Mast riser is a good option for venting arrangements for tankers carrying
homogeneous cargoes such as crude oil tankers.

But for ships that carry different grades, it will not be a good option.

This is simply because the cargoes can get damaged if the vapours of different grades
are allowed to mix by having a connection between the vapour spaces of the tanks.
 PV valves fitted on each tanks solve this issue. PV Valves are also called High
velocity vents.
Each tank has its own PV valve and the venting take place through the PV valves as
the tanks is loaded or discharged.
As the name suggests, the PV valve consists of two valves

 Pressure valve that lifts (activates) under a set positive pressure

 Vacuum valve that lifts (activates) under a set vacuum (negative) pressure

Usually all the PV valves are set to activates at

 Pressure : 2000 mmWG

 Vacuum: -350 mmWG

Consider this. We start loading in a tank that is closed in all respects. As we are not
allowing the air to escape from the tank, the pressure inside the tank would increase
as the cargo quantity inside the tank increases.

As this pressure reaches 2000 mmWG, the pressure valve of the PV valve will lift and
allow the air (or inter gas) inside the tank to escape.

As the pressure reduces significantly below the PV valve set pressure of 2000mmWG,
the pressure valve of PV valve will again close.

the discharging operation a vacuum is created in the cargo tank.

As the vacuum reaches the set negative pressure of PV valve (usually -350mmWG),
the vacuum side disk of the PV valve will lift and will allow the air to come inside the
cargo tank to reduce the vacuum.

This passage of air inside the tanks is only allowed if the tanks is not in inert
condition.

When we are carrying flammable cargoes and we need to maintain oxygen to less
than 8% in the tank, we need to make sure that no air goes in the tank.

In this case, we never allow the cargo tank to be in vacuum at any time by
continuously introducing inert gas in the cargo tank during discharging.

Secondary means of venting

Before I discuss about secondary means of venting, we need to understand why we

need these at first place.

Consider venting arrangement on a crude oil tanker. As we discussed, the primary

means of venting on crude oil tankers is Mast riser.

This mast riser has a manual valve which is opened only when we need to release the
pressure from the cargo tanks.
Or when we are loading the cargo in which case it is continuously kept open and
throttled according to the rate of loading.

But what if we start the loading and forgot to open the mast riser valve. Or if the IG
isolation valve to a cargo tank is kept closed by mistake.

The pressure in the cargo tank will keep on increasing and cargo tanks will rupture.

To overcome situations like these, SOLAS requires that there need to be a secondary
means of venting which activate if the primary means of venting fails.

As per SOLAS Chapter II-2, Reg 11.6.3.2

“A secondary means of allowing full flow relief of vapours, air or inert gas mixtures
shall be provided to prevent over pressure or under pressure in the event of failure of
primary means of venting.”

Now that we know the purpose of secondary means of venting, let us discuss the
equipment that can act as secondary means of venting.

PV Valve

Yes, PV valve fitted on the individual tank can act as the secondary means of venting.

For example, if the mast riser valve is inadvertently left closed while loading, the PV
valves of the cargo tanks will get activated.

But what if there is no mast riser on ships like on chemical tanker? Can the PV valve
fitted on each tank act as the secondary means of venting?
No and yes would be my answer.

No because if the PV valve is the primary means of venting on a ship (for example on
chemical tankers), then this cannot act as the secondary means of venting too.

And yes because if each tank has two PV valves fitted on each tank, one of these PV
valves will act as primary means and other as secondary means of venting.

If you are wondering about the possibility of having two PV valves on each cargo
tanks, let me clear the air by saying that I have seen quite a few product tankers with
that arrangement.

Pressure sensors

The most common secondary means of venting fitted on modern tankers is

the pressure sensors.
And if you see, these are not exactly the means of venting. But still these can act as
the secondary means of venting.

The purpose of these pressure sensors is to alert the operator (duty officer) by an
alarm if the primary method of venting fails.

SOLAS permits the pressure sensors fitted on each tanks to be considered as a

alternative to the secondary means of venting.

As per SOLAS reg II-2, Reg 6.3.2:

 “Alternatively the pressure sensors may be fitted in each tank protected by primary
means of venting, with a monitoring system in the ship’s cargo control room or the
position from which cargo operations are normally carried out. Such monitoring
equipment shall also provide an alarm facility which is activated by detection of over-
pressure or under pressure conditions within a tank.”

These pressure sensors are fitted on each of the cargo tanks.

But to timely alert the duty officer for the failure of primary method of venting, the
alarm level of the pressure sensors must be set accurately and correctly.

Let us understand what these setting of the pressure sensors should be.

1. Non-inerted tanks

Let us say that the primary means of venting is through PV valves. The operating
pressures for PV valves is

 Pressure: 2000 mmWG

 Vacuum: -350 mmWG

If the PV valves are working correctly, the pressure inside the cargo tank will never
exceed these levels.

It is only if the pressure inside the tank increases to more than the PV valve settings
that the duty officer would like to be alerted.
So when loading, the duty officer would like to be alerted when the pressure inside
the tank is more than 2000 mmWG.

And when discharging, the duty officer would like to be alerted when the vacuum
inside the tank is more than -350 mmWG.

But would we like to be alerted when cargo tank pressure is just above the PV valve
lifting pressure, say at 2010 mmWG ?

Of course not.

There can be many reasons for the slight variation in maintaining the cargo tank
pressure levels by the PV valves.

So how much variation can be allowed?

OCIMF recommends this variation to be maximum 10% over the PV valve set

pressures.
So the pressure sensors alarm need to be set at

Pressure: 2200 mmWG

Vacuum: -385 mmWG

Till the time there is no alarm, it would mean that pressure inside the cargo tanks is
less than these values and duty officer need not worry about it.

If the alarm sounds for a tank, duty officer need to reduce the loading (or unloading)
rate in this tank and investigate the reason for over-pressure in the tank.

2. Inerted tanks

When vessel carries flammable cargoes, the oxygen level in the tanks is maintained at
below 8% by volume.
 This is done by inerting the tanks.

When the tanks are in inert condition, we cannot allow the air to come inside the tank
otherwise the oxygen level inside the tanks will increase.

So when loading, the tanks will be under positive pressure and excess pressure will be
ventilated either through Mast-riser or through PV valves.

When discharging the cargo, we cannot let the vacuum side of the PV valve lift. We
supply the inert gas to the cargo tanks to keep these under positive pressure.

So with respect to pressure sensors, duty officer would like to be alerted when

 The positive pressure is more than the PV valve lifting pressure while loading the
cargo. So the setting for positive side will be 10% more than the PV valve lifting
pressure.

 The tank is under vacuum when discharging the cargo. So the setting for vacuum side
will be any positive value close to zero. Usually 100 mmWG is set in this case.
3. When using Vapour return Line

Vapour return line is used when the vapours of the cargo are considered to be toxic.
Sometimes it is used for non-toxic cargoes too because of terminal requirement.

Vapour line allows the connection between ship tank’s vapour space and shore tank’s
vapour space.
The vapour spaces of ship and shore tanks will always be in equilibrium.

We use the vapour line with a purpose that there should not be any release of cargo
vapours into the atmosphere.

This means that we cannot allow the PV valves to lift at any time.

So what alarm settings we must have for the pressure sensors in this case.

The duty officer would like to be alerted before the pressure inside the tanks reaches
the PV valves lifting pressure.
So for pressure side, the PV valve lifting pressure is 2000 mmWG, duty officer would
like to be alerted before that tank pressure reaches this level.

Not only that.

The alarm need to give sufficient time to the duty officer to take corrective actions
before the PV valve lifts.

Industry practice considers pressure sensor setting of 10% lesser than the PV valve
lifting pressure as having sufficient time to take action.

So in this case pressure sensor setting for pressure side need to be 1800 mmWG.

For vacuum side, the alarm setting would depend on if the tanks are under inerted or
not.

If the tanks are inerted, we cannot allow the tanks to be under negative pressure. In
this case, the pressure sensor setting would be anything positive (100 mmWG is
preferred).

If the tanks are not inerted, the aim would be to not allow the vacuum side of PV
valve to lift at any time.

Why?

Because the vapour space of ship and shore is in equilibrium and any abnormal
pressures in the ship or shore tanks would mean something wrong in the vapour line.
If during discharging, the ship’s tanks are going under vacuum it would mean that the
vapours from the shore tanks are not returning to the ship’s tanks.

This would also mean that shore tanks would be under high pressure.

If we allow the ship tanks vacuum to be filled by the air (by allowing the PV valve to
lift) then pressure in the shore tanks would keep on increasing with the transfer of
cargo from ship.

At some point then, the shore tanks would need to vent the excess pressure to the
atmosphere.

This may considered to be a serious incident considering the toxicity of the cargo.

So the bottom line is that we must not allow the PV valve to lift in this case.

In this case the pressure sensor setting need to be 10% lower than the PV valve lifting
pressure.

So if the PV valve lifting pressure is -350 mmWG then alarm will be set at -315
mmWG or less than that. Usually -200 mmWG is preferred in this case.

Pressure-Vacuum (PV) Breaker

PV Breaker is another mechanism that acts as a secondary means of venting on crude

oil tankers.

PV Breaker is located and connected to the common IG line of the ship.

PV Breaker works on the principle of set water column filled in it. It allows the
pressure to release from common IG line by emptying out the filled water in PV
breaker.

It also allows to break the vacuum by allowing the air inside the tanks through
common IG line.

However as per a recent amendment to SOLAS, the tankers constructed after 01 Jan

2017 need to have an independent secondary of venting for each tank.
For these ships, PV Breaker cannot be considered as a secondary means of venting.
Conclusion

On tankers the cargo is loaded in a closed environment. But the when loading or
unloading the cargoes, the air (Or vapours/Inert gas) need to flow in or out of the
tanks.

The arrangements provided for this exchange of air/Vapours/Inert gas are the venting
arrangements on the tankers.

The arrangements used primarily is the “primary means of venting”. These

arrangements usually are either Mast riser and PV Valves (High Velocity vents).

The venting arrangements provided for automatic activation in case of failure of

primary means of venting are called “Secondary means of venting”.

Secondary mean of venting can be 2nd PV Valve on each tank, PV Breaker or

pressure sensors fitted on each tanks with alarm in CCR.

Pressure sensors are most common secondary means of venting on tankers.

Duty officers must know the required alarm settings for the pressure sensors
according to different operation conditions.

As per amendment to SOLAS, PV Breaker is not considered to be the secondary

means of venting for tanker built after 01 January 2017.