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S1 2022 P Fisika - Inti I - Struktur Inti Atom
S1 2022 P Fisika - Inti I - Struktur Inti Atom
physics
Particle
physics
2012 1
What will this course cover
Nuclear physics
•Rutherford Scattering
•Electron scattering
•Nuclear binding energy
•Liquid drop model
•Nuclear shell model
•Alpha decay
•Beta decay Schematic diagram of Rutherford Scattering
•Fission
http://en.wikipedia.org
What will this course cover
Nuclear physics
•Rutherford Scattering
•Electron scattering
•Nuclear binding energy
•Liquid drop model
•Nuclear shell model
•Alpha decay
•Beta decay
•Fission
What will this course cover
Nuclear physics
•Rutherford Scattering
•Electron scattering
•Nuclear binding energy
•Liquid drop model
•Nuclear shell model
•Alpha decay
•Beta decay
•Fission
http://library.thinkquest.org/
What will this course cover
Nuclear physics
•Rutherford Scattering
•Electron scattering
•Nuclear binding energy
•Liquid drop model
•Nuclear shell model
•Alpha decay
•Beta decay
•Fission
http://library.thinkquest.org/
What will this course cover
Nuclear physics
•Rutherford Scattering
•Electron scattering
•Nuclear binding energy
•Liquid drop model
•Nuclear shell model
•Alpha decay
•Beta decay
•Fission
Practical Applications
• Nuclear fission for energy generation.
– No greenhouse gases
– Safety and storage of radioactive material.
• Nuclear fusion
– No safety issue (not a bomb)
– Less radioactive material but still some.
• Nuclear transmutation of radioactive waste with
neutrons.
– Turn long lived isotopes stable or short lived.
• Every physicist should have an informed opinion on
these important issues!
2012 9
*Slide by Tony Weidberg
Medical Applications
• Radiotherapy for cancer
– Kill cancer cells.
– Used for 100 years but can be improved by better
delivery and dosimetery
– Heavy ion beams can give more localised energy
deposition.
• Medical Imaging
– MRI (Nuclear magnetic resonance)
– X-rays (better detectors lower doses)
– Positron emission tomography (PET)
– Many others…see Medical & Environmental
short option.
2012 10
*Slide by Tony Weidberg
Medical Applications
3He magnetic resonance imaging of the lung
• Radioactive Dating
– C14/C12 gives ages for dead
plants/animals/people.
– Rb/Sr gives age of earth as 4.5 Gigayear (1
Gigayear= 1×109 years).
• Element analysis
– Forenesic (eg date As in hair).
– Biology (eg elements in blood cells)
– Archaeology (eg provenance via isotope ratios).
2012 12
*Slide by Tony Weidberg
Model Atom
35
Atom
The atom is
composed of:
positively charged
(+) protons,
uncharged neutrons
and
negatively charged
(-) electrons
37
Nucleus
Protons and neutrons together
form the nucleus of the atom.
Proton number never changes for any given element. For example, oxygen
has an atomic number of 8 indicating that oxygen always has 8 protons.
39
Neutrons
40
Electrons
41
ELECTRON BINDING ENERGY
Where 1 amu is
approximately equal to
1.6605 x 10-24 grams
44
Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
46
Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
49
Periodic Table of the Elements
50
Periodic Table of the Elements
Lanthanide Series
Rare Earth
Elements
Actinide Series 51
52
Sample Element - Zirconium
10 + 18 + 12 = 40
K
L
M
N
O
53
Sample Element - Zirconium
Name: Zirconium
Symbol: Zr
Atomic Number: 40
Atomic Mass: 91.224 amu
Melting Point: 1852.0 °C
Boiling Point: 4377.0 °C
No. of Protons/Electrons: 40
No. of Neutrons: 51
Classification: Transition Metal
Phase at Room Temperature: Solid
Density @ 293 K: 6.49 g/cm3
Color: Grayish
Date of Discovery: 1789
Discoverer: Martin Klaproth
54
Isotopes
Atoms of an element
that have a different
number of neutrons
in the nucleus are
called isotopes of
each other.
Xy = element symbol
isotope notation A = atomic mass (neutron + protons)
typically written as: A Xy Z = atomic number (protons)
Z
55
Isotopes
The number of
protons and
electrons remain
the same.
56
Isotopes equal number of protons and neutrons
N>Z
58
Nuclear Stability
60
Unstable Nuclei
61
Some Common Radionuclides
62
Fat-man
Designer Los Alamos
Laboratory
Produced 1945–1949
Number built 120
Specifications
Weight 10,300 pounds
(4,670 kg)
Filling Plutonium
Filling weight 14 pounds (6.4 kg)