ლიტერატურული ძიებანი #40 (2019-2020)

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti
Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature
1
Literary Researches
XL
2019-2020
2
literaturuli
Ziebani
XL
2019-2020
3
UDC (uak) 821.353.1.09(051.2)
l-681
redaqtori Editor
maka elbaqiZe Maka Elbakidze
saredaqcio kolegia Editorial Board
ivane amirxanaSvili Ivane Amirkhanashvili
amiran arabuli Amiran Arabuli
Tamaz vasaZe Tamaz Vasadze
mariam karbelaSvili Mariam Karbelashvili
nona kupreiSvili Nona Kupreishvili
Tamar lomiZe Tamar Lomidze
saredaqcio sabWo Editorial Council

kulemans beineni (templis G. Koolemans Beynen (Temple University,
universiteti, aSS) USA)
manana kvaWantiraZe Manana Kvachantiradze
helen kuperi (kembriji, didi Helen Cooper (Cambridge, UK)
britaneTi)
gaga lomiZe Gaga Lomidze
firuza melvili (kembriji, didi Firuza Melville (Cambridge, UK)
britaneTi)
irma ratiani (Tavmjdomare) Irma Ratiani (Chairman)
gaga SurRaia (romi, italia) Gaga Shurgaia (Rome, Italy)
rusudan ColoyaSvili Rusudan Cholokashvili
rostom CxeiZe Rostom Chkheidze
elguja xinTibiZe Elguja Khintibidze
pasuxismgebeli mdivani Responsible Editor

soso tabucaZe Soso Tabutsadze
literaturuli Ziebani, 40, 2019-2020 Literary Researches 40, 2019-2020

redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi, Address: 0108, Tbilisi
merab kostavas q. # 5. 5, M. Kostava str.
telefoni: 299-63-84 Tel.: 299-63-84
faqsi: 299-53-00 Fax: 299-53-00
E-mail: litinstituti@yahoo.com E-mail: litinstituti@yahoo.com
ISSN 0235-3776
© ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti
© Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature
daibeWda Tsu gamomcemlobis stambaSi

0179 Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamziri 1
1, Ilia Chavchavadze Avenue, 0179, Tbilisi
Tel. 995 (32) 225 14 32, 995 (32) 225 27 38
4
sarCevi Contents
qarTuli saero da sakaro mwerloba

Georgian Secular and Courtly Literature
goCa kuWuxiZe 9 Gocha Kuchukhidze

sami epoqis anbani? Asomtavruli - Alphabet of Three Epochs
XIX saukune: epoqa da literatura

XIX Century: Epoch and Literature
Mnana gonjilaSvili 30 Nana Gonjilashvili

miwisa da zecis sagalobeli Land and Heaven Chant
(akaki wereTlis poeziis (Based on A. Tsereteli’s poetry)
mixedviT)
julieta gaboZe 58 Julieta Gabodze

„mTeli Cemi cxovreba “All my life is a struggle and pain”
tanjvaa da wameba“ (According to Akaki Tsereteli’s personal
(akaki wereTlis piradi
correspondence)
werilebi)
XX saukunis mwerloba
XX Century Literature
konstantine bregaZeG 64 Konstantine Bregadze

stalinizmis dekonstruqcia da The Deconstruction of Stalinism and
antirusul-antikoloniuri Anti-Russian/Anti-colonial Discourse in
diskursi guram rCeuliSvilis Guram Rcheulishvili’s Novella
novelaSi `skolidan “Children who Dropped out of School”
gamovardnili bavSvebi~
poetikuri kvlevani
Poetical Studies
Tamar barbaqaZe 74 Tamar Barbakadze

Sorena SamanaZe Shorena Shamanadze
benediqt ledeburis Benedikt Ledebur’s Crown of Sonnets
sonetebis gvirgvini “The Windmill” in Georgian
„qaris wisqvili“ qarTulad
5
maia cercvaZe 82 Maia Tsertsvadze
nikoloz baraTaSvilis piradi The Poetic Language of Personal Letters
werilebis mxatvruli ena – by Nikoloz Baratashvili –
kontaminaciebi da aplikaciebi Contaminations and Applications
miTosi. rituali. simbolo

Mythology. Ritual. Symbol
konstantine gamsaxurdia 90 Konstantine Gamsakhurdia

mazdaistur-zoroastruli Masdaistic-Zoroastrian Motives in
motivebi qarTul miTosur Georgian Mythical Legends
gadmocemebSi
dalila bedianiZe 101 Dalila Bedianidze
cxeni qarTul jadosnur Image of the Horse in Georgian Fairy
zRaprebSi Tales
oTar oniani 117 Otar Oniani
amiranis dasjis mizezebi The Reasons for Amirani’s Punishment in
àmiranianis~ svanur variantebSi the Svan Versions
literaturis Teoriis sakiTxebi

Issues of Literary Theory
irine modebaZe 129 Irine Modebadze

Tamar ciciSvili Tamar Tsitsishvili
qarTuli mwerlobis sistemuri From the History of the Systematic
Seswavlis istoriidan: Study of Georgian Literature:
petre umikaSvili Petre Umikashvili
manana kvataia 145 Manana Kvataia
geronti qiqoZe – qarTuli Geronti Kikodze – Researcher of
literaturis mkvlevari Georgian Literature
TinaTin biganiSvili 159 Tinatin Biganishvili
qarTuli aRorZinebisa da Georgian Renaissance and Periods of
Zveli qarTuli literaturis Old Georgian Literature
periodizaciis sakiTxi
giorgi maWaraSvili 178 Giorgi Macharashvili
winamodernuli qarTuli Premodern Georgian Culture –
kultura – miraJi Tu sinamdvile Mirage or Reality
levan bregaZe 205 Levan Bregadze
literaturis Teoriis The Unknown Manual of
ucnobi saxelmZRvanelo the Theory of Literature
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TinaTin sixaruliZe 213 Tinatin Sikharulidze
givi gaCeCilaZis Teoriuli Givi Gachechiladze’s Theoretical Views
Sexedulebebi baironis on Georgian Translations of Byron’s
qarTulad TargmnasTan Poetry
dakavSirebiT
Tanamedrove literaturuli procesebi

Modern Literary Processes
maia jaliaSvili 221 Maia Jaliashvili

Tanamedrove qarTuli The Narrative of Contemporary
romanis narativi Georgian Novel
literaturuli meridianebi
Literary Meridians
maka elbaqiZe 244 Maka Elbakidze

ser geveini da mwvane raidi Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
teqstologiuri kvlevani
Textological Researches
maia arvelaZe 260 Maia Arveladze

elisabed zardiaSvili Elisabed Zardiashvili
bolo Strixebi baraTaSvilis The Final Touches to Complete the
portretis dasrulebisTvis Portrait of Baratashvili
recenzia
Review
lia kariWaSvili 269 Lia Karichashvili

`robai sulis mkurnalia ...~ “Rubai is the Healer of Soul…”
(elguja marRias poezia) (Elguja Marghia’s “Rubais of
Picaresque Age”)
salome kenWoSvili 276 Salome Kenchoshvili
luiji magarotos Luigi Magarotto’s Monograph “The
monografiuli naSromi Conquest of the Caucasus in Nineteenth-
`kavkasiis dapyroba XIX saukunis century Russian Literature.
rusul literaturaSi. Pushkin, Lermontov, Tolstoy”
puSkini, lermontovi, tolstoi~
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arqividan
Archive Materials
merab RaRaniZe 281 Merab Ghaghanidze

vladimir beneSeviCi – Vladimir Beneshevich –
ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis a Commissioner of Russian Provisional
rwmunebuli tfilisSi Government in Tbilisi
Memoria
zaza abzianiZe 302 Zaza Abzianidze

qarTuli erovnuli identobis Conception of Georgian National Identity
akaki baqraZiseuli koncefcia by Akaki Bakradze
gia joxaZe 311 Gia Jokhadze

aTvlis wertili Starting Point
zaza abzianiZe 314 ZaZa Abzianidze
cxovreba, rogorc laSqroba Life as a Hike
(igor bogomolovi) (Igor Bogomolov)
Игорь Богомолов 317 Igor Bogomolov
«За гранью дружеских штыков» “Beyond Friendly Bayonets”...
axali wignebi
New Books
331
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli Style of Academic Publications of
literaturis institutis 345 Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian
samecniero publikaciebis Literature
stili
8
qarTuli saero da sakaro mwerloba
goCa kuWuxiZe
(saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)
sami epoqis anbani?
***
ivane javaxiSvilma naSromSi `qarTuli paleografia~ SeniSna, rom qar-
Tuli anbanis rigSi gamoiyofa ori jgufi: pirvelSi asoebis Tanamimdev-
roba ZiriTadad berZnul-semuri anbanisas Seesabameba, meoreSi Tavmoy-
rilia `qarTulis niSandobliv bgeraTa gamomxatveli~ specifikuri aso-
ebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom `qarTuli anbanis berZnul-semurTan Sedare-
biT danarTi asoebi garkveuli sistemiT da erTgvari enaTmecnieruli
dakvirvebis mixedviT arian dalagebulni~ (`daculia erTgvar bgeraTa
jgufobrivi dayofa-dalageba~...), meore jgufSi mainc àRreulobaa~ Se-
samCnevi, – `bgeraTa bunebisdagvarad rom yofiliyvnen asoebi moTavse-
bulni, R, y, x, da h unda erT jgufad da erTmaneTis midevnulobiT yofiliy-
vnen dalagebuli. qarTul anbanSi ki jer ukanaenismieri R da y zis, Semdeg ki
sisina da SiSina winaenismier bgeraTa mTeli eqvsi niSnisagan Semdgari rigi
misdevs S, C, c, Z, W, merme isev ukanaenismieri x da Ã-ia moTavsebuli, Semdeg j
da sul boloSi h~, mkvlevaris aRniSvniT, àseTi Seusabamoba da aRreuloba,
albaT, imis Sedegi unda iyos, rom danarTi asoebi erT dros da erTbaSad
ar unda iyvnen mimatebuli, aramed TandaTanobiT da sxvadasxva dros~. iv.
javaxiSvilis Tanaxmad, berZnulma anbanma finikielebisagan SeTvisebul
asoebs, `TandaTanobiT boloSi berZnulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli~ àsoebi
daurTo~ da `raki qarTul anbanSiac qarTulis niSandobliv bgeraTa ga-
momxatveli asoebi mxolod boloSia moTavsebuli, berZnul-semurTan saer-
To asoebs Semdgom, es ueWvelia saukeTeso damamtkicebelia imisi, rom qar-
Tul anbans Tavisi TandaTani ganviTarebis saxe da kvali saucxood, Se-
iZleba iTqvas, ucvlelad aqvs Senaxuli~ (javaxiSvili 1996: 197-198; – xaz-
gasma yvelgan Cvenia, – g. k.).
pavle ingoroyva varaudobda, rom farnavaz mefis dros `Catarda Sevseba
qarTuli anbanisa, darTva Zveli anbanis boloSi calke sagangebo niS-
nebisa specifikuri qarTuli bgerebisaTvis (rac arqaul periodSi, Cans,
niSanTa SeerTebuli dawerilobiT gadmoicemoda)~ (ingoroyva 1978: 250); igi
asomTavrulis geneziss arqaul berZnul anbanTan akavSirebda.
9
aso-niSnebi Semdeg rom iyos asomTavrulSi damatebuli, es ara, magram is
azri umetes SemTxvevaSi ar aris sadavo, rom marTlac ori ZiriTadi nawi-
li, ori jgufi, gamoiyofa qarTul asomTavrul anbanSi, pirveli es aris
ùcxouri~ da meore ki – `qarTuli jgufi~, miuxedavad imisa, uSualod
finikiur asoTa mixedviTaa pirveli jgufis asoebi dalagebuli, Tu mxo-
lod – berZnulisa, am etapze yalibdeba debuleba, romelic zogadad
orive Sexedulebis momxreTaTvis aris misaRebi da am sityvebiT SeiZleba
formulirdes: – qarTuli anbanis pirvel jgufSi, ZiriTadad, semur-ber-
Znul asoTa Sesabamisi araspecifikuri asoebia Tavmoyrili, meoreSi ki,
umeteswilad, – specifikurebi.
Cvens yuradRebas Semdegi garemoeba iqcevs: asomTavruli anbanis aso-
niSani Jani ara `qarTul~, aramed `semur-berZnul~ rigSia moTavsebuli, im
specifikuri asoebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic anbanis meore nawilSia
warmodgenili, Jans pirvel nawilSi aqvs adgili damkvidrebuli, meore jgu-
fis aso-niSanTagan gansxvavebuli principiT aris igi adgilmiCenili. es
garemoeba badebs STabeWdilebas, rom J aso-niSans sruliad sxva adami-
anebma miuCines adgili da sul sxvebi iyvnen isini, vinc danarCeni `qarTu-
li asoebi~, am anbanis specifikuri jgufi Seqmnes. sxvadasxva dros Cans
es ori faqti momxdari, – erTdroulad, erTi da imave adamianTa mier
rom iyos mTeli qarTuli anbani Seqmnili, Jani, rogorc arasemuri da
araberZnuli, meore nawilSi iqneboda moTavsebuli, erTsa da imave swav-
lulebs rom SeeqmnaT anbanis orive nawili, semur-berZnul anbanTan Se-
usabamo Jansac `qarTul jgufSi~ vixilavdiT, magram am SemTxvevaSi asoTa
ganlagebis absoluturad gansxvavebuli principi moCans Cven winaSe da
semur-berZnulTa Sesabamis asoTa Soris vxedavT Jans, rac zemowarmodge-
nili varaudis gamoTqmis safuZvels badebs, – iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom J
im dros aris gaCenili, roca sxva `qarTuli aso-niSnebi~ jer ar iyo aRmo-
cenebuli, roca jer ar arsebobda `qarTuli jgufi~1; ase amrigad, Cven winaSe
warmodgeba kiTxva: – xom ar aris safiqrebeli, rom qarTuli asomTavrulis
zemoxsenebuli ori jgufi erTdroulad araa Seqmnili da mizezi qarTuli
anbanis meore, specifikuri, jgufis arsebobisa is aris, rom specifikur
aso-bgerebs pirveli anbanis Semdeg Seuqmnes Sesabamisi grafemebi? – da am
kiTxvaze vpasuxobT, rom savaraudod marTlac ase unda iyos, anu, vfiq-
robT, rom, SesaZloa, mxardasaWeri aRmoCndes mosazreba, romlis mixed-
viTac, asoTa nawili Semdgom droSia damatebuli asomTavrulze. iv. java-
xiSvilis Tanaxmad, rogorc vnaxeT, `TandaTani ganviTarebis saxe da kvali~
etyoba am anbans, amas garda, xsenebul naSromSi mkvlevari wers, rom aso-
niSani hae axali grafikuli moxazulobiT Semdeg unda iyos damatebuli
anbanze, rom gansazRvrul epoqaSi àxali asos gamogonebis aucileblobis
procesi~ damdgara, rom es «maSin unda momxdariyo, rodesac ukve sisina da
10
SiSina bgeraTa gamomxatvel asoTa jgufi da magari xorxismieri ori bgeris
niSnisagan Semdgari jgufi, TviT `j~-anic ki, ukve mimatebuli iyo da anbani
mTlad damTavrebulad iTvleboda», rom, berZnulis msgavsad, `qarTul
anbanSiac qarTulis niSandobliv bgeraTa gamomxatveli asoebi mxolod
boloSia moTavsebuli~; Cven vxedavT, rom mkvlevari aq sruliad cxadad
warmoaCens azrs, romlis Tanaxmad, asomTavrul anbanze Semdeg aris aso-
niSnebi damatebuli (javaxiSvili 1996: 199); Tu rodis romeli asoebi unda
damateboda asomTavruls, amis warmoCenas qvemoT SevecdebiT, amjerad
im garemoebaze gadagvaqvs umTavresi yuradReba, rom asomTavruli anbani
erT jerze Seqmnilad ar miaCnia iv. javaxiSvils, rom, mis Tanaxmad, `Tanda-
TanobiT da sxvadasxva dros~ Cans masSi asoebi gaCenili da, roca mxar-
daWeraze vwerT, cxadia, erT-erT upirvelesad iv. javaxiSvils vgulis-
xmobT; cxadia isic, rom, iv. javaxiSvilis garda, mxardasaWerad migvaCnia
p. ingoroyva, romelic, rogorc vnaxeT, igive azrs aviTarebs da ufro
gamokveTilad da formulirebulad ayalibebs mas da miiCnevs, rom jer
kidev farnavazamde arsebobda asomTavruli anbani da rom specifikuri aso-
niSnebi mogvianebiT daerTo am anbans. Cven vfiqrobT, rom swori Cans es azri,
rom mSobliuri enis aso-bgeraTa Sesabamisad miCneul ucxour aso-niSanTa
mixedviT Seqmnes Tavdapirveli asomTavrulis avtorebma es anbani, rom
specifikuri asoebisaTvis grafemebi ar moifiqres maSin, rom jer kidev ar
hqondaT sabolood dadgenili, romeli unda miCneuliyo bgerad da romeli
ki – aso-bgerad da rom maT mier Seqmnil Tavdapirvel anbanSi finikiur-
berZnulis Sesabamisi esa Tu is grafema gamoxatavda ama Tu im specifikur
bgerasa Tu aso-bgeras (semur-berZnul grafemebze miwerili specialuri
niSnebiT, an, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, iqneb, marTlac – ligaturiT; am sakiTxs
qvemoTac SevexebiT), vfiqrobT, rom, SesaZloa, Tavdapirveli asomTavrulis
Seqmnis Semdeg, mogvianebiT, erTi didi reforma gatarda anbanisa, rom
maSindelma romeliRac didma swavlulma (an swavlulTa jgufma) calke
grafemebi, aso-niSnebi, Seqmna specifikuri asoebisTvis da aman ki ufro
srulyofili gaxada anbani da gaadvilda misiT wera da kiTxva; radgan ukve
arsebul, – ucxouri anbanis Tanamimdevrobis Sesabamisad dalagebul aso-
niSnebs ricxviTi mniSvnelobebic hqonda, am ùcxour rigSi~ axal speci-
fikur asoTa Setana sirTules gamoiwvevda, ukve arsebul teqstebSi dawe-
rili ricxvebis mniSvnelobaTa gagebas gaarTulebda da Cans, rom am sir-
Tulisagan Tavis aridebis survilic unda iyos mizezi imisa, rom specifi-
kuri asoebi boloSia moqceuli (am aso-niSnebs mxolod aseulebisa da
aTaseulebis aRniSvna evaleba da maTi iq moTavseba Zalian ar Secvlida
mTeli anbanis ricxviT struqturas), safiqrebelia, rom droTa ganmavlo-
baSi nel-nela zustdeboda, Tu romelia specifikurTa Soris aso-bgera
da romeli – mxolod bgera, albaT Sesworebebic xdeboda (is, rac aso-bge-
rad iyo miCneuli, Semdeg bgeris `statuss~ Rebulobda da piriqiT), am dazus-
11
teba-gadarCevis Sedegad imdroindeli taZris swavlulTa wreebSi, Cans,
nel-nela ikribeboda iseTi bgerebi, romlebsac sityvaTmawarmoebeli fun-
qcia hqonda, e. i. aso-bgerebi iyo da safiqrebelia, rom istoriis erT etapze
ukve calke grafemebi Seqmnes maTTvis da erT jgufad daamates isini Tav-
dapirvel asomTavruls (aq gamokveTilad unda iTqvas: Cven vfiqrobT, rom
ar unda warmovidginoT ise, TiTqos sxvadasxva dros, nel-nela, amatebdnen
xolme ama Tu im aso-niSans anbanSi, amgvar cvlas, anbanis SuaSi axali asos
Setanas, sxva asoTa ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis Secvla mohyveboda da amas ki
xSirad ar dauSvebdnen, moxazulobebi, albaT, gadakeTdeboda ama Tu im
anbanis gavleniT, an damoukideblad, magram ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi
mxolod – iSviaT SemTxvevaSi; asoebi saTiTaod ki ara, – jgufurad da-
emateboda anbans da es ki ricxviTi sistemis xSir cvlas ar gamoiwvevda).
Cveni azriT, arsebobs safuZveli im mosazrebis gasaziareblad, rom
qarTuli anbanis ori jgufi ara erTdroulad, aramed sxvadasxva dros aris
aRmocenebuli, rom meore rigis aso-niSnebi Tavdapirveli anbanis Seqmnis
Semdegaa AgaCenili da rom, sanam specifikuri aso-bgerebisaTvis Sesabamisi
grafemebi Seiqmneboda, maT funqcias reformamdeli anbanis calkeuli aso-
niSnebi asrulebda; ase gagrZeldeboda manam, sanam damatebiT grafemebs
Seqmnidnen.
***
rodis unda iyos aRmocenebuli Tavdapirveli asomTavruli anbani, ra
fonetikuri cvlilebebi eqneba mis Semadgenel aso-niSnebs gancdili?
am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs qarTuli anbanis
merve aso-niSani, – e. w. e merve (À), romelic imave ricxviTi mniSvnelobis
mqone finikiur -s (aso-niSnis saxelwodebaa heTi, mas ori fonetikuri
mniSvneloba hqonda: h-sac Ggamoxatavda da x-sac; – Sifmani 1963: 23-24) da
berZnul etas (H – grZeli e/ ɛ ː) Seesabameba. cnobilia, rom berZnuli eta, Ta-
vis mxriv, xsenebuli arqauli finikiuri heT ( ) aso-niSnisgan qveda da zeda
horizontaluri xazebis mocilebiT aris miRebuli ( > H ). am finikiuri asos
mixedviT Seqmnili berZnuli niSani Tavidan Tanxmovan h-s gamoxatavda da,
rogorc miCneulia, daaxloebiT Zv. wR-is VII-VI ss-dan SeiZina grZeli e-s
mniSvneloba (ivane javaxiSvili, viqtor gardthauzenis naSromze dayr-
dnobiT, Zv. wR-is 700 welze saubrobs; – javaxiSvili 1996: 198).2 qarTul
anbanSi me-8 aso-niSani es aris (À), romelic XIX saukuniseul reformamde
arsebobda masSi. eÁ bgerebis gamomxatvel am niSans, ivane javaxiSvilisa da
ramaz patariZis azriT, istoriis adreul etapze aseve h-s fonetikuri
mniSvneloba unda hqonoda (javaxiSvili 1996: 199; patariZe 1980: 189). fini-
kiuri -sa da berZnuli H-s ricxviTi mniSvnelobaa 8 da, miuxedavad imisa,
finikiuridan momdinareobs asomTavruli niSani , Tu – berZnulidan,
SegviZlia gaviziaroT xsenebul mkvlevarTa mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad,
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fonetikurad maTi Sesabamisi yofila erT dros igi. es rom marTlac asea,
odesRac marTlac h bgeras rom gamoxatavda grafema , cxadad dasturdeba
im werilobiTi monacemebidan, romlebSic, rogorc es iv. javaxiSvils aqvs
naCvenebi, 8 ricxvis aRmniSvnelad aso-niSani / (h) ixmareba (ànisis qarTlisa
kaTalikosis etÂfanes~ warwera da sxva; – javaxiSvili 1996: 152), iv. java-
xiSvilis TqmiT, aseT warwerebSi «`h~ 8-s udris, xolo `À~ 8000-is aRmniS-
vnelia xolme» (javaxiSvili 1996: 152); mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom «Tavda-
pirvelad merve asos `À~ qarTulad `h~ mniSvneloba hqonda» da SemdegSi ki
«gamourkveveli mizezebis gamo, gamoTqma Seecvala da èÁ~-is gadmosacemad
iqna dawesebuli» (javaxiSvili 1996: 199).
rogorc vxedavT, 8-is aRmniSvneli odesRac marTlac h bgera yofila. Cven
vfiqrobT, rom istoriis erT-erT periodSi berZnuli anbanis mixedviT
SeusworebiaT qarTuli asomTavruli, grafemisTvis fonetikuri mniS-
vneloba SeucvliaT, Cans, berZnulis msgavsad, xmovnis JReradobisa gaux-
diaT igi (berZnuli grZeli e/ ɛ ː-s Sesabamisobad miuCneviaT eÁ bgerebi) da, ase
amrigad, grafema , romelic h-s gamoxatavda, eÁ bgerebis gamomxatveli
gamxdara da h-s gamosaxatavad ki axali moxazuloba (/) SeuqmniaT. Cans, rom
calkeuli wreebis metyvelebaSi 8-is aRsaniSnavad h-s moxseniebis tradi-
cia sakmao xans iyo SemorCenili, rom Semdeg, miuxedavad imisa, rom, xmovani
eÁ gaxda am ricxvis gamomxatveli, Zveleburad mainc h-Ti ixseniebdnen 8-s
(aso-bgera h 8-is `sinonimad~ rCeboda maTTvis) da werisas ki im axal /
grafemas xmarobdnen, romelsac sxva ricxvis gamoxatvis funqcia hqonda
miniWebuli, anu, angariSs ar uwevdnen imas, rom 9 000 iyo xsenebuli axali
grafemis mniSvneloba da ara – 8; iv. javaxiSvili, rogorc vnaxeT, brZanebs,
rom aseT warwerebSi `À 8000-is aRmniSvnelia xolme~, – Cans, Zvel Cvevas,
romelic 8-is gamosaxatavad h-s warmoTqmas gulisxmobda, axali wesi ga-
uCenia am Cvevis mimdevrebSi da maT eÁ aso-bgerisa da amjerad ukve mis
gamomxatvelad dadgenili grafema -saTvis ricxviTi mniSvnelobac axali
miuciaT, aTaseulis aRniSvnis funqcia daukisrebiaT misTvis da eÁ xmovnis
aRmniSvnelad gadakeTebuli grafema 8 000-is aRmniSvneladac qceula maT
warwerebSi; rac Seexeba -s Semcvlelad SemoRebul / (hae) aso-niSans, r.
patariZe wers, rom misi «grafikuli arsi auxsnelia. paleografiuli Tval-
sazrisiT, aso `hae~ unda SemuSavebuliyo semuri anbanis me-8 `heT~ aso-niSnis
grafikis safuZvelze. magram es ase ar aris: `hae~ aso-niSans grafikulad
semur aso-niSanTan araferi aqvs saerTo. ase vfiqrob: aso `hae~ xelovnuri
grafikuli niSania. am aso-niSanSi ganxorcielebulia qarTuli asomTavru-
lis zogadi grafikuli stili. igi mTel rig qarTul aso-niSnebs Camohgavs,
gansakuTrebiT ki aso `lass~. [...] cxadi xdeba, rom aso `hae Tavdapirveli aso-
niSani ar aris qarTuli anbanisa. igi Seqmnilia im dros, roca ukve aRar iyo
an daviwyebuli iyo qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis anbanuri sistemis
codna» (patariZe 1980: 261). is faqti, rom aso-niSani hae xelovnuri grafi-
13
kuli niSnis STabeWdilebas tovebs, Cans, imiT unda aixsnas, rom marTlac
mogvianebiT aris igi Seqmnili (ramaz patariZis paleografiuli dakvirveba
gasaocrad zustia). Cven qvemoT davubrundebiT am sakiTxs da vecdebiT
davazustoT, Tu konkretulad rodis unda iyos es aso-niSani SemoRebuli,
saerTod rodis Seaswores asomTavruli berZnuli anbanis mixedviT, ris
Sesaxebac zemoT aRvniSneT.
amrigad, vxedavT, rom marTlac h-s gamomxatveli yofila. ramdenadac
xsenebul aso-niSans finikiurSi h da x, xolo berZnulSi mxolod h Seesa-
bameboda fonetikurad, es faqtic migvaniSnebs, rom asomTavrulis genezisi,
SesaZloa, am anbanebTan iyos dakavSirebuli da maTi da asomTavrulis sava-
raudo naTesaobis kvalis Zieba savsebiT gamarTlebulia.
Tu davuSvebT, rom asomTavrulis me-8 aso-niSani finikiuridanaa
Semosuli, misi savaraudo transformaciis sqema daaxloebiT aseT saxes Re-
bulobs: > H > > 3 (am SemTxvevaSi safiqrebeli xdeba, rom H da, SesaZloa,
grafemasac uarsebia istoriis adreuli etapis asomTavrulSi), 4 Tu mi-
viCnevT, rom berZnulidan Semovida finikiuri warmoSobis es aso-niSani,
savaraudo sqema aseTi saxiT warmodgeba: H > > (am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia
vivaraudoT, rom dasawyisSi, ara -s, aramed mxolod H-s moxazuloba hqonda
asomTavrul anbanSi arsebul aso-niSans).
aq saWiroa, erT sakiTxze gavamaxviloT yuradReba: SegviZlia davuSvaT,
rom finikiuridan warmoiSva asomTavruli anbani, magram is faqti mainc
udavo iqneba, rom misi saboloo saxis formirebaze berZnul anbans mo-
uxdenia zegavlena; mkvlevarebi im garemoebaze amaxvileben yuradRebas, rom
qarTuli anbani, iseve, rogorc berZnuli, semuri anbanebisagan gansxvavebiT,
xmovnebsac gamoxatavs, Tamaz gamyreliZes Tavis cnobil gamokvlevaSi
(gamyreliZe 1990) warmoCenili aqvs, rom berZnuli anbanis mixedviT aris
asomTavrulis anbanuri ricxobrivi sistema, mTeli misi struqtura awyo-
bili, ramaz patariZes miaCnia, rom, finikiuris garda, uSualod berZnu-
lidanaa Semosuli araerTi aso-niSani (patariZe 1980: 214-223), SesaZloa,
semuri asoebis mixedviT iyos asomTavrulis araerTi niSnis grafika Seq-
mnili, magram xmovnebi, ricxviTi sistema, asomTavrulis mTliani paradig-
matika (gamyreliZe 1990) aSkarad migvaniSnebs, rom misi Seqmnis dros ber-
Znul anbans gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonia miniWebuli, rom masTan aris es
anbani SesabamisobaSi moyvanili da es ki asomTavrulis Seqmnis qveda qro-
nologiuri zRvaris savaraudo gansazRvris saSualebas gviqmnis; Cveni az-
riT, asomTavrulis Seqmnis dros ukve Secvlili rom hqonoda berZnul H
grafemas fonetikuri mniSvneloba, asomTavrulSi arqauli mniSvnelobiT ar
Semovidoda igi, berZnulma H-m, rogorc iTqva, xmovnis mniSvneloba Zv.
wR-is daaxloebiT VII-VI ss-dan SeiZina da swored aqedan gamomdinare
migvaCnia, rom asomTavrulis genezisis qveda qronologiuri zRvari
14
daaxloebiT am, an ufro adreul, periodze modis, VII-VI ss-is Semdeg rom
iyos Seqmnili asomTavruli, maSin misi me-8 grafema h-s gamomxatveli ar
iqneboda, safiqrebelia, rom xmovnis mniSvnelobas miscemdnen mas. 5
finikiuri (h / x)-sa da arqauli berZnuli H (h)-s fonetikuri Sesa-
bamisobis mqone aso-niSan -s arsebobis faqti asomTavrulis geneziss Zalze
adreul periodTan gvakavSirebinebs, vfiqrobT, marTalni unda iyon is
mkvlevarebi, vinc warmarTul epoqaSi aRmocenebulad miiCneven am anbans da,
ase amrigad, warmodgenili naSromis am punqtis dasawyisSi dasmul kiTx-
vebze, romlebic Tavdapirvel anbanSi momxdar fonetikur cvlilebebsa da
am anbanis qronologias Seexeba, gviyalibdeba savaraudo pasuxebi, romelTa
Tanaxmad, asomTavrulis genezisi Zv. wR-is VII-VI ss-Tan, an ufro adreul
periodamde, midis da rom h fonema Zveli unda iyos, rom misi aRmniSvneli
grafema iyo; iv. javaxiSvili, rogorc vnaxeT (me-4 SeniS.), mniSvnelovan
bgeras uwodebs h-s, am aso-bgeris gareSe SeuZlebelia ama Tu im qarTveluri
sityvis arqauli formis rekonstruqcia da aqedan gamomdinarec vvara-
udobT, rom Tavdapirvel asomTavrulSi marTlac iqneboda aso-bgera h da
misi amsaxveli grafema ; safiqrebelia, rom reformamde, h-s garda, x-sa da Ã
aso-bgerebsac es grafema gamoxatavda (specialuri niSnebis darTviT; am
sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. me-6 SeniSvnaSi), h-sTan fonetikurad monaTesave am ori
aso-bgeris asaxva mis funqciaSi iqneboda Semavali (saerTod, adreul etap-
ze, albaT, erTi fonema iyo am sami aso-bgeris winapari da Semdeg daiyo igi
calkeul aso-bgerebad, rasac, Cans, jer grafemaze specialuri niSnebis
darTva, Semdeg ki axali grafemebis Seqmna mohyva; iv. javaxiSvilis Tanaxmad,
ìs mSvinvieri bgera~, romelsac gamoxatavda, Tanamedrove h-sgan `gans-
xvavdeboda da erTgvar saerTo xorxismier bgeras warmoadgenda~; –
javaxiSvili 1996: 199)6.
***
amrigad, Tavdapirveli asomTavruli anbanis savaraudo wevrebad 24 aso-
niSans moviazrebT, esenia: a, b, g, d, e, v, z, À7, T, i, k, l, m, n, Á, o, p, J8, r, s, t, Â,
f, q9; specifikur jgufSi, rogorc viciT, Semdegi aso-niSnebi Sedis: R, y, S, C,
c, Z, w, W, x, Ã, j, h, Ä. aq davsvamT morig kiTxvas: – rodis unda iyos
damatebuli specifikuri asoebi Tavdapirvel asomTavrulze? erTi re-
forma dasWirdeboda maT damatebas, Tu sxvac iqneboda saWiro?
garda imisa, rom gvaqvs cnoba, romlis Tanaxmad, farnavaz (armaz) mefem
`Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli~, arsebobs Teimuraz batoniSvilis uwyeba,
romelic eyrdnoba anton II kaTolikosis wignSi (`matiane SemecnebaTa~) Semo-
naxul cnobas: àra uwignoni iyvnen qarTvelni uwinaresTa JamTaca Sina,
vidre farnavazamde swerdnen igini uxucesTa werilTa. ese igi qurumTa maT~.
`farnavazman werilTa maTTagan ganhyo mxedrobisaTÂs TÂsisa mxolod
ÃeliT werili ganyofili asoni da ara sxuÁT raÁTame~ (SaraZe 1972: 122-127).
15
Teimuraz batoniSvilis am cnobaze Cven adrec visaubreT (kuWuxiZe 2001) da
amjerad mxolod mokled vityviT: vfiqrobT, aq imis Sesaxeb aris saubari,
rom qarTul warmarTul taZarSi orgvari damwerloba gamoiyeneboda, – erTi
iseTi, romelic xeliT, xolo meore – `sxuÁT raÁTame~ sawerad gamoiye-
neboda, Cveni azriT, `ÃeliT werilSi~ is anbani igulisxmeba, romliTac
pergamentze werdnen, `sxuÁT raÁTame~ saweri ki is asoebi unda iyos, rom-
lebsac saWreTliTa da sxva specialuri iaraRiT tvifravdnen; farnavazs
taZridan saero xmarebisaTvis `mxolod ÃeliT werili asoni~ gamoutania,
e.i., rogorc Cven vfiqrobT, mefis mier taZridan gamotanili anbani, anu
asomTavruli, mxolod pergamentze (tyavze, aseve – cvilis dafaze...) sawe-
rad ixmareboda da stelaze, an taZris kedelze, am anbanis asoTa amotvifrva
ar SeiZleboda; aseT warweras (`zedawerils~10) gansakuTrebuli religiuri
datvirTva aqvs (misiT RvTaebisadmi mimarTva xdeba, saukunod Sesanaxi sity-
vebi, imqveynad myofTa mosaxseneblebi gamoisaxeba, epitafiis saSualebiT
gardacvlilis suli mogvmarTavs suleTidan da sxv.) da Cans, saamisod
asomTavruli anbanis gamoyeneba ar iyo adgilobrivi taZris mier nebadar-
Tuli; vfiqrobT, amiT unda aixsnas is faqti, rom asomTavruliT Sesru-
lebuli warwerebi ar Semogvenaxa, Tumc, Tu daTariReba sworia, SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom gvaqvs levan WilaSvilis mier mopovebuli gvianantikuri (I-III ss)
xanis warwerebi da vivaraudoT, rom, radgan es sakulto teqstebi ar iyo,
dauSves da Seasrules warwerebi: `mb ese Wuri me davrge~, àzatisi ars, numca
vin xrevs~ (WilaSvili 2004) (SesaZloa, warmarTobis romeliRac periodsa Tu
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi gamonaklisebs uSvebdnen da am anbaniT war-
weraTa amotvifrvis uflebas iZleodnen qurumebi); arc isaa SeuZlebeli,
rom stelebze da calkeul, ZiriTadad, sakulto daniSnulebis sagnebze
winadadebebisa Tu sityvebis wera ikrZaleboda, magram calkeul asoebs ki
tvifravdnen, SesaZloa, swored amaze metyvelebdes armazis nekropolSi
1940 w-s aRmoCenili fiala, romelzec bercum pitiaxSis momxsenebeli
berZnuli warweraa Sesrulebuli da romelzec gamosaxulia niSnebi, rac
aSkarad b, q da p qarTul asoebs hgavs; p. ingoroyva am niSnebSi qarTul aso-
ebsa da bercum qarTlisa pitiaxSis inicialebs xedavda; 1940 w-s aRmoCenil
stelaze arameulad daweril saxel zevaxTan erTad amotvifrul niSnebSi ki
igi kiTxulobda W-s da s-s, rac, misi azriT, warmoadgens qaragmas saxelisa
Wevaxos (igivea, rac – zevax; ingoroyva 1978: 487-501).
rogorc vxedavT, Cven mxars vuWerT azrs, romlis Tanaxmadac, asomTav-
rulis genezisi qristianobamdel xanasTan kavSirdeba da, vfiqrobT, im
kiTxvis savaraudo pasuxic gveZleva, Tu ratom ar iZebneba advilad war-
marTuli xanis asomTavruli warwerebi. saerTod, Cans, es anbani ZiriTadad
taZarSi gamoiyeneboda da farTo moxmareba ar hqonda, farnavazma iqneb
imitom gamoitana taZridan igi, rom arameuli yvelam ar icoda, arameuli
asoebiT dawerili qarTuli sityvebiT, an im meTodis gamoyenebiT, rac
16
teqstis CamwerisaTvis erT enaze karnaxs da Camweris mier meore enaze
Caweras da Semdeg adresatisTvis mis Targmnas gulisxmobs 11, Zneli iyo sa-
xelmwifo moxeleebTan urTierToba da qarTuli anbanis gamoyeneba gaxda
saWiro.
Tu aso W aris amotvifruli gvianantikuri xanis stelaze, Tu aRmoCnda,
rom istoriis romeliRac etapze specifikuri asoebi miemata anbans, maSin
safiqrebeli xdeba, rom gvianantikur xanaSi ukve gatarebuli yofila erTi
didi reforma, rom daaxloebiT am dros daumatebiaT axali asoebi manamde
ukve arsebuli anbanisTvis. SesaZloa, farnavaz mefis dros gatarda es
didi reforma, rogorc p. ingoroyva miiCnevda, araa SeuZlebeli, rom, sanam
farTo moxmarebisa gaxdeboda da, albaT, erTgvarad Caketilic iyo taZris
wiaRSi, arqauli anbaniT kiTxulobdnen qurumebi teqstebs da iqidan
gamotanis dros daumates mas axali aso-niSnebi, arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom
farnavazamdec SemoeRoT axali asoebi qarTuli warmarTuli taZris qu-
rumebs (farnavazis Semdeg rom gatarebuliyo specifikur asoTa damma-
tebeli reforma, am faqtze mimaniSnebeli araviTari monacemi ar gagvaCnia).
amrigad, pirveli reformis TariRad, daaxloebiT, farnavazis mefobis
xanaa savaraudo.
specifikuri jgufis yvela aso erTdroulad ar Cans anbanze damatebuli,
Cveni azriT, hae da hoe calke reformisas, – qristianul xanaSi SeqmnilTa
STabeWdilebas tovebs.
hae qristianul xanaSi mas Semdeg unda iyos Seqmnili, rac, rogorc iTqva,
grafema -s, Cans, fonetikuri mniSvneloba Seecvala da eÁ-is aRmniSvneli
gaxda. cnobilia, rom arqauli anbanis rigis damamTavreblad jvaria xolme
gamoyenebuli (jvari amTavrebda finikiur anbans da aso-niSneb – fsisa /ψ/ da
omegas /ω/ damatebamde jvriT iyo daboloebuli berZnuli anbani); jvrebis
formaTa gamomsaxvel aso-niSanTa Sesaxeb Semdeg visaubrebT, axla ki
yuradRebas im faqtze gavamaxvilebT, rom jvris formis mqone grafema jani
anbanis bolo nawilSia moTavsebuli da mas hae da hoe mosdevs, – iqmneba
STabeWdileba, rom hae da hoe qristianul xanaSia asomTavrulze mimatebuli
da warmarTul anbans jani asrulebda, safiqrebelia, rom qristianobis
saxelmwifo doneze Semosvlis Semdeg kidev erTi reforma gatarebula
anbanisa, rom am dros dadga sakiTxi, Tu sabolood rogori moxazuloba
daedginaT zogierTi grafemisaTvis, SeecvalaT Tu ara romelime maTganis
ganlageba, romeli asoTi unda yofiliyo damTavrebuli qristianuli qar-
Tuli anbani, Cans, im dros daudgeniaT, rom berZnuli anbanis Sesabamisad
gaewyoT qarTuli asomTavruli, safiqrebelia, rom am dros gadawyvites,
berZnuli omegas Sesabamisi aso-niSani hoe SemoeRoT qarTuli qristianuli
anbanis damamTavreblad (am sakiTxsac davubrundebiT Semdeg) da, rogorc
Cven vfiqrobT, swored am dros gadawyda, rom berZnul anbanTan miaxloebis
mizniT grafema -is fonetikuri mniSvnelobac SeecvalaT da xmovnis
17
aRmniSvnelad eqciaT igi; zemoT iTqva, rom, Cans, metyvelebaSi me-8 asos
aRsaniSnavad h-s moxseniebis tradicia sakmao xans yofila SemorCenili, rom
Semdeg, miuxedavad imisa, rom 8-is aRmniSvneli À xmovani gaxda, am ricxvis
gamosaxatavad zogan Zveli Cveulebis gamo mainc h-s ambobdnen da werisas ki
axal / (h) grafemas xmarobdnen. grafemas adreul epoqaSi rom Secvloda
fonetikuri mniSvneloba, im dros, roca anisis kaTolikosisa da msgavsi
warwerebi iqmneboda, aRar emaxsovrebodaT, rom h aso-bgera gamoxatavda
8 ricxvs da amgvari warwerebi aRar Seiqmneboda, safiqrebelia, rom
qristianul xanaSi Seucvales grafema -s fonetikuri mniSvneloba, rom
h-s nacvlad À-s gamomxatveli gaxades igi, magram xalxSi, zogan, 8-is aR-
saniSnavad, miuxedavad imisa, rom werisas / grafemas xmarobdnen, mainc h
aso-bgeras warmoTqvamdnen da es ki aSkarad migvaniSnebs, rom bevri dro ar
iyo gasuli mas Semdeg, rac aso-niSanTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebi
moxda. mizezi imisa, rom bolo nawilSi moaqcies hae, is unda iyos, rom aso-
niSanTa ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis cvlilebas moeridnen anbanis refor-
matorebi, – rogorc Cans, axalSeqmnili / bolo nawilSi, hoe aso-niSnis win,
moaTavses, 9 000-is mniSvneloba mianiWes da amiT is Sedegi miiRes, rom wina
aso-niSnebs ar Seecvala ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi da adre daweril teqstebSi
ricxvebis sworad amokiTxva ar gaZnelda. boloswina adgilas imitom mo-
aTavsebdnen haes, rom sul bolo adgili hoesaTvis eqnebodaT gankuTvnili.
cxadia, SeeZloT, e aso-niSanze ioti mieweraT da eÁ bgerebis gamoxatva
calke grafema -sTvis ar daekisrebinaT (e-ze Á-s miweriT xSirad xdeboda
Semdgom xanebSi eÁ bgerebis gamoxatva), magram safiqrebelia, rom istoriis
erT periodSi berZnul anbanTan mimsgavsebis survili Zlieri yofila da
amitom SemouRiaT am bgerebisaTvis calke grafema, ramac xelovnuri saxec
misca -s (garkveulwilad mxolod ricxviTi mniSvnelobis gamomxatvel aso-
niSansac /episemons/ daemsgavsa igi). asomTavrulis me-8 grafemis fone-
tikuri mniSvneloba SeucvliaT, amas garda, SeuqmniaT axali aso-niSani hae
da im dros, rogorc Cans, anbanis damamTavrebeli sxva axali aso-niSanic
gaCenila, rac aseve berZnuli anbanis gavleniT unda iyos gamowveuli, – Cans,
rom swored im dros SemoiRes aso-niSani hoe.
r. patariZe anbanis boloSi mdebare Ä (hoe)-sTan dakavSirebiT imaves wers,
rasac haes Sesaxeb: «qarTuli asomTavruli `hoe~ [...] aso niSnis grafikuli
arsi, msgavsad asomTavruli `hae~ aso-niSnisa, auxsnelia. rogorc Cans, es
aso-niSani iseTive xelovnuri grafikuli erTeulia, rogoric `hae~, [...]
adreul qristianul ZeglebSi `hoe~ aso-niSans xmovani ò~ – bgerisa da
Tanxmovani `h~ bgeris mniSvneloba aqvs, ufro mogvianebiT ki es aso-niSani
`hoe~ Sorisdebulis mniSvnelobiT ikiTxeba~. [...] `hoe~ aso-niSani, qarTuli
enis fonetikis TvalsazrisiT, sruliad zedmetia da ra viTarebam gana-
piroba misi SemoReba, auxsnelia~» (patariZe 1980: 262).
18
vfiqrobT, pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ra unda iyos mizezi hoes SemoRebisa da ra
mizniT Cans es aso-niSani warmarTobisdroindel asomTavrul anbanSi dama-
tebuli, is aris, rom anbanis reformatorTa survili yofila, berZnuliviT
RmerTis saxelze mimaniSnebeli gaexadaT asomTavruli anbani (SesaZloa,
swored es iyos erT-erTi mTavari mizezi, rom am dros kidev erTi reforma
gaatares), amjerad swored xsenebul sakiTxze visaubrebT mokled:
hoes leqsikuri mniSvnelobaa: òh~, es aso-niSani gvxvdeba, aseve, sxva
Sorisdebulis – Äsanna/osanna/Äsana/osana-s win (`dideba!~ `vaSa!~ `gvixse-
ni!~; – sarjvelaZe 2000: 287). am SorisdebuliT RmerTisadmi mimarTva xdeba,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi igi h bgerasTan erTad gamoiTqmis rogorc grZeli o
(`hooÁ, RmerTo!~).
qarTul enaSi grZeli o ar gvaqvs, am enis buneba ar iTxovs, rom grZeli da
mokle xmovnebi gamoiyos mis anbanSi, miuxedavad amisa, qarTuli anbanis bo-
loSi aris aso-niSani, romelic SeiZleba, grZel o-d gamoiTqvas. vfiqrobT,
ar aris saeWvo, rom mizezi amisa is unda iyos, rom xsenebuli aso-niSani
marTlac xelovnuradaa Seqmnili, rac, rogorc ukve iTqva, imitom unda iyos
gakeTebuli, rom qarTuli anbanis dasawyisi da dasasruli berZnuli anbanis
dasawyisisa da dasasrulis msgavseba, berZnuli alfasa da omegas Sesabami-
soba gamxdariyo. berZnuli anbani iwyeba alfadan da Tavdeba omegaTi. am
asoebiT simbolurad bibliiseuli dasawyisi da dasasruli, anu – yovlis
momcveloba, RmerTi gamoixateba. ufali `pirveliTa da ukanaskneliT~
(`pirveli da ukunisamde~) ixsenieba esaia winaswarmetyvelis wignSi (es. 41: 4;
44: 6; 48: 12). berZnuli alfa da omegaTi es sityvebi apokalipsisSi (gamo-
cxadeba) warmodga (apok. 1: 8). RmerTis saxeli (wmida tetragramatoni) zog-
jer gamoiTqmoda rogorc Yahoo da translirdeboda berZnuli asoebiT IAΩ
(marTlmadidebluri enciklopedia: http://www.pravenc.ru/text/114190.html). gamo-
cxadebaSi berZnul alfasa da omegas simboluri mniSvneloba mieniWa,
RmerTis sakraluri saxelis simbolur gamoxatulebad iqca es sityvaT-
SeTanxmeba. aSkarad Cans, rom istoriis erT-erT etapze (da, cxadia, es
qristianul xanaSi moxdeboda) saWirod miuCneviaT, qarTul anbanSic
yofiliyo RmerTze miniSneba da `grZeli o-s~ gamomxatveli aso-niSanic
amitom SeuqmniaT. radganac grZeli o aso-bgera ar arsebobs qarTulSi da
mas sruliad usafuZvlod ver gamoigonebdnen da, radgan gvaqvs Soris-
debuli hoÁ, romliTac RmerTsac mimarTavs adamiani, Cans, es Sorisdebuli,
h bgeris Semdeg gangrZobilad gamoTqmuli o, erTgvar àso-bgerad~ aqcies,
grafema Seuqmnes, sxva asoTa dasasruls moaTavses da aman ki is Sedegi
mogvca, rom RmerTis tetragramatonze mimaniSnebeli gaxda, amavdroulad,
RmerTisadmi mimarTviT, misdami SeRaRadebiT dasrulda qarTuli anbani,
berZnul alfasa da omegas Seesabama asomTavrulis ani da hoe.
hoe (qarTuli `grZeli o~) aso-bgera ar aris da fonetikis TvalsazrisiT
marTlac zedmetia (rogorc es r. patariZes aqvs aRniSnuli), Sorisdebuli,
19
sityva, aris aso-bgerad qceuli, marTlac xelovnuri Cans igi da, Cveni
azriT, haesTan erTad, qristianobis adreul xanaSia igi anbanis bolos
damatebuli12 (aqve vityviT, rom hoes, anu qarTuli `grZeli o-s~ aso-
mTavruli grafika – iseT STabeWdilebas tovebs, rom, vfiqrobT, ber-
Znuli o grafemis /o mikronis / gaormagebiT unda iyos igi miRebuli ,
rom ori berZnuli o-s SeerTeba gamoxatavs asomTavrulis `grZel o-s~, –
o > ), `specifikur jgufSi~ hae da hoe yvelaze ufro àxalgazrda~ asoebi
Cans (rogorc cnobilia, anbanSi yvelaze gvian gaCenili aris ricxviTi
mniSvnelobis armqone u, romelic o da Â asoebis SeerTebiTaa miRebuli),
Cveni SexedulebiT, sarwmunoa azri, rom warmarTul xanaSi Seqmnil
asomTavruls farnavazis, an misi epoqis axlo periodSi, specifikur aso-
niSanTa jgufi daemata da Semdeg ki qristianuli reforma gatarda da hae
da hoe aso-niSnebi swored am dros daerTo anbans boloSi.
qristianuli xanis reformasTan dakavSirebiT gvinda, kidev ramdensame
sakiTxs SevexoT:
yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti, rom qarTul anbanSi `specifikuri jgufi~
RaniT iwyeba da rom es Rani qans mosdevs uSualod,13 rac, Cveni azriT, erT
saintereso garemoebaze migvaniSnebs: q da R asoebiT iwyeba sityvebi qriste
da RmerTi da es faqti SeumCneveli ar darCebodaT asomTavruli anbanis
qristianuli xanis reformatorebs da masSi aucileblad winaswarmety-
veluri Zalis qmedebas dainaxavdnen, – miCneuli iqneboda, rom am ori aso-
niSnis erTmaneTis gverdze moTavsebis faqtSi jer kidev warmarTul
xanaSi winaswarmetyvelurad gacxadda qriste RmerTis saxeli, rom
suliwmidis ZaliT moTavsda isini erTi-meoris miyolebiT, Tu qristianuli
xanis reformis dros sakamaTo iyo, daetovebinaT Tu ara warmarTuli
xanis anbanSi asoTa amgvari ganlageba, aseTi egzegetikis Semdeg saeWvod
aRar iqneboda miCneuli, rom, araTu saWiro, aucilebelic iyo am Tana-
mimdevrobis datoveba.
am sakiTxebze saubrisas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs jvris
formebis mqone is ori aso-niSani, romelTa Sesaxebac zemoT daviwyeT
saubari: jvris moxazulobisaa qani (m), romliTac macxovris saxeli iwyeba 14
da jvris moxazuloba aqvs aso jans (]). r. patariZis Tanaxmad, aso-niSani
jani iseve, rogorc qani, finikiuri Tav grafemis safuZvelzea Seqmnili, misi
aRniSvniT, «qarTuli asomTavruli `jani~-i Seqmnilia finikiuri anbanis
ukanaskneli aso-niSnis grafikis safuZvelze», rogorc igi wers, `cxadia, ra
mimarTebaa finikiur da qarTul aso-niSnebs Soris: moqmedebaSia ara
fonetikuri, aramed anbanur-akrofoniuli principi~ (patariZe 1980: 260);
qanis genezisTan dakavSirebiT ukve iTqva (me-14 SeniS.), rom, Cveni azriT,
finikiurTan erTad, misi saboloo maformirebeli berZnuli grafema
unda iyos, rac Seexeba jans, vfiqrobT, rom am SemTxvevaSi im semur-ber-
Znul princips dayrdnobian reformatorebi, rac jvris gamosaxulebiT
20
dasrulebas gulisxmobs anbanisa da isev jvari gamouyenebiaT damamTav-
reblad, vfiqrobT aseve, rom jans TavSekruli jvris gamosaxuleba
specialurad – im iqsiseburi jvrisagan gansasxvavebelad eqneba mi-
cemuli, romelic, rogorc Cans, Tavdapirvelad qans hqonda (is faqti,
rom asomTavrul jans TavSekruli jvris gamosaxuleba /]/ aqvs, imaze
migvaniSnebs, rom berZnuli χ-sgan formirebuli qani adre aseve iqsi-
seburi iyo da jans misgan gamosarCevad daamates zeda xazi15) da sa-
fiqrebelia, rom akrofoniis principi marTlac aris am aso-niSnis Seqmni-
sas gamoyenebuli, rom, e. i., j bgeras imitom gamosaxavs asomTavruli anba-
nis es grafema, rom misiT qarTuli sityva jvari iwyeba16, rogorc iTqva, Cans,
finikiur-berZnuli anbanidanaa gadmoRebuli aso-niSani qani, janis Seqmnis
dros ki, e. i. pirveli reformis xanaSi, ase gvgonia, rom, bevri aRarc
ufiqriaT warmarTobisdroindel reformatorebs da pirdapir qanis jvri-
seburi moxazuloba gadmouRiaT odnavi saxecvlilebiT (zeda xazis dama-
tebiT), jvriT dasrulebis principi rom iyo berZnul anbanSi daculi, es,
cxadia, icodnen da, albaT, isic ecodinebodaT, finikiuri anbani rom amave
principiT sruldeboda da am principis mixedviT SeuqmniaT aso-niSani
janic.
ramdenadac jvris formis mqone berZnuli χ (xi) da qarTuli qani – orive
macxovris saxelis simboluri gamoxatulebaa (χ asoTi iwyeba uflis
berZnuli saxeli – Χριστός, qaniT – qriste), qristianul xanaSi es aso-niSnebi
aseve winaswarmetyveluri Zalis mier Seqmnilebad iqneboda aRqmuli, –
ramdenadac jvris saxe jer kidev warmarTobis dros mieca im aso-niSans,
romelzec SemdgomSi jvarcmuli RmerTis saxeli unda dawyebuliyo, es
faqti winaswarmetyveluri Zalis qmedebad iqneboda aRqmuli qristianul
xanaSi.
rogorc iTqva, Cveni azriT, aso-niSani jani (]) marTlac ideograma-
akrofonia da sityva jvars unda aRniSnavdes17 (es sityva warmarT qarTvelTa
Soris religiuri mniSvnelobiTac iyo cnobili da, albaT, geometriuli
figuris aRsaniSnavadac gamoiyeneboda), miuxedavad imisa, rom warmarTul
xanaSi Cans Seqmnili grafema jani, qristianobis dros, rogorc iTqva,
masSiac qristianul profetul Sinaarss amoikiTxavdnen da Cven vvaraudobT,
rom, qanisagan gansxvavebiT, romliTac macxovris saxeli iwyeba, wmida
andria mociqulis jvars (X) dainaxavdnen am aso-niSanSi; andria mociqu-
li qarTvelTa pirvel mqadageblad miiCneva da qarTlSi mis qadagebaze
winaswarmetyvelur miniSnebad iqneboda aRqmuli es aso-niSani; safiq-
rebelia, rom qarTuli anbanis qristianuli Sinaarsis mkafiod warmoCenas
Seecdebodnen maSin, ueWvelia, ise daxvewdnen anbans, rom qristianuli
simboloebi ukeT warmoCeniliyo masSi da, Cveni azriT, iqsis formis mqone
qans Cveulebrivi jvris saxiT (m) swored qristianuli reformis dros
Secvlidnen asomTavrulis qristiani reformatorebi; saboloo gada-
21
wyetilebis miRebamde, albaT, imazec imsjelebdnen, saerTod, daetovebinaT
Tu ara warmarTuli genezisis jvrebi qristianul simboloebad, rogori
forma miecaT maTTvis datovebis SemTxvevaSi, raTa warmarTul jvrebs ar
mgvaneboda isini, Cans, bolos mainc RvTis qmedeba dainaxes am asoTa
gamomxatveli jvrebis arsebobis faqtSi da datoves isini (janis grafika
iseTia, rom qristianul saxismetyvelebas sxvagvari axsnis saSualebasac
aZlevs, – roca qristiani saxismetyvelis TvalTaxedviT SevxedavT, davi-
naxavT, rom, andria mociqulze miniSnebis garda, sxva Sinaarsic ikiTxeba am
aso-niSanSi, – elene maWavarianma ieso qristes inicialebi dainaxa masSi, –
miiCnia, rom inisa da qanis diagonaluri gadakveTiTaa es grafema miRebuli; –
maWavariani 2008: 13).
amrigad, vfiqrobT, rom janis da qanis grafikaSi aseve winaswarmety-
veluri Zalis qmedeba iqneboda danaxuli da qristianuli reformisas
gadawydeboda, rom jvris gamosaxulebebi darCeniliyo am niSnebSi, Tumc,
qanis gamosaxuleba, vfiqrobT, SeucvliaT da Cveulebrivi jvris forma
miuciaT misTvis.
qristianuli egzegetikis gaTvaliswinebisa da boloSi hoes damatebis
Semdeg qristianuli SinaarsiT ametyvelebulis saxiT warmodgeba Cven wi-
naSe asomTavruli anbani: vxedavT anbans, romelSic erTmaneTis gverdze
moTavsebuli q da R qriste RmerTze axdens miniSnebas, Semdeg es anbani
Segvaxsenebs, rom qarTvelTa qveyanaSi pirvelad andria mociqulma
Semoitana RvTis sityva, aniT dawyebisa da hoeTi damTavrebis faqti ki
yovlis sawyissa da sasrulze, anu yovlis Semoqmed RmerTze migvaniSnebs;
SemTxveviTobiT avxsniT am movlenas Tu RvTis nebas davinaxavT masSi, im
faqtis winaSe mainc davrCebiT, rom asomTavrul anbanSi q da R isea
ganlagebuli, j-s iseTi forma aqvs, rom qristian egzegetikosebs qriste
RmerTsa da andria mociqulze profetul miniSnebaTa amokiTxvis saSualeba
eZlevaT18.
janis Sesaxeb saubrisas erTsac davZenT: rogorc iTqva, warmarTobis-
droindel asomTavruls aso-niSani jani asruldebda19, aniT iwyeboda da
janiT sruldeboda anbani, aq yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT qarTul werilo-
biT wyaroSi dadasturebul terminze – anjani, romelic, e. w. saidumlo
anbanis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda (saidumloeba grafemaTa Secvlili fo-
netikur-ricxviTi mniSvnelobebiT wera-kiTxvas gulisxmobs, mxolod am
mniSvnelobaTa mcodne igebs nawers), iv. javaxiSvili brZanebs: «Zvelad ras
uwodebdnen CvenSi saidumlo anbans, jer ar viciT, magram XVII s-Si ` a n j a -
n i s a n b a n i ~-s saxeliT yofila cnobili. es termini f. gorgijaniZesa
aqvs naxmari, romelsac Tavis TxzulebaTa krebulSi saidumlo anbanze aqvs
saubari~» (javaxiSvili 1996: 136; miTiTebulia janaSvili 1896: XII). SesaZloa,
haes da hoes damatebamde, e. i. qristianul reformamde, manam, sanam janiT
sruldeboda, anjans uwodebdnen asomTavrul anbans, rom es iyo misi
22
aRmniSvneli paraleluri termini da Semdeg ki, roca ori axali aso-niSani
gaCnda anbanis bolos, es saxeli mainc ar gaqra, oRond amis Semdeg mxolod
saidumlo anbanis aRsaniSnavad ixmareboda igi, ar aris SeuZlebeli, rom
Zveli, warmarTuli anbanis saxeli Searqves am saidumlo, umetesobisaTvis
gaugebarsa da bindiT mocul damwerlobas, rom warmarTuli xanidan modis
es termini20.
amrigad, Cveni azriT, anbanis erTi, SedarebiT mcire, reforma qris-
tianul xanaSic gatarebula da igi, ZiriTadad, ori asos damatebasTan da
zogierTi aso-niSnis grafikuli moxazulobis dazusteba-dadgenasTan unda
iyos dakavSirebuli.
aq gavixsenebT somxur saistorio tradicias, romlis Tanaxmad, qarTuli
anbani mesrop maStocma Seqmna. roca qristianuli reforma tardeboda da,
rogorc iTqva, albaT, msjelobdnen, asoTa rogori grafika daedginaT
sabolood, roca, Cans, dRis wesrigSi idga sakiTxi, daeaxlovebinaT Tu ara
berZnulisTvis qarTuli anbani, ramdenad iyo saWiro, 8-is aRmniSvnelad
TviTonac xmovani da axali asoebi SemoeRoT, rogori unda yofiliyo am axal
asoTa moxazuloba, rogor SeeqmnaT qarTulisaTvis arabunebrivi grZeli
xmovnebi, roca, albaT, surdaT, rac SesaZlo iyo, meti qristianuli Sinaarsi
CaedoT TavianT `warmarTul~ anbanSi, im dros, Cans, saWirod miiCnies,
pativiscema gamoexataT im adamianis mimarT, vinc momavali erovnuli
qristianuli mwerlobisaTvis somxur asoTa grafemebi Seqmna21 da xsenebuli
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gamarTul diskusiaSi monawileobisaTvis miewviaT igi
(korneli kekeliZes miaCnda, rom asomTavrulis avtorTa erTgvari mrCevlis
rols asrulebda mesrop maStoci). qarTlisa da somxeTis eklesiebs
qristianobis adreul periodSi Zalze megobruli urTierToba hqondaT da
SeuZlebelic ki aris, ase ar momxdariyo (im diskusiaSi monawileobis
misaRebad, maStocis garda, bizantieli moRvaweebic iqnebodnen miwveulni).
Zneli saTqmelia, konkretulad ra roli unda hqondes Sesrulebuli
maStocs asomTavrulis saboloo saxiT formirebaSi, SeiZleboda gvefiqra,
rom qanisaTvis iqsiseburi jvris Cveulebrivi jvriT Secvlis idea
ekuTvnodes mas, magram somxur anbanSi jvris gamomsaxveli grafema ar
arsebobs da sruliad gansxvavebuli moxazulobebi rom moefiqrebina
maStocs, amisi arc uarmyofeli da arc damadasturebeli argumenti ar
gagvaCnia; rogorc vnaxeT, r. patariZe wers, rom haes Seqmnisas zogad-
qarTuli principia gamoyenebuli, araa SeuZlebeli, rom am principis
gamoyenebis momxre iyo maStoci da arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom hoes grafikis
idea iyos dakavSirebuli masTan: – rom mis gverdiT mdgom qarTuli enis
mcodne romelsame adamians qarTul `grZel o~-d Sorisdebulis gamoyeneba
mouvida azrad da maStocma ki mis gamosaxatavad berZnuli o mikronis
gaormagebis idea SesTavaza qarTvelebs, an avtori sxva iyo da man ki moiwona
es idea da mxari dauWira mas, anda, SesaZloa, erToblivi msjelobisas
23
daibada grafemisa Tu misi romelime komponentis gaormagebiT grZeli
xmovnis gamoxatvis idea, romelic, qarTuli asomTavruli hoes garda, sxva
anbanTa grafemebzec SeiZleboda gavrcelebuliyo; didi moRvawe gaxldaT
mesrop maStoci, SesaZloa, qristianuli reformis drosA asomTavrulis
romelime grafemis formirebaSi miiRo raime saxis monawileoba, anga-
riSgasawevi da misaRebi azri gamoTqva diskusiisas, riTac qristianuli
mwerlobis gansaviTareblad saWiro anbanis momzadeba-mowesrigebaSi,
misTvis qristianuli saxis micemaSi (`warmarTuli~ anbanis `gaqristi-
anulebaSi~) daexmara mezobeli qveynis eklesias da Semdeg ki es faqti ise
iqna warmoCenili, TiTqos, saerTod, anbani Seeqmnas mas am qveynis xalxisTvis.
amrigad, qronologiis sakiTxebze saubris bolos daskvnis saxiT
vityviT, rom qristianobis periodSi qarTuli anbanis is calke reforma
unda iyos gatarebuli, romelic grafemisaTvis fonetikuri mniSvnelobis
Secvlis, warmarTobis dros Seqmnil grafemaTa moxazulobis datoveba-
ardatovebis, am moxazulobaTa dadgenisa da anbanis boloSi ori asos
damatebis sakiTxebTan Cans dakavSirebuli.
asomTavrul anbanSi ori didi reformis kvali ikiTxeba, – war-
marTobisdroindelisa da qristianuli xanisa; Tu miviCnevT, rom es anbani
Zv. wR-is VII-VI ss-is axlo, an, iqneb, gacilebiT ufro adreul periodSi,
aRmocenda, rasac farnavaz mefis cxovrebis axlo xanaSi pirveli, qris-
tianulSi ki – meore reforma mohyva, maSin sami epoqis anbani SegviZlia
vuwodoT asomTavrul anbans.
SeniSvnebi:
1. arsebobs mosazreba, rom aso-bgera J, SesaZloa, qarTuli enisaTvis ucxod

miaCnda asomTavrulis Semqmnels da imitom moaqcia igi araqarTul jgufSi (patariZe
1980: 209). Tund, miviCnioT, rom sxva enidan Semosuli egonaT, Cven mainc ara gvgonia,
rom amis gamo iyos igi araqarTul rigSi moTavsebuli, – J asoTi qarTulSi
damkvidrebuli sityvebi gamoiTqmis da araqarTuli warmoSobisa romc hgonebodaT,
radgan semur-berZnul asoebs ar Seesabameba, ara pirvel, aramed meore jgufSi
moaTavsebdnen am asos; amasTan, Zneli dasajebelia, araqarTuli genezisisa hgo-
nebodaT Jani, – Zvel qarTul teqstebSi gvaqvs leqsema: Jami da masTan dakavSirebuli
sityvebi: Jameba, Jamis-mwirveloba, Jamis-rekaÁ, Jamis-wirva, Jamni, Jamoba , agreTve:
Jera (`JRera~), Jivili, Jrunva (`zrunva~, `wuxili~), Joli (`Jolo~), JoJaraki (`xari~),
JRavili da sxv. (sarjvelaZe 2001: 175), Jami somxuridan miRebuladaa miCneuli,
magram, cxadia, ver vityviT, rom CamoTvlil leqsemaTagan yvela Semosulad miaCndaT
da fiqrobdnen, rom J aso-bgera maT gamosaTqmelad Semovida sxva enidan, giorgi
klimovs leqsemebisaTvis JRr-ob-a, JRr-eb-a (qarT.), JRir-af-a (`Wknoba~, – megr.)
aRdgenili aqvs *JRr- Ziri da qarTul-zanuri erTianobis xanasTan akavSirebs mas
(klimovi 249; fenrixi... 374), – zanur-qarTuli erTianobis xanaSi arsebobda J, lazur-
megrulsa da svanurSi gvaqvs igi da, yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Zneli
24
dasajerebelia, rom qarTulisaTvis arabunebrivi egona anbanis Seqmnels es aso-
bgera da ùcxour jgufSi~ amitom aris moTavsebuli misi amsaxveli niSani.
2. berZnuli eta Tanamedrove berZnulSi ukve i-s gamoxatavs da itas saxeliTac
ixsenieba.
3. xsenebuli aso-niSnis horizontalur xazs daxrili da klaknili forma
mogvianebiT eqneba miRebuli.
4. iv. javaxiSvilsa da r. patariZes miaCniaT, rom finikiuridan aris Semosuli
aso-niSani; iv. javaxiSvili ar akonkretebs, romeli periodis grafema unda Semosu-
liyo asomTavrulSi, magram, misi aRniSvniT, «daujerebelia, rom Tavdapirvels
qarTvelTa mier SemoRebul anbans, maSin, rodesac jer kidev danarTi asoebi ar iyo,
aseTi mniSvnelovani bgeris, rogoricaa `h~, gansakuTrebuli niSani ar hqonoda, amis-
Tvis swored amave bgeris gamosaxatavad miRebuli `heT~-i ar gamoeyenebinaT~»
(javaxiSvili 1996: 199), r. patariZis Tanaxmad, asomTavrulis me-8 aso-niSani saSualo
finikiuri heT grafemis ( ) safuZvelzea Seqmnili (patariZe 1980: 189).
5. aq warmodgenili TariRi axlosaa asomTavrulis genezisis iv. javaxiSvi-
liseul TariRTan, – pat. mecnieri, erTi mxriv, ramdenime finikiur da arameul,
meore mxriv, qarTul asoTa Soris, msgavsebas poulobda, igi aso-niSan banze
msjelobisas aRniSnavda, rom «qarTul Tavdapirvel anbans TavSekruli `b~-is
SeTviseba SeeZlo an finikielTagan uSualod, an arameelTagan, q. w. VII s.-mde», mis
Tanaxmad, Zv. wR-is VII s-mde finikielebsa da qarTvelur tomebs (Tubalebs,
mosoxebs) mWidro ekonomikuri urTierTobebi hqondaT erTmaneTTan da yovelive
aqedan gamomdinare varaudobda, rom daaxloebiT am xanaSi unda iyos Seqmnili
asomTavruli anbani (javaxiSvili 1996: 229).
6. aq saWiroa, sagangebod SevexoT x da Ã grafemebis warmoSobasTan dakav-
Sirebul sakiTxebs: iv. javaxiSvilis Tanaxmad, grafema [ zemoxsenebuli finikiuri -
sagan zeda da gverdiTi xazebis mocilebiT unda iyos gamoyvanili ( > [), { ki [-s
moxazulobidan miRebulad miaCnda (misi aRniSvniT, [-sagan gansxvavebiT, {-s `qveda
gaswvrivi xazic aqvs CamoSorebuli da aswvrivi xazis meore, qveda naxevaric SuaSi
mouqceviaT~; javaxiSvili 1996: 225-226). ramdenadac, rogorc iTqva, Cveni azriT,
ricxviT mniSvnelobaTa ucvlelobis dacvis mizniT aso-niSnebis cal-calke Setanas
moeridebodnen da ramdenadac vfiqrobT, rom meore jgufis asoebi erTad iqneba
darTuli asomTavrulze, migvaCnia, rom xanic da xaric Tanadroulad aris Seqmnili
da xari xanisgan araa miRebuli da ufro is gvgonia, rom asomTavrulis / /
niSnidan unda iyos orive gamosuli; SesaZloa, H grafemac arsebobda asomTav-
rulSi, magram, Cans, reformis dros ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo formis grafema da
masze zeda marjvena Sveuli xazis darTvam mogvca aso-niSani xani, – > (qveda
fexi mogvianebiT unda iyos am grafemaze damatebuli, – [), grafemaze zeda erTi
Sveuli xazis damatebam da misi qveda Sveuli xazis SuaSi gadatanam ki mogvca
forma { (safiqrebelia, rom daaxloebiT am xazebis msgavsi iyo is niSnebi, romlebsac
axali grafemebis Seqmnamde urTavdnen aso-niSans (aqedan Cans, rom am konkretul
SemTxvevaSi ara ligatura, aramed specialuri niSnebi gamoxatavda specifikur
bgerebs da is, rom Semdeg asoebis Semadgenel nawilebad gardaqmnila es niSnebi; aqve
unda iTqvas: Cven ar migvaCnia, rom yvela specifikuri aso-niSani asea aRmocenebuli);
[ da { grafemebis Seqmnis Semdeg -s, cxadia, mxolod h aso-bgeris gamoxatvis fun-
qcia darCeboda. grafema xaris Sesaxeb zemoTqmuls gvinda davamatoT: {-is formis
25
gamoyvanisas, Cveni azriT, yuradReba imazec gaumaxvilebiaT reformatorebs, rom
ideogramac yofiliyo es aso-niSani, ase vfiqrobT imitom, rom cxovel xaris ide-
ograma aSkarad Cans masSi (vera bardaveliZesa da ramaz patariZes miaCniaT, rom xaris
rqebia gamoxatuli {-Si), { grafema -dan unda iyos miRebuli, oRond, Cans, ise
mouxazavT es niSani, rom xaris rqebs damgvaneboda igi (am sakiTxebze ix. me-17 Sen.); aq
erTsac davZenT: {-is msgavsi niSani sxvaganac gvxvdeba da sifrTxilea saWiro, raTa
erTisagan meoris warmomavlobis Sesaxeb usafuZvlo varaudebi ar warmoiqmnas, mag.,
asomTavruli xaris identuria samxreTaarabuli grafema, romelic h-s niSnavs ({),
risi mTavari mizezic is unda iyos, rom orives erTi winapari hyavda da evoluciis
msgavsi gza aqvs gavlili.
7. cxadia, igulisxmeba ara eÁ-is, aramed h, x da ჴ mniSvnelobebis mqone grafema .
8. miuxedavad imisa, rom semur-berZnuli Sesabamisobebi ara aqvs, Cans, am aso-
bgerisTvis Tavidanve SeuqmniaT grafema, risi mizezic, SesaZloa, is iyos, rom
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisad miaCndaT is sityva, romelSic aso Jani figurirebs
da ar undodaT, rom sxva asosa da masze miwerili niSnis meSveobiT gamoexataT igi, ar
aris gamoricxuli, rom aseTi sityvaa Jami da masTan dakavSirebuli leqsemebi: Jamis-
wirva, Jamisreka da sxva, romlebsac, iqneb, warmarTobis drosac hqonda gansa-
kuTrebuli religiuri datvirTva; es sakiTxi eTnologTa mier saWiroebs sagangebo
Seswavlas.
9. aq unda iTqvas: Tu dadasturda, rom Tavdapirveli asomTavruli im dros
aris Seqmnili, roca qarTul-zanuri jerac ar iyo erTmaneTisagan bolomde gamo-
yofili, maSin SeiZleba, ara mxolod qarTuli, aramed, qarTvelur-qarTulic
vuwodoT reformamdel anbans; reformis Semdeg qarTul enaze gadaitandnen aqcents
da masSi arsebul aso-bgerebTan miasadagebdnen grafemebs, romelTagan zogi
specialuri niSnebis darTviT, iqneb, im sxva fonemebsac gamoxatavda, rac qarTulma
ar Semoinaxa.
10. iv. javaxiSvilis Tanaxmad, «qvaze Tu sxva magar nivTierebaze gamoyvanil
sityvasa Tu azrs, rasac exla warwera ewodeba, Zvel dros `z e d a w e r i l i~ erqva»,
Tumc «ukve Zveladve amave mniSvnelobiT `w a r w e r a~-sa da `w a r w e r i l s a~-c
xmarobdnen» (javaxiSvili 1996: 38).
11. am wess aloglotografia ewodeba (ix. gamyreliZe 2011: 54-55).
12. roca gavixsenebT, rom -s berZnuli grZeli ɛː-s mibaZviT eÁ xmovnis
mniSvneloba aqvs micemuli, Seiqmneba STabeWdileba, rom grZeli xmovnebis SemoRebis
survili gaCenila am drois qarTvel moRvaweTa Soris.
13. Tu ratom iwyeba specifikuri jgufi RaniT, es saubris calke Temaa, magram
mokled mainc vityviT: r. patariZe yuradRebas im faqtze amaxvilebs, rom warmarT
qarTvelTa Soris cnobili iyo yovlis Semoqmedi morige RmerTi, v. bardaveliZis
naSromze dayrdnobiT (bardaveliZe 1957: 15) dasabuTebulad warmoaCens, rom zepir-
sityvierebaSi RmerTTan dakavSirebiT xSirad ixsenieba `RvTis kari~, mkvlevari
`qarTuli rigis~ pirveli aso Ranis gamosaxulebaSi (q) swored RvTis karis ide-
ogramas xedavs (patariZe 1980: 228-233) da, aqedan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, ar aris
gasakviri, rom specifikur asoTa damateba qarTvelTa warmarT winaprebs swored
RaniT, anu `RvTis kariT~ dauwyiaT.
14. r. patariZis Tanaxmad, grafema qanis safuZveli aris aseve jvris gamosa-
xulebis mqone finikiuri aso-niSani Tav (tāw); rogorc iTqva, Cveni azriT, aso-
mTavrulis SemqnelT ueWvelad gaTvaliswinebuli eqnebaT finikiuri anbani, magram
26
sabolood yovelive mainc berZnulTan Cans SesabamisobaSi moyvanili, ramdenadac
arqauli berZnuli qanis fonetikuri mniSvneloba berZnul χ-sTanaa axlos da ara – t
bgeris aRmniSvnel xsenebul finikiur aso-niSanTan (arqauli berZnuli χ /xi/-is
fonetikuri mniSvnelobaa kʰ /q/, igive, rac – qarTuli qanisa; cxadia, arqauli ber-
Znulis gavleniTaa qarTulSi damkvidrebuli forma – qriste...), ramdenadac ber-
Znul da qarTul aso-niSanTa ricxviTi mniSvnelobebic emTxveva erTmaneTs (600) da
berZnuli χ (xi) berZnuli Φ (fi)-is Semdeg aris moTavsebuli (rogorc q /qani / f
/fari/-is Semdeg), vfiqrobT, ar aris saeWvo, rom qanis fonetikuri mniSvneloba da
adgili uSualod berZnuli χ-is mixedviT daudgeniaT asomTavrulis Semqmnelebs da
rom, finikiurTan erTad, berZnuli anbanis gavlenis kvalic aSkarad Cans am aso-
niSnis formirebaSi.
15. janze msjelobisas iv. javaxiSvili ar gamoricxavs, rom am grafemis «warmo-
mavlobisaTvis meqanikuri Teoriac ki iyos gamoyenebuli da am asosaTvis iribad
gadaWrili jvaris moxazuloba yofiliyo aRebuli» da iqve wers: «magram saidan
gaCnda `j~-s zeviTi gaswvrivi xazi, am TvalsazrisiT gaugebari iqneboda», misi
TqmiT, «jer, hipoTezis garda, arafris Tqma ar SeiZleba da momavali, imedia,
mkvlevars ufro mets masalebs miscems» (javaxiSvili 1996: 226); ver vityviT, rom
sakiTxi ukve sabolood aris Seswavlili, magram vfiqrobT, dasaSvebia varaudi,
romelic janis zeda xazis Sesaxeb aq warmovadgineT.
16. akrofoniis iseTi faqtia am SemTxvevaSi Cven winaSe, roca fonema ki araa imisi
ganmapirobebeli, Tu rogori iyos akrofoni, ideograma, aramed piriqiT, – ukve
arsebuli ideograma gansazRvravs, romeli fonema gaxdes misi aRmniSvneli; roca
winaswar aris gadawyvetili, rom jvris gamosaxulebiT dasruldes anbani, Tavidanve
cxadi xdeba, rom im sityvis pirveli aso-bgera unda gamoixatos misiT, romelic
jvars niSnavs; qarTul anbanSi fonema j ki ar aris grafemis aRmocenebis mizezi,
aramed piriqiT, – grafemam ganapiroba, rom j aso-bgera gamxdariyo misi
fonemuri Sesabamisoba.
17. grafemaTa Seqmnis akrofoniuli principi, qanisa da janis garda, sxva Sem-
TxvevebSic Cans gamoyenebuli: rogorc zemoT iTqva, vera bardaveliZe da ramaz
patariZe miiCneven, rom Ãari ({) cxovel xaris rqebs gamoxatavs (bardaveliZe 1957:
202) da Cven veTanxmebiT am azrs, iTqva isic, rom, Cveni azriT, asomTavrulis
reformis dros unda iyos es aso-niSani miRebuli da rom misi grafika ise SeuqmniaT,
rom xaris ideogramac gamoxatuliyo masSi, zemoTqmuls davamatebT, rom, Cveni
SexedulebiT, marTalia, Sumeruli genezisis, magram ukve gaqarTulebuli sityva
Ãaris mixedviT unda hqondes am asos saxeli darqmeuli (Sead. patariZe 1980: 117;
257-260); akrofoniuli principis kvali, SesaZloa, sxva asoebze dakvirvebis
Sedegadac gamoCndes.
18. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, SesaZloa,
enaTmecnierulze naklebad, magram, religiur safuZvelze damyarebuli sistemu-
robis niSnebi sakmaod naTlad ikiTxeba asomTavrulis specifikur nawilSi.
19. r. patariZe wers, rom `qarTuli anbanis dasasrulis mauwyebelia~ aso-niSani
jani (patariZe 1980: 260), rogorc vnaxeT, mis Tanaxmad, hae «Tavdapirveli aso-niSani
ar aris qarTuli anbanisa« da «igi Seqmnilia im dros, roca ukve aRar iyo an
daviwyebuli iyo qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis anbanuri sistemis codna.»,
hoes Sesaxeb dasZens, rom isic «xelovnuri grafikuli erTeulia» da «ra viTarebam
ganapiroba misi SemoReba, auxsnelia~»; miuxedavad imisa, rom qristianobis dros, an
27
warmarTul xanaSi gatarebuli reformis Sesaxeb arafers ambobs, am citatebidan
aSkarad Cans, rom, mkvlevaris azriT, hae da hoe mogvianebiT daumatebiaT aso-
mTavrulisTvis da adre janiT sruldeboda es anbani; aqve vityviT: pat. mecnieri
savsebiT sworad amCnevs, rom qani aseve dasasrulis mauwyebelia, wers, rom am «aso-
niSnis jvaris formas qarTul anbanSi Tavisi gamarTleba aqvs: qarTuli anbanis `semur-
berZnul~ anu ùcxour~ anbanur nawils qarTul anbanSi dasasrulis mauwyebeli ni-
Sani – jvari amTavrebs» (patariZe 1980: 217); Cven viziarebT im azrs, rom dasruleba-
ze mianiSnebs qanic, oRond migvaCnia, rom am aso-niSniT dasrulebuli Tavdapirveli
asomTavrulis Sres amJRavnebs anbanSi qanis arsebobis faqti, vfiqrobT, rom odin-
del reformaTa kvali moCans rogorc qanis, ise janis saxiT, rom Zvel asomTavrul
anbanebs asrulebdnen da am faqtze migvaniSneben jvris formis mqone aso-niSnebi,
Cven sxvadasxva dros Seqmnili ori anbanis gaerTianebis Sedegad miRebul im erT
mTlianobad gvesaxeba asomTavruli anbani, romlisTvisac Semdeg, sagangebo qris-
tianuli reformisas, hae da hoe (`qarTuli omega~) daumatebiaT boloSi.
20. Tavdapirvel anbans, romelic, Cveni azriT, jvris gamosaxulebis mqone qaniT
sruldeboda, Tu pirobiT termins vixmarT, ànqanis anbanic~ SegviZlia vuwodoT,
qristianul xanaSi reformirebulisTvis ki, aseve pirobiTi terminis gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi, ànisa da hoes~, an ànhoes anbanis~ saxelis gamoyenebac aris SesaZlebeli.
21. aqve unda iTqvas, rom, zogi wyaros Tanaxmad, yvela somxuri aso-niSani ar
Seuqmnia mesrop maStocs.
damowmebani:
bardaveliZe 1957: Бардавелидзе, В. В. Древнейшие религиозные верования, Тбилиси: 1957.

gamyreliZe 1990: gamyreliZe, T. weris anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli damwerloba,
Tbilisi: 1990.
gamyreliZe 2011: gamyreliZe, T. Zveli qarTuli fsomTavruli damwerloba, Tbilisi: 2011.
ingoroyva 1978: ingoroyva, p. Txzulebani, IV, Tbilisi: 1978.
klimovi 1964: Климов, Г. Этимологический словарь картвелских языков, Москва: 1964.
kuWuxiZe 2001: kuWuxiZe, g. `Teimuraz bagrationis erTi cnoba da qarTuli anbanis
warmoSobis sakiTxi~. kreb. literaturuli meditaciebis samyaroSi, Tbilisi: 2001.
marTlmadidebluri enciklopedia: Православная Энциклопедия, I, Москва: 2000. http://www.
pravenc.ru/
maWavariani 1977: maWavariani, e. qarTuli damwerloba, Tbilisi: 2008.
nave 2011: nave, i. arameuli damwerlobis ganviTareba, inglisuridan Targmna, winasityvaoba
da komentarebi daurTo el. giunaSvilma. Tbilisi: 2011.
patariZe 1980: patariZe, r. qarTuli asomTavruli, Tbilisi: 1980.
fenrixi... 2000: fenrixi, h. sarjvelaZe, z. qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikoni,
Tbilisi: 2000.
SaraZe 1972: SaraZe, g. Teimuraz bagrationi, cxovreba, Tbilisi: 1972.
Sifmani 1963: Шифман, И. Финикийский язык, Москва: 1963.
WilaSvili 2004: WilaSvili, l. nekresis uZvelesi qarTuli warwerebi da qarTuli
damwerlobis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi: 2000.
javaxiSvili 1996: javaxiSvili, iv. Txzulebani Tormet tomad, IX, Tbilisi: 1996.
janaSvili 1896: janaSvili, m. farsadan gorgijaniZe da misni Sromani, tfilisi: 1896.
28
Gocha Kuchukhidze
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
Asomtavruli - Alphabet of Three Epochs

(Тhe point of view)
Summary
Key words: origin of Georgian alphabet.
The paper deals with the issues relating to the chronology of Georgian Asomtavruli
alphabet.
There exists character in Asomtavruli alphabet, its numeric meaning is 8, and phonetic – the
vowel . This letter corresponds to (Ḥet) in the Phoenician and H (Eta) in Greek alphabet.
The phonetic meaning of the mentioned Phoenician and Greek letters was consonant h;
Greek grapheme H changed phonetic meaning approximately in VII-VI centuries BC and
became designator of a long sonant e (ɛː).
The research into the history of Asomtavruli alphabet evidences that numeric and phonetic
meanings of its letters have been finally set up according to the Greek alphabet.
As it becomes clear from Georgian written sources that initially the Asomtavruli grapheme
(ɛj) had phonetic meaning of a consonant h and not a vowel. Based on this fact, a supposition
is expressed that the lower chronological boundary of the genesis of Asomtavruli could be
around the 7th - 6th centuries BC. If this alphabet had been created later, the grapheme (ɛj) would
have initially had the meaning of a vowel.
According to Leonti Mroveli’s The Life of Kings (X c.), Georgian script (“Mtsignobroba
Kartuli”) was created by the first ruler of the Kingdom of Iberia who ruled circa 4 th-3rd centuries
BC. There is also another written source “Matiane Shemetsnebata” (this manuscript is lost and
the data about it are preserved by a Georgian scholar Teimuraz Bagrationi (1782-1846) ) which
states that the Asomtavruli alphabet was first used in the Georgian pagan temple. King
Pharnavaz brought it out of the temple for public use. It is supposed that the reformation of the
alphabet might have happened in the reign of King Pharnavaz which is evidenced from adding
of those Georgian specific letters to it that are collected in the end of this alphabet.
It is suggested that in the Early Christian period the second alphabet reform was carried out
and it was just at that time that the character (hoe; it is pronounced approximately as a long
o; in our assumption the shape of Georgian Asomtavruli grapheme is a result of doubling of
Greek Omicron) must have been added to the Georgian alphabet in the end. Long vowels are
absent in Georgian language and from the phonetic viewpoint the introduction of the grapheme
hoe was not necessary. In our opinion, this character was added in Georgian alphabet like in
Greek to reflect symbolic name of Jesus Christ as the Alpha and Omega meaning “the First and
the Last”.
29
XIX saukune: epoqa da literatura
nM ana gonjilaSvili
miwisa da zecis sagalobeli

(akaki wereTlis poeziis mixedviT)
akaki wereTlis Semoqmedeba qristianuli motivebis kvleva-Ziebis Tval-

sazrisiT met-naklebad Seswavlilia, Tumca, am mimarTebiT kidev araerTi
sakiTxi mravalmxriv ganxilvas saWiroebs. amjerad SevexebiT akakis poezi-
aSi TavCenil metad mniSvnelovan problematikas, romelic, zogadad, samya-
ros harmoniulobis ideas, miwieris zecierTan mimarTebas ukavSirdeba.
a. wereTlis lirikis Seswavla cxadyofs, rom poeti aRniSnul Temati-
kas araerTgzis ganasaxovnebs, rac oden bunebis momxibvlelobisa da mSve-
nierebis gadmocema-aRweras ar isaxavs miznad. aq bibliur-qristianuli, kon-
kretulad, evangeluri azrovnebis wesia TavCenili, sityviT àmusikebuli~.
akakisaTvis, rogorc yoveli WeSmariti mamuliSvilisaTvis, samSoblos-
Tan yovlismTlianobis SegrZneba-gaTaviseba RvTis Semecnebis sawindaria.
mamulis agrerigi siyvaruli bibliurma, Seuqmnelis SeqmnilTan siyvarul-
ma gansazRvra da mTeli sisavsiT evangelurma cnobierebam daamkvidra. aka-
kis leqsebSi swored amgvari msoflxedva vlindeba.
miwisa da zecis urTierTltolva, amqveyniuris zeamyvanisken gulisyu-
ris, `grZnobiTi smenis~, warmarTva-mipyroba da araamqveyniuris gancda
warmoCindeba leqsSi `Samilis sizmari~:
SuaRamea, gavsili mTvare

dedamiwaze sxivebs uxvad hfens;
mTebi, tyeebi, klde da mdinare —
yvela mdumarebs da grZnobiT ismens:
viT gansvenebis angelozni ciT
gadmoefinen gundad xmeleTad,
Tvisis netaris da msubuqis frTiT
da myudroebas hgaloben erTxmad.
(wereTeli 2010: 16)
leqsis mixedviT, bunebis mSveniereba, misi simSvide-myudroeba zeciur

ZalTa, `gansvenebis angelozTa~, `gadmofenasa~ da maTs ciur galobas ukav-
30
Sirdeba. angelozebTan miwierTa `Tanxmieroba~ erT sul da erT xorc myo-
fobisken swrafvis maniSnebelia, miT ufro, rom am ùkvvdavT grZnobis~
gacnobiereba mxolod dumilSia SesaZlebeli (`yvela mdumarebs~), rameTu
sityva srulad ver swvdeba umaRles xmas, romelic mxolod `grZnobiT
ismineba~ (`suliTa xolo sacnauria~).
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gasacnobiereblad da sawvdomad samyaros
ierarqiuli wyobis principTa da yofierebis saxeobrivi koncefciis gaT-
valiswineba (yvelaferi raRacis saxea) gvmarTebs*.
areopagitikis mixedviT, mTeli samyaro ierarqiul wyobad gaiazreba,
romelic ori mimarTulebiT warimarTeba (zemodan qvemoT, da piriqiT, qve-
modan zemoT) da romelic erTian saxeobriv sistemas qmnis. zecidan daR-
mavali kibis saTaveSi RmerTi ixilveba, yoveli Semdgomi safexuri winares
`xatia~ da mas aireklavs – `mecnier viqmnneT, Tu visTa xatTa saxe arian,
anu romelTa uCinoTa, saCinoebi ese xatebi, rameTu viTarca sacnaurTa da
grZnobadTa sityuebsa Sina gancxadebulad Tqmul ars: grZnobaTobiTni
siwmideni sacnaurTa maT xat arian da maTda mimarT xel-pyroba da gza,
xolo sacnaurni igi grZnobadobiTTa amaT mRdelT-mTavrobaTa dasabam da
xelovaneba... ~ (petre iberieli 1961: 164).
ioane petriwis TqmiT, `Tvisda xatad warmoiqms yoveli warmomqmneli
yovelsa TvisgniT warmoqmnilsa~ (petriwi 1937: 71, 35). petriwi samyaros
ierarqiuli wyobas `siraTganfenas~ uwodebs da misi qmnadobis process am-
gvarad ganmartavs – `yoveli mxoloÁ TÂssa Sesadarsa da bunebisa TÂsisa
mebunebesa warmosTxzavs sirasa. rameTu erTi erTTa warmosTxzavs, goneba
gonebaTa, da suli sulTa, da buneba bunebaTa da sxeuli cisaÁ – sxeulTa...
da esreT SemdgomiTi Semdgomad sxuaÁ sxvisa mizez, viTar ori samisa, es-
Tadve da erTni namdvil myofisa, xolo namdvili myofi – gonierisa arsi-
sa, xolo gonieri arsi sulisa, xolo suli sulTa, xolo sulni bunebisa, xo-
lo bunebaÁ – cisa, xolo caÁ – oTxTa kavSirTa, xolo oTxni kavSirni – yovel-
Ta qmnisa daxrwnisa queSeTa~ (petriwi 1937: 59-60).
ioane petriwi gansaxovnebis mixedviT warmoaCens zeciuri da amqveyniuri
samyaros movlenaTa gansxvavebas – àqa baZvaÁ oden da msgavsebaÁ, da xat
qmnaÁ, xolo mun igiveobaÁ, TviTobaÁ igiveobaÁ, rameTu xatni yovelni igav-
Tania xat, viTarca ityvis platon, aramed munaÁ aRkmuli yoveli daipyres
igavTa da igavis igavTa. xolo aqaÁ ese naxibli dioisi xatTa da xatis xatTa~
(petriwi 1937: 108, 20-25). `...samyaros Seqmna, petriwis mixedviT, mSvenierebis
ganxorcielebaa. arsebulni mSvenierni arian Tavisi arsiTac da Tavisive
arsebobiTac. isini arss avlenen, rogorc mSvenieri saxeebi – Tavis Sina-
arss~ – aRniSnavs r. siraZe (siraZe 1978: 126) da Semdgom dasZens: `kosmiuri
gansaxovneba sami principiT xdeba: erTis mxriv, RvTaebas ganasaxovnebs mTe-
li samyaro. esaa RvTaebis èrTianobis~ gansaxovneba (Sdr: èrTobai yovlisa
* ix. r. siraZe, qarTuli kulturis safuZvlebi, Tb., 2000, gv. 72-107.
31
simravlisai~, 1, 4, 10). samyaroSi RvTaeba airekleba samyaros erTianobiT.
meores mxriv, RvTaebis gansaxovneba xdeba ierarqiulad. am SemTxvevaSi
RvTaebas uSualod ganasaxovnebs uaxloesi momdevno safexuri ierarqi-
uli Tanmimdevrobisa, esaa goni. `gonebaTa Semdgomad arian sulni~ (1, 4, 2,
gv. 31). suli ganasaxovnebs gons, suls ganasaxovnebs qveyana (asea areopagi-
tikaSi, asevea proklesTan da Sesabamisad – petriwTan). gansaxovnebis me-
same gzad SeiZleba gamovyoT bunebis movlenebSi simbolurad RvTaebis
arekvla, e.i. katafatikuri simbolika...~ (siraZe 1978: 102). aRniSnulis Sesa-
xeb msjelobisas r. siraZes mniSvnelovnad miaCnia is, rom petriwis mixed-
viT, `siraTa~ mimarTeba, rogorc amqveynad, iseve zeSTasofelSi, saxeob-
rivia, e. i. mTeli samyaro warmodgenilia saxeTa sistemaSi, samyaro iwyeba da
mTavrdeba saxeebiT~ (siraZe 1978: 129-130).
upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnia, rom yovlismTlianobis evangeluri idea
pavle mociqulis sityvebSi ikveTeba – `raÁTa iyos RmerTi yovlad yovel-
sa Sina~ (1 kor. 15, 28). RmerTi-xelovani adamianisTvis siyvaruliT qmnis da
mSvenierebiT mosavs qveynierebas. Sesabamisad amisa, xiluli mSveniereba,
`grZnobadi xatebi~ RmerTs aireklavs da misken miiltvis.
grigol noselis ambobs, rom `samyaro yovlisSemZle Zalis mier ucxod
SeTxzuli sagalobelia~. msgavsad amisa, a. wereTlis TqmiT, àq ismis cis da
qveynis ambavi erTad SeTxzuli... Sezavebuli! – (wereTeli 2012: 171).
zemomoxmobili saRvTismetyvelo swavlebebi, vfiqrobT, gviwinamZR-
vrebs akakis gansaxovnebaTa Sina-arsis wvdomaSi. aRniSnulis safuZvels qmnis
akakis poezia, romelSic RvTisa da samyaros urTierTSemsWvalva (`harmo-
nia misi xmebis~), miwier da zeciur samyaroTa `tkbil netarebiT Sezavebu-
li~ urTierTmimarTeba-ltolvis cxovelmyofeloba araerTgzisaa TavCe-
nili. Sesabamis nimuSTa moxmobiT, SevecdebiT, SeZlebisdagvarad, gamov-
kveToT aRniSnuli problematika akakis poeziaSi.
miwisa da zecis urTierTltolva, amqveyniuris zeamyvanisken `grZnobiT
smenis~ warmarTva-mipyroba da araamqveyniuris gancda warmoCindeba leq-
sSi èrisTavis asuls sapasuxod~. poeti mkiTxvelis winaSe mTeli sisavsiT
xatavs Ramis mSvenierebas, romelic cisa da qveynis mimarT `sxivmfinare~
mTvaris alersSi ixilveba da erTsulovnebis ideis warmoCeniskenaa
mowodebuli:
da aha, marTlac, maRla mTis wverze
gadmojda mTvare sxivmomfinare,
miealersa cas da qveyanas,
viT megobari tkbil-momRimare.
gamoiRviZa cam da qveyanam,

ver aSoreben erTmaneTs Tvalsa
32
da Tanasworad, TanxmobiT grZnoben
Semoqmedebis diadsa Zalsa!
(wereTeli 2012: 100)
moxmobili taepebidan TvalnaTliv Cans, rom akakis xedva savsebiT mih-

yveba kosmiuri gansaxovnebis principebs, kerZod, cisa da qveynis harmo-
niul Tanayofnas (èrTobaÁ yovlisa simravlisaÁ~), am yovlismTlianobis
safuZvels, romelsac `tkbil-momRimare~ megobruli siyvaruli esaZirk-
vleba; aseve – cisa da qveynis erTobaSi Semoqmedis `diadi Zalis~ `Tanaswo-
rad~ da `TanxmobiT~ SegrZnebasa da aRiarebas.
amgvarive TvalTaxedviTaa gamsWvaluli a. wereTlis leqsTa erTi nawi-
li, kerZod, leqsSi `sofio amirejibis saxsovrad (Caxruxauli)~ mTvarisa da
varskvlavT gundis aremaresTan `tkbili kavSiri~ ixilveba:
aRar sCans bundi,

varskvlavTa gundi
adevnebia mcurav mTvaresa;
TiTqos RimiliT,
kavSiriT tkbiliT,
ze dahqaTqaTebs aremaresa.
da gamsWvaluli
miT qveynis guli,
zeciur Zalebs Tana mihyveba;
qveyana zecas,
zeca qveyanas
ekavSireba, eTanaxmeba!
leqsSi samyaros yovlismTlianobis idea qveynisa da zecis urTierT-

ltolvas, `tkbili kavSiriT~ urTierTgamsWvalvas, `SekavSireba~-`SeTanax-
mebas~ warmoaCens. amgvari xilva, poetis samyaroseuli xedvis gamokve-
TasTan erTad, yovldRiurobaSi Cafluli da miwier sazrunavs mijaWvuli
mkiTxvelis gulisyurs RvTisagan qmnili mSvenierebis wvdomisaken miapy-
robs da am RvTiuri netarebis gancdisaken mouwodebs, rameTu swored
RvTis xatadqmnils, qveynis gvirgvins, bunebis mimarT mxolod praqtiku-
li sargeblianobiT Sepyrobils, hmarTebs da evaleba masze ara mxo-
lod zrunva, misi mSvenierebis Wvreta da tkboba (leqsSi aRwerili
saRamo `sagrZnobi, WkuiT miuwdomelia~); miT ufro, roca garemomcveli
sivrce Tavad `grZnobs diad ZaliT aRvsebas~ da Svebas, sitkboeba-lxeniT
`gamofxizlebas~:
33
SeiZra miwa,
gamoeRviZa,
igrZno TviTonac diadi Zala
da sitkboebis,
lxenis da Svebis
savse fiala srulad dascala!
yvavilTa fSvena,
bulbulTa stvena
moedva yvelgan, irgvliv garemo,
TiTqos mZinare,
is aremare,
gamoafxizla SuqiT mTvaremo.
moxmobili nawyvetis mixedviT, samyaros ierarqiuli safexuris yoveli

wevri erTiani `diadi ZaliT~ Sepyrobili da gamsWvalulia. sulieri da
usulo misi madlis – `sitkboebis, lxenis da Svebis~ – miReba-gaTavisebis
Semdgom miZinebul garemomcvel sivrces axal sicocxles hfens, agrZno-
binebs arsebobis sazriss, mRviZarebaSi rom sufevs. akaki wereTeli Ramis
`bundis~ gafantvas, mZinare garemos gamoRviZebas RvTaebrivi suliT
aRvsebiT warmoaCens, riTac mis mWvretelT kidev erTxel SeagrZnobinebs
da Seacnobinebs am mSvenierebis Semoqmedis sidiades, mis TvalSeudgam
mSvenierebas.
sxvadasxva epoqaSi `xelovnebis~ raobaze saubrisas r. siraZe aRniSnavs,
rom àxlis Seqmna~ aris xelovnebis `mxolod erTi niSani~, rom àdre
ararsebuli raobis Seqmna RvTaebrivis aqtadaa Seracxuli (àr-arsisagan
arsad moyvaneba~). arseboba ukve sikeTea da `sikeTe-saxiereba~ yovelTvis
RvTaebasTan wilnayaria, romelic Tavis mxriv, sxva ar aris ra, Tu ara –
umaRlesi mSveniereba. amitom maSindel TvalsazrisTa kvalobaze gamodis,
rom yovelive arsebuli ukve mSvenieria, mSvenieria Tundac imiT, rom mis
arsebobas amarTlebs~ (siraZe 1975: 17).
a. wereTlisaTvis ar aqvs mniSvneloba dro-sivrcul gansazRvrulobas,
misTvis `bnelTvaliani Ramisa~ da ganTiadis morbedi ciskris varskvlavis
`kaSkaSis~ monacvleobis aRwera erT mizans emsaxureba – adamianis mier
danaxuli da agrerigad sagrZnobi samyaros harmoniuli wyobis warmodge-
nas, misi RvTaebrivi sulierebiT gamsWvalvas:
iwyo kaSkaSi ciskris varskvlavma,

mTvarem dauTmo mas Tvisi bina,
mwynarad dahqrola dilis niavma
da sunneleba qveynad mohfina.
....................
34
aRiZrnen Citni da erTxmad tkbili
grZnobiT bunebas Seasxes qeba.
(wereTeli 2010: 18)
RvTaebrivi surnelebis mofena mimRebelTa madlierebas aRZravs pasu-

xad bunebis mravalxmian wevrTagan erTxmad aRvlenil da `tkbil grZno-
biT~ Semkul galobad gadmoiRvreba; jvarsaxovnebis kvalobaze, horizon-
taluri vertikalurs èxmatkbileba~.
cisa da miwis sanetaro da sixaruliT aRvsili urTierTltolva, bune-
bis SvilTa Sexmatkbilebuli mRera, `qebaT-qebis~ àRtacebul sagalob-
lad~ rom aRevlineba, mTeli sisavsiTaa gadmocemuli poemaSi `naTela~:
gaTenda dila saamo,

qveyanam gamoiRviZa:
ca dedamiwas dahxaris
da cas Sehnatris Zirs miwa.
kaci, pirutyvi, mcenare
mzes moelian saamurs,
bulbuli Cangurs umzadebs
da SaSvi ukravs salamurs.
torola maRla haerSi
zars awkarunebs rikrikiT,
Cauqrol-Camouqrolebs
mercxali tkbili WikWikiT!
qveyana aRtacebuli
ugalobs qebaT-qebasa
da yvavilebi samsxverplod
ukmeven surnelebasa!...
amgvarad warmoaCens akaki qveynis mkvidrTa sayovelTao lxenas, aRmaf-

renis sanetaro gancdaT, gamoxatuls frTosanTa `zaris wkaruniT~, `tkbi-
li WikWikiTa~, Cangurisa da salamuris saamuri xmebis `Sezaveba~-`Tanaxmi-
erobiT~. aq ixilveba zenaarisa da samyaros mimarTeba, rac imavdroulad
xiluli samyaros gziT uzenaesis mSvenierebis aRqmisaTvis, `zeSTaarsis~
wvdomisa da SemecnebisTvisaa mowodebuli.
bunebis harmoniis suraTi gansakuTrebuli elferiTa da hangebiTaa
sagrZnobi gazafxulis moaxlovebisas (saamuri mayruliT winamZRoli Ci-
tebi, bulbulis Cangi da SaSvis salamuri, mercxlis WikWiki da `zambax-ia-
vardis~ surnelTa frqveva), rac aRdgomis Jams moaswavebs da, simbolurad,
akakisaTvis samSoblos xsnasa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis rwmenas ukavSirdeba:
35
qveyana majas gaixsnis,
guli dauwyebs Zgerasa
da saidumlo simebiT
iwyebs buneba Jrerasa.
an rac ki qveynad gaCenila,

uenoa Tu aqvs ena,
suliers Tu usulosa
sazogado aqvsT dRes lxena! ...
da imReren saidumloT
erTxmad `mravalJamiersa.
(wereTeli 2011: 97)
Lleqsi TvalnaTliv gaacxadebs akakis bibliur swavlebaze, konkretulad

– evangelur sibrZneze dafuZnebul msoflxedvas. poeti qristes aRdgomas
ara marto adamianTa udides dResaswaulad, mTeli samyaros, ùenoTa~ da
pirmetyvelTa, `sulierTa Tu usuloTa~ `sazogado~ lxenad warmosaxavs.
adamianTa galobas bunebis `saidumlo simT~ `JRera~ SeerTvis, romelic
uflisadmi aRvlenil èrTxma `mravalJamierad~ `gamoismis~. akakisaTvis
mTeli samyaro erT kosmiur orkestrs ganasaxovnebs, RvTis sadideblad
Seqmnilsa da àmusikebuls~.
Aa. baqraZis azriT, `kosmosmosisa da adamianis uxilav kavSirs kaci xSi-
rad ver xedavs. mas ubedurebac da bednierebac konkretuli, kerZo movle-
na hgonia, ar surs daijeros, rom yoveli sulieri ukavSirdeba ukidegano
samyaros. es samyaro ganicdis yoveli adamianis bednierebas Tu ubedurebas.
am mTlianobis grZnobaSia adamianis Tu mTeli eris Zala. es aris is harmonia,
rac aZlevs sicocxles azrsa da mizans~ (baqraZe 2004: 199-200).
kosmiuri gansaxovnebis principTa gamovlenis kvalobazea SesaZlebeli
akakis Semdegi striqonebis wvdomac:
maRla caze mze TamaSobs

da qveyana Zirs ixarebs...
iRviZebs da imoseba
aTasferad dRes buneba,
TiTqo igi `qriste aRdgas~
TviT Semoqmeds eubneba
(wereTeli 2011: 31)
akakis leqsTa moxmobili nawyvetebSi ara mxolod samyaros ierarqiuli

wyoba da mis Semadgenel safexurTa `Tanasworoba~-`SekavSireba~ vlindeba,
36
aq ismis `qveynis mayruli~. samyaros TiToeuli wevri, RvTaebrivi ZaliT ga-
sulierebulni, lxeniTa da SvebiT aRvsilni, sakuTari bunebisda kvalobaze
(yvavilebi `fSveniTa~ da àRmakmeviT~, bulbuni `stveniT~, varskvlavni `kaS-
kaSiT~ da sxv.) `qebas asxamen~, ugaloben da àdideben Semoqmedsa~. aq unda
moviSvelioT `fsalmunTa~ avtoris sityvebi: àqebdiT saxelsa uflisasa, ra-
meTu man Tqua da iqmnes, Tavadman brZana, da daebadnes. aqebdiT ufalsa qu-
eyaniT veSapni da yovelni ufskrulni, cecxli, setyua, Tovli, myinvari, su-
li niav-qarisa, romelni hyofen sityuasa missa, mTani da yovelni borcuni,
xeni nayofierni da yovelni naZuni; mefeni queyanisani da yovelni erni, mTa-
varni da yovelni msajulni queyanisani, Wabukni da qalwulni, moxucebul-
ni yrmaTa Tana. aqebdiT saxelsa uflisasa, rameTu aRmaRlda saxeli misi
mxoloÁsaÁ da aRsarebaÁ misi zecasa da queyanasa~ (fsalm. 148, 5-13).
ioane petriwis TqmiT, àqebdiT mas cani da mze, yovelnive varskvlavni,
queyanaÁ da quenani ese yovelni, bunebiTisa ityvis aRZvrad qebisa da ara
orRanoebrivsa. aramed, ode raÁ daurTos nestviTa kiTariTa da ebniTa da
sxuaTa morTulebaTa saxiobiTa orRanoebriviTa da gareSiTa, awuevs qebasa
damrTveli~ (petriwi 1937: 212, 21-25).
grigol noseli musikis Sesaxeb wers: `melodia sxva araferia, Tu ara
mowodeba amaRlebuli cxovrebisaken. igi moagonebs yvelas, vinc sikeTes
msaxurebs, ar dauSvas Tavis zne-CveulebebSi rame aramusikaluri, ara-
mwyobri, araTanxmieri~.
r. siraZe aRniSnavs (siraZe 1978), rom petriwis naazrevis mixedviT,
musika arsebulTa niSan-Tvisebebs warmoaCens, romelic RvTaebrivi `ke-
Tilmexelovnebis~, ostatobis, gamoxatulebaa – `TviT mis musikalobasa,
romlisa mier aRmoCinebis anaqusi ese da naTxzimyofTa agebulebisa,
da urTierTas ziarebisa da ganyofilebisa, da Tu viTar amaT mier ke-
TilmexelovneobaÁ yovelTa RmrTisa dambadisaÁ dauzesTavdebis mxedvelsa~
(petriwi 1937: 4, 27-30).
sasuliero moRvaweebi imasac ganmartaven, rom qeba upirvelesad TviT
maqebelTaTvis aris saWiro – `kacs raÁca raÁ uyuaran da aqebn, missa mi-
marT miiswrafvin~ (giorgi mcire 1967: 239).
Sesatyvisad amisa, samyaros wevrTa (sulierTa da usuloTa) uflis
sadidebeli Sesxma-galoba Tavad maTve ganawmindavebs, maTs srulyofi-
lebisken ltolvas ganasaxovnebs. amgvar gaazrebaT mihyveba akakis zemo-
ganxilul leqsebSi universumis sagalobeli.
poetisaTvis dRe-Ramis Tvalwarmtac suraTTa erTiani `sunnelebiT~
aRvseba, mis mkvidrTa Sexmatkbilebuli Tanayofna, siyvaruliT gamsWvalva,
bunebis `niWi~ rodia. igi `zenaarT samyofisgan~ mofenili madlia, bunebis
TiToeul wevrs `grZnobiT~ rom aRavsebs da netarebas ganacdevinebs. aq
`bunebis qebis Sesxma~ Semoqmedis xotba-didebas miemarTeba, rasac leqsis
37
Semdgom strofSi poetis mier dasmul kiTxvebSive gamJRavnebuli pasuxi
naTelyofs.
Semoqmedebis sarkev, buneba,
vin Cagisaxa eg Zliereba?..
netav Tu iyos RvTisa qmnileba,
gWvretdes da ar hgrZnos man netareba?
(wereTeli 2010: 18)
– ambobs akaki da kidev erTxel amowmebs wminda mamaTa naazrevs: `da

Semgomad ufalman queyanasa zeda moxeda da aRavsna igi keTilTagan TÂsTa~
(zir. 16, 29); `yovelive sibrZniT hqmen: aRivso queyanaÁ dabadebuliTa Se-
niTa~ (fsalm. 103, 24); `Ãelovnisa naqmari ars Suenieri ese da didi queyanaÁ~
(siraZe 1975: 15), ùfali sufevs, mSvenierebaÁ Seimosa~ (fsalm. 92, 1).
areopagitikis mixedviT, RvTaebas ganasaxovnebs mTeli samyaro, rom-
lis mSveniereba RvTiuri mSvenierebisgan momdinareobs (`...saxierebis Su-
enierebiT ganmravldebis~ – petre iberieli 1961: 1, 2) da romelic samya-
ros mTel ierarqiul wyobaSia ganfenili; Tavis mxriv, mSvenieri iswrafvis
mSvenierebisaken, `zeSTaarsisaken~.
r. siraZis TqmiT (siraZe 1978), qarTul neoplatonizmSi RmerTis Semec-
nebis umTavresi gza saxeobrivi Semecnebis gzaa. RvTaebrivi mSvenierebis
Secnobaa. samyaros saSualebiT, anu xiluli samyaros gziT xorcieldeba
zeSTaarsis Semecneba.
Sesatyvisad amisa, akakis zemoaRniSnul da sxva araerT leqsSi samyaro
Semoqmedis xelovanebis saufloa, `sarkea~, romelSic `ZaliTa miT Zlieri-
Ta~ zeciuri `gamonaSuqi~ mSveniereba, siyvaruli, sikeTe `Caisaxeba~, airek-
leba da romelic imav `ZlierebiT~ aRivseba.
zegardamo madlsa hfenda

ZalTa Zali uxilavi.
ca qveyanas, qveyana cas,
yurs ugdebdnen erTmaneTsa,
miT orive SeTanxmebiT
adidebden Semoqmedsa!
........................................
wami iyo sasufevlis
mravalmetyvel mdumareba,
da nayofi samoTxisa –
amaJrJoli netareba.
– ambobs akaki da RvTaebrivi madlis mimReblobis ZaliT aRvsili miwi-

erisa da zecieris `SeTanxmeba~, Semoqmedis qeba-didebad rom aRevlineba
38
da `mravlismetyvel mdumarebaSi~ vlindeba, poetisagan sasufevlis wamier
gancdad, àmaJrJoli netarebis~ momfen samoTxiseul nayofad aRiqmeba,
rac pirvelmizezTan Tanayofnis gancdas badebs.
amgvari xilvis SegrZneba, saxierebis mSvenierebiT, `sikeTis rwmeniT~
gamsWvalva ganwmendili cnobierebis ZaliT miiRweva. aRniSnuls savsebiT
naTelyofs akakis sityvebi poemidan `naTela~:
amaRldiT grZnobav, gonebav!..

ascildiT mzes da mTvaresa!..
SeukavSirdiT varskvlavebs,
mocimcim-moelvaresa!
SeityveT saidumloba
zeciur tkbili xmebisa
da SeiswavleT kanoni
imaTi SeTanxmebisa!
me maSin mxolod gavbedav,

xeli Sevaxo Cangursa
da mware zari am qveynis
SevrTo im qveynis zevsursa.
moxmobil strofebTan dakavSirebiT a. baqraZe aRniSnavs, rom ès erTi-

ani, mTliani, ganuyofeli samyaro maSin aisaxeba poetis sulis sarkeSi,
roca igi Tavad xdeba kosmosis nawili. amjerad ukve aRar SeiZleba poeti
mxolod an miwis iyos, an cis, an oden garemoebis sayvirad mogvevlinos
(baqraZe 2004: 201) da `principis, meTodis, msoflmxedvelobis erTmTli-
anoba miscems mwerals, xelovans saSualebas metnaklebi sizustiT ganWvri-
tos kosmosi. amisaTvis Semoqmedi unda amaRldes da SeuerTdes samyaros
did erTmTlianobas~ (baqraZe 2004: 202).
e. kvitaiSvili aRniSnavs, rom `...poetis mTeli arseba, misi grZnoba da
goneba umaRlesi harmoniis saZieblad aris aRZruli, maRla iswrafvis, raTa
TviT mzesa da mTvares gascdes, uSores varskvlavebs mieaxlos da Seityos
zeciuri saidumlo, yovlismomcveli kosmiuri kanoni mnaTobTa Tanazo-
mieri, mwyobri srbolis, `maTi SeTanaxmebisa~ (kvitaiSvili 1991b: 84).
MdavZenT, rom mxolod amaRlebuli da ganwmendili cnobierebiTaa Se-
saZlebeli zeciur samyaros miaxleba da `mxolod~ misi harmoniis, `SeTan-
xmebis~, wvdomis Semdgom – poeturi sityvis àmoTqma~, romelic amqveynis
tkivil-sawuxars imqveyniur hangebs `SerTavs~.
msgavsi suraTi ixilveba ilias àCrdilSi~ bunebis mSvenierebis macqera-
li lirikuli gmiris gancdaTa gadmocemisas:
39
qveyanac iyo dadumebuli,
TiTqo dumiliT yurs ugdebs casa, –
da cac uRrublo da mxiaruli
gadmoafenda madls qveyanasa.
(WavWavaZe 1984: 105)
bunebis harmoniis mxilvels aq Casaxuli `sikeTis rwmena~ da imedi, imedi

`kacTa gamoxsnisa~, suls `nelis sixaruliT~ aRuvsebs da guls `wmindis
siyvaruliT~ ZaliT `ganucxovelebs~:
vsTqvi Tu: sadac ca egre mWvirvalebs,

Rame eseTis diliT Tendeba,
sadc mzis naTeli egre brwyinvalebs,
iq ZaluZs kacsac bedniereba.
(WavWavaZe 1984: 105-106).
qveynis ubedurebiTa da kacTa SeWirvebiT damZimebul lirikul gmirs

swored bunebis dumiliT metyveli `SeTanxmebuli~ yofa, mSvenierebiTa da
sikeTiT gajerebuli arseboba da misgan `gadmofenili~ madli ganumtki-
cebs rwmenas – `...qveynisa amis sikeTis rwmena, aRmifrTovana man ocnebebi
da ganmiwminda xedva da smena~ (WavWavaZe 1984: 106). ilias TqmiT, ganwmendi-
li cnobierebis ZaliTaa SesaZlebeli `smena bunebis metyvelebisa~, rac,
Tavis mxriv, RvTisa da mamulis winaSe adamians Tavisi daniSnulebis, mova-
leoba-pasuxismgeblobis SegrZnebas `ganucxovelebs~ da sicocxlis sazriss
Seacnobinebs.
akakis poeziaSic bunebis amgvari Wvreta da smena, grZnoba da gacnobi-
ereba RvTis xatis xats, adamians, sicocxles sZens, `bunebis qorwilis~
Tanamonawiled aqcevs da RvTaebrivi ZaliT savseobas SeagrZnobinebs, rac,
Tavis mxriv, pirvelmizezTan Tanayofnis gancdas badebs, misken ltolvas
warmarTavs:
TviT mcenare aRmakmeviT

mimofenda sunnelebas...
siWabuke Zalsa grZnobda
da sibere gaaxlebas...
moxmobili leqsebis ganxilvis Sedegad irkveva, rom bunebis harmoni-

is, misi mSvenierebis wvdoma adamianSi esTetikur tkbobas – samoTxiseul
Sveba-netarebas (àmaJrJoli netarebas~, `tkbobasa~ da `gaxarebas~) aRZravs.
aRniSnuli petriwis naazrevs exmianeba, romlis Tanaxmad, saxeTa gaazreba
40
samyaros Secnobis sawindaria, rac, Tavis mxriv, pirvelmizezis Secnobis-
kenaa mimarTuli; yovelive es ki adamianebs siamovnebas aniWebs.
akakis poeziaSi ikveTeba azri, rom bunebis harmoniul wyobas, `RvTisa
qmnilebaT~ `SekavSireba~-`SeTanaxmebas~, romelic siamis, Svebisa da lxenis
momtania, erTurTis siyvaruli asazrdoebs. amgvar Sexedulebas bibliuri
sibrZne da saRvTismetyvelo swavlebani esaZirkvleba.
wm. mamaTa naazrevis mixedviT, samyaros ierarqiuli wyobis safexurTa
mimarTebis gamomwvevi `trfialebaa~, romlis ZaliTac maTi erTmaneTis
msgavseba-gansaxovnebani aRsruldeba. uflis siyvarulis gziT yvela arseba
(sakuTari arsis SenarCunebiT) erTurTs ètrfis~ (erTurTze zrunavs),
dabla mdgomni – maRla mdgomT, Tanamodaseni – RirsebiT sworT. `trfiale-
baÁ Tvinier msgavsebisa ara egos, rameTu ara sada etrfis umsgavsoÁ um-
sgavsosa~ (petriwi 1937: 83, 13); `yoveli waemoCenili Tvissa warmomCenelsa
ukue etrfis~ (petriwi 1937: 81, 30); `mizezni ukunqcevisaÁ TvisTa dasabam-
Tadve trfialebaÁ, rameTu trfialebisa mier uku etrfis kualad arsi zesT
arsTa Suenierebis morTulebaTa, vinaÁca ZalTa da angelTa aRyvaneblo-
biTTa trfialebiTisa siraÁsgan vityviT...~ (petriwi 1937: 82, 36-83). ùku-
qcevisas~, romelic xorcieldeba `trfialebis~ ZaliT da msgavsebis saSu-
alebiT, xdeba miaxloveba `zesT arsTa mSvenierebis morTulobasTan~ (sira-
Ze 1978: 124). ufali Tavis qmnilebebze mudam zrunavs, maT mimarT usazR-
vro trfialebas avlens da siyvarulis ZaliT maT Tavisken izidavs.
a. wereTlisaTvis swored siyvarulia garemomcveli samyaros wevrTa
`SemaTnxmebel~-`SemakavSirebeli~, urTierTswrafvis mamoZravebeli Zala,
rameTu `siyvaruli aris sjuli, trfialeba – wminda locva!.. ~ (wereTeli
2011: 76). amitomac amqveyniur siyvaruls, `zeciur monebas~, poeti `taZrad
guls~ da `sakurTxevlad gonebas~ ùdgams~. akakis TqmiT, siyvarulis gziT
`gaerTxorcdeba~ da `gaerTsuldeba~ miwieri da zecieri – `da netareba
cisa da qveynis SeaTanswora... Seasisxlxorca!~ (wereTeli 2012: 247). RvTis
da RvTisgan qmnilis mimarT `trfialebis~ Semecneba-wvdoma poetisgan am-
qveyniuri samoTxis netarebad aRiqmeba:
samoTxe, sasufeveli
satkbilocnebo, gulSia
da ukvdaveba maradi
mxolodRa siyvarulSia.
an kidev: zenare da qvenare,

cxoveli da mcenare
yvela ambobs: `giyvardes,
dastkbi da gaixare!~
(wereTeli 2010: 63)
41
areopagituli moZRvrebis Sesatyvisad, a. wereTlisTvisac siyvaruli
vlindeba yvelgan, ierarqiuli wyobis yvela safexurze. amgvari TvalTa-
xedva warmoCindeba leqsSic `saRamo~, kerZod, aq `moTvalyure aremaris~
TvalsawierSia moqceuli vardis `fSvinva~ da bulbulis stvena, romelTa
Sexmatkbilebul trfobas mokaSkaSe mTvare da zed `damfeTqavi~ varskvlav-
nic èmowmebian~; maTs harmoniul kavSirs RvTiuri siyvaruli ìwvevs~:
qveynierad gadmosula
sasufevliT siyvaruli!...
iwvevs yovel suliersa,
rom mihmadlos sixaruli.
ca da miwas Seamyarebs
bunebisa es qorwili...
moxmobil taepebSi mTeli buneba RvTiuris ganmasaxovnebelia; zenaari-

dan gadmofenili siyvaruli miwierTa sixarulis mimniWebelia, lxenisa,
romelic maTs arsebobas sazriss sZens, maTs yofas alamazebs, saqorwilod
rTavs; xolo `bunebisa es qorwili~, romelic samyaros ierarqiuli wyobis
yvela safexurs moicavs, kibiT cas swvdeba da siyvaruliT gajerebuli ga-
loba-SesxmiT uzenaess Seesityveba. samyaros harmoniuli erTianoba RvTa-
ebis èrTianobas~ avlens da aRbeWdavs. raoden uaxlovdeba akakis poeturi
Sesxma areopagelis naazrevs, rom mSvenierisa da keTilisagan warmodgeba
yvela arsebuli, amavdroulad maT eswrafvis da maTs wiaRSi àqvs bina~.
xiluli mSvenierebis horizontaluri xazi, gajerebuli zeciurobiT,
vertikalurs èsisxlxorceba~ da pirvelmizezisaken iswrafvis. amqveyni-
uri wyobani zeciuri siyvarulis safuZvelze erTmaneTs `trfialebiT~ mi-
emarTebian da `sulikos~ `samobaSi~ erTsulovnebiT warmodgebian, radgan
siyvaruli kavSiria
am qveynis da im qveynisa;
igivea macxovari –
`madli~ kacTa gamoxsnisa
(wereTeli 2012: 87)
akakis zemoganxilul leqsebSi agrerigad aqcentirebuli samyaros

harmoniulobis idea, misi mSvenierebis `yovliT yvelgana~ warmodgena erT
mizans emsaxureba – es eniTuTqmeli sikeTe adaminisTvisaa da swored mas
hmarTebs misi Secnoba da SegrZneba, misiT tkboba, rameTu, rogorc pavle
mociquli ambobs – `qveynieri ese saxli Cueni ÃorcisaÁ~ aris àRSenebuli
RmrTisa mier~ (2 korinT. 5, 1). amasTanave, adamiani RvTiuri da miwieri arsis
mTlianobiT am samyaroSi erTaderTia.
42
amasTan dakavSirebiT n. berdiaevi ambobs, `samyaro SeiZleba mieqces
adamianSi, misgan iqnes asimilirebuli, Secnobili, wvdomili mxolod imi-
tom, rom adamianSi aris samyaros mTeli Sedgeniloba, yvela misi Zala da
Tviseba, imitom, rom adamiani samyaros nawili ki ar aris, aramed mTliani
mcire samyaro...~ (berdiaevi 1916: 53). amdenad, adamiani (romelSic erTian-
deba arsTa xuTive saxe: nivTi, mcenare, cxoveli, adamiani, angelozi) ara
mxolod RvTis ganmasaxovnebelia, samyarosic.
akaki Tavisi poeturi sityvis sitkboebiT cdilobs, adamians auxilos
Tvali, gauxsnas smena, `gulisyuri~ warumarTos da `gulis kari gauRos~
garemomcveli sivrcis miReba-gaTaviseba-wvdomisaTvis; Tu rogori mSveni-
eria RvTisgan qmnili samyaro, ra bednierebaa mis qmnilebebTan harmoniuli
Tanayofna, rom masze gadmosuli es sikeTe da madli madlierebiT miiRos.
akaki swored amitom bunebis sulier da usulo wevrT adamianisTvis
erTian hangze ametyvelebs (gavixsenoT n. baraTaSvili – `mrwams, rom ars
ena ram saidumlo uasakoTac da usulT Soris da ucxoveles sxvaTa enaTa
ars mniSvneloba maTis saubris!~), adamians maTTan dialogSi iwvevs, raTa
gamTliandes `darRveuli erToba~, aRdges kosmiuri wesrigi da saocnebo
èrTxmad mravalJamieri~ gaismas.
AadamianTan dakavSirebiT akakis poeziaSi bibliuri swavlebidan kidev
erTi ram ikveTeba, kerZod, adamiani ara mxolod sakuTar, pirovnul xsnazea
mizanmimarTuli, mas kosmiuri misia akisria. man mTeli samyaro uzenaesi-
saken unda warmarTos, mravals erTisaken waruZRves. adamiani Suamdgomelia
RmerTsa da bunebas Soris.
pavle mociqulis TqmiT, `yoveli miwieri qmnileba `gamoCinebasa SvilTa
RmrTisaTa moelis, rameTu amaoebasa daemorCila dabadebuli ara nebsiT,
aramed mis mier... TviT igica dabadebuli gan-ve-Tavisufldes monebisagan
xrwnilebisa aznaurebasa mas didebisa SvilTA RmrTisaT. uwyiT, rameTu
yoveli dabadebuli Tana kinesis da Tana-elmis moaqamde~ (rom. 8, 19-22).
adamianis misiis Sesaxeb msjelobs maqsime aRmsarebeli. `Tanamedrove
komentatori misi naazrevis Sesaxeb ki wers: `swored adamiani gamodis
samyaros xsnis mediatorad, swored misi gziT yoveli Seqmnili miemarTeba
Tavisi logosisaken, Tavisi pirvelsaxisaken... SeaerTaA ra adamianuri buneba
RvTaebrivTan, qristem dasabami misca ganRmrTobas adamianuri bunebisa,
xolo masTan erTad mTeli kosmosisa~ (farulava 1991: 99).
akakis poeziaSi swored amgvari TvalTaxedva vlindeba – miwieris
yovelgvari gamovlineba `zesSTaarsTan~ ziarebisken iswrafvis, adamianis
mizeziT dacemuli qveyniereba adamianisve gaTavisuflebis gziT `xrwni-
lebis monobisagan~ Tavdaxsnas elis da aRdgomis `lxenis~ imediTaa
aRvsili:
43
yvela xarobs, litaniobs,
usulo da sulieri!
`qriste aRdga!~ – `WeSmaritad!~ –
aRiarebs qristes eri.
icis, rom es niSania

mkvdreTiT kacTa aRdginebis
da miT Tvisi aRdgomaca
momavali elxinebis.
(wereTeli 2011: 31)
zemoaRniSnul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT g. farulava wers: `RmerTi

warmarTavs adamians iqiTken, rom man Semecnebisa da saqmianobis saSualebiT
Tavis TavSi gaamTlianos bunebis yvela SemoqmedebiTi idea, RvTaebrivi
Sesaqmisa da samarTlis yvela kanoni. xolo am gamTlianebaSi Seimecnebs
kaci RvTaebis mTel sisavses... rogor cxovrobs adamiani, rac mas emarTeba,
uRrmesi azriT aRibeWdeba bunebaze da `bunebas sWirdeba adamiani imisaTvis,
raTa masze (bunebaze kacma – g. f.) aRasrulos is, ris aRsrulebac ar SeeZlo
arc erT angelozs: ganawmindavos igi~ (farulava 1991: 99).
leqsSi `mgosani~ akakis lirikuli gmiris da Tavad poetis safiqral-
sazrunavic qveynisgan nagrZnob-gagebulis (`Sig Camaxeda, gamacno avis da
kargis samTavro~ – wereTeli 2012: 11) danaxva-SeTvisebaa (`qveyanam guli
gamixsna, – saidumloTa salaro...~, wereTeli 2012: 11), bunebis wevrTagan
miRebuli codnis gziT (`bulbulma stvena maswavla, yoranma – mware Cxavili;
ekali Cxvletas maswavlis da dayvavebas – yvavili~, wereTeli 2012: 11) RvTis
xatobis sazrisis wvdoma da movaleoba-pasuxismgeblobis Segnebis amaRlebaa
(èkali iyav wylulisTvis zogjer... da zogjer malamo!~, wereTeli 2012: 11).
miwieris wvrTnasa da Segonebebs zeciuric emowmeba (`varskvlavic sxiveb-
parpaliT, maRlidan medastureba!.. – iqve). samyaros udidesi Zalisxmevis
miuxedavad, akakis sawuxar-satkivari isaa, rom
...es ciuri simarTle,

mxolod kacs ar eyureba!..
(wereTeli 2012: 11)
akaki, `ros ukvirdeba~ bunebis SvilTa Sesxma-galobas, Tavadac ganims-

Wvaleba am gznebiT. leqsSi `gedi~ lirikuli gmiri gedis ùcnaur~, (rus-
Tvelis sityviT – ùcxo~ da `sakvirvel~) galobas swored miwierisa da zeci-
uris TanaSewyvilebiT, TanaSezavebiT xsnis:
ucnauria galoba
pirvel da ukanaskneli!..
aq ixateba cis sivrce,
aqve isaxvis qveskneli.
44
orazrovani, or-kilo,
erTis xmiT gamometyveli,
Semoqmedebis qebaa,
cisa da qveynis Semkvreli
saamaqveyno zaria,
saimqveyano zevsuri,
gedo! Sevnatri Sens WikWiks,
Sengvar sikvdilsac mec vsuri!
U irvel strofTan dakavSirebiT e. kvitaiSvili naSromSi – `simbolo da

p
alegoria akakis poeziaSi~ – dasZens, rom ès xilva Semdgom ganzogadebu-
lia, aSkarad ikveTeba meore plani, gedis simRera ganicdeba, rogorc
samyaros Semqmnelis sadideblad aRvlenili himni, rasac yoveli xelovani
unda eswrafvodes~ (kvitaiSvili 1991: 108).
moxmobili nawyvetebidan Cans, rom gedi da misi mRera sami sknelis
gansaxovnebaa (qvesknelis, qveynisa da cis); gedis `pirvel da ukanaskneli~,
`cisa da qveynis Semkvreli~ galoba orazrovania, miwisacaa da zecisac.
`cisgan daniSnuli~ da èrisgan gazrdili~ poeti Sehnatris gedis èrTis
xmiT gamometyvel, Semoqmedebis qebas~, rameTu masac surs jvarsaxovne-
biT mRera (efrem mciris sityvebi rom movixmoT, TargmanebiTi da saxis-
metyvelebiTi sityvis Tqma) da amavdroulad misdari `WikWikiT~, RvTisad-
mi Sesxma-galobiT – sikvdili. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom momakvdavi gedis
simReris amgvari gansaxovneba Cvens xelT arsebul mxatvrul naazrevSi ar
Segvxvedria.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia Tqma imisa, rom
akakis `mTeli samyaro~ kosmiuri gansaxovnebis kvalobazea sawvdom-amo-
sacnobi. am mimarTebiT, mis poeziaSi `kosmologiuri esTetika~ ixilveba. aR-
niSnulis gacxadebaa akakis sityvebi – `Cemi xatia samSoblo, saxate mTeli
qveyana~. adamianisTvis RvTis xatobis gasacxadebeli asparezi swored
RvTisgan qmnili, misi mSvenierebisa da saxierebis warmomCeni samSobloa
(rameTu arsebuli arss avlens), romelSic yvelaferi RvTiuri silamazi-
Taa ganfenili da romelic adamians RvTiur madlsa da wyalobas uZRvnis.
amdenadaa akakisaTvis samSoblo xati, RvTis qmnileba-gansaxovneba, rameTu
xiluli mSveniereba uxilavis, ùCinos~, xatia. akaki Tvlis, rom RmerTma
adamians samSoblo xatad, savedreblad uboZa da `zrunvis sagnad~ Caabara,
rom swored adamiania ufali da ganmgebeli mamulisa, uflis amqveyniuri
wiaRisa; amavdroulad, pasuxismgebeli ùTvalavi feriT~ Semkuli samSob-
los bedisa da ubedobisa (adamiani-xati miemarTeba samSoblo-xats). misi
xsna-gadarCena adamianis xatobis SenarCunebis, argaxunebis sawindaria.
adamiani Tavis TavSi momkrebi samyaros mTeli Semadgenlobisa, saxea qveynisa
45
da piruku, samSoblo saxe da xatia adamianis Sinagani bunebisa. unda iTqvas,
rom akakisTvis `mTeli qveyana~ `samyaros~ SinaarsiTaa gasaazrebeli; `saxate~
(gramatikulad, nawarmoebia daniSnulebis saxelTa mawarmoebeli prefiqs-
sufiqsiT: sa – e) `xatTa~ momkreb, gamaerTianebel sivrces gulisxmobs,
rac, SesaZlebelia, sxvadasxva simboluri datvirTviT warmoCindes. erTi
gaazrebiT, `mTeli qveyana~-samyaro samSoblo-xatTa gamaerTianebel siv-
rcul garemod warmodgeba, mTlianobiTa da harmoniiT aRbeWdil siv-
rced, romelic WeSmariti xelovnebis nawarmoebis saxed iqmneba (igav., 8.
22-31). sxvagvari wakiTxviT, SesaZlebelia, `saxate~ gulisxmobdes samyaros,
romelSic yovelive arsebuli, umdablesidan umaRlesamde, warmodgeba vi-
Tarca RvTis xati. amdenad, vfiqrobT, akaki cnobil frazaSi – `Cemi xatia
samSoblo, saxate mTeli qveyana~, gulisxmobs Semdegs – poetisaTvis uflis
saxe-xatia samSoblo, xolo sauflo, `saxate~ – samyaro, `mTeli qveyana~.*
a. wereTlis zemoganxilul leqsebSi samyaros ierarqiuli wyobis da mi-
si harmoniulobis gansaxovnebisas ikveTeba umTavresi, rom es mSveniereba
amqyveynad adamians eZRvneba, rom RvTiuri sikeTiT aRvsili mas etrfis da
mTeli sisavsiT mis winaSe `saidumlo ram eniT~ gadaSlis Tavisi yofiere-
bis saswauls. ùTvalavi feriTa~ Semkuli bunebis mTeli Zalisxmeva mimar-
Tulia iqiTken, rom miizidos adamianis `guli, cnoba da goneba~; axilvinos,
SeagrZnobinos da Seacnobinos `zeSTaarsis~ igavmiuwvdomeli saxiereba da
am gziT – RvTis xatobis sazrisi, kacTa daniSnuleba da `saRmrTo vali~. da
marTlac, am Tematikaze Seqmnil akakis yvela leqsSi, cxadad Tu farulad,
es TvalTaxedvaa gamJRavnebuli, rasac kvlav da kvlav bibliur swavlebas-
Tan mivyavarT.
yofierebis saxeobrivi koncefciis kvalobaze, siyvaruliT gajerebuli
samyaros ierarqiuli wyoba saxismetyvelebiTaa warmoCenili leqsSi `su-
liko~ – `samad daSlila is erTi: varskvlavad, bulbul, vardaTo...~ (were-
Teli 2011: 295).** `pirveli xati RvTisa qristea. amitom adamiani `saxis saxea~
da àdamianis arsis saxeobrioba afuZnebs princips, rom RvTis saxe-sim-
bolo SeiZleba iyos TiTqmis yvelaferi...~ – wers r. siraZe (siraZe 2000: 82).
sakiTxis ganxilvamde oriod sityviT SevexebiT leqsSi TavCenil prob-
lematikas. miuxedavad imisa, rom samecniero literaturaSi araerTi sa-
intereso mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli (g. robaqiZe, v. barnovi, a. baqraZe, g. fa-
rulava, e. kvitaiSvili, l. xaCiZe, g. kuWuxiZe da sxv.), zogierTi niuansi nak-
lebadaa gamokveTili, Tumc ki yuradRebas imsaxurebs.
* ix. Cveni werili – akaki wereTlis leqsis – `xatis win~ – saxismetyvelebiTi gaazreba,
literaturuli Ziebani, 2017, XXXVIII, gv. 73-98.
** leqsis detaluri analizi ix. Cvens werilSi – ramdenime aspeqti `sulikos~
gaazrebisaTvis, romelic Tsu-Si gamarTuli konferenciis (inovaciebi XXI saukunis
qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi, III, 2019) masalebSi daibeWdeba.
46
Cven viziarebT Sexedulebas, rom leqsSi lirikuli gmiri ufals, WeS-
marit rwmenas daeZebs da rom `saxed da xatad uflisa poets samgvari
mSveniereba gamoscxadebia: miwier silamazeTa gvirgvini – vardi, smeniT
gancdili tkboba musikisa – bulbuli, zegrZnobad mSvenierebasTan yvela-
ze ufro mimaaxlebeli – naTeli (varskvlavi)~ (farulava 2005: 260). mecni-
erTa nawili (g. farulava, l. xaCiZe da sxv.) fiqrobs, rom am samsaxovneba-Si
SesaZloa samebis konkretul hipostazTa gansaxovneba, kerZod, maTi va-
raudiT, vardi qristes simboloa, bulbuli – suliwmindisa, varskvlavi –
mama RmerTisa. aRniSnuli mosazrebani gamyarebuli da dasabuTebulia bib-
liuri paradigmebiT, saRvTismetyvelo swavlebebiTa da literaturuli
nimuSebiT. rasakvirvelia, amgvari xedva mizanSewonilia, Tumca, Cveni az-
riT, igi dasazRvrulia, arada leqsi, viTarca `mRvime farToobs samya-
rod~, konkretuli zogadis, masStaburis warmoCenisken iltvis. aRniSnuls
kvlav da kvlav yofierebis saxeobrivi koncefcia gaacxadebs. vfiqrobT,
araa aucilebeli aRniSnul samsaxovnebaSi samebis romelime wevris danax-
va. asec rom iyos, es maniSnebelia imisa, rom erTarseba sameba am samyaroSi
yvelganaa ganfenili, `daSlili~ (sxvagvarad akaki samebis mimarT `daSlas~
ar moixmobda). samyaros ierarqiuli wyobis (petriwiseuli `siraTganfe-
nis~) kvalobaze, ekalSi xiluli vardi yovelgvari miwierisa da miwiere-
bis (borotebisa da sikeTisa) saxeqmnadobaa; zeaRmaval safexurze, ver-
tikals rom miuyveba, miwisa da zecis SemaerTebel-SemakavSirebel arseba-
Ta ganmasaxovneblad bulbuli warmodgeba (rasac simbolurad Semdegic
mianiSnebs – `yvavils niskarti Seaxo~), romelic `xan miwisaa, xan – cisa~;
zeciur sferoTa, zesSTasamyaros simbolod ki varskvlavi naTobs, rome-
lic miwidan cas mibjenili kibis TvalSeudgam mwvervalad, `sxivebad
gadmosul~ `moqaTqaTe~, manaTobel gvirgvinad ixilveba. am samsaxovnebis
saxismetyvelebiT yvelaferi samyaroSi vertikaluri RerZis irgvliv
ganifineba.
Cvens mosazrebas, vfiqrobT, amyarebs is garemoebac, rom leqsSi niavi
`samad daSlili im erTisa~ da lirikuli gmiris SemakavSirebel Zalad siy-
varuls asaxelebs – `Tqven erTmaneTi radganac am qveynad SegiyvardaTo~
(wereTeli 2011: 295). `RmerTi siyuarul ars~ (ioan. 4, 16) da, Sesatyvisad,
RvTisa da adamianis dialogi siyvarulis dialogia. aqve unda gavixsenoT
dionise areopageliseuli samyaros iererqiul wyobaSi ganlagebul xatTa
erTurTis trfialebis ZaliT ganmsWvalva da umaRlesisken trfiale-
biT swrafva, romelic RvTaebrivi siyvarulis madliT eniWebaT, rom am
siyvaruliT aRvsilni miskenve iltvian (rusTavelis sityvebi rom movix-
moT – `marT masve hbaZven~). samyaroseuli es trfialeba adamians miemarTeba
da am trfobiT erTiani harmonia, `harmonia misi xmebis~, warmodgeba. liri-
kuli gmirisaTvis swored amis macne da maxarobelia niavi, romelic axal,
`tkbil~ sicocxles (iakob curtavelis TqmiT, `suliTa cocxal~ yofas)
47
aniWebs aqamde `mwared kruli~ sicocxlis mqones, `mduRare cremlebis
mRvrelsa~ da eWviT Sepyrobils (iakob xucesisve TqmiT, `suliT momkudars~,
rasac Semdgom vaJa fSavela ase ityvis – `mkvdaria ugrZnobi kaci, usazar-
lesi mkvdarzeda~ (vaJa fSavela 1957: 171):
samad daSlila is erTi:

varskvlavad, bulbul, vardaTo,
Tqven erTmaneTi radganac
amqveynaT SegiyvardaTo.
`samad daSlili is erTi~, romelic varskvlavSi, bulbulsa da vardSi

ixilveba da icnobeba, momfenia rwmenis, sasoebisa da imedisa – `xolo aw
esera hgies sarwmunoebaÁ, sasoebaÁ da siyuaruli, sami ese; xolo uf-
roÁs amaTsa siyuaruli ars~ (I kor. 13, 13) (aqve gvaxsendeba sityvebi RvTis-
mSoblis kondakidan – `sasoeba Cemda mama, Sesavedreblad Cemda Ze, mfar-
vel Cemda suli wminda. samebao wmidao, dideba Senda~), romelTagan umTav-
resi, siyvaruli, gansazRvravs Seuqmnelisa da Seqmnilis kavSirs – `Tqven
erTmaneTi radganac am qveynad SegiyvardaTo~.
marTebulad SeniSnavs e. kvitaiSvili – `...sakraluri wre ikvreba...
aqve gaiSrialebs mardi niavi – zecis xmad movlenili da poets urCevs
damSviddes, radgan man miagno, rasac mTeli cxovreba eZebda, uxsnis da-
nawevrebuli, mTels xilul samyaroSi fesvgadgmuli xatis wminda sa-
idumlos~ (kvitaiSvili 1991a: 121).
kidev erTi ram. Aa. baqraZis Zalze saintereso da marTebuli mosazrebiT,
àrsebiTia isic, rom Zieba mimdinareobs vertikalurad – qvevidan zeviT,
miwidan cisken amaRlebis procesia naCvenebi~, xolo taepSi – `samad daSli-
la is erTi: varskvlavad, bulbul, vardaTo~ – missive dakvirvebiT, àmje-
rad am konkretul striqonSi moZraoba zevidan qveviT, cidan miwisken
mimdinareobs:
varskvlavi – bulbuli – vardi. es ki uflis movlinebis suraTia~ (baq-
raZe 2004: 194). aRniSnuls davamatebT imas, rom areopagitikis mixedviT,
samyaros ierarqiuli wyoba, romelic erTian saxeobriv sistemas qmnis, ori
mimarTulebiT warimarTeba (zemodan qvemoT da piriqiT, qvemodan zemoT).
aq zecidan daRmavali kibis saTaveSi RmerTi ixilveba, yoveli Semdgomi
safexuri winares `xatia~ da mas aireklavs.
saintereso isaa, rom leqsis dasasruls lirikuli gmiri cvlis mi-
marTebaTa rigs da sxva wyobas gvTavazobs – `bulbuls yurs vugdeb, vards
vynosav, varskvlavs Sevyureb lxeniTa~. ratom mimarTavs akaki amgvar
wyobas? vfiqrobT, es SemTxveviTobas ar unda warmoadgendes. akaki am ta-
epebSi (sxva problematikasTan erTad) gansakuTrebul aqcents akeTebs li-
48
rikuli gmirisagan aRniSnuli samsaxovnebis aRqma-wvdomis faqtorebze.
Tu davakvirdebiT, akakis mier moxmobili swored es samsaxovneba adamianis
xuTive grZnobas ukavSirdeba da iTavsebs, kerZod, vardi xelSesaxebi da
sawvdomia, amavdroulad – surnelebis momfeni da SemagrZnobeli (`vards
vynosav~) (jvarsaxovnebiT, horizontalurad – ynosvis, vertikalurad –
RvTaebrivi surnelebisken swrafvis – `da surnelebaÁ nelsacxebelTa Sen-
Ta ufroÁs yovelTa surnelebaTa~ – qeb. III, 3; wm. abos sityvebiT – `sulne-
lebasa nelsacxebelTa SenTasa vrbiodi~ – sabanisZe 1963: 69); bulbuli Ta-
visi galobiTa da kvnesa-WikWikiT smenis damatyvevebeli (`bulbuls yurs
vugdeb~) da, amavdroulad, `Sexmatkbilebis~ survilis aRmZvreli (sitkbo-
ebis mimniWebeli); Soreuli, verSesaxebi varskvlavi ki oden TvaliT saxil-
vel-sawvdomi (`varskvlavs Sevyureb lxeniTa~), maTi amgvari erToba ki àqam-
de mwared kruli~ sicocxlis mqone lirikul gmirs eniTuTqmel netareba-
sitkboebas, lxenas aniWebs. amdenad, akakis mier SerCeuli mxatvruli saxe-
ebi – vardi, bulbuli da varskvlavi – saRvTo Sinaarsis gamoxatvasTan er-
Tad adamians miemarTeba, mis xuTive grZnobas aRZravs, raTa erTianad mox-
des RvTaebrivi mSvenierebis SegrZnoba, mimRebloba-gaTaviseba.A aq ikveTeba
is azric, rom adamiani mikrokosmosia, miwierisa da RvTaebrivis erTianad
momcveli, mTeli samyaros damtevi, romlis xatobis arsi sakuTari Tavi-
sa da samyaros xsnaSi warmodgeba. amdenad, adamianma, upirveles yovlisa,
TviTCaRrmavebiT, sakuTari sulis moxilviT unda SeZlos WeSmariti rwmenis
mopoveba-damkvidreba, raTa Semdgom sxva ixsnas. man sakuTar sulSi unda
eZios RvTis samkvidro, rameTu garesamyaroSi upirobod ùfali sufevs~ da
imTaviTve yovelive RvTaebrivi madliTaa Semkul-`Semosili~. aRniSnulTan
dakavSirebiT sagulisxmoa efrem mciris sityvebi – àdgil RmrTisa odes-
me caÁ iTqumis da odesme eklesiaÁ da odesme guami kacad-kacadisaÁ, gina
Tu yovelive, romelsaca zeda ganisuenos nebaman RmrTisagan. rameTu amaT
yovelTa mier cxad ars, viTarmed arca erTisa adgilisa mier gare-Secvul
ars igi, aramed yovelive mas mxolosa Seucavs. xolo ese yovelni sxuebr
gulisÃma-iyofebian adgilad RmrTisa: caÁ simaRlisaTÂs RmerTebisa mi-
sisa, rameTu araraÁ epoebis sxuaÁ gonebasa kacTasa umaRlesi adgili, uf-
rois caTa.A amisaTÂsca casa saydar misa uwodian da queyanasa kuarcxbek. da
ese yoveli mopovnebiT da saxis-metyuelebiT, raÁTa gamoaCinos simaRle
RmrTeebisa misisaÁ~ (efrem mcire 1969: 83). `suliko~ Tavisi saxismetyvele-
biT swored amas gvisuraTxatebs. lirikuli gmiric swvdeba am sazriss,
rasac mowmobs RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis uwyebis Semdgom misi naTqvami –
`meniSna~. amas mosdevs xedvisa da cnobierebis ganwmenda, gancdaT amaRleba
– D`da rasaca vgrZnob me im dros, ver gamomiTqvams eniTa~ (gvaxsendeba
gr. orbelianis sityvebi – `kacisa xeli friad sust ars aRsawerelad di-
debulebiTisa bunebis mSvenierebisa. yovladSemZleoba Semoqmedebisa aR-
beWdil ars da ikargeba goneba kacisa~ – orbeliani 1989: 221; da `RmerTo,
49
vin mihswvdes Sengan qmnils, miss fer uTvalavs Svenebas?~ – orbeliani 1989:
198).
Tu `sayvarelSi~ RmerTs vigulisxmebT, lirikuli gmirisagan `sayvar-
lis saflavis Zebna~ damarxuli rwmenis Ziebas gulisxmobs. damarxuli
rwmena Tavis TavSi aRdgomis ideis matarebelia. `damarxva~ Zvel qarTulSi
`daflvasTan~ erTad `Senaxvas~, `dacvas~ niSnavs. `sulikos~ dasasrulic
amis cxadyofaa, rameTu ìTxovdeT, da mogeces Tquen; eZiebdeT da hpovoT;
irekdiT da gangeRos Tquen~ (maT. 7, 7). WeSmaritebas naziarebiL liriku-
li gmirisaTvis `sayvarlis kubo-samare~ carielia, rameTu rwmena aRmdga-
ri da amaRlebulia da cxovelmyofel madlad efineba `mduRare cremlebis
mRvrels~. da lirikuli gmiric àRar daeZebs sayvarlis kubo-samares~.
masSi minavlebuli, dafaruli, Camarxuli rwmena aRdga; Signidan gareT
mimarTulma mzeram nayofi gamoiRo – xedva garedan SigniT warimarTa,
vertikaluri da horizontaluri sivrceebi gadaikveTa da jvarsaxovnebiT
harmonia damyarda:
isev gamexsna sicocxle,

dRemde rom mwared krul iyo,
axla ki vici, sadac xar:
samgan gaqvs bina, suliko!..
ukanaskneli taepi (leqsis erTiani Sina arsis gaTvaliswinebiT), vfiq-

robT, gaacxadebs, rom `sulikos~ samkvidro – `samgan... bina~ – miwaze, zecasa
da maTi `Semkvrel~-`SemakavSirebeli~ adamianis sulSi ixilveba.
da bolos. lirikuli gmirisagan damarxuli rwmenis Zieba, misi povna
da aRdgena CvenTvis reminiscirdeba mariam magdalinelis qmedebebTan (da
ara rwmenasTan) – uflis saflavTan misvlasTan, Semdgom uflis Ziebasa
da mis xilvasTan... `sulikos~ lirikuli gmiric dakargulis mopovebis
Semdgom `lxeniTaa~ aRvsili, àRar Rvris cremlebs mduRares~ (gavixsenoT,M
mariam magdalineli `dga gareSe saflavsa mas Tana da tiroda~ – i. 20, 11) da
eniTuTqmeli grZnobebiT, cadawvdenili sixaruliTaa moculi (`da, rasaca
vgrZnob me im dros, ver gamomiTqvams eniTa~), rameTu mas àxali sicocxle
exsneba~ (ise viT uflis maZiebelsa da mpovnel magdalinels da mis msgavsad
yvela morwmunes). lirikuli gmiric, erTi mxriv, samyaros, garemomcvel
sivrces da, meore mxriv, mkiTxvels axarebs sulSi aRmdgari uflisa da,
Sesatyvisad, sakuTari aRdgomis sixaruls.
akakis zemomoxmobil leqsebSi TavCenili Temebi da problematika
erTianadaa Tavmoyrili da mTeli sisruliT gaSlili leqsSi `qebaTa-
qeba~. leqsis qristologiuri Sinaarsi savsebiT cxadad da amomwuravadaa
mowodebuli gr. farulavas werilSi – akaki wereTlis qristologiuri
50
msoflSegrZnebisaTvis (farulava 2005: 255-278). am mimarTebiT mxolod
erT garemoebaze SevaCerebT yuradRebas, Semdgom ki Cvens TematikasTan da-
kavSirebul sakiTxebs movniSnavT.
g. farulava aRniSnavs, rom taepidan – `mza var, sicocxle mTlad va-
nacvalo!..~ – àqedan moyolebuli, sakmaod gamWvirvale formiT, himni
uSualod ieso macxovars miemarTeba... macxovrisaTvis qrestomaTiulad
Sesatyvisi `niSnebi~ lagdeba Semdeg strofebSi: `gamouTqmelia kacTa eniT~,
`frTebSemsxmelia~ da àRmafrenis~ mimniWebeli mgosnisa; `tkbili sizma-
ria~, `siyvaruli rom taxtad udgia~; `gangebam mSveniereba usxivciskara~
(RvTaebrivi mSveniereba – naTlis simbolikiT mowodebuli)~ (farulava
2005: 266).
macxovris gansaxovnebis warmomaCeneli taepebi savsebiT sarwmunoa,
Tumca, savaraudod, leqsis taepebTa erTi nawili sxvagvari wakiTxvis Se-
saZleblobasac iZleva. ra Tqma unda, aq siyvarulis `qebaTa qebaa~, mxolod
– amqveyniuri siyvarulisa, romelic zeciuris mobaZavia, `ciuri niWia~,
amamaRlebeli da mxolod sulierebiT sagrZnobi, mkveTrad gamijnuli misi
saxeliT wodebuli `pirutyvuli wamebisagan~ (Sdr. rusTavelTan – `mij-
nuroba sxva ramea, ar siZvisa dasadari: igi sxvaa siZva sxvaa, Sua udevs didi
zRvari~ – rusTaveli 1966: 24 da sxv.). Cveni azriT, akaki rusTveluri siy-
varuliT ugalobs mandilosans, misi siyvaruliTaa `frTebSesxmuli~ da
`monavarde aRmafreniTa~. vfiqrobT, mxolod qalis mimarT trfobas SeiZ-
leba ewodos `ciuri niWi~, `tkbili sizmari~, `momxiblavi mZlavri ocneba~,
`visac gangebam mSveniereba usxivciskara~, visac ègvirgvineba patiosne-
ba~ da `vinc vards elferi, ias sinaze da bulbuls ena erTad mohpara!~;
savaraudod, mxolod realuri qalis saxebaSi SeeZlo akakis wmindanTa
– ninos, Tamaris, qeTevanis – `SenaTxz-SeerTebulad~ xilva (Tumc, am uka-
nasknelis Sesaxeb g. farulava wers – `ra Tqma unda, is, visSic nino, Tamari
da qeTevani sufeven `SenaTxz-SeerTebulad~, macxovaria~ – farulava 2005:
266).
a. baqraZe akakis poeziaze msjelobisas Tumc sagangebod ar gnixilavs
`qebaTa qebas~, magram satrfo-qalis saxesTan dakavSirebiT wers – `qalis
ideali akakis lirikaSi daxatulia ninos, Tamaris da qeTevanis saxiT. Ta-
vad poeti am sam mandilosans `zeciur triumvirats~ uwodebda. miaCnda qa-
lobis, anu, rogorc me-19 saukuneSi ityodnen, dedakacobis nimuSad. maT-
Tvis unda miebaZa yovel qarTvel qals. maSin aasrulebdnen isini satrfos
RvTaebriv movaleobas~ (baqraZe 2004: 228) da aq `qebaTa qebidan~ moixmobs
or strofs, kerZod, `me mas vugalob, visac gangebam...~ da `roca Wabuki
gamoucdeli...~. amdenad, a. baqraZis azriT, leqsis am monakveTSi satrfo-
qalis saxezea saubari, rasac savsebiT viziarebT.
aRniSnul mosazrebas, vfiqrobT, ganamtkicebs akakis mier leqsis saTa-
uris ramdenimegzis Secvla. amasTan dakavSirebiT a. gomarTeli wers –`qeba-
51
Ta-qeba~ akakim pirvelad 1882 wels dabeWda `droebaSi~ saTauriT – `salami~
da grigol orbelians uZRvna; meored – 1887 wels ìveriaSi~ saTauriT –
`lxini~ da mesamed – 1900 wels àkakis krebulSi~ saTauriT – `qebaTa-qeba~.
miuxedavad saTauris cvlilebisa, poeti sakuTriv teqstSi arafers cvli-
da. ramdenimegzis gamoqveynebiT akaki mkiTxvelis mometebuli yuradRebis
miqcevas cdilobs am leqsze. surs, sakuTari mrwamsi drodadro Seaxsenos
mkiTxvels~ (gomarTeli 2011: 57).
es monacemebi mcire uzustobas Seicavs. movixmobT akakis TxzulebaTa
octomeuls darTuli variantebidan, SeniSvnebidan da komentarebidan (li-
teraturis institutis gamomoc., 2011, t. II, gv. 421-561; tomis redaqtori –
r. CxeiZe, tomi gamosacemad moamzades, variantebi, SeniSvnebi, komentarebi
da saZieblebi daurTes: julieta gaboZem rusudan kusraSvilma da cisana
yifSiZem) – `...n a b e W d i : `droeba~, 1882, 2 aprili, #65, gv.1 (C); gaz. ìveria~,
1887, 11 ianvari, #7, gv. 2 (D); `Txzulebani~, II, 1893, gv.149-151 (E); gv. 234-237 (F);
àkakis krebuli~, 1900, #1 ianvari, gv. 8-11 (A). s a T a u r i : saRamo CE, lxini.
q v e s a T a u r i : (vuZRvni T. gr. d. orbelians) C. T a r i R i : 1900 w.
ianvari B, [1882-1900]. x e l m o w e r a : a k a k i C D... `Txzulebanis~ 1893 wlis
gamocemaSi aRniSnuli leqsi orjer aris dabeWdili: erTxel `saRamos~ sa-
TauriT, meored ki — saTauriT `lxini~ (ix. EF)~ (wereTeli 2011: 551).
amdenad, es ori garemoeba (gr. Orbelianisadmi miZRvna da saTaurebi –
`saRamo~ da `lxini~) gamokveTs azrs, rom `qebaTa qeba~, zogadad, exmianeba
gr. orbelianis SemoqmedebaSi da, konkretulad, poemaSi `sadRegrZelo, anu
omis Semdgom Rame lxini erevnis siaxloves~ da leqsSi `saRamo gamosalme-
bisa~ siyvarulisa da satrfos mimarT gamoTqmul Sesxmas. msgavsebis saC-
veneblad movixmobT ramdenime nimuSs, kerZod, poemaSi tolubaSi ase mi-
marTavs mxedrebs:
moigoneT siyvaruli, romliT sicocxle gvitkbeba,

romlis Suqi aRgvamaRlebs, romliT suli gvinaTldeba,
romliT kaci mSvenierobs, maSin TviT RmerTs emsgavseba!
(orbeliani 1951: 102);
guli ra igrZnobs siyvaruls, sicocxlec maSin ahyvavdes!

(orbeliani 1951:103);
mihxedeT vardsa, maSin hfens umetes sunnelebaTa!

odes niavi SexebiT, Searyevs misTa rtoebTa.
he Cemo RmerTav!
52
rom saxe misi, TvalTa daxSulman, Tana warviRo imier sofels
mun saSvebelad, mun sanugeSad, da raTa miTve vshcna ukvdaveba!..
raa gind movhkvde? nainc Sendamo suls siyvaruli Tana warhyveba!..
ars ukvdaveba, sulis datkboba, romels dasasrul ara eqmnebis.
(orbeliani 1951: 104) da sxv.
leqsSi `saRamo gamosalmebisa~ poeti siyvarulisa da satrfos Sesaxeb

ambobs – `raca gviSvenebs sicocxles zeciurisa sxiviTa da aRgvamaRlebs
am sofliT sulisa aRmafreniTa~ (orbeliani 1951: 58); `vinca damatkbe si-
cocxlis netarebiTa~ (orbeliani 1951: 59); `waxvel, warmtace yoveli
saamebeli sulisa~ (iqve); `hsjobs ena hsdumdes, xma Seswydes, moTqmiT ra
ergos gul-wylulsa?~ (orbeliani 1951: 59) da sxv.
vfiqrobT, moxmobili nawyvetebi, romlebic zeciuri madliT gasxi-
vosnebul amqveyniur siyvaruls eZRvneba, gvaZlevs saSualebas Tqmisa,
rom `qebaTa qebis~ teqstis garkveul pasaJebSic siyvaruli amave azriTa
da mniSvnelobiTaa datvirTuli; akakis mier leqsis saTauris ramdenjerme
Secvlac swored gr. O rbelianis poeziasTan Sexmianebis mizniTaa gamowve-
uli (da ara leqsze `mkiTxvelis mometebuli yuradRebis miqceviT~, ro-
gorc amas a. gomarTeli SeniSnavs).
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sagulisxmoa daviT guramiSvilis `zubovka~,
romelSic sakmaod realisturad daxatuli qalis saxeSi sabolood RmerTi
icnobeba. r. siraZis azriT, `magram miuxedavad aseTi mistikuri simboli-
kisa, Tavdapirveli realisturi saxe qalisa Tavis mniSvnelobas ar kargavs...
mTavari isaa, rom RvTaeba ukavSirdeba satrfos cxovrebiseul siyvaruls.
es realuri siyvaruli RvTaebrivia. RvTaebas poeti ganicdis adamianuri
siyvarulis grznobiT. Amas Seaqvs leqsSi pirovnul-individualuri sawyisi.
es leqsi gaorebulia. erTi mxrivaa cxovreba, meore mxriv – RvTaeba~ (siraZe
1980: 233-234).
rac Seexeba CvenTvis saintereso problematikas. rogorc ukve aRvniS-
neT, `qebaTa qeba~ erTianad itevs mTel universums – zecis, miwisa da ada-
mianis sagalobelia. aq ikveTeba `tkbil netarebiT Sezavebuli~ dro-siv-
rce, lirikuli gmiris sulSi midamos siturfe-mSvenierebiT `gamraval-
kecebuli netareba~ da am gziT misi cnobierebis ganwmenda – garemom-
cvel sivrceSi TavCenili RvTaebrivi madlis ZaliT bunebis saidumlos
`Setyobineba~, misi gulis samoTxisaken ùcnaurad~ miziduloba da zeaR-
svla-aRmafrenis SegrZneba:
aha, vgrZnob meca,

rom aris zeca,
aRvsili raRac ZaliT sagznobiT.
53
da es qveyana,
yovlgniT yvelgana,
Tavs uxris Semqmnels madliT sagrZnobiT!
(wereTeli 2011: 83)
miwis yoveli arsebisagan uflis Semkoba-Sesxmas (yvavilTa `sunnelT

fSvenas~, `sagalobelad aRma kmeulad~ rom ganicdeba, `wyalTa Cqrials~,
foTlebisa da balaxebisgan wamosul `grZneul~ xmebs), `ZalTa didebiT~
gamsWvaluli cis krebuli `saidumlo vedrebiT~ – `SeqmnaTa qebiT~ –
SeerTvis, erTianad ki maTi `SeTxzul~-`SeTanaxmebuli~ mRera `qebaTa-qebad~
warmodgeba, romelic kacsac swvdeba da RvTis xatobas Seacnobinebs:
bunebis mayruls
saqorwilod sruls,
ekavSireba, ze emateba, –
da axla mec vgrZnob,
saidumlod vcnob,
rom aris kacSi RvTisa xateba!..
(wereTeli 2011: 83)
leqsSi TvalnaTlivaa gacxadebuli mTeli samyaros kosmiuri wyobis

(dawyebuli miwier arsebaTagan aRmavali safexurebiT ciuri mnaTobebis-
ken) `Sexmatkbilebis~ procesi, romelic krebulTa (enis mqone da ùenos~,
sulierisa da usulos) `saqorwilod srul~ mayrulad warmodgeba, rac
SeqmnilTa `patarZlad~ warmosaxvisken gvibiZgebs da SeuqmnelTan (`siZes-
Tan~) SerTvis molodinad aRiqmeba. uzenaesTan `saqorwilo~ mzaobiT gam-
Tlianebuli samyaro lirikuli gmirisken (viTarca cisa da miwis Sema-
erTebelisken) miiltvis, raTa igi, momkrebi da damtevi samyaros mraval-
ferovnebisa, maT uflis wiaRisaken waruZRves. am `xatovanebiTi saxovane-
bis~ wiaRSi poeti (saRvTismetyvelo swavlebaTa mimsgavsebulad) gamok-
veTs am `qebaTa qebis~ erTsulovnebis safuZvels, yofierebis sazriss, ama-
maRle-belsa da ganmwmendel RvTiur madls:
Sen, siyvarulo, cisa da qveynis

kavSiro da Tan Suamavalo!
Sen, romlis erTs wams, im sanetaros,
mza var, sicocxle mTlad vanacvalo!...
(wereTeli 2011: 84)
Sen da mxolod Sen, ciuro niWo,

gamouTqmelo kacTa eniTa...
54
Sengan mgosani frTebSesxmuli var
da monavarde aRmafreniTa.
(wereTeli 2011: 85)
Tavad poeti am `saidumlo Zalas~, `cisa da qveynis kavSirs~, `Suamavals~

– siyvaruls – grZnobs da mzadaa misTvis msxverplad sicocxle gaiRos.
akakis `tkbil-zevsuri~ àRtacebiT simTa JRera~ am qebaTa-qebas SeerTvis,
èTanaxmeba~. misi TqmiT, mxolod RvTiuri trfialebiT aRvsil poets Za-
luZs ùcnaur hangze Caxmatkbileba~ da `saSviliSvilo galobis~ Tqma (Sdr.
n. baraTaSvilTan – `rac erTxel cxovlad suls daaCndebis, saSviliSvilod
gardaecemis~ – baraTaSvili 1945: 52).
savsebiT marTebulad SeniSnavs a. gomarTeli: àkaki `qebaTa-qebaSi~ uze-
naesi Semoqmedis sidiades Wvrets. RvTaebrivi siyvaruli realurad aris
ganxorcielebuli xilul, materialur samyaroSi. `sxivmomfinare mTvare,~
`varskvlavni mokaSkaSeni,~ `yvavilTa ena – sunnelTa fSvena,~ `wyalTa Cqri-
ali, foTolT Sriali~ Tu `balaxT bibini~ – erTi sityviT, mTeli xiluli,
materialuri samyaro – RvTaebriobis gamovlenaa, anu, rogorc grigol
robaqiZe am leqsze ambobs: `mTeli buneba Sestrfis RvTaebriobis sxeule-
bas samyaroSi~. roca akakis leqsis lirikuli gmiri yovelive amas, anu `bu-
nebis mayruls, saqorwilod sruls~ mzers da grZnobs, maSin `cnobs, rom
aris kacSi RvTisa xateba~. mere ki kiTxvaze: `ram amamaRla? vin magrZnobina
es saidumlo, RvTiuri Zala?~ poetis pasuxi aseTia: `Sen, siyvarulo, cisa da
qveynis kavSiro da Tan Suamavalo~ (gomarTeli 2011: 57-58).
RvTaebrivi siyvarulisken mswrafi da misi mobaZavi amqveyniuri siyva-
ruli (romelsac `gangebam mSveniereba usxivciskara!~) akakisagan cxovel-
myofel wyarod da wyurvilad warmoisaxeba, romelsac yvelafrisadmi
gulgril moxucebulobis Jams kvlavac Wabukuri gulmxurvalebiT eTayv-
aneboda (`TiTqo Wabuki viyo me axla...~), Wabukobisas ki gonebis moxuce-
bulobiT SeWurvili msaxurebda (`da vyofiliyo moxuci Zvelad!~). poetis
TqmiT, amgvari zeaRmtaci trfoba, ara marto ferucvleli da cxovel-
myofelia, esTetikuri datvirTvac aqvs – mSvenierebas hmatebs sofels,
amqyveyniur yofas. `qebaTa qeba~ kidev erTxel gaacxadebs, rom yofiereba
sibrZneze dafuZnebuli `cisa da qveynis Semkvreli~ sikeTe da siyvarulia,
umaRles mSvenierebasTan ziarebaa. a. wereTlis lirikaSi swored amgvari
gansaxovnebiTaa warmoCenili samyaro, misi wyoba, am wyobis mizezi da miza-
ni, samyaros ierarqiis Semadgenel nawilTa mimarTebani da sxv. qveynisa da
zecis `SekavSireba, SeTanaxmeba~, romelic Semoqmedisa da `Semoqmedebis
qebad~ xmovandeba, adamianTan, RvTis xatTan, mimarTebiT iZens sazriss.
amavdroulad, Tavisi harmoniiTa da sisruliT kacTa modgmas RvTisa da
qveynis winaSe dakisrebul pasuxismgeblobasa da movaleobas agrZnobinebs,
uflis sidiades Seacnobinebs da `saSviliSvilo galobas~ warmoaTqmevi-
nebs, `harmonia misi xmebis~ `wyobil margalitad~ rom aqcevs.
55
damowmebani:
baraTaSvili 1945: baraTaSvili n. Txzulebani. Tbilisi: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1945.

baqraZe 2004: baqraZe a. ìlia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, niko nikolaZe~. Txzulebani, t. I.
Tbilisi: `merani~ da `lomisi~, 2004.
baqraZe 2004: baqraZe a. `suliko~. kreb. skolas. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2004.
berdiaevi 1916: berdiaevi n. Semoqmedebis sazrisi. moskovi: 1916 (rusul enaze).
giorgi mcire 1967: giorgi mcire. `giorgi aTonelis cxovreba~. Zeglebi, t. II. il. abulaZis
redaqciiT. Tbilisi: `mecniereba”, 1967.
efrem mcire 1969: `TargmanebaÁ fsalmunTaÁ~. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, Sesavali da
SeniSvnebi daurTo m. SaniZem. Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, t. II. Tbilisi: 1969.
vaJa-fSavela 1957: vaJa-fSavela. `baxtrioni~. wg-Si: vaJa-fSavela. rCeuli. Tbilisi:
`sablitgami~, 1957.
kvitaiSvili 1991a: kvitaiSvili e. alegoria da simbolo akakis poeziaSi. literatura da
xelovneba, 1991, №3, gv. 93-131.
kvitaiSvili 1991b: kvitaiSvili e. alegoria da simbolo akakis poeziaSi. literatura da
xelovneba, 1991, №5, gv. 80-108.
orbeliani 1989a: orbeliani gr. `dRiurebi~. Txzulebani. saRamo gamosalmebisa. Tbilisi:
`merani~, 1989.
orbeliani 1989b: orbeliani gr. `sadRegrZelo~. Txzulebani. `saRamo gamosalmebisa~.
Tbilisi: `merani~, 1989.
orbeliani 1951: orbeliani g. poezia. a. gawerelias Sesavali weriliT, redaqciiTa da
SeniSvnebiT. Tbilisi: `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1951.
petre iberieli 1961: petre iberieli (fsevdo dionise areopageli). Sromebi. efrem
mciris Targmani. gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo s. enuqaSvilma. Tbilisi: Tsu
gamomcemloba, 1961.
petriwi 1937: petriwi i. ganmartebai proklesTvis diadoxosisa da platonurisa filo-
sofiisaTvis. teqsti gamosces da gamokvleva daurTes S. nucubiZem da s. yauxCiSvilma.
Tbilisi: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1937.
rusTaveli 1966: rusTaveli SoTa. vefxistyaosani. a. SaniZisa a. baramiZis redaqciiT.
Tbilisi: `mecniereba~, 1966.
sabanisZe 1963: sabanisZe ioane. àbos wameba~. Zeglebi. t. I. Tbilisi: saq ssr mecn. akad.
gamomcemloba, 1963.
siraZe 1975: siraZe r. Zveli qarTuli Teoriul-literaturuli azrovnebis sakiTxebi.
siraZe 1978: siraZe r. qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriidan. Tbilisi: `xelovneba~, 1978.
siraZe 1982: siraZe r. saxismetyveleba. Tbilisi: `nakaduli~, 1982.
siraZe 2000: siraZe r. qarTuli kulturis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi: Tsu gamomcemloba, 2000.
farulava 1991: farulava g. qristianuli anTropologiis ZiriTadi principebi.
xelovneba, 1991, №11-12, gv. 84-102.
farulava 2005: farulava gr. àkaki wereTlis msoflSegrZnebisaTvis~. akakis krebuli, II.
56
wereTeli 1980: wereTeli a. Txzulebani. Tbilisi: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1980.
wereTeli 2010: wereTeli ak. Txzulebani, sruli krebuli oc tomad, t. I, Tbilisi:
literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2010.
wereTeli 2011: wereTeli ak. Txzulebani, sruli krebuli oc tomad, t. I, Tbilisi:
wereTeli 2012: wereTeli ak. Txzulebani sruli krebuli oc tomad, t. I, Tbilisi:
WavWavaZe 1984: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. Tbilisi: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1984.
Nana Gonjilashvili
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
Land and Heaven Chant

(Based on A. Tsereteli’s poetry)
Summary
Key words: Akaki Tsereteli, Dionysus the Areopagite, Ioane Petritsi, structure of the world.
To study the idea of the world harmony, relationships between worldly and heavenly, the
work considers lyrical poetry of A. Tsereteli. It mentions that the poet has dealt with these issues
many times in his literary works and this is not intended to describe and praise beautiful and
charming nature only. Here is demonstrated the Biblical-Christian, particularly Evangelist way
of thinking. To explain the above, here are provided the principles of hierarchical structure of the
world (based on Dionysus the Areopagite and Ioane Petritsi).
Work emphasizes that Akaki’s vision fully follows the principles of cosmic expressiveness, in
particular, structure of the world, cause and purpose of such structure, interrelations between the
components of the world, harmonic co-existence of the heaven and world, basis for such entirety
that relies on the friendly love. All these, in Akaki’s poetry have the sense in relation with human,
image of the Lord. At the same time, with its harmony and entirety, makes the mankind feel
responsibility to Lord and to native country, understand greatness of Lord.
57
julieta gaboZe
„mTeli Cemi cxovreba tanjvaa da wameba“

(akaki wereTlis piradi werilebi)
piradi werilebi adamianis sulis sarkea, am baraTebidan xSirad epoqis

majiscemac ismis, amitomac metad mniSvnelovania klasikosis epistoluri
memkvidreobis gamocema. Tumca am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT araerTgvarovani
mosazrebac arsebobda: `zogierTebi (al. puSkini, al. bloki, i. WavWavaZe da
sxvebi) saWirod miiCnevdnen piradi werilebis beWdvas, sazogadoebis didi
nawili sastikad ilaSqrebda piradi werilebis gamoqveynebis winaaRmdeg, im
motiviT, rom zogierTi werilis gamoqveyneba Seuracxyofda avtors an mis
memkvidreebs~ (sanaZe 2006:211). dReisaTvis metad aqtualuria gamoCenil
adamianTa epistoluri memkvidreobis gamoqveyneba, miT ufro klasikosisa,
radgan maTi Semoqmedeba eris kulturis nawilia da gansakuTrebuli mniS-
vneloba aqvs epoqis Sesaswavlad. vfiqrobT, am TvalsazrisiT metad Rire-
bulia akaki wereTlis piradi mimoweris gacnobac. mwerlis TxzulebaTa
TxuTmettomeulis gamocemidan (1950-1963) naxevar saukuneze meti gavida.
mas Semdeg gamovlinda akakis bevri ucnobi piradi werili, romlebic araerT
sagulisxmo informacias Seicavs ama Tu im sazogado moRvawisa Tu movlenis
Sesaxeb, pasuxs scems zogierT dRemde upasuxo kiTxvas. Mmetad sagulisxmo
cnobebs Seicavs col-SvilTan gagzavnili akakis werilebi (rusul enaze),
romlebic aRmoCnda parizSi, evgeni gegeWkoris arqivSi. werilebi saqar-
TveloSi Camoitana besarion JRentma da 1966 wels gamosca. garda amisa,
xelnawerTa sacavebSi aRmoCnda rigi axali werilebisa, romelTa didi na-
wili 1950-63 wlebSi ukve iyo am sacavebSi, Tumca garkveuli mizezebis gamo
TxzulebaTa krebulSi ver moxvda.
Aakaki wereTlis epistoluri memkvidreoba srulad daibeWdeba mwerlis
TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri octomeulis me-17 da me-18 tomebSi, 450 pi-
radi werili dalagebulia qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT, rac epoqis re-
aluri suraTis aRdgenis saSualebas iZleva. akaki adresatebs sxvadasxva
sazogadoebriv Tu kerZo movlenasTan dakavSirebiT exmianeba. es werilebi
saSualebas miscems mkiTxvels, Tanmimdevrulad aRadginos movlenebi da
panoramulad dainaxos akaki, rogorc Semoqmedi, moRvawe da pirovneba. Se-
saZlebeli xdeba akakis e. w. `sulieri biografiis~ Sedgena. biografiisa, ro-
melSic srulyofilad warmogvidgeba akaki - mgosani, SesaniSnavi prozaikosi
da uebro polemisti, dramaturgi da Teatris reJisori, Sudarebeli ora-
tori, yvela micvalebulis Wirisufali, „sasaflaoebis nafici oratori“ da
epitafiebis didostati, brwyinvale leqtori, yvela sazogado RonisZiebis
sasurveli monawile da sapatio stumari. am werilebidan SevityobT, rom
58
igi, amave dros, Zalian aqtiuri da niWieri „mewarmec“ yofila, Tumca mogeba
verasodes naxa (gaboZe 2017: 35). irkveva, rom misi iniciativiT saqarTveloSi
Camodis geologi simonoviCi da midis jer svaneTSi, Semdeg TianeTSi oqros
saZieblad; erTi ingliseli milioneri axtalaSi mihyavs, iqneb daainteresos,
amitom ioseb merkvilaZes sTxovs: àndria naxe da angliis marilis minuSebi
daagrovebine, agreTve ozokeriti e. i. miwis sanTlis nimuSi uTuoT iSovos“
(wereTeli 2010: 313), mere ki col-Svils hpirdeba: `rogorc ki fuls viSovni,
peterburgs gavwev futkris saqmis mosagvareblad“ (werilebi ... 1966: 47).
col-Svilis daJinebuli moTxovniT akaki xarkovSi midis, xvdeba maT mier
marganecis saqmeebis apekunad daniSnul trofimovs da, imavdroulad, axali
saqmis (saRebavebis qarxnis) dawyebaze fiqrobs. es aqtiuri „mewarme“ Tumca
mogebaze met danakargs naxulobs, imeds mainc arasodes kargavs da ase am-
xnevebs erT-erT werilSi col-Svils: `kvereTi davkargeT, samagierod Cvens
gonjxevSi aRmoCnda mineraluri wyaro, romelic Semosavals mogvcems“. an
kidev, „miwis navTobiani nakveTi miviRe da axla saWiroa Sedges kompania da
daidgas WaburRilebi, magram mere ra iqneba, ar vici. sxvebi mdidrdebian,
milionerebi xdebian. magram me amis imedi ara maqvs: bazilevskebis codvebma
moSxama Cemi bednierebac“ (werilebi ...… 1966: 69).
didi mogeba ki ara, didi zaralis meti araferi unaxavs – ramdenimegzis
dagiravebuli miwebi, sasamarTloebSi gauTavebeli dava, gayiduli Tu da
dasakargad ganwiruli mamuli da qoneba: àrasodes sixaruli ar mRirsebia
da arc meRirseba! albaT, aseTia zecisagan dawyevlilTa xvedri. me aq var
avadmyofi, Tqven – iq. durandinebi aq arian. menaneba, rom mTeli qoneba gve-
kargeba“ (werilebi ...… 1966: 52). vin iyvnen es durandinebi da ras edavebodnen
akakis? rogorc am werilebidan irkveva, isini (col-qmari) aleqsis nacnobebi
iyvnen, savaraudod, msaxiobebi, dasis wevrebi, romlebsac aleqsim vali ver
gaustumra da akakis sxvitorSi Causaxldnen: ès erTi xania, erTi rusi, Cemi
Svilis nacnobi, Camidga saxlSi da veRar moviSore. „momwons aqaurobao!“
me ki aRar mkiTxavs!.. amis loliobas vundebi da veRara gamikeTebia ra!..“ –
wers akaki iakob gogebaSvils (wereTeli 1963:119). Aam durandinebis wyalobiT
akakis saxlSi aRar edgomeboda. gulsaklavia misi werilebi, romlebSic col-
Svils Tavisi unugeSo mdgomareobis Sesaxeb atyobinebs: `CemTvis am siberis
wlebSi ufro ioli asatani iqneboda sapyrobileSi vmjdariyavi, sakatorRo
samuSaoebze vyofiliyavi, vidre erTi dRe davrCeniliyavi masTan martod.
Aai, ratom aris, rom mec, moxuci da avadmyofi, gavrbivar saxlidan da, ro-
gorc purs, ise veZeb sxvebTan TavSesafars. guSin amovedi saCxereSi avad-
myofi, ZarRvebaSlili, rom aq damesvena, magram zeg isev unda gaviqce aqedan,
magram ar vici, sad da visTan? eh, yvelafris mowera SeuZlebelia. sjobs
gavCumde“ (werilebi ... 1966: 84).
amas isic daemata, rom 1901 wels aleqsis valad daedo viRac budas qa-
liSvilis seminariis xuTi wlis gadasaxadi. rogorc Cans, igi TavdebSi Cas-
59
dgomia qalis dedas saswavleblis direqciasTan, mas ki Tanxa ar gadauxdia
da aTi wlis Semdeg „aqaurma administraciam miiRo moweriloba – yvelafe-
ri mTlianad gadaaxdevineT aleqsi wereTels misi qonebidano. es mexi Tavze
dameca moulodnelad ise, rogorc yvela danarCeni siurprizic, rogorc,
magaliTad, poltorackis, stickeviCis da sxvaTa ambavi. me, Cveulebisamebr,
mdumared vitvirTe es mZime jvaric, da ar Tu vinmes vusayvedure, arc ki
mifiqria TqvenTvis mainc Semetyobinebina“ (werilebi ...… 1966: 67).
samwuxarod,A akakis vaJs, aleqsi wereTels, qarTuli sazogadoeba arc ma-
Sin icnobda kargad da arc axlaa Seswavlili misi moRvaweoba saTanadod.*
arada, aleqsi wereTeli sakmaod warmatebuli da cnobili antrepreniori
iyo, sxvadasxva dros xelmZRvanelobda operis dasebs xarkovSi, peterbur-
gsa da moskovSi. 1916 wlidan dedasTan erTad igi safrangeTSi gadasaxlda
sacxovreblad da aseTive warmatebiT moRvaweobda parizSi. xelmZRvanelob-
da `parizis rusuli operis~ dass, romlis speqtaklebi anSlagiT tardeboda
Sanzelinze. igi TanamSromlobda im droisaTvis cnobil iseT saopero mom-
RerlebTan, rogorebic iyvnen: bonaCiCi, figneri, Saliapini, lina kavalini da
sxv. Maleqsis xelmZRvanelobiT moewyo cnobili saopero momRerlis Teodor
Saliapinis pirveli gastrolebi amerikaSi; 1902 wels aleqsis saqarTveloSic
Camouyvania saopero dasi gastrolebze, rasac didi gamoxmaureba mohyolia.
piradi werilebidan isic irkveva, rom akaki Tavad cdilobda daxmareboda
aleqsis dass, rom gastrolebi baqosa da sxva qalaqebSic gaemarTa. maT
koncertebs didi warmateba hqonda, Tumca, sxvadasxva mizeziT, aleqsi xSi-
rad vardeboda valebSi da depeSiT mamas mimarTavda xolme daxmarebisTvis.
àseTi depeSis Semdeg Seiqneboda akakis SfoTva da wuxili, ase Zlierad sxva
araferi aSfoTebda. Cven yvelam vicodiT, rom erTi ubedureba datrialde-
boda. am dros erTaderTi gamosavli, ra Tqma unda, banki iyo. agiravebda Ta-
vis saxl-kars da mamuls~ (faRava 1960: 9). sagulisxo da gulisamaCuyebelia
erTi werili, romelSic akaki amxnevebs Svils: `Camodi CemTan da iyavi ise, sa-
nam yvela qaRalds ar gadavxedavT. icode, me ukeT movawesrigeb Sens saqme-
ebs, vidre ggonia. me gamocdili kaci var. mec amewewa mdgomareoba, roca 23
wlis viyavi; aravin momSvelebia. tyuil-ubralod 200 aTasi damedo valad,
magram mere martodmartom gamovaswore mdgomareoba. Sen ki gyavs mama, ro-
melic yvelaferSi dagexmareba. gkocni, Seni moyvaruli a k ak i“ (werilebi ...
1966: 54). manamde ki sTxovs, evedreba, xSirad mosweros werilebi. gulwrfe-
lad amayobs misi warmatebebiT, xvdeba, rom igi ufro didi masStabis moRva-
wea da mSvenivrad icis, rom saqarTveloSi misi kariera ver ganviTardeba,
magram, rogorc mamas, enaneba Svili am mZime da riskiani SromisTvis da exve-
weba, rom Tavi daanebos im wyeul xarkovs da Camovides saqarTveloSi, sadac
* bolo dros aleqsi wereTlis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo kvlevas awarmo-

ebs quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori gia
xoferia.
60
bevrad ufro kargad iqneba, radgan saqarTveloSi misnairi ganaTlebuli
adamiani sanTliT saZebaria. magaliTad mohyavs Tumanovi, romelmac ramdeni-
me ena icoda da ukve xuTasi Tumani dauniSnes. magram, miuxedavad yvelaf-
risa, verc aleqsim uRalata arCeul gzas, ver Seelia xelovnebis samsaxurs,
(axalgazrdobaSi akakimac xom uari Tqva Cinovnikobaze da muzis msaxureba
arCia); mamasaviT verc is gamodga moxerxebuli mewarme, xan visTan kargavda
marganecis sakuTari wiliT miRebul mogebas da xan visTan, is ki ara, aleqsis
1915 wlis werilebSi isic amovikiTxeT, rom durandini isev sZalavda fuls,
arada akakis ramdenime werilidan irkveva, rom misi vali gaistumres. mokled,
aleqsic, es qarTveli don kixotic, xSirad amaod ebrZoda qaris wisqvilebs,
qiraobda ZviradRirebul msaxiobebs, da arsebuli krizisis miuxedavad, ke-
Tilsindisierad uxdida maT xelfasebs; amitomac cnobili varskvlavebi mis
mowvevas siamovnebiT Tanxmdebodnen da warmatebiTac marTavdnen koncer-
tebs, msaxiobebisTvis italiaSi ukveTavda uZvirfases garderobs, rasac
xSirad Teatris Semosavali ver swvdeboda, amitomac valebSi vardeboda,
da ai, maSin ki saswrafod afrenda xolme depeSas mamasTan. „Svili peter-
burgidan mwers, momeSvele, Torem Tavs moviklavo“, – uTqvams erTxel
akakis eliaSvilisTvis, romelTanac baqoSi Casula, rom 2500 maneTi esesxa
manTaSevisgan. es is manTaSevia, navTobis magnati, akakis rom uTxra: `netavi,
batono akaki, an Sen iyo somexi poeti, an me – qarTveli, maSin uveqsilod
gamogataninebdi sesxso“. ise ki mainc daexmara, oRond Tavdebad inJineri
brailovski, arCil jorjaZe da ivane eliaSvili daudgnen. akakis 1000 maneTi
maleve gaustumrebia, darCenili vali ki, 1500 maneTi, anderZSi Seutania.
samwuxarod, akakis arcTu iSviaTad uwevda Svilisa da ganebivrebuli, aris-
tokratul cxovrebas miCveuli colis daxmareba da maTi mgzavrobis dafi-
nansebac: `moiTmineT kidev erTi Tve da RvTis SewevniT yvelaferi mowes-
rigdeba. TbilisSi Camoveli guSin saRamos da dResve mival baTumSi, foTSi,
xonSi da sxvagan, rom leqciebi wavikiTxo da fulic mogawodoT. magram, RvTis
gulisaTvis, aucileblad CamodiT! „... „axla Camovedi TbilisSi da aRdgomis
meore dResve unda mivaSuro imereTs, rom Tqveni samgzavro fuli Sevagro-
vo. roca am fuls miiRebT, RvTis gulisaTvis, wamodiT, me ukve Zalian cu-
dad var“ (werilebi ... 1966:107). da ai, kidev erTi „imediani“ werilic: „Cemo
Zvirfasebo! gigzavniT ukanasknel 200 maneTs gamosamgzavreblad. 20 ap-
rilze adre nu wamoxvalT. axla mivdivar saCxeres, sadac gardaqmnis mizniT,
generaluri wmenda mimdinareobs“ (iqve 1966:105).
mTeli cxovreba ise gaatara, ojaxis siTbos natrobda. gavixsenoT misi
cnobili sityvebi: „coli myavs – ara myavs, saxli maqvs – ara maqvs, pencia
maqvs – ara maqvs“. ase usaxlkaro, ucolSvilo da upensio, mudmivad jaxirSi
myofi, dadioda qalaqidan qalaqSi, sastumrodan sastumroSi, roca amis
saSualeba iyo, Torem erT werilSi daTa bagrations SesCivis: `sastumroSi
61
krediti amomewura, kerZod aRaravis vundebvar da zafxuli mainc iyos, sadme
baRSi skamze movikrunCxebodio“ (wereTeli 2010: 274). dadioda panaSvididan
panaSvidze, sasamarTlodan sasamarTloSi, Teatridan TeatrSi, ar aklde-
boda arc erT RonisZiebas, arc erT saxalxo krebas, arc erT literatu-
rul saRamos, literaturul wres, saTavadaznauro Tu sabanko krebebsa da
`kenWobias~. dadioda xan ubralo mwiriviT, xan zevsiviT; iyo xan imereTSi,
xan – muxianSi, xan – gorSi, xanac – foTSi, baTumSi, TelavSi, yvarelSi, qu-
TaisSi, zugdidSi, WiaTuraSi, baqoSi, stambolSi Sexvedrac ki mouwyves
qarTvelebma, parizSi mimavals. Msxvadasxva dros araerTxel imyofeboda
moskovSi, peterburgSi, odesaSi, xarkovSi, orjer iyo samkurnalod parizsa
da JenevaSi, arafers akldeboda, yvelas pasuxobda, misi Cangi ki im drosac
JRerda da polemistis mware kalami mtris guls isev isariviT esoboda;
„akakis Tviur krebulsac“ gamoscemda, erTi dRe-Rame cixeSi jdomac moas-
wro (gazeT „xumaras“ karikaturis gamo), sicocxlis bolos sakuTar na-
werebsac upatrona, SemoqmedebiTad gadaakeTa da ise gamoacemina sosiko
merkvilaZes. cenzuris mier akrZaluli Svidi strofic ar daaviwyda leqsSi
„bodva“ da isic dautova STamomavlobas, `Txzulebanis“ (1893 w.) sxvisTvis
naCuqar calSi, sakuTari xeliT Cawerili (kvaWantiraZe 2001). mokled, yve-
laferi moaswro. arada, Tavmdablurad ambobda: „saxuroTmoZRvrod ar
momicliao“ ...
75 weli icxovra, yvelaferi moaswro – poetobac, mwerlobac, publi-
cistobac, dramaturgobac, igavebsac Txzavda, Targmnida, reJisorobda,
redaqtorobda, oratorobda... moRvaweobda uangarod da Tavdauzogavad.
mewarmeobda, magram fuli arasodes hqonda. diax, TiTqos yvelafers moes-
wro, erTi ram ki auxdenel natvrad darCa: `mTeli Cemi swrafva da mizani
is aris, rom siberis wlebSi mainc ganvaxorcielo Cemi ideali: vicxovro
Cems ojaxSi, aRtacebas veZleode Cemi idealuri nataSaTi, vgrZnobde Tavs
liolias axlo, vxarobde misi sixaruliT“ (werilebi..1966: 114).
1914 wlis noembris civ dReebSi sastumros gayinul oTaxSi TiTqmis mSi-
eri dRe da Rame werda ukanasknel poema òms“. fuli veRarsad iSova da es
imediRa hqonda, iqneb poema romelime gamomcemels eyida! Ooh, ras waadge-
boda aleqsis valebs es honorari?! ... magram siyvaruli xom brmaa, gansakuT-
rebiT mSoblis siyvaruli da ase mokrunCxuli naxa kote abduSeliSvilma
quTaisis civ sastumroSi, motyuebiT waiyvana sxvitorSi, fuls iq ufro
viSoviTo. isic wahyva da amjerad mainc ar motyuvda. marTalia, fuli ver
iSova, magram ... sakuTar saxlSi, sakuTar sawolSi, ruseTidan sagangebod
Camosuli Svilis xelSi mainc dalia suli...
62
damowmebani:
gaboZe 2017: gaboZe j. „akaki wereTeli qarTuli samTamadno mrewvelobis pioneri“.

saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnali inteleqtuali , №34, Tbilisi: 2017.
kvaWantiraZe 2001: kvaWantiraZe T. „yofila, dRes veRr aris, magram iqneba cxadia“. gaz.
„literaturuli saqarTvelo“, 9 marti, 2001.
principebi ... 1964: Принципы издания эристолярных текстов. Москва: 1964.
sanaZe 2006: sanaZe l. „epistoluri memkvidreobis gamosacemad momzadeba“. kr. qarTuli
teqstologia. saq. mecniereaTa akademia SoTa rusTvelis qarTuli literaturis insti-
tuti. Tbilisi: 2006.
faRava 1960: faRava d. oTxi weli akakisTan. Jurn. mnaTobi, №9, 1960.
werilebi 1966: akaki wereTeli werilebi col-SilTan, besarion JRentis redaqciiT.
Tbilisi: 1966.
wereTeli 2010: akaki wereTeli. saarqivo gamocema. wigni meore. Tbilisi: literaturis
muzeumi, 2010.
wereTeli 1963: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet tomad, t. XV. Tbilisi:
1963.
Julieta Gabodze
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
“All my life is a struggle and pain”

(According to Akaki Tsereteli’s personal correspondence)
Summary
Key words: personal letters, Akaki Treseteli, academic publishing, biography.
There are 450 personal letters in Akaki Treseteli’s new academic publishing of twenty
volumes. To arrange these volumes chronologically enables us to restore real picture of that
epoch. Akaki keeps in touch the addressees regarding to the various public or private events.
These letters will help the reader to see Akaki’s face panoramically. It is already possible to create
Akaki Tsereteli’s creative and so called ‘spiritual’ biography. The biography, where we can see
Akaki perfectly as a poet, an amazing writer and a peerless polemist, dramaturge and theatre
director, incomparable orator, mourner of every dead person and master of epitaphs, sworn orator
of graveyards, excellent lecturer and desired participants of all public events. From these letters,
we will be informed that he was very active and many-sided “businessman” (although he had
never got any profit). Via these letters, readers will know much about Akaki – as a thoughtful
husband and desperate father.
63
XX saukunis mwerloba
konstantine bregaZeG
stalinizmis dekonstruqcia da antirusul-antikoloniuri

diskursi guram rCeuliSvilis novelaSi
`skolidan gamovardnili bavSvebi~*
Sesavlis magier
novelaSi (daiwera 1956 wels, xolo pirvelad daibeWda 1989 wels `lite-
raturuli saqarTvelos~ 26 maisis nomerSi) guram rCeuliSvilma ganzrax
SearCia eqspresionistuli stili da es mxolod asaxvis obieqtiT – 1956 wlis
martis Tbilisuri antisabWoTa demonstraciebiTa da mitingebiT an im mo-
mentisaTvis CvenSi ukve moduri kinostiliT – ar iyo STagonebuli. nove-
lis eqspresionistuli stili, rogorc erT-erTi modernistuli stili,
impliciturad upirispirdeba stalinisturi totalitaruli reJimis ide-
ologiisa da sabWoTa socrealisturi esTetikis diqtats, vinaidan swored
modernizmis esTetika da msoflmxedveloba wamoswevs win pirovnebas, mis
individualizms, ukuagdebs mimezisis principebs, iswrafvis formaluri eq-
sperimentebisa da mkveTrad individualuri stilisaken, riTac modernizmi
imTaviTve ukuagdebs sabWoTa koleqtivizmsa da fiurerizms. amitomac iyo,
rom modernistuli esTetika da msoflmxedveloba, rogorc antisabWoTa
gamovlineba, imTaviTve uaryves sabWoTa kavSirSi, socrealizmis saxiT brZo-
la gamoucxades mas da sabolood akrZales 1932 wlis ssrk-is komunisturi
partiis centraluri komitetis cnobili dadgenilebiT `literaturul-
mxatvruli organizaciebis gardaqmnis Sesaxeb~. imave wels mowveulma qar-
Tvel sabWoTa mweralTa kavSirma mxari dauWira am dadgenilebas (gafrindaS-
vili ... 2010: 44). sainteresoa, rom germaniaSi 1933 wels xelisuflebaSi mo-
sulma nacistebma brZola gamoucxades modernistul da avangardistul
xelovnebasa da mwerlobas da Semdgom oficialurad akrZales kidec (fen-
dersi 2010: 273-274).
* naSromi Sesrulebulia SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis mier dafi-

nansebuli sagranto proeqtis – `stalinis saxis ideologema da miTologema qarTul
sabWoTa da emigrantul literaturaSi~ – xelSekruleba # DI-2016-47-is farglebSi.
64
eqspresionistuli stilis SerCeviT g. rCeuliSvilma, erTi mxriv, gana-
cxada, rom qarTuli modernizmis (daaxl. 1915-1932), qarTuli modernis-
tuli prozis poetikis Sewyvetil tradicias agrZelebs, meore mxriv, xazi
gausva am tradiciis reaqtualizaciis aucileblobas, vinaidan swored es
stili Seesatyviseboda 50-ian wlebSi gamosuli qarTveli axalgazrdobis
sulier moTxovnilebebs A(amiT g. rCeuliSvili qarTul prozaSi safuZvels
uyris e. w axal subieqturobas); Dda mesamec: es stili misTvis aRmoCnda
yvelaze efeqturi meTodi totalitaruli ideologiis dekonstruqciisa
da novelis teqstSi antistalinuri, antisabWoTa diskursis efeqturi
ganviTarebisaTvis.
***
g. rCeuliSvilis SemoqmedebaSi Tavisi antistalinuri, antisabWoTa
da antikoloniuri diskursiT mkveTrad gamoirCeva novela `skolidan
gamovardnili bavSvebi~, romelic 1956 wlis 9 martis cnobil ambebs eZRvneba
da am tragikuli movleniTaa STagonebuli. magram novelaSi mTavaria ara
sakuTriv sabWoTa jarebis mier qarTvelTa saprotesto demonstraciis
sisxliani darbevis mxatvruli asaxva (rac sakmaod STambeWdavadaa moce-
muli), aramed am movlenis fonze saqarTvelos da qarTveli eris zogadi
tragikuli mdgomareobis warmoCena, rac gamowveulia qarTveli eris im mo-
mentisaTvis 150 wliani koloniuri mdgomareobiT (Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT
novelis Seqmnis TariRs – 1956 weli). aqve saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom novela araa
Seqmnili uSualod 9 martis movlenebis cxel kvalze, mZafr emociur fonze
(aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavad g. rCeuliSvili am saprotesto demonstraciebis
monawile iyo), aramed am movlenebidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, 1956 wlis
Semodgomaze da, amdenad, rCeuliSvilis es novela aris TbilisSi 9 marts
demonstraciis darbeviT inspirirebuli ara uSualo afeqturi teqsti-
reaqcia Tavad am saprotesto movlenebze, aramed qarTvelTa koloniuri
yofis da sabWoTa totalitaruli sistemis antiadamianuri bunebis cno-
bieri gaazrebis, warmoCenisa da mxilebis mxatvrul-literaturuli cda.
Tumca am konkretul istoriul fonze, Cemi azriT, ikveTeba kidev ufro
globaluri problematikac, sadac unda amovikiTxoT g. rCeuliSvilise-
uli àntiistorizmi~ an `skeptikuri istorizmi~: kerZod, mis mier nove-
laSi gancdili msoflio istoriuli procesis ateleologiuri buneba
(antihegelianuri nakadi) da novelaSive wamoWrili qarTveli eris uper-
speqtivobis sakiTxi òbieqturi goniT~ arwarmarTuli istoriuli proce-
sis farglebSi. g. rCeuliSvilis àntiistorizmi~, amavdroulad, antisabWo-
Ta bunebisacaa, vinaidan igi safuZvels aclis e. w. dialeqtikur materi-
alizms istoriuli procesis gagebaSi, riTac uaryofilia istoriis aRma-
vali xaziT saboloo miznisaken – komunizmisaken – svla.
65
amitom sruliad logikurad meCveneba avtoris Janrobrivi, stilisturi
da naratiuli arCevani: erTi mxriv, novelis Janri da mkveTrad gamoxatu-
li eqspresionistuli stili (parataqsuloba, frazis simkveTre, sintaqsis
elifsuroba, intensivoba da kompaqturoba), meore mxriv, aseve eqspresio-
nistuli literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kadrirebisa da montaJis prin-
cipiT Txrobis ageba (e. w. kinostili), rac, vfiqrob, sruliad adekvaturia
arCeuli Tematikisa da problematikis gadmosacmad.
aqve SevniSnav, rom g. rCeuliSvilis es novela swored am eqspresionis-
tuli poetikuri maxasiaTeblebiTac gamoirCeva mTeli misi upiratesad re-
alisturi poetikiT agebuli Semoqmedebisagan (Tu, neorealisturi Semoq-
medebisagan, rogorc am bolo periodSia damkvidrebuli qarTul kritikasa
Tu litmcodneobaSi meore msoflio omis Semdgomi qarTuli literatu-
ruli prozis, da maT Soris rCeuliSvilis prozis, poetikuri Tavisebure-
bebis dasaxasiaTeblad, Sdr. – ratiani www...).* Tumca, Cemi azriT, rCeuliS-
vilisa da meoce saukunis meore naxevris (daaxl. 1960-1990) qarTuli pro-
zis specifikis aRsaniSnavad da dasaxasiaTeblad upriania termini axali
subieqturoba.
rogorc cnobilia, novela aris iseTi tipis mcire prozauli Janri, ro-
melic asaxavs da gaacxadebs èrTjerad~, jeraryofil, jerargagonil, nam-
dvil da, amavdroulad, axal movlenas (mivaqcioT yuradReba Tavad termin
novelis etimologias – laT. novus, novellus, (àxali~) (mecleri...…2007: 547; aus-
ti 2006: 19). amdenad, novelis Janri TavisTavSi atarebs adamianuri egzis-
tenciisa da yofierebis jerarnaxuli plastebis `gaxsnisa~ da ganvrcobis
unars. novelis es Tavisebureba ki avtors aniWebs SesaZleblobas, rom man
am Janris farglebSi gadmosces raRac grandiozuli samyarouli egzisten-
cialuri da, amavdroulad, tragikuli movlena an calke adamianis, an Tavad
eris cxovrebidan.**
xolo eqspresionistuli stili da naracia, rasac sruliad mizanmi-
marTulad iyenebs g. rCeuliSvili, aseve emsaxureba raRac axali kosmiuri
egzistencialuri viTarebis, misi erTaderTobisa da ganumeoreblobis
srulyofil verbalur warmoCenas, rac jer kidev germanul eqspresioniz-
* Sdr.: `moniSnul periodSi (e. i. me-20 saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi – k. b.) daufaravad
izrdeba zegavlena dasavluri literaturuli tendenciebisa, romlebic hemingue-
iseuli TemebiTa da Tamami neorealisturi eqsperimentebiT iWreba sabWoTa qveynebis
teritoriebze da Tan moiyolebs romantikul ocnebebs megobrobaze, gulaxdilo-
baze, urTierTobebis sifaqizeze, da esoden nanatr Tavisuflebazec ki! am axali li-
teraturuli talRis Rirseul warmomadgenlebad 50-iani wlebis miwurulis qarTul
prozaSi davasaxelebT guram rCeuliSvilsa da erlom axvledians~ (ratiani www…).
** Anovelis klasikuri ganmarteba jer kidev i. v. goeTem gadmosca ekermanTan saubarSi
(29. I. 1827) da novelis Janris miseuli definicia dRemde ganmsazRvrelia da ZalaSia
rogorc Tavad am prozauli Janris TeoriaSi, ise Tavad novelistikis sferoSi – no-
vela, rogorc `jerarsmenili movlena/ambavi~ (“eine sich ereignete unerhörte Begebenheit”)
(mecleri... 2007: 548).
66
mSia kargad gansazRvruli, sadac xazi esmeba eqspresionistuli stilis
Tavisebur cxovelmyofelobas, rac gulisxmobs eqspresionistuli poetu-
ri metyvelebiTa da naraciiT Tavad samyaros dafaruli siRrmeebis, pir-
velsawyisiseuli fenomenebis wvdomas, `gaxsnasa~ da cxovelmyofel gan-
cdevinebas, rac apriorulad gulisxmobs teqstSi mocemuli, TiTqosda,
konkretuli yofiTi ambis globalur, kosmiur movlenad dafuZnebasa da
swored aseTad mkiTxvelis mier aRqmas. eqspresionistuli stilis es Tavi-
seburebani kargadaa gadmocemuli cnobili germaneli eqspresionisti li-
rikosisa da novelistis g. benis (1886-1956) esseSi `SemoqmedebiTi aRsareba~
(“Schöpferische Konfession”) [1919]: `dapirispireba erTaderTi problemisadmi:
es aris samxreTuli sityvis problema (“das Problem des südlichen Wortes”). mis
daZlevas me Sevecade Cems novelaSi `dabadebis dRe“, ciklidan `tvinebi~;
iq me davwere: `mas warmoudga/warmouCnda zeTis xilis xe~ (“da geschah ihm die
Olive”), da ara – `mis winaSe aRmarTuliyo/idga zeTis xilis xe~ (“da stand vor
ihm die Olive”), an `man mzera esrola zeTis xilis xes~ (“da fiel sein Blick auf die
Olive”). amgvarad, `mas warmoudga/warmouCnda zeTis xilis xe~ da winadadebis
swored es wyoba/wyeba erTbaSad acocxlebs da TavisTavSi moicavs zeTis
xilis vercxlisfer nayofs, zeTis xilis xeTa garindul tyeebs, zeTis xilis
mosavalis aRebasa da misi dabinavebis zeims~ (g. benis citatis Targmani
statiis avtoris ekuTvnis – k. b.) (Teoria... 2007: 193).
amgvarad, g. beni `samxreTul sityvaSi~ gulisxmobs zedmeti metafori-
kiT gajerebul poetur metyvelebas, rac ase damaxasiaTebeli iyo impresi-
onizmisa da simbolizmisaTvis da miuRebeli eqspresionizmisaTvis. magram
aq mTavari es ar aris, mTavaria, eqspresionistuli Txzvis meTodi – frazis,
an mTeli winadadebis ise ageba/ganfena, rom konkretuli sagani an movlena
imTaviTve Seicavdes abstragirebisa da ganzogadebis unars. am procesSi ki
cxovelmyofel unda gamovlindes sagnis, an mTeli yofierebis metafizi-
kuri pirvelsawyisebi, egzistensisa da egzistenciis miTosuroba. A
g. rCeuliSvilis mier novelaSi gamoyenebuli eqspresionistuli po-
eturi metyvelebisa da eqspresionistuli naraciis mxatvruli funqciaa,
erTi mxriv, qarTveli eris egzistencialuri problematikisa da, meore
mxriv, samyarouli, kosmiuri tragikuli dehumanizebuli viTarebis, zo-
gadaadamianuri, sakacobrio tragikuli zRvriseuli paraboluri viTare-
bis gaintensiveba da gacxadeba. amitomac, novelaSi mocemuli yoveli kon-
kretuli semiotikuri aRmniSvneli fuZndeba ara rogorc konkretuli
istoriuli Tu yofiTi movlena/faqti, aramed rogorc ganmazogadebeli,
abstragirebuli semiotikuri kodi, rac, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, aseve eqs-
presionistuli poetikidan iRebs saTaves, rodesac teqstSi mocemuli
TiTqosda konkretuli yofiTi ambavi an epizodi, amavdroulad globaluri
da abstragirebuli konotaciebis matarebli toposia: Sdr., novelaSi gan-
viTarebuli diqotomiebi – rusuli valsi/rusuli CastuSka vs. qrTuli xal-
67
xuri simRera (`qarTvelo xeli xmals ikar~), an rusuli tanki vs. qarTveli
bavSvi da a. S. es ormagoba, anu konkretulis zogadoba Tu abstragirebu-
loba, eqspresionistuli mxatvruli teqstis yvela sibrtyeze vlindeba –
leqsikur, sintagmatur da semantikur sibrtyeebze da es yvelaferi aseve
gamovlenilia Tavad rCeuliSvilis novelaSic.
Tavisi abstragirebulobiT leqsikur doneze yuradRebas ipyrobs no-
velis Semdegi leqsikuri erTeulebi, frazebi da sintagmebi:
moartyes!
mokles!!!
......................
gvxocaven!
gvesvrian!!
gvJleten!!! (rCeuliSvili www...).
am epizodSi aRniSnuli leqsikuri erTeulebi, romlebic, amavdroulad,

sintagmatur funqciasac asruleben, mxolod konkretuli dramatuli si-
tuaciis (demonstraciis darbeva) aRmniSvnelni ki ar arian, aramed maT
imTaviTve ganmazogadebeli datvirTva akisriaT: moxmobili leqsikuri
erTeulebi aRniSnaven warsulsa da mocemul istoriul viTarebaSi qar-
TvelTa zogadkoloniur tragikul viTarebas rusuli mpyrobelobis xel-
Si. xolo momavlic aseve determinebulia sruli politikuri, socialuri,
kulturuli da, gnebavT, egzistencialuri uperspeqtivobiTa da amaoebiT,
sruli gaqrobiT – `gvxocaven! gvesvrian!! gvJleten!!!~.
novelaSi aseve ganzogadebuli datvirTva eniWeba konkretul socialur
problematikasa (qveyanaSi sursaT-produqtebisa da teqstilis nawarmis
deficiti) da adamianTa anatomiur naklze miniSnebas da aqve cxadi xdeba,
rom es konkretuli socialuri problematika Tu adamianTa (demonstran-
tTa) konkretuli fizikuri nakli maniSnebelia sabWoTa totalitaruli
saxelmwifos dehumanizebuli bunebis, romlis farglebSic adamians arana-
iri Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia, xolo xalxi aris masa, gamwevi Zala, romelic
ewireba totalitarizmis Zalauflebis `brma~ nebas. aqve dekonstruire-
bulia stalinis reJimidan moyolebuli sabWoTa miTi sabWoTa moqalaqis
sruli socialuri keTildReobisa da uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb:
`quCis kuTxeSi uzarmazari jeri idga Saqarze.
– ramdeni welia Saqari ara yofila, – ambobda erTi qali.
Culqi ara maqvs, – ambobda meore. [...]
tribunidan viRac moWril xels aCvenebda, mere fexi awia da Ziravardnili
fexsacmeli gamoaCina.
meorem yavarjeni SeaTamaSa da dafleTili qudi maRla aisrola~
(rCeuliSvili www...).
68
naraciisas gamoyenebuli montaJis teqnikisa da kadrirebis principis
safuZvelze ki novelis TiToeul scenaSi (`kadrSi~) moqceuli epizodi da
mxatvruli saxe imTaviTve iZens ikonur Tvisebas da vlindeba Tavisi abs-
tragirebuli saxiT, vinaidan kadrirebis procesSi avtori fokusirebs blow
up-is principiT, anu gvTavazobs obieqtis gadidebul kadrs. aseTi ikonu-
ri markerebia bavSvis/mowafis da xalxis metafora, aseve totalitarizmis
simboloebi – tankebi, avtomatebi da tyviamfrqvevebi, sabWoTa varskvlavi
da nacisturi svastika, TiToeuli maTgani imTaviTve Seicavs saxismetyve-
lebiT konotaciebs.Anovelis TiToeuli scenis fokusirebisas ki iqve erTve-
ba montaJis principic, rac xels uwyobs TiToeuli saxis mkveTr monac-
vleobas, urTierTdapirispirebas (antiTeturobis principi), daWimulobas,
rac, saboloo jamSi, aseve uzrunvelyofs maT ikonurobas:
ukana rigebi Seirya, mere winas miawyda.

– t. t. t. t. t. t. !
– tt t tt!!
– t t t t t t t!!!
– tyuilia, xalxs rogor esvrian!
– tyuilia!!
– tyuilia!!!
ukana miawyda winas. Rame iyo.
t. t. t.! tankebi!
t. t. t.!! tankebi!!
t. t. t.!!! tankebi!!!
– isvrian! xalxi airia.
– isvrian!! xalxi axrialda.
– isvrian!!! xmaurisagan xamuri aRar ismoda.
– damWres! patarebi tankebs axtebodnen.
– moartyes!!
– mokles!!!
mowafem carci daaZro jibidan da svastika daaxata muxluxas.
t. t. t.!!!
carci xelidan gauvarda.
tankidan usulod gadmovarda.
xalxi midioda tankebze.
xalxi garboda.
xalxi ibrZoda, riTac SeeZlo (rCeuliSvili www...).
aSkaraa, rom TiToeuli winadadeba isea agebuli, TiTqos kinokadri

yofiliyos, xolo sintagmaturi ganfena da Tanmimdevroba aSkarad sxva-
dasxva, urTierTdapirispirebuli kadrebis monacvleobas mogvagonebs.
msgavsi efeqti ki, cxadia, miRweulia Tavad winadadebebis elifsuribiT da
69
kompaqturobiT, leqsikur erTeulTa arametaforulobiTa da montaJis
teqnikiT. saboloo jamSi, konkretul scenas ekargeba Tavisi konkretuloba
da viRebT parabolur da abstragirebul viTarebas.
da Tu novelaSi mocemul istoriul-politikur realiebsa da sap-
rotesto demonstraciaze gamosuli qarTvelebis ganwyobilebasac mivaq-
cevT yuradRebas, g. rCeuliSvili zustad gamokveTs am realiebisa da
xalxis ganwyobis specifikas: kerZod imas, rom, saboloo jamSi, 9 martis
gamosvlebi arsiT sabWoTa paTosis Semcveli prostalinuri movlena ki ar
iyo, aramed eris koleqtiuri aracnobieridan wamosuli antikoloniuri
da erovnuli Rirsebis dasacavad gamoxatuli protesti, romelic Sem-
dgom marTlac gadaizarda antisabWoTa ganwyobasa da saqarTvelos gaTavi-
suflebis moTxovnaSi, romlis fonzec am saprotesto demonstraciam im-
TaviTve dakarga prostalinuri diskursi. es yovelive realuri faqtic
iyo, rac Tavad novelaSi transformirda rogorc mwerliseuli dakvir-
veba. ra gvaZlevs amis Tqmis safuZvels? Tavad teqsti da misi leqsikur-
verbaluri markerebi da diqotomiebi:
– lenin-stalin! – jer ahyvnen, mere mxedrulis xmebSi CainTqa.

– qarTvelo xeli xmals ikaro!
– qarTvelo!!
– qarTvelo!!!
.....................................................................
– gaumarjos damoukidebel saqarTvelos!
– saqarTvelos!!
– saqarTvelos!!! (rCeuliSvili www...).
aq sruliad aSkaraa, rom Tuki qarTvelTa protesti Tavidan prostali-

nur ganwyobas marTlac Seicavda (rac aseve kargad aris SeniSnuli nove-
lis dasawyisSi), movlenaTa msvlelobisas Semdgom gadaizrdeba sakuTriv
antistalinur, antisabWoTa da antikoloniur diskursSi, rac, vimeoreb,
zustadaa SeniSnuli Tavad novelis avtoris mier. Sesabamisad, leninistur-
stalinistur sabWoTa lozungebs (`lenin-stalin~) ukve enacvleba wmindad
nacionaluri parolebi – `saqarTvelo~, `qarTvelo~.
novelaSi antistalinuri da antisabWoTa diskursi aseve ganviTarebu-
lia bavSvebis, moswavleebis konkretul qcevaSi, rasac abstragirebuli Si-
naarsi aqvs – kerZod, mxedvelobaSi maqvs bavSvebis skolidan gamovardna.
siuJeturad es sruliad bunebrivi qcevaa, rodesac garSemo xmaursa da
aJiotaJze bavSvebi instinqturad reagireben da Senobidan gareT garbian
seirisa Tu sanaxaobis sacqerlad. magram Tuki gaviTvaliswinebTY g. rCe-
uliSvilis teqstis èqspresionistulobas~, bavSvebis es konkretuli qce-
va abstragirebul da ikonur konotaciebs Seicavs: kerZod, am gamovardniT
miniSnebulia, rom qarTveli momavali Taoba uTuod dastovebs sabWoTa
70
ideologiur aRmzrdelobiT institucias, sabWoTa skolas, sabWoTa ga-
naTlebis sistemas da cnobierebas gaiTavisuflebs am skolis farglebSi
Zaladobrivad miRebuli leninur-stalinuri sabWoTa `ganaTlebisagan~.
gamovardna es aris bavSvebis saprotesto qceva mimarTuli sabWoTa ide-
ologizebuli aRmzrdelobiTi sistemisAmimarT. am qcevaSi gacxadda Tavad
avtoriseuli poziciac, rom momavali Taoba ar miiRebs an momavalma Taobam
ar unda miiRos leninur-stalinuri sabWoTa aRzrda-ganaTleba.
amgvarad, novelaSi, erTi mxriv, sruliad aSkaraa avtoriseuli anti-
stalinuri, antikoloniuri da antirusuli intencia, magram, meore mxriv,
rac umTavresia, swored novelis finalSi vlindeba g. rCeuliSvilis Tavi-
seburi àntiistorizmic~, anu, misi Rrmad skeptikuri da nihilisturi da-
mokidebuleba Tavad istoriuli procesis teleologiurobisa da am pro-
cesis obieqturi gonis safuZvelze warmarTulobisadmi: rusis/sabWoTa
tankis mier qarTveli bavSvebis/skolis moswavleebis (Sdr., bavSvi – pir-
velsawyisis, sicocxlis, momavlis, RvTiuri sawyisis, paradizuli yofis
simbolo, mecleri ...… 2008: 180) da, zogadad, xalxis Jleta (xalxis, romelmac
wesiT unda ganaviTaros istoriuli procesis teleologiuroba da isto-
riis finalSi eziaros da ganicados eTikuri netareba samarTlebrivi sa-
xelmwifos farglebSi, Sdr., Sileris paTetikuri mowodeba kacobriobi-
sadmi – `gadaexvieT milionebo~/“Seid umschlungen Millionen” misi cnobili
leqsidan òda sixarulisadmi~/“An die Freude”), swored is ikonuri markerebia,
romliTac aRniSnulia sakacobrio istoriis msvlelobaSi, ufro zustad,
istoriis wrebrunvaSi (nicSe) globaluri politikuri Zalauflebis/Za-
ladobis /Zalmomreobis nebis aprioruli da usasrulo, maradganmeorebadi
dominireba, romlis metaforacaa rusuli/sabWoTa tanki.*
damowmebani:
austi 2006: Aust, H. Novelle, 4. Aufl., Metzler Verlag: Stuttgart: 2006.

gafrindaSvili ... 2010: gafrindaSvili, n, miresaSvili, m, wereTeli, n. socialisturi
realizmis Teoriuli istoria, wigni II. socialisturi realizmis ganviTarebis etapebi
saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi: `nekeri~, 2010.
Teoria... 2007: Theorie des Expressionismus. hrsg. von Otto F. Best, Reclam: Stuttgart: 2007.
mecleri ... 2007: Metzelr Lexikon Literatur. Stuttgart: 2007.
mecleri ... 2008: Metzler Lexikon literarischer Symbole. Stuttgart: 2008.
* `tanki ki daiZra. winidan bavSvebi morbodnen. [...] gamoCnda uzarmazari muxluxa, nela
mTeli xalxi dafara, nelave gaqra misi borblebi. misken gaqanebuli xalxi mxolod pa-
tara svastikas da gverdiT mixatul didi varskvlavs xedavda.
– b-b-bum, – daigrgvina tankma, xalxi gaqra, Sewyda xarxari.
gaisma rusuli valsis xmebi, sadRac patefonze CastuSkebs ukravdnen~ (rCeuliSvi-
li www...).
71
ratiani www…: ratiani, i. Tanamedrove qarTuli literaturuli procesi; int.-
misamarTi: http://armuri.4forum.biz/t777-topic-Mar07-2012-2:24pm
rCeuliSvili www...: rCeuliSvili, g. skolidan gamovardnili bavSvebi. int.-misamarTi:
http://litklubi.ge/biblioteka/view-nawarmoebi.php?id=8944
fendersi 2010: Fähnders, W. Avantgarde und Moderne 1890-1933. 2. Aufl., Metzler Verlag: Stuttgart/
Weimar: 2010.
Konstantine Bregadze
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
The Deconstruction of Stalinism and Anti-Russian/Anti-colonial Discourse in

Guram Rcheulishvili’s Novella “Children who Dropped out of School”
Summary
Key words: Stalinizm, Anti-Russian discourse, Anti-colonial discourse, Guram Rcheulishvili.
In the Novella (written in 1956, first published in 1989 in the May 26 issue of “Literary
Georgia”) Guram Rcheulishvili deliberately chose an expressionistic style, and it was not merely
inspired by the object of reflection - the anti-Soviet demonstrations and rallies of March 1956 or
the cinematic style that was quite fashionable at that time. The expressionist style of the novella,
as that of the modernist work, implicitly contradicts the dictates of Stalinist totalitarian regime and
the dictatorship of the Soviet socialist aesthetics, since it is precisely the aesthetics and outlook of
modernism that drives the individual, his/her personality, throws back the principles of mimesis,
strives towards formal experiments and direct individual style, by which Modernism contradicts
soviet collectivism and dictatorship. That is why the modernist aesthetics and outlook, as an anti-
Soviet manifestation, were rejected in the Soviet Union; a social-realist war on modernism was
declared, and eventually banned by the famous 1932 Communist Party Central Committee decree
on the “transformation of literary-artistic organizations.” The Union of Georgian Soviet Writers
invited in the same year supported this resolution (Gaprindashvili ... 2010: 44). Interestingly, the
Nazis who came to power in Germany in 1933 declared war on modernist and avant-garde art and
writing and officially banned it thereafter (Fähnders 2010: 273-274).
Through the selection of an Expressionist style Guram Rcheulishvili, on the one hand,
stated that he continued the “discontinued” tradition of Georgian modernism (ca. 1915-1932),
on the other hand, emphasized the need to re-actualize this tradition because it was exactly the
style that fitted the spiritual needs of Georgian youth in the 1950s. By this G. Rcheulishvili
laid the foundation for the so-called new subjectivity in Georgian Prose); and thirdly: This style
proved to be the most efficient methods for deconstructing totalitarian ideology and the effective
development of anti-Stalinist, anti-Soviet discourse in the text of the novella.
72
In G. Rcheulishvili’s work the most antisocial, anti-Soviet and anti-colonial discourse can
be traced in the Novella Children who dropped out of school dedicated to the famous events of
March 9, 1956 and inspired by this tragic event. But the novella, the main thing is not the artistic
reflection of the bloodshed caused by the Soviet troops against the Georgians protest (which
is given in quite an impressive way), but this event is generalized in the light of the Georgian
national tragedy, caused by the 150 years of colonial conditions (given the creation date of the
Novella - 1956). It should also be noted that the novella was not created impulsively on during
March 9 events, with a strong emotional background (it should be noted that G. Rcheulishvili
himself was a participant in these demonstrations), but a few months after these events, autumn of
1956, and thus Rcheulishvili’s novella is not an immediate affair inspired by the demonstration in
Tbilisi on March 9, or as a text-reaction to this protest events, but a well-thought out text about the
colonial way of life and the nature of the Soviet totalitarian system, the anti-human understanding
and its artistic expression. However, thorough this particular historical context, in my opinion,
more global problems emerge, with Guram Rcheulishvili’s views on anti-historicism and
skeptical historicism: namely, the a theological nature of the world historical process experienced
by him in the novella (the anti-Hegelian approach) and the question of the no perspectives for
the Georgian nation in the novella within the «objective mind» of an unproven historical process.
G. Rcheulishvili’s anti-historicism is at the same time anti-Soviet in its nature, as it destroys
the basis of so-called Dialectical materialism in understanding the historical process, thereby
rejecting the ascending line of history towards the ultimate goal of communism.
Therefore, the author’s genre-based, stylistic, and narrative choices seem quite logical: on
the one hand, novella as a genre and a strongly expressed expressionist style (parataxis, phrase
sharpness, ellipsis, intensity, and compactness), on the other hand, as well as the expressionistic
framing and the technique of montage during narration (so-called cinematic style), which quite
adequately conveys the chosen theme and problem.
In the Novella, on the one hand, the author’s anti-Stalinist, anti-colonial and anti-Russian
tendency is quite obvious, but on the other hand, what is most important is the ending of the
novella in which the peculiar anti-historicism of G. Rcheulishvili can be seen, namely his
deeply skeptical and nihilistic attitude towards the teleology of the historical process itself
and the objective reasoning of this process: the Russian/Soviet tank versus the Georgian child/
schoolchildren (compare: child – the symbol of life, future, divine nature, paradise being,
Metzler… 2008: 180) and generally the slaughter of people (people, who should develop the
teleology of historical process and in the end of history should experience ethical bliss within the
lawful state, compare. Schiller’s pathetic words towards mankind “hug Millions of people”/“Seid
umschlungen Millionen” from his famous verse “Ode to Joy/“An die Freude”), are those iconic
markers, which points to the a priori and infinite, ever-recurring dominance of global political
power/violence/willpower in the course of the history of rotation (Nietzsche) the recollection of
history, which is expressed metaphorically by the Russian/Soviet tank.
73
poetikuri kvlevani
Tamar barbaqaZe
Sorena SamanaZe
benediqt ledeburis sonetebis gvirgvini

„qaris wisqvili“ qarTulad
interesi sonetis formisa da Sinaarsis mimarT saqarTveloSi misi gamo-

Cenis Semdeg (XIX s. 30-iani wlebi) arasodes Senelebula. albaT, es gansakuT-
rebuli yuradReba ganapiroba myari saleqso formebisadmi qarTveli po-
etebis tradiciulma siyvarulma. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom soneti, ro-
gorc „poeturi sibrZnis gansaxiereba“ (i. bexeri), ukvdav, maradiul saleq-
so struqturad darCa msoflio mwerlobaSi. evropuli myari saleqso forma
erTgvar simbolod aris miCneuli `WeSmaritisa~ da `mSvenieris~ – sazrisisa
da formis – Serwymisa: „WeSmaritebasTan mSvenierebis ucnauri SekavSireba
imalvis im wesSi, romliTac dasavlurad gansazRvruli samyarosaTvis yo-
fieri arsebobs, viTarca namdvili“ (haidegeri 1992: 77).
soneti – realurisa da idealuris, yofierebisa da iracionaluris mSve-
nier formaSi Serwymis gansaxiereba – feniqsiviT aRdgeba xolme evropul
poeziaSi; ase moxda Cvens sinamdvileSic – TiTqmis naxevarsaukunovani ga-
uCinarebis Semdeg, XX s.-is ukanasknel ocwleulSi uamravi Targmnili Tu
originaluri Sedevri sonetisa Seemata erovnuli literaturis saganZurs.
maTs ricxvSi, upirvelesad, jemal ajiaSvilis mier Targmnili miqe-
lanjelos, petrarkas, dante aligierisa da sxvaTa sonetebi SeiZleba dava-
saxeloT. SeuZlebelia, ar aRvniSnoT jemal ajiaSvilis, rogorc sonetis-
tis xelovneba am myari saleqso formis originaluri nimuSebis Seqmnisas:
marto is rad Rirs, rom „100 leqsis“ seriiT gamomcemloba „intleqtSi“
dastambul wignSi (2013), umTavresad, jemal ajiaSvilis originaluri so-
netebia Sesuli. Cveni saxelovani poetisa da mTargmnelis SemoqmedebiT
kredos mSvenivrad esadageba mis mier Targmnili dante aligieris erT-erTi
soneti, romelsac mkafiod aRubeWdavs italieli geniosisa da misi sone-
tebis qarTulad mTargmnelis suliskveTebis erTianoba:
Cemi gulisTqma dReniadag naTliT mosavda

leqsebs, romlebic sivrceebSi danavardoben,
74
rom gaacxadon saocnebo mandilosanTan,
rogor abrunebs siyvaruli cas da mnaTobebs.
Cemo leqsebo, guls rom miwylavT mziT da siciviT,

Cems RvTaebasac SeagebeT mSvildi moisris,
ros mze Seamkobs saqorwino samSvenisiviT
da silamazec martooden misTvis moiclis.
win wardeqiT da qarvisferi Tqveni ocneba

kvlav SemoisxiT mwuxarebis krialosnebad...
me ki mis naTels veraferi gadamayvarebs
da mze, romelic angelozebs xelSi ekavaT –
kvlav gaminaTebs siyvarulis wminda nakvalevs
da samsxverplosken gavabijeb Sudrekavad.
(ajiaSvili 2018: 224)
italiuri sonetis qarTuli Targmani, SeiZleba iTqvas, kongenialuria:

amis Tqmis sababs gvaZlevs is brwyinvale, „zanzalakebiviT mJReri“ zedaq-
tiluri sariTmo wyvilebi (naTliT mosavda – mandilosanTan, sivrceebSi da-
navardoben – siyvaruli cas da mnaTobebs; mziT da siciviT – misTvis moic-
lis, mSvildi moisris – samSvenisiviT), romelTa sazRvrebi sityvebs scilde-
ba da 14-marcvliani striqonis naxevars swvdeba; ufro metic: pirveli kat-
renis II–IV taepebi TiTqmis mTlianad gariTmulia. aliteraciis, asonansisa
da riTmis xelovnebis virtuozulad floba jemal ajiaSvils uadvilebs da
umsubuqebs sonetis urTulesi formis qarTulad ametyvelebas.
dante aligieris zemoxsnebuli soneti poetis `saocnebo mandilosans~,
beatriCes eZRvneba. leqsis pirveli tercetis ortaepedSi erTmaneTTan
gariTmulia: „qarvisferi Tqveni ocneba – mwuxarebis krialosnebad“. jemal
ajiaSvilis Targmani „mwuxarebis krialosani“ sonetis Sinaarsisa da formis
zust ganmartebadac gamodgeba da benediqt ledeburis „qaris wisqvilis“
Taobaze saubris dasawyebadac mogvexmareba: Tuki sonetis JReradi forma
„zarebis“ eqos imeorebs, maSin evfoniurad erTmaneTs erwymis paraleluri
leqsemebi: erTi mxriv, jemal ajiaSviliseuli „qarvisferi“ da „mwuxarebis“,
meore mxriv ki, lulu dadianis mier SerCeuli wyvili: „qaris“ da „wisqvili“,
romlebic evfoniurad exmianebian erTmaneTs.
benediqt ledeburma sonetebis gvirgvini „qaris wisqvili“ Tavisi cxov-
rebis Tanamgzavris, udrood gardacvlili qarTveli mxatvris, Tamuna sir-
bilaZis (1971-2016) xsovnas miuZRvna. „benediqt ledeburis, Tanamedrove
germaneli poetis, mTargmnelisa da filosofosis saxeli ukve cnobilia
qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis. 2011 wels qarTul enaze daTo barbaqaZis ini-
ciativiT gamoica misi leqsebisa da eseebis wigni saxelwodebiT „kuburebi“;
75
igi „axali saunjis“ 2015 wlis ivlisis nomris Tematuri avtoric iyo; ro-
gorc mecnieri, monawileobda ilias universitetis saerTaSoriso kon-
ferenciaSi“, – vkiTxulobT Jurnal „axali saunjis“ 2018 wlis aprilis
(№4) nomerSi. benediqt ledeburis sontebis gvirgvini saqarTvelosTan mi-
si avtoris ara mxolod kulturuli, aramed piraduli urTierTobiT ni-
Sandebuli sevdiani artefaqtia (ledeburi 2018: 77).
benediqt ledeburis sonetebis gvirgvini „qaris wisqvili“, anu „mwuxare-
bis krialosani“ Sedgeba 15 sonetis, anu qarvis mZivisagan, romelTagan 14
erTnairia, erTi ki – magistralia – danarCeni sonetebis bolo taepebis nak-
rebi. me-15 soneti winamorbedi sonetebis ukanaskneli taepebis SekavSi-
rebiT aris Seqmnili da erTgvari xsovnaa, eqoa, ukve gaxmianebuli taepebis
JReris, musikaluri frazis moxelTebis cdaa.
„sonetebis gvirgvinis“ pirveli nimuSebi cnobili slovaki poetis franc
preSernis (1800-1849) saxels da 1832 wels ukavSirdeba, Tumca a. kviatkov-
skis cnobil „poetikur leqsikonSi“ sonetebis gvirgvinis Semqmnelebad
italieli poetebi: folger jeminiano da vinCenco monti arian dasaxele-
bulni; `sonetebis gvirgvinis~ cnobili mkvlevari vadim perelmuteri da
qalaq saranskSi XX s. 80-ian wlebSi franc preSernis „sonetis muzeumis“
damaarsebeli giorgi melentievi amtkiceben, rom swored franc preSernis
1832 wels dawerili sonetebis gvirgvinia pirveli, radgan italieli so-
netistebis „gvirgvinebi“ arakanonikuria. aRsaniSnavia, rom preSernis „so-
netebis gvirgvinis“ magistrali akrostiqiT aris Sesrulebuli. rogorc
Cans, es forma kanonikuri unda yofiliyo me-15 sonetisaTvis. TargmanSi,
bunebrivia, Zalian gaZneldeba akrostiqis SenarCuneba da iSviaTad xer-
xdeba misi gadmotana, amitomac ar aisaxa igi rusulad f. korSis mier Targ-
mnil (1889 w.) preSernis „gvirgvinSi“, Tumca es mainc mouxerxebia franc pre-
Sernis „gvirgvinis“ ukrainel mTargmnels iulia primicevas da bulgarel
mTargmnels, kiril kadiiskis (perelmuteri 1985: 2010).
cnobili leqsmcodne o. fedotovi aRniSnavs, rom „sonetebis gvirgvi-
nis“ ucxoel avtorTa Soris rekordsmenia bulgareli poeti v. markovski,
romelsac 50 „gvirgvini“ aqvs dawerili. rusul poeziaSi yvelaze adreuli
originaluri „sonetebis gvirgvinebi“ ekuTvniT viaCeslav ivanovsa da maq-
similian voloSins (1909). 1911-1920 wlebSi, rogorc „sonetebis gvirgvi-
nis“ cnobili mkvlevari v. tiukini gvauwyebs, ruseTSi 11 gvirgvini gamoq-
veynda, romelTa avtorebi myari saleqso formebis aRiarebul ostateb-
Tan: k. balmontsa, n. Sulgovskisa da m. voloSinTan erTad iyvnen i. kriCevski,
n. obolenski, a. arxangelski da sxv.
germaniaSi myari saleqso formis es saxeoba italiidan Sevida, rogorc
moduri gataceba. sxvadasxva dros sonetis gvirgvini SeuqmniaT iseT cno-
bil avtorebs, rogorebic arian iohan volfgang goeTe, hainrix haine, iozef
vainheberi, arno Smidti... iTvleba, rom konvenciuri leqsis es klasikuri
76
forma saukeTeso asparezia eqsperimentirebisaTvis. amitomac mimarTaven
mas Tanamedrove avtorebi: ian vagneri, frank unfugi, gabriela volenhaup-
ti da sxv.
„sonetebis gvirgvini“ qarTul poeziaSi XX s. 70-ian wlebSi gamoCnda.
1975 wels TiTqmis erTdroulad gamoqveynda lado seidiSvilisa da anzor
saluqvaZis „sonetebis gvirgvinebi“: „kentavrebis marula“ da „sonetebis
gvirgvini, mitanili ucnobi jariskacis saflavTan“. sonetiT seriozuli
gatacebis miuxedavad, gasuli saukunis 10-20-ian wlebSi qarTvel poet-
Tagan veravin gabeda misi SeTxzva, ris Taobazec sinanuliT aRniSnavda
valerian gafrindaSvili Tavis cnobil eseSi „sonetis problema“ (1919)
(barbaqaZe 2008: 388).
sabednierod, XXI saukunis 10-iani wlebis damlevs, am eses gamoqveynebi-
dan TiTqmis asi wlis mere, rogorc iqna gamoCnda pirveli Targmani „sone-
tebis gvirgvinisa“ qarTul enaze. cnobilma mTargmnelma lulu dadianma
seriozulad mohkida xeli am urTulesi myari saleqso formis gaqar-
Tulebas: ukve gamoqveynda, rogorc aRvniSneT, benediqt ledeburis „qa-
ris wisqvili“ da ilia zdaneviCis „sonetebis gvirgvini“: „mdumare ganaCeni“
(zdaneviCi 2019).
lulu dadians „sonetebis gvirgvinis“ Targmnisas, bunebrivia, gauT-
valiswinebia CvenSi arsebuli tradicia sonetis metris SerCevisa da, Se-
sabamisad, benediqt ledeburis sonetebi e.w. „besikuriT“, ToTxmetmar-
cvlediT (5/4/5), xolo i. zdaneviCis sonetebis gvirgvini simetriuli aT-
marcvlediT (5/5) aris Targmnili.
sonetebis gariTmvisas lulu dadiani irCevs cnobili sqemidan erT-
erT klasikur, italiuri sonetisaTvis aucilebels: abba abba cdc dee / cdd
cee: katrenebSi rkaluri riTmaa, xolo tercetebSi – jvaredini. benediqt
ledeburis „sonetebis gvirgvinis“ zogierTi sonetis Targmnisas lulu
dadiani ar erideba anJambemans (gadatanas). magaliTad, me-2 sonetis kat-
renebi erTmaneTs anJambemaniT ukavSirdeba, asevea me-3-dan me-6 sonetebis
CaTvliT katrenebi. me-7 sonetSi ki, romelSic benediqt ledeburi sonetis
formaze sakuTar Teoriul dakvirvebas gvTavazobs, katrenebi erTmaneTs
ar ukavSirdeba gadataniT (Enjambement), magram meore katreni da pirveli
terceti aris anJambemaniT Sekruli:
II katreni:
... da Tu ecdebi grZnobis gareSe Cawvde, formiT rac SeboWila,
I terceti:
mxolodRa maSin, roca riTma ver itevs sazriss,
cvdeba surneli, kanze yelTan ZarRvebis nazi
xibliT momsvreli monaxazi da rCeba azri.
77
II terceti:
aw mkvdradSobili, rac minaxavs CemTvis Zvirfasi,
mkrTaldeba xati: mzera, mas rom iTavisebda,
ver xedavs mermiss, aw warmaval arsebasaviT.
(ledeburi 2018: 78)
mTargmnelis sanaqebod unda iTqvas, rom man virtuozulad SeZlo, I

tercetis konsonansuri SidariTmiT Seekra boloriTmebi: sazriss – kanze
– nazi – monaxazi – azri.
lulu dadianis mier Targmnili ilia zdaneviCis sonetebis gvirgvini
`mdumare ganaCeni~ gvidasturebs mTargmnelis virtuozul teqnikas so-
netis riTmisa da evfoniis srulyofilad ametyvelebisas:
sityvierebis codna miagnebs

Camqral cecxlsa da naRvenTebs cvilis
euli sanTlis mbrwyinavi TxriliT
aq krTeba urva ar ki xmianebs

ar gauxeSde Canavldi frTxilad
rCeuli vnebis eqov frTiano.
(zdaneviCi 2019)
benediqt ledeburis sonetebis gvirgvinis `qaris wisqvilis~, XV (e.w. so-

neti-magistrali), sonetisagan gansxvavebiT, ilia zdaneviCis sonetebis
gvirgvinis `mdumare ganaCenis~ XV sonetis ori varianti (A – gauriTmavi da
B – riTmiT) SemogvTavaza mTargmnelma lulu dadianma.
ilia zdaneviCis sonetebis gvirgvini, rusulidan Targmnili lulu da-
dianis mier, icavs dednis sizustes: uaryofilia punqtuacia. i. zdaneviCis
sonetebis gvirgvinis XV (B) sonetis gariTmvis sqemaa: abba abba cdc ede.
mTargmneli ki gauriTmav (A) variants gansxvavebuli sqemiT marTavs. riT-
maze uaris TqmiT mTargmnelma sonetis sazrisi ar daamaxinja.
pirveli katrenis (A) riTmiani variantis mixedviT, sonetis dedniseuli
sizuste, azrobrivi adekvaturoba irRveva, sariTmo sintagma – `survili
siyrmis~ – uwyvildeba msazRvrels – `sakuTar siRrmis~, rasac ewireba WeS-
mariti azri am taepisa: `Tumc ar gagaCnda survili albaT~.
aseve sagulisxmoa mTargmnel lulu dadianis warmatebuli arCevani
gauriTmavi II katrenebis SemTxvevaSi: swored aq xmiandeba sonetebis gvir-
gvinis saTauric: `movismen Sengan ganaCens mdumars~, rac namdvilad ukeT
gamoxatavs i. zdaneviCis Canafiqris siRrmes, vidre gariTmuli taepi:
`mdumar ganaCens momageb axla~. gauriTmavi (A) variantis pirveli terce-
ti adekvaturia gariTmulis (B) I tercetisa, II tercetis gauriTmavad da-
tovebuli pirveli taepi – `stumarTa Soris rad geZeb geli~ – ra Tqma unda,
78
zdaneviCis sonetis arss gadmogvcems da mkiTxvels mZafrad agrZnobinebs
mdumare ganaCenis sisastikes: mudmivi Zebnis, lodinis misjas lirikuli
gmirisaTvis.
zogadad, rodesac poeti dRes Tavs iwvalebs da iseT „klasikur“ leqss
qmnis, rogoric sonetebis gvirgvinia, es ukve bevrs metyvelebs mis Sesaxe-
bac da imazec, Tu rogor aRiqvams igi poezias. germaneli literaturaT-
mcodne andreas eglzederi sonetebis gvirgvinis axalgazrda avtoris,
tomas rakvitcisadmi miZRvnil mimoxilvaSi aRniSnavs: `tragediis Se-
saxeb diurenmatis cnobil gamoTqmas Tanamedroveobis Sesabamisad Tu
gadavakeTebT, soneti aRar Seefereba dRevandel samyaros da misi damwe-
ric ufro dakarguli, miusafari da uunaroa Tanamedrove `mxecebTan~
SedarebiT... magram iqneb poeti ufro mZafrad grZnobs SeuTavseblobas
maSindelsa da dRevandels Soris da, am SegrZnebidan gamomdinare, ufro
naRvlianad, melanqoliurad wers? an iqneb amas dResac `romantikuls~
eZaxian?~ (eglzederi 2009).
benediqt ledeburisa da ilia zdaneviCis sonetebis gvirgvinebis qar-
Tul enaze mTargmnelma lulu dadianma qarTuli leqsis istoriaSi Tval-
saCino wvlili Seitana: man dasabami misca CvenSi ucxouri enidan `sonetebis
gvirgvinis~ Targmnis rTul xelovnebas. imedia, sxva mTargmnelebic gabe-
daven da male qarTul enaze gveqneba ucxoel poetTa `sonetebis gvirgvi-
nebis~ krebuli.
moris blanSo (1907-2003) werilSi `TargmanisaTvis~ saubrobs mTargmne-
lis xelovnebaze, rac efuZneba mis gansakuTrebul mdgomareobas: `mTarg-
mneli ganumeorebeli originalobis mweralia, Tumc amas, TiTqos, sulac
ar iCemebs. igi enobriv sxvaobaTa idumalmetyvelia. misi amocanaa ara am
sxvaobaTa waSla, aramed gamoyeneba, raTa mkveTri an usaTuTesi rxevebiT
mSobliur enaSi dabados gancda, romliTac aRbeWdilia imTaviTve gans-
xvavebuli dedani~ (blanSo 2015: 440).
moris blanSos mosazrebis WeSmaritebas gvidasturebs lulu dadianis
mier axlaxan Targmnili ingeborg baxmanis `simRerebi gaqcevis Jams~, ro-
melsac epigrafad uZRvis italiuri sonetis cnobili ostatis, petrarkas
`triufebis~ ortaepedi: `Seuvalia kanoni siyvarulisa! ujero aris xanda-
xan, Tumca daemorCile, radgan moixmobs miwaze zecas – yovlismomcveli da
maradiuli~. i. baxmanis `simRerebi gaqcevis Jams~ sonetebis gvirgvini ar
aris, magram 15 monakveTad aris warmodgenili: I – sami katrenisagan Sedge-
ba; II. oTxi mrCobledia; III. ori katrenia; IV. katreni, 8-taepedi, katreni,
mrCobledi, 7-taepedi; V. 16-taepedia; VI. 5-taepedi, 8-taepedi da terceti;
VII. mrCobledi, 5-taepedi, terceti da a.S. VIII. sxvadasxva taepebis raode-
nobiT Sedgenili eqvsi strofuli monakveTia (6 strofi), IX. ori terceti
da erTi taepia. X. ori terceti. XI. 9 mrCobledia; XII. ori terceti; XIII. oTxi
79
mrCobledi, ori katreni, erTi taepi; XIB. xuTtaepedi, taepi, ori terceti.
XV. ori terceti.
ingeborg baxmanis mistikuri poeziis arss finaluri, XV monakveTis or
tercetSi amgvarad vismenT:
trfobas Tavisi triumfi aqvs, sikvdils – Tavisi,

dro amieri da mermisis dro, imieri.
Cven araferi gagvaCnia msgavsi amisi.
vWvretT mxolod, rogor krTis varskvlavedi, gaelvebuli

anareklebiT da mdumarebiT, magram simRera
aRdgeba Semdeg neStze metad aRmatebuli.
(baxmani 2019: 76)
mTargmnelma lulu dadianma XXI s.-is aTiani wlebis damlevs evropu-

li sonetis, `siyvarulis simReris~, JRera, xmovaneba qarTul sivrceSi
daamkvidra.
damowmebani:
ajiaSvili 2018: ajiaSvili, j. `Targmnili italiuri sonetebi~. wg-Si: evropuli da

aRmosavluri myari saleqso formebi qarTul poeziaSi. qrestomaTia. nawili II. Tbilisi:
„meridiani“, 2018.
barbaqaZe 2008: barbaqaZe, T. soneti saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi: „universali“, 2008.
baxmani 2019: baxmani, i. simRerebi gaqcevis Jams. Jurn. axali saunje, №5(71), seqtemberi,
2019.
blanSo 2015: blanSo, m. `TargmanisaTvis~. wg-Si: literaturis Teoria. qrestomaTia. III.
Tbilisi: GCLAPress, 2015.
eglzederi 2009: Eglseder, A. Bedrückende Stimmung im Sonettenkranz und schlafende Hunde, Fixpoetry
2009 https://www.fixpoetry.com/feuilleton/kritiken/thomas-rackwitz/in-halle-schlaeft-der-hund-beim-pinkeln-ein
zdaneviCi 2019: zdaneviCi, i. mdumare ganaCeni. Jurn. afra, №26, 2019.
ledeburi 2018: ledeburi, b. qaris wisqvili. Jurn. saunje, №4, 2018.
perelmuteri 1985: Перельмутер, В. Письмо к читателю, или прогулка по музею сонета.
“Литературная учёба”, №1, 1985.
haidegeri 1992: haidegeri, m. dasabami xelovnebis qmnilebisa. Tbilisi: „merani“, 1992.
80
Tamar Barbakadze
Shorena Shamanadze
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
Benedikt Ledebur’s Crown of Sonnets “The Windmill” in Georgian
Summary
Key words: Lulu Dadiani, Benedikt Ledebur, Ilia Zdanevich, Crown of Sonnets.
A Crown of Sonnets emerged in Georgian poetry in the seventies of the 20th century. In 1975
the first garland of sonnets published almost simultaneously was written by Lado Seidishvili
(Races of the Centaurs) and Anzor Salukvadze (The Crown of Sonnets brought to the Grave of
the Unknown Soldier). Valerian Gaprindashvili with regret noted in his well-known essay “The
Problem of Sonnet” (1919) that despite serious fascination with sonnet, none of the Georgian
poets dared to compose it during the 10-20s of the 20th century.
Fortunately, at the end of the 10s of the 21st century the first Georgian translation of the
crown of sonnets finally appeared. The famous translator Lulu Dadiani seriously took on the
translation of this most complex type of the fixed verse form: as was mentioned, The Windmill by
Benedikt Ledebur has already come out and the of the crown of sonnets The Silent Sentence by
Ilia Zdanevich is ready for publication.
Benedikt Ledebur dedicated a crown of sonnets The Windmill to his partner, Georgian artist
Tamuna Sirbiladze who died prematurely (1971-2016). “The name of the modern German poet,
translator and philosopher, Benedikt Ledebur is already known to Georgian readers. In 2011
a book of his poems and essays entitled The Cubes was published in Georgian. He was also a
thematic author of the July 2015 issue of the Akhali Saunje. As a scholar, he participated in the
International Conference at the Ilia State University” (Akhali Saunje, April 2018, No. 4). Benedict
Ledebur’s crown of the sonnets is a sad artifact, marked not only by cultural with Georgia as an
author, but also his personal relation (Ledebur 2018:77).
A Wreath of Sonnets The Windmill or Beads of Grief (Dante Alighieri) is composed of 15
sonnets or amber beads, 14 of which are the same and one is distinct: Benedikt Ledebur’s crown
of sonnets The Windmill is traditionally composed of 14 main sonnets and the last -15, consists
of a “trunk”. The 15th sonnet is created by combining the final line of the preceding sonnet and
is a kind of memory, an echo of the soundtrack of the already voiced stanzas, an attempt to grab
a musical phrase.
When translating a crown of sonnets, Lulu Dadiani naturally took into account Georgian
tradition of choosing a sonnet meter and, hence, the so-called sonnets of Benedict Ledebur are
translated using “Besikuri” 14-syllabic (5/5/5) meter and a crown of the sonnets of Zdanevich is
translated with a symmetric ten-syllable line (5/5).
81
maia cercvaZe
nikoloz baraTaSvilis piradi werilebis mxatvruli ena –

kontaminaciebi da aplikaciebi
nikoloz baraTaSvilis piradi werilebis erT-erT sayuradRebo Tavi-

seburebas misi mxatvruli ena warmoadgens. igi tropebTan, xatovan Tqmebsa
da poeturi metyvelebis sxva komponentebTan erTad gulisxmobs citire-
bis mxatvruli saxeebis – kontaminaciebis da aplikaciebis gamoyenebasac,
romelTac avtori garkveuli funqciuri mizandasaxulebiT mimarTavs. ro-
gorc cnobilia, kontaminacia (laT. contaminatio – Sejvareba, damaxinjeba)
nawarmoebis teqstSi sxva nawarmoebis teqstis Setanaa ara citatis, aramed
organul nawilad, zogjer saxecvlilebiTac, xolo aplikacia CarTulia
mxatvrul teqstSi ucvleli saxiT (Wilaia 2003: 79). cxadia, kontaminaci-
ebad da aplikaciebad ver CaiTvleba werilebSi CarTuli avtoriseuli
leqsebi, romlebsac is Sesafaseblad ugzavnis adresatebs. EvgulisxmobT
im pirT, romelTa literaturul gemovnebasac adresanti endoba da anga-
riSgasawevad miiCnevs (grigol orbeliani, maiko orbeliani) da romelTac
misi Seabamisi ganmartebac axlavs.
warmodgenili gamokvleva nikoloz baraTaSvilis pirad werilebSi
kontaminaciebisa da aplikaciebis gamoyenebisa da maTi funqciuri mizan-
dasaxulebis analizs eZRvneba. ganvixiloT maTi magaliTebi. werilebis
teqsti damowmebuli gvaqvs poetis piradi werilebis ukanaskneli komen-
tirebuli gamocemis mixedviT (àrtanuji~, 2015).
1. 1837 wlis Tebervals grigol orbelianTan gagzavnili werilis bo-
los vkiTxulobT: `Ziav, es leqsebi didi xania dawerili mqonda. magram
foCtas ver vande kidev, ra vici, rogor momxdariyo, iqneba, dakarguliyo,
da merme: p...… „ar vin icis, ra gamova risagan“ (baraTaSvili 2015: 18) (xazgasma
aq da yvelgan Cvenia – m. c.).
Ppoeti gulisxmobs werilSi CarTul Tavis leqsebs `Zia g...sTan~ da `Rame
yabaxzed~, romelTac is biZas uZRvnis da masve ugzavnis Sesafaseblad.
i. griSaSvilis (1889-1965) biblioTeka-muzeumSi daculia n. baraTaSvi-
lis Txzulebebis 1922 wlis gamocemis egzemplari, romelzec gakeTebuli
sayuradRebo minawerebisa da marginaliebis gaTvaliswineba saWirod mig-
vaCnia n. baraTaSvilis epistoluri memkvidreobis kvlevisas. Aam egzemplar-
ze moxazulia striqoni: „ar vin icis. ra gamova risagan“ da miwerilia: „es
saiaTnovas leqsidanaa“. samwuxarod, mkvlevari ar akonkretebs, saiaTnovas
romeli leqsidanaa aRniSnuli sityvebi. a. gawereliasa da g. leoniZis az-
riT, is warmoadgens Taviseburad Secvlil refrens saiaTnovas leqsisa `Se
82
sawyalo Cemo Tavo, ra iqen~ (baraTaSvili 2005: 191). refreni ase ikiTxeba:
`romels davabralo, risagan aris,/Ees saqmeni Cveni Wkvisagan aris~ (griSaS-
vili 1918: 107). n. baraTaSvilis sityvebis msgavseba zemoTmoyvanili leq-
sis refrenTan, vfiqrobT, arc ise TvalsaCinoa. àrvin icis, ra gamova ri-
sagan~ ufro moarul frazas hgavs, romlis pirvelwyaro SeiZleba saiaTno-
vas sxva romelime leqsis taepi iyos. MnaTqvamis dasturad SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom mas vxvdebiT qarTvel klasikosTa (mag. i. WavWavaZis, ak. wereTlis)
teqstebSic. Sdr. 1). `Cven aq arc erTis damtkiceba gvinda, arc meorisa, xo-
lo gvikvirs ase gadawyvetilad laparaki iq, saca aravin icis, jer ra gamova
risagan, da b-nma marma rad ineba aseTi laparaki?~ (WavWavaZe 1987: 44); 2). „nu
daiviwyebT, rom erTgan sadRac gambetas wamoscda, rom elzas-lotarin-
gia SeiZleba usisxlodac dagvibrundeso. arvin icis, ra gamova risagan“
(WavWavaZe 2019a: 3); 3). `rasakvirvelia, àr vin icis, ra gamova risagan~,
magram es azri Zireuli azria samive pawia saxelmwifosi, miT ufro, rom
gawev-gamoweva dResac SesaZlebelia, radganac pirveli amisi magaliTi ase-
Tis gamarjvebiT bolgariam aCvena yvelas~ (WavWavaZe 2019b: 2); 4). `magram
cisartyelac rom arsad sCans? am mwuxare fiqrebs hfantavs Semdegi sim-
ReriT: àrvin icis, ra gamova risagan!...… Tu rom xmebi gaiyofa mtrisagan da
sxv~ (kvarkvalita 2019: 1).
2. saxarebiseuli frazis werilis teqstTan kontaminaciurad Serevis
saintereso magaliTi gvxvdeba maiko orbelianTan gagzavnil poetis 1842
wlis 31 oqtomberis werilSi: `sad ganisvenos sulma, sad miidriko Tavi?~
(baraTaSvili 2015: 104). esaa fraza maTes da lukas saxarebebidan. Sdr. `hrqua
mas iesu: melTa ჴureli uCns da mfrinvelTa cisaTa sayofeli, xolo Zesa
kacisasa ara aqus, sada Tavi miidrikos~ (maTe 8, 20) (luka 9, 58) (qarTuli
oTxTavis ... 1979: 282, 477). is ritorikuli SekiTxvis saxiT mxatvruli mi-
zandasaxulobiTaa CarTuli werilis cnobil paTetikur pasaJSi, romelSic
adresanti Tavis sulier oblobaze Civis da kargad esadageba mis guneba-
ganwyobas.
citirebis gamoyenebis TvalsaCino nimuSebi gvxvdeba grigol orbelian-
Tan 1843 wlis 21 agvistos gagzavnil werilSi:
3. `mama egnatim Tavi dagikra imier-sofliTgan, erTi Tvea, rac gardaic-
vala. sawyali! Вотъ человекъ, который, по своему положению въ свете, более
всехъ страдал. Минувшее проходило перед нимъ и вольновалось, как море-океанъ“
(baraTaSvili 2015: 117).
Mmoyvanili rusuli teqsti, romlis qarTuli Targmania: Aài, adamiani,
romelic Tavisi mdgomareobiT sazogadoebaSi yvelaze metad itanjeboda.
warsuli midioda mis winaSe da Relavda, rogorc zRva-okeane~ (Targmani
ekuTvnis p. umikaSvils) warmoadgens perifrazs aleqsandr puSkinis tra-
gediis `boris godunovis~ personaJis, Cudis monastris JamTaaRmweri beris,
mama pimenis sityvebisa:
83
„На старости я сызнова живу,
Минувшее проходит предо мною –
Давно ль оно неслось, событий полно,
Волнуяся, как море-окиян?“
(puSkini 1976: 211)
Mmama pimenis saxe gamorCeulia nawarmoebSi. is aris didi gamocdilebis

mqone, mravlismnaxveli da mravalWirgamovlili, amavdroulad, marTali
da marTlismTqmeli, SemoqmedebiTi enTuziazmiT aRsavse adamiani. pimeni
piruTvnel JamTaRmwerelTa Tvisebebis matarebelia, dReniadag xalxsa
da saxelmwifos bedze mofiqrali. istoriasa da gardasul ambebs is Se-
ulamazeblad aRwers da utovebs momaval Taobebs, raTa maT aRar gaimeoron
warsulis Secdomebi. poemis es gamogonili personaJi Tavisi TvisebebiT
– TvinierebiT, miamitobiT, RvTismosavobiT, aseve ganswavlulobiT, sibr-
ZniTa da gulmodginebiT n. baraTaSvils egnate ioselianis pirovnebas da
mis xasiaTs agonebs. maTi msgavseba TvalsaCino gaxdeba, Tu gavixsenebT
vin iyo egnate ioseliani da ra adgili ekava mas Tanadroul qarTul sa-
zogadoebaSi. egnate onisimes Ze ioseliani (1766-1843) gaxldaT sasuliero
piri, samefo karis moZRvris onisimes Svili, Tavadac mRvdeli, mefe
erekle II-is (1720-1798) karis mwerali da moZRvari, 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis
monawile, istorikosis da arqeologis platon ioselianis (1809-1875) mama.
SeTqmulebis sagamoZiebo komisiam is miakuTvna damnaSaveTa IX kategorias,
anu iseT pirT, romelTac bralad edebodaT ara uSualo monawileoba, ara-
med arakeTilganzraxuli saubrebis mosmena. Eegnate ioseliani n. baraTaS-
vilis ojaxTan daaxloebuli piri yofila.Kkonstantine mamacaSvilis (1814-
1900) gadmocemiT, `TiTqmis yoveldRe melitonTan daiareboda egnate
ioseliani (mama platon ioselianisa). Eegnate ioselianma Cinebulad icoda
qarTuli da somxuri literatura, iyo Rrmad moxucebuli, gazdili mefis
sasaxleSi da mnaxveli Cvenis saqarTvelos cxovrebisa warsuls saukuneSi,
mefis iraklidgan mefis giorgis gardacvalebamdisin~ (mamacaSvili 2005:
213). egnate ioselianis patriotobis dasaxasiaTeblad mravlismetyvelia
misi kritikuli damokidebuleba ruseTisa da saqarTveloSi SemoRebuli
rusuli mmarTvelobisadmi: àrvin velodiT rusTagan amas..., axla vhxedavT
raoden Zneli naTesavi yofila. Zlierni ZalTa simravliTa, Turme yofilan
sustni zrdilobiTa, ucnobni kacTa, ara damfasebelni RirsebaTa, civad
mxedvelni, civad mgrZnobelni; mefeni maTni TvisTa erTagan daSorebulan,
da viTarca tyveni vezirTa xelTa Sina. mixedeT amaT marTlmsajule-
basa? gana kaci daawyobs esreTsa samsajulosa? aziurTa da ZvelTa CvenTa
sjulis-debaTa ecinian rusni. Gganixilon romelia ukeTesi, umoklesi da
umetes marTl-msajulebiTi?... esreT keTilad dawesebuli samefo, viTarca
saqarTveloÁsa, sarwmunoebiTa, ekklesiebiTa, monastrebiTa, mdivan-bego-
biTa, swavliTa da xelovnebiTa, guTniTa da xvniTa, TesviTa da mkiTa,
84
patiosnebiTa da zrdilobiTa aRsavse, esreT brwyinvale samefoÁsa taxti-
Ta da Tavad-aznaurobiTa, samRvdeloTa wesiTa da saeroÁsa simdidriTa:
TofiTa, zarbazniTa da xalxisa simxniTa da vaJkacobiTa Cabarda sadamde
didsa ruseTisa imperiasa?!~ (ioseliani 1995: 238).
1. „sxva raRa mogwero, mec samsaxurSi miveSurebi и вообще здесь «И грус-
тно, и скучно и некому руку подать в минуту душевной невзгоды!» (igive werili
– m. c.) (baraTaSvili 2015: 117).
citata odnav Secvlili, sityvebgadaadgilebuli saxiT moxmobilia
mixail lermontovis (1814-1841) gviandeli (1840) elegiuri xasiaTis
leqsidan «И скучно и грустно»:
„И скучно и грустно, и некому руку подать

В минуту душевной невзгоды...
Желанья!. . что пользы напрасно и вечно желать? . .
А годы проходят - все лучшие годы!“
(lermontovi1985: 100)
B . belinskiA am leqss poetis saukeTeso leqsad miiCnevda da uwodebda mas

b
`yvela ocnebis, yvela adamianuri grZnobis, cxovrebis yvela momxiblaobis
sulSemzarav reqviems~ («Потрясающий душу реквием всех надежд, всех чувств
человеческих, всех обаяний жизни!»). misi paTosi kargad esadageboda ocne-
bebdamsxvreuli nikoloz baraTaSvilis sulier dramasa da imdroindel
msoflSegrZnebas da amis gamo, Cans, mas hyvarebia am citatis moxmoba – igi-
ve sityvebiT gamoxatavs Tavis guneba-ganwyobilebas is Tavis mamidaSvil-
Tan, aleqsandre saginaSvilTan (1808-1887) 1845 wlis 23 agvistos muruTi-
dan gamogzavnil werilSi: „magram tyuilad vxumrob: скучно, грустно“ (bara-
TaSvili 2015: 235).
5. maiko orbelianTan gagzavnil 1842 wlis 31 oqtombris werilis sevda-
naRveliT aRsavse, metad cnobil da popularul pasaJSi (`magram sul amaoa
CemTÂs...~), romelsac xSirad mimarTaven da citireben n. baraTaSvilis
mkvlevarni da literaturuli memkvidreobis moyvarulni poetis sulieri
oblobis gamoxatulebis dasturad, aplikaciis saxiT CarTulia strofi am
werilamde sami wliT adre, 1839 wels Seqmnili misive leqsisa `suli oboli~:
Zneli aris martooba sulisa,

mas eltvian siameni soflisa,
marad axsovs mas dakargva hsworisa,
oxvra aris Sveba ubedurisa!~
(baraTaSvili 2015: 104)
Sesabamis teqstze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom werilis es pasaJi warmo-

adgens gadaZaxils dasaxelebul leqsTan – lirikul leqsSi wamoWrili
motivi werilSi grZeldeba da ufro konkretul saxes iRebs.
85
ganvixiloT citaciis sxva magaliTebi:
2. maiko orbelianTan naxWevanidan gagzavnil poetis 1845 wlis 9 Teber-
vlis werilSi vkiTxulobT: `krianosnebi geTxovnaT. Mme, didi xania, Tav-
rizidgan xuTi krianosani davibare. aqamdisin kidec unda iyos mosuli
karantinSi (oc da aTi versi aqedgan). magram jer ki ar gamogigzavniT, sanam
tasos neba ar geqnebaT. amitom, rom magisTana krianosani erTi unda iyos
da, raki gamravldeba, lazaTi waerTmeva, xom gagigoniaT:
`raki turfa gaiafdes, aRara Rirs aRarc Cirad!“ (baraTaSvili 2015:
191-192).
megobari qalisadmi Tavisi msjelobis gasamyareblad baraTaSvili
mimarTavs da odnav saxecvlili saxiT moxdenilad da Sesaferisad imowmebs
taeps `vefxistyaosnidan~ - unda iyos: òdes turfa gaiafdes, aRara Rirs
aRarc Cirad~ (rusTaveli 1957: 887).
andazebi:
3. grigol orbelianTan poetis 1841 wlis 28 maiss gagzavnil werilSi
vkiTxulobT:
`SevityeT, rom Turme фranciculs hswavlob. erTma qalma SemogiTvala:
„sparsulad naTqvamiao: oc da aT weliwads ukan rom kaci Congurs iswav-
lis, saiqios daukravso!“ (baraTaSvili 2015: 51).
aRmosavluri warmomavlobis qarTuli andaza: `berikaci rom Wianurze
dakvras iswavlis, saiqios gamoadgeba~ iTqmis im SemTxvevebze, roca xan-
dazmulobisas codnisa da unarebis SeZenas kacisTvis azri aRar aqvs, rad-
gan sicocxles is male daamTavrebs da maT amqveynad didxans veRar gamo-
iyenebs. misi variantebi: `kaci rom sibereSi Congurs iswavlis, saiqios
daukravso~, òrmoci wlis kaci rom Conguris swavlas daiwyebs, saiqios da-
ukravso~ (andazebi... 1965:), gvxvdeba qarTvel klasikosTa teqstebSic. aR-
saniSnavia, rom i. griSaSvils n. baraTaSvilis TxzulebaTa 1822 wlis gamo-
cemis sakuTar egzemplarze miwerili aqvs: „akakim aqedan galeqsa: „moxuci
aq rom Congurs iswavlis, is saiqios gamoadgeba“. igulisxmeba masxaras
sityvebi ak. wereTlis dramatuli poemidan `Tamar cbieri~ (wereTeli 2014:
43). Sdr. agreTve strofi galaktion tabiZis leqsisa `***mTebs gaxedav:
sizmaria~ ciklidan `pacifizmi~:
`– swavlobs, magram gvian aris,

beds daRad zed daukravs –
vinc siberis xanSi swavlobs,
saiqios daukravs~
(tabiZe 2017: 185).
igive strofi Cawerili aqvs g. tabiZes 1929 wlis dRiurSi 44 saerTo

saTauriT: `[aRmosavleTis] xalxuri motivebidan~ (tabiZe 2019: 1).
86
marTalia, am sityvebs adresanti sxvas (èrTma qalma~-o) miawers, magram,
vfiqrobT, SeiZleba imis varaudic, rom TviTonac iyos misi avtori – amis
Tqmis safuZvels werilebSi gacxadebuli biZasTan Sexumrebuli toni
gvaZlevs. werilis daweris droisaTvis grigol orbeliani marTlac ocdaaT
wels gadacilebuli – 37 wlisa iyo.
4. grigol orbelianTan poetis 1844 wlis 23 maiss gagzavnil werilSi
vkiTxulobT:
`vici, giameba, k[ato] davniSneT r[evaz] e[risTav]zed. rusulad aris naT-
qvami (iqneba qarTuladac iyos da me ki ar vici): суженнаго конем не объедишь“
(baraTaSvili 2015: 163).
`Суженого и конем не объедишь“ rusuli andazaa, romelic sityvasityviT
niSnavs: `sabedos cxeniTac ki ver auvli gverds~. Mmis qarTul Sesatyvisad
SeiZleba miviCnioT: `sadac aris bedi Seni, iq migiyvans fexi Seni~. Aandaza
iTqmis imis aRsaniSnavad, rom sacole da saqmro metad uxdebian da Seefe-
rebian erTmaneTs, rom Tavis beds veravin ascdeba. cnobilia, rom n. bara-
TaSvils Zalian moswonda da Tavisi ufrosi dis ekaterinesTvis metad sa-
fer saqmrod miaCnda revaz erisTavi: `biWic kargia da ojaxic kargi aqvs~,
– swerda is biZas zaqaria orbelians 1844 wlis 15 aprilis werilSi (bara-
TaSvili 2015: 148).
rogorc zemoT ganxiluli magaliTebi gviCvenebs, nikoloz baraTaSvili
pirad werilebSi Txrobas amdidrebs kontaminaciebiTa da aplikaciebiT. am
mizniT is iyenebs rogorc qarTveli (rusTaveli), aseve rusi klasikosebis
(puSkini, lermontovi) teqstebs, bibliur frazebs, qarTul da rusul
andazebs, aseve qalaquri folkloris gavrcelebul nimuSebs. Tu gaviT-
valiswinebT im garemoebas, rom poetis werilebis mxolod mcire nawilma
(sul 18 werilma) moaRwia Cvenamde da maTi ricxvi gacilebiT didi iyo, rac
kargad Cans TviT am gadarCenili werilebis teqstebidan da sxva masale-
bidan, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, ra mravalferovani iqneboda misi werilebi
citaciebis mxriv. es faqti da isic, rom moxmobili citatebi organulad
da metad bunebrivad, garkveuli mxatvruli da funqciuri mizandasaxule-
biT erwymis ZiriTad teqsts, metyvelebs werilebis adresantis rogorc
nakiTxobasa da wignierebis maRal doneze, aseve mis daxvewil literatu-
rul gemovnebasa da mwerlur niWze. Tu mwerluri ostatobis erT-erT
saxasiaTo niSans saWiro adgilas saWiro sityvisa da frazis Casma war-
moadgens, rogorc amas marTebulad miuTiTeben literaturaTmcodneni,
miT ufro iTqmis es citaciis saxeebis – kontaminaciebisa da aplikaciebis
gamoyenebis SemTxvevebze.
Aamis gaTvaliswiebiT, romantikosi poeti warmogvidgeba niWier proza-
ikosadac, rasac misi werilebis mxatvruli enis sxva niuansebTan erTad
gamokvlevaSi ganxiluli komponentebic cxadyofs. am mxriv nikoloz bara-
TaSvilis piradi werilebi qrestomaTiulad sanimuSod gvesaxeba.
87
damowmebani:
andazebi... 1965: àndazebi, maxvilsityvaoba, gamocanebi~. xalxuri sibrZne 5 tomad. t. 5.

tomis Semdg.: al. leJava, a. canava, mix. Ciqovani da j. bardaveliZe. Tbilisi: `nakaduli~,
1965 w.
baraTaSvili 2005: n. baraTaSvilis TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli levan TaqTaqiSvilis
saerTo redaqciiT. Tbilisi: `peg~, 2005.
baraTaSvili 2015: baraTaSvili, n. piradi werilebi. moamzada, Sesavali, komentarebi,
saZieblebi da genealogiuri tabulebi daurTo m. cercvaZem. Tbilisi: àrtanuji~, 2015.
griSaSvili 1918: griSaSvili, i. saiaTnova da Zveli tfilisi. Tbilisi: 1918.
ioseliani 1995: ioseliani, pl. `cxovreba mefisa giorgi meaTcametisa~. wignSi: qarTuli
mwerloba. t. 10. Tbilisi: `nakaduli~, 1995.
kvarkvalita 2019: kvarkvalita. 30 oqtomberi, 2019. http://www.ambioni.ge/kvarkvalita.
lermontovi1985: Лермонтов, М. Ю. Стихотворения. Поэмы. Маскарад. Герой Нашего Времени.
Москва: «Художественная литература», 1985.
mamacaSvili 2005: mamacaSvili, k. `mogoneba nikoloz baraTaSvilze~. n. baraTaSvilis
TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli levan TaqTaqiSvilis saerTo redaqciiT. Tbilisi: `peg~, 2005.
puSkini 1976: Пушкин, А.С. Избранное. Москва: «Детская литература», 1976.
rusTaveli 1957: rusTaveli SoTa. vefxistyaosani. Tbilisi: `saxelgami~, 1957.
tabiZe 2017: tabiZe, g. Txzulebani TxuTmet tomad Teimuraz doiaSvilis saerTo
redaqciiT. t. IV. tomis redaqtori levan bregaZe. gamosacemad moamzades, variantebi,
SeniSvnebi da komentarebi daurTes nana kobalaZem da naTia sixaruliZem. Tbilisi: SoTa
rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti, 2017.
tabiZe 2019: tabiZe, g. dRiuri – 44 – 1929 weli. 30 oqtomberi, 2019. http://galaktion.ge/?page=Di
aries&year=1929&p=1&id=3357.
qarTuli oTxTavis... 1979: qarTuli oTxTavis ori bolo redaqcia. teqsti gamosca da
gamokvleva daurTo ivane imnaiSvilma. Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba,
1979.
WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe, i. `qvaTa RaRadi~. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad. t. 5. tomi
Seadgines da SeniSvnebi daurTes sargis caiSvilma da guram gverdwiTelma. Tbilisi:
`sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1987.
WavWavaZe 2019a: WavWavaZe, i. sapolitiko mimoxilva, 1882 weli, ianvari. 30 oqtomberi.
2019. https://gdi.ge/uploads/other/0/399.pdf.
WavWavaZe 2019b: WavWavaZe, i. balkaneTis saqmeebi, tfilisi, martis 17, 1886 weli. 30
oqtomberi. 2019. https://www.gdi.ge/uploads/other/0/449.pdf.
Wilaia 2003: Wilaia, r. literaturaTmcodneoba – enciklopediuri cnobari. Tbilisi:
`Tobalisi~, 2003.
wereTeli 2014: wereTeli, a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad irma ratianis
saerTo redaqciiT. t. 5. tomis redaqtori nana fruiZe. gamosacemad moamzades, varian-
tebi, redaqciebi, SeniSvnebi komentarebi da saZieblebi daurTes maia arvelaZem da nora
kotinovma. Tbilisi: `saqarTvelos macne~, 2014.
88
Maia Tsertsvadze
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
The Poetic Language of Personal Letters by Nikoloz Baratashvili –

Contaminations and Applications
Summary
Key words: Nikoloz Baratashvili, personal letters by Nikoloz Baratashvili, poetic language
in Nikoloz Baratashvili’s letters, contamination, application.
To study the artistic language of Nikoloz Baratashvili’s epistolary legacy shows that one of
the prominent areas of his letters, characterised by complex meaningfulness, is the rich poetics
and expressive means he utilises. One of the characteristics of the expressive language shown in
the poet’s letters is the use of artistic quotes - contaminations and applications which enrich the
narrative and make it more enjoyable. For this reason, the poet refers to classical texts, Biblical
phrases, Georgian and Russian proverbs as well as widely known phrases from urban folklore.
Taking into consideration both, the above and the fact that only a small part of the poet’s letters
(18 letters in total) has reached us, although their original numbers must have been much larger,
which can be seen from the texts of the surviving letters and other materials, we can only imagine
how diverse the whole body of letters would be in terms of quotations.
This, together with the fact that the quotations melt into the main text organically and naturally,
based on a certain artistic and functional purpose, demonstrates the high level of learning and
erudition of the author as well as his exquisite literary taste and talent. If one of the expressions of
literary mastery is inserting the necessary word and phrase into a necessary place, as literary critics
rightly point out, this is more likely to be the case with the use of quotation types - contaminations
and applications. In this regard, the letters by Nikoloz Baratashvili present chrestomathic samples
of the above-mentioned.
89
miTosi. rituali. simbolo
konstantine gamsaxurdia
mazdaistur-zoroastruli motivebi qarTul miTosur

gadmocemebSi
saSualo sparsuli Teologiur-kosmologiuri teqstebi redaqtirebu-

lia mogvianebiT sparsi egzegetikos-mwignobrebis mier, anu sasanuri iranis
dasasrulis Semdgom. maTSi
saxezea mcdeloba, daadginon ZiriTadi orTodoqsuli normebi, rac
maT gardamocemis saxiT miiRes, es aris Zalian mdidari memkvidreoba kre-
acionistuli, kosmogoniuri Tu esqatologiuri motivebisa, romlebic
uZvelesi indo-iranuli Sreebidan iRebs saTaves. isini cdiloben amas
sistemuri da gamokveTilad moraluri xasiaTi miscen, rac maTi ZiriTadi
narativis gadarCenis pirobad miaCniaT, Tumca am Teologiuri xasiaTis teq-
stebidan miTosis rekonstruqcia mainc SesaZlebelia.
garkveuli orTodoqsia iranSi manamdec yalibdeba. misi pirveli mcde-
lobebi ukve III saukuneSi Cans, rac samefos mTavari mogvis, kartiris ofi-
cialur warwerebSi garkveviT ikiTxeba. Tavs iCens tendenciebi, romlebic
mimarTulia miTra-vaiu-vereTragnas, anahitas da zurvanis Tayvaniscemis
winaaRmdeg. tardeba mkacri RonisZiebebi rogorc eretikosTa, ise sxva
sarwmunoebebis mimdevarTa mimarT. orientiris funqcias asrulebs avesta,
rogorc ZiriTadi teqsti, romlis pirveli Sekreba da sistematizacia unda
momxdariyo Sabur II-is zeobaSi (309-379 ww.). meored igive nabijebi fala-
uri Targmanis CawerasTan erTad gadaidga xosro I-is mefobaSi (531-572 ww.).
miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri teqsti postsasanuri warmoSobisaa, gviandeli
mazdaistebi Zvel wyaroebs eyrdnobodnen. maTi redaqtirebisas adgili
hqonda garkveul cvlilebebs, Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ZiriTadi arsi
winaparTagan naanderZevi religiisa ucvleli darCa.
qarTul warmarTobas sxvadasxva epoqaSi sakmaod mWidro Sexeba hqonda
mazdaistur da zoroastrul religiur sistemasTan. qarTul miTologiasa
da folklorSi ase Tu ise transformirebuli saxiT SemorCa rwmena-war-
modgenebi, romlebic tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT garkveul msgavsebas am-
JRavnebs iranulTan.
90
aq, SesaZloa, wamoiWras kiTxva: xom aris SesaZlebeli, rom es Tematuri
msgavsebebi sulac ar iyos erTmaneTisgan nasesxebi? xom SesaZlebelia, rom
isini erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad, sxvadasxva niadagze, monaTesave men-
talobaTa mier Camoiqna? SedarebiTi miTologiis didi specialisti, JorJ
diumezili aRniSnavs im msgavsebebs, romlebic moipoveboda, erTi mxriv,
keltur da CrdiloeT germanul, meore mxriv, osur miTologiur gadmoce-
mebs Soris. igi dasZens, rom es momenti SesaZloa aixsnas yofis analogiuri
pirobebiT. esaa, Tundac, mCqefare koleqtiuri cxovreba, Rreoba, nadiroba,
qalisa da mamakacis urTierTobaTa mTeli kazuistika, Sejibrebebi, metoqe-
oba da a.S. magram es msgavseba ver aixsneba mxolod socialuri wyobiT.
es savsebiT unayofo wamowyeba iqneboda. es im miTologiur-religiuri
mTlianobiT unda aixsnas, romlis nawilsac isini odesRac Seadgendnen. ga-
dawyvetis axali variantebi SesaZloa gamoikveTos SedarebiTi meTodis uf-
ro farTod gamoyenebis Sedegad (Ddiumezili 1940: 6-7).
Cinvadis xidi
qarTuli miTosuri, magaliTad, svanuri wamodgenebis mixedviT, saiqio

vrceli mindoria, mudam mwvane da norCi balaxiT dafaruli. zemodan ca
afaria, aqvs erTi kari sulebis Sesasvleli, aqedan Sedian rogorc cxo-
nebulni, ise warwymedilni. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, fSav-xevsurebis mi-
TosSi saiqio qveynis SuagulSia. mas `SaveTsac~ uwodeben, Tumca marTal-
TaTvis iq aris naTeli. misi mkrTali naTeli, fSavuri warmodgenis mixedviT,
hgavs Camavali mzis naTels mTis mwvervalze. SaveTs Camoudis didi xevi,
romelSic miedineba cecxlmodebuli kupris mdinare, marTali gaivlis am
xidze, codvili ki Cavardeba almodebul kuprSi da daiwvba. bewvis xidi da
kupris ali figurirebs, aseve, xevsurul warmodgenebSi. adamianis suls
xidze gadasvlamde sasworze wonian, Tu is codvilia, xidi Cautydeba, keTil
da qvel adamians ki misi namoqmedari sikeTe da madli mxrebSi Seudgeba da
mSvidobiT gaatarebs bewvis xidze. aseTi adamiani samoTxeSi Sedis da iq
rCeba samudamod (maxauri 2011: 37).
aseTi cneba zoroastrul miTologiaSic aris: Cinvatis xidi (cinvato
pere-tum) aris `samsjavros xidi~, romelzec gamosyidvis mizniT xdeba sulis
gadavla, igi aerTebs saaqaos, anu cocxalTa samyaros saiqaosTan, anu mic-
valebulTa sauflosTan. sikvdilis Semdeg micvalebulTa sulebma is unda
gadaiaron. mas ori didi oTxTvala ZaRli darajobs. es kavSirSia induis-
tur Yama-sTan, romelic darajobs jojoxeTis karibWes Tavisi ori oTx-
Tvala ZaRliT.
avestas mixedviT, marTalTa sulebs am xidze mihyveba Tavad zaraTus-
tra. ìgi, vinc o mazdav, me momcems mas, rasac Sen scnob, rogorc amqveynad
91
saukeTesos; is, vinc RvTismosav kacs miuZRvnis Tavis siwmindes da keTili
azris sufevas; es yovelive Tan mimaqvs, raTa Senda warvmarTo maTi locva.
es yovelive gzas gauxsnis suls Cinvadis xidis gavlisas, yruni da brmani
erTianni arian im ganzraxvaSi, rom TavianTi ukeTuri saqmeebiT daangrion
mokvdavTa samyaro, magram maTi sulebi da maTi sindisi hgodeben, rodesac
isini Cinvadis xids mieaxlebian, raTa saukunod ganagrZon cxovreba Druj-is
saufloSi~ (isana 1960: 46, 10-1).
xidi gamoiyureba imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria damkvirveblis asha, anu
`simarTle~. `bundahiSnis~ mixedviT, Tu adamiani boroti iyo sicocxleSi,
xidi Zalian viwro gamoCndeba da masze iqneba demoni – vizaresh (bundahiSni
1908: 1908: 24-28) igi suls Tan waiyvans druj-demana-Si, anu `sicruis saxlSi~
maradiuli sasjelisTvis. es Zalian hgavs jojoxeTis koncepts. Tuki ada-
miani Tavisi azrebiT, sityvebiT da saqmeebiT keTili iyo, maSin xidi sakmaod
farTo iqneba gadasavlelad da masze gamoCndeba Daena, suli, romeliv sa-
zeo gamocxadebas gamoxatavs. igi mas `simReris saxlSi~ waiyvans. suli, ro-
melic warmatebiT gadaivlis am xids, uerTdeba ahura mazdas, `brZen ufals~.
Cinvadis xids sami arseba icavs: sraosha (sindisi) miTra (Tanxmoba, xelSek-
ruleba) da rashnu (samarTlianoba) (videnvati 1960: 19, 27-30); samoTxe aris
gamoxatuli mTiT hara berezaiti (Sdr. Alborz, igive El-Borus, qarT. ialbuzi).
saSualo sparsul teqstSi “Arda Viraf Namak” aRwerilia wminda kacis, zo-
roastruli religiis mimdevris, arda virafis Tavgadasavali saiqioSi, ris
Sesaxebac igi ukan dabrunebisas hyveba. misi TqmiT, Cinvadis xidis sigane 9
Subia, wminda sraosha-s da Atur-angelozis daxmarebiT xidis gadavlisas mas
icavdnen Mithra, rashn-samarTliani, Vay-keTili, Vahram Zlieri, Astat qveynis
gamaZlierebeli da mazdas keTili religiis bwryinvaleba (arda-viraf na-
maki 1977: 7-8).
xidTan aseve sruldeba mdedr arsebasTan Sexvedra. igi ganasaxierebs kon-
kretuli adamianis saqmeebs, fiqrebs da rwmenas, riTic amqveynad ucxovria.
J. diuSen-giominis dakvirvebiT, Tu mdedri adamians xidze gadasvlamde
xvdeba, misi silamaze an simaxinje principSi imas moaswavebs, rom suli ukve
gasamarTlebulia. osur primitiul esqatologiaSi xidi ar figurirebs –
micvalebuls eZleva cxeni, romliTac man mdinare unda gadalaxos. amis
Semdeg mas dakiTxavs mosamarTle Aminon (Jak diuSen-giomini 1962: 334; do-
usoni 2005: 237). avesturi sityva savah aris sakvanZo mniSnvelobis sityva
avestur simfonia-leqsikonSi. is aRniSnavs xsnas. rogorc xsna, ise dideba
– orive mazdas Seqmnilia. simarTlis koncepti aris umTavresi. is aris
standarti, romlis dacvac dedamiwaze aucilebelia da m isi Sedegic iqne-
ba zecaSi samudamo netareba. sityvebi asha da arta-s fuZea ar – anu `qmnulke-
Tiloba~, an `wesrigSi yofna~. isini mianiSnebs saganTa maradiul wesrigSi
yofnaze, rac harmoniaSia RvTaebriv wesrigTan, anu arta-sTan, igive `simar-
TlesTan~. es avestur teqstSi Zalian bevrjeraa naxsenebi. es aris saSuale-
92
ba zeciuri sauflos mosapoveblad. zoroastrizmis mixedviT, adamiani
Tavisufali arsebaa, romelmac, SesaZloa, airCios keTili gza: igi amiT
gaiziarebs sikeTis saboloo triumfis ideas, mxsnelis mosvlas, mkvdreTiT
aRdgomas, ukanasknel RvTaebriv samsjavros da saukuno cxovrebas (jek-
soni 1913: 195-205).
ra suraTi gvaqvs am mxriv qarTul miTologiaSi? aris iseTi vinme, visac
SeuZlia mogzauroba zebunebriv samyaroebSi? es SeuZliaT RvTisSvilebs,
Tundac, gaxua megrelaurs, romelsac suls aclian. es is adamiania, ro-
melsac SeuZlia sikvdilis zRurblis gadalaxva da ukan dabruneba. gaxua
megrelaurs, rogorc RvTisSvilTa rCeuls, SeuZlia „xilva“ sulebisa da
maTTan urTierToba. gaxua is pirovnebaa, romelic sizmarSi Tu transSi
yofnisas gadis saiqioSi da dabrunebisas TviTonve mogviTxrobs masze. mi-si
eqstazuri mogzaurobis angariSi ganasulierebs „antisamyaros“ da xsnis
mas (abakelia 2009: 28; kiknaZe 1996). sainteresoa Tqmulebis is versia, rom-
lis Tanaxmad, xaxmatis jvris samZimar yelRilianis salocavi gaxuas siz-
marSi xorciel qalad eCveneboda da masTan samijnuro urTierTobac hqonda
– aq isev da isev paralelis gavleba SeiZleba iranul motivTan. rogorc
vxedavT, qarTuli warmodgenebi ufro axlosaa iranulTan, vidre osuri.
calsaxad moraluri xasiaTi rogorc qarTul, ise iranul motivebSi semi-
turi gavlenis Sedegi unda iyos – es aris Zveli da axali aRTqmis teqstebi,
jer elinizebuli iudaizmis, Semdeg siriuli qristianobis mediumis gziT.
samoTxis maRali sfero
qarTul folklorSi Semonaxulia leqsi, romelic sainteresod asaxavs

edemis baRis, igive samoTxis Taviseburebas:
sizmrada vnaxe edemi, aRmosavleTis baRSio,

aris mze, aris mTovare, bevri varskvlavi caSio,
mivel da xexilT gavxede, Carigebulan mwkrivSio,
zogi mwifs, zogi yvaviloebs, zogsac kuxeni asxia.
(gamsaxurdia 1991: 83)
drois Cveulebrivi mimdinareoba, aseve dRe-Ramis da weliwadis droTa

Tanmimdevruloba am teqstSi aRweril suraT-xatSi darRveulia. am ulogi-
kobiT da antinomiurobiT saxezea mcdeloba raRac iseTi realobis gad-
mocemisa, romelic Znelad Tu gadmoicema `Cveulebrivi~ adamianuri eniT da
masSi arsebuli cnebebiT.
àrda-virafis~ wignSic gvxvdeba raRac msgavsi – mazdas mimdevarTa kre-
bulis mier samoTxis maRal sferoSi wargzavnili arda-virafi ixilavs sa-
93
marTlian msajulTa da moZRvarTa sulebs, romelTac aciskrovnebT mzis,
mTvarisa da varskvlavebis naTeba – apim dātoguban u astih bāvihunan veh dost ruvan.
Kešān rošhanik star u mah u xvāršet homanāk apis hame vaxšit u ramišn-homandih
hame rāftand andar-e vay rošhanik (arda viraf namaki 1923: 18-20). aqac sacnauria
iseTi aRwera, romelic fizikuri samyaros logikas arRvevs – mze, mTvare
da varskvlavebi erTdroulad hfenen sinaTles marTalTa sulebs. mzisa
da mTvaris, dRisa da Ramis Tanxvdomiloba, marTlac, iSviaTi motivia
miTologiebSi.
samoTxis motivi iranul religiur sistemaSi Semodis maSinve, rodesac
iwyeba Txroba Sesaqmeze. samoTxe, rogorc wmindad Teistur religiebSi,
ise zoroastrizmSi, samyaros is nawilia, romelic yvelaze metad naziare-
bia RmerTTan, igi Seqmnilia da Tan identuria Semoqmedisa. avesturi sityva
Pairi-daēza niSnavs galavniT an sxva saSualebiT SemozRudul adgils, rasac
SesaZloa baRis an walkotis konotacia hqondes. igivea Zv. sparsuli pari-
daida, midiuri paridaiza, aqedan is gadmovida berZnulSi, rogorc paradeisos da
laTinurSi, rogorc paradisus.
gaTa Spəntā Mainyu mogviTxrobs mcenareTa yofierebaze, rasac aRniSnavs
sityva urvara, romelic aris sicocxlis pirveli manifestacia. rodesac ahura
mazdam Seqmna dedamiwa, igi Semosa xeebiT, balaxiT da mcenareebiT (Yiasna
1960: 48. 6).
es yovelive ganawesa ahura mazdam rigiT mexuTe da meeqvse Sesaqmis etap-
ze keTildReobis SenarCunebisTvis, cxovelTaTvis da adamianebisTvis; igi
gastans, vidre ar amoiwureba Zravane daraegho khādata, `SezRuduli miwieri
dro~, igive, rac saS. sparsuli zamane kanārakomand.
koncepti xeebze ganviTarebulia, aseve, kosmogoniur traqtatSi `bunda-
hiSni~. iTvleba, rom xeebs aqvT suli mēnōg (bundahiSni 1908: 3, 6; 4,12; 4,15).
erTaderTi xisgan, romelsac ewodeba mādagwarsardag ganviTarda 130 000 Tesli,
anu sardag. aseve saubaria xeze, romelsac uwodeben wan-ī harwisp-tōhmag, `yve-
la Teslis damtevi xe~. igi izrdeba miTiur tbaSi Frāxwkard (Sdr. avestu-
ri vouru-kasa). am xes ewodeboda frārōn `qveli~, aseve tuxšāgbizešk `gamrje mkur-
nali~, hamāg-bizešk `yovlisganmkurvneli~ (bundahiSni 1908: 61, 37-39).
kreaciis mesame etapze ahura mazda-ohrmazdma Seqmna xe gokart. igi maRali
da yviTeli ferisa iyo; misgan warmodga yvela mcenaris Tesli. gokartTan
ar figurirebas arc mdedruli arseba, arc frinveli, rogorc es aris Su-
merul miTologiaSi. iqve naTqvamia, rom im miwaze, romelzec es xe aRmo-
cenda, yvelgan wyalia, Tumca misi kavSiri xesTan arapirdapiria. bibliuri
xe-cxovrebisasgan gansxvavebiT, gokart-is aRmoceneba win uswrebs pirvel-
kacis, Gayomārt-is Seqmnas. es pirvelkaci ohrmazdma Seqmna Sesaqmis meeqvse,
saboloo etapze. es arqetipuli kaci sakmaod axlos dgas adreqristianuli
Teologiis “Adam Protoplast”-Tan da iudauri kabalistikis “Adam Kadmon”-
Tan. es iyo kosmiuri giganti, romelic arsebobda sferos formiT. aqve
94
sainteresoa J. diuSen-giominis SeniSvna, rom saS. sparsuli termini spihr
`zeca~ momdinareobs berZnuli terminidan sfeyra, anu `sfero~. es mziuri
goliaTi mokla ahrimanma. misi cxedari warmodgenilia, rogorc madnis
ZarRvebi dedamiwaSi, aseve rogorc ConCxi adamianis sxeulSi (diuSen-giomini
1962: 317-324). bibliuri `dabadebis~ wignis mixedviT xe cxovrebisa RmerTma
aRmoacena mas Semdeg, rac Seqmna adami: `da aRmo-ve-cena RmerTman merme
qveyaniT yoveli xe Suenieri xilvad da keTili saWmelad da xe cxovrebisa –
Soris samoTxesa~ (dabadeba, 2,9). sxva bibliuri teqstebidan igi moixsenieba
solomonis igavebSi (3,18; 11,30; 15,4;) ioanes gamocxadebaSi ki mas ukve axali
motivebi ukavSirdeba (2,7; 12,14;).
uZveles miTologiur sistemebSi arqetipuli `xe~ samyaros samive
`sknels~ msWvalavs. SesaZloa iTqvas, rom igi is RerZia, romelzec samya-
rouli nageboba daefuZna. zurab kiknaZesTan vkiTxulobT: `Zveli formaci-
is miTologiebSi adamians da mis sacxovrebels Suaguli adgili uWiravs
samsknelovan samyaroSi. asea Suamdinarul, indur, alTaur, skandinavur
miTologiebSi; amgvarive dayofa universumisa gvxvdeba agreTve xalxur
zRaprebSi, sadac Suaskneli zRapris gmiris samSobloa, magram mas sxva
sknelebSic uxdeba yofna. adamiani cxovrobs SuasknelSi, saidanac mas gza
exsneba ori mimarTulebiT – zecisa da qvesknelisken. am gzas, xSirad sam-
yaros RerZad warmodgenils, ganasaxierebs samyarouli xe, romelic msWva-
lavs sam sknels. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, es xe Tavisi aRmocenebiT, rogorc
indra Tavisi sami gadabijebiT, qmnis samsknelovan samyaros. xis Ziri
Suasknelia, adamianis sacxovrebeli; xis fesvebi – qveskneli, romelsac
gveli ganasaxierebs; xis kenwero zesknelis xatia da mas frinveli war-
mogvidgens. aseTia, kerZod, SumerelTa miTosuri xeebi da skandinavelTa
iggdrasili, bumberazi ifani~ (kiknaZe 1996: Xcvii).
samoTxis xe, rogorc ganaxlebuli

religiis simbolo miwierebis sferoSi
fSav-xevsureTis miTosi icnobs xmalas salocavs da mironmdinare al-

vis xes, rogorc `mkadres~ yvelaze arsebiT sulier gamocdilebas. am dros
`mkadre~ Wvrets, rogorc mistikosi, religiis dasabams – mironis wyaros
– da RvTisSvilTa saidumlo saqmianobas miwis gulSi, saidanac maT amoaqvT
Tav-TavianTi saymoebisaTvis mironi, rogorc kultis macocxlebeli wmi-
da nivTiereba. xmalas mironis andrezi qristianuli eklesiis wiaRidan
iRebs dasabams. Zneli ar aris xmalas mironmdinar alvis xeSi gamovicnoT
mcxeTis mironmdinari sveti, romelic idga sveticxovlis pirvel taZarSi –
qristianuli saqarTvelos sakralur SuagulSi; aq duRda mironi da aqedan
nawildeboda is mTels saqarTveloSi, rogorc xmalas mironi xevsureTis
salocavebSi (kiknaZe 1996: ).
95
aseTive xe dgas RvTisSvilis karze. es alva-xe ukvdavebis nayofs isxams.
am nayofis gemeba ver moaswres adamma da evam, pirvelma adamianurma wyvilma,
magram mas eziarebian qristianul xanaSi, rogorc qristes sisxls, romelic
sulier da xorciel simrTeles aniWebs maT. am konceptis mixedviT, qriste
RmerTma iseTi nayofebi moutana kacobriobas, romelTa gemebac adamma da
evam ver moaswres:
Cvenis RvTisSvilis karzeda xe alva amosulao,

wverad mausxam yurZeni, saWmelad Camosulao.
magis uWmeli qal-vaJi udrood daSaulao.
(kiknaZe 1996)
am tipis TqmulebaSi xe, rogorc sicocxlis arqetipuli xati, mdgari mis

metafizikur, RvTaebriv ganzomilebaSi, miwier ganzomilebaSic gamoCndeba
– da aq is ukve religiis, rogorc pirvelsawyisTan kavSiris SenarCunebis,
mediumi da simboloa. garda sicocxlis fenomenisa, romelic xSirad gan-
mkurnebel ZalaSi gamoixateba, igi raRac iseT nayofsac atarebs, romelic
adamianadqmnisTvis da amqveynad yofierebisTvisac gadamwyveti mniSvnelo-
bis mqonea. `religias~ hyavs, rogorc wesi, centraluri figura – es SesaZ-
loa iyos romelime ierofanti, an sulac axali religiis damfuZnebeli.
qarTul andrezebSi es SesaZloa iyos romelime RvTisSvili, an sulac
wminda giorgi, rogorc is aris danaxuli mTis tradiciaSi. xis gaxarebas
mohyveba meore aqti – es aris am religiisTvis taZris aRmarTva. aq ori
SesaZleblobaa:
a) xe rCeba sakulto obieqtis karTan an mis siaxloveSi;
b) is moikveTeba da swored misi merqnisgan damzaddeba masala nagebobisTvis.
iranSi arsebobs tradicia, rom zoroastris xed (Sarv-e Kashmar) wodebuli
kviparosi xorasanSi gaxarebulia Tavad zaraTustras mier mas Semdeg, rac
samoTxidan wamoiRo misi nergi da is dargo mefe viStaspas zoroastre-
lad moqcevis niSnad. arabTagan iranis dapyrobis Semdeg am xem miipyro aba-
sidi xalifa al-muTavaqilis (846-860 ww.) yuradReba. 860 wels, miuxedavad
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis winaaRmdegobisa, man brZaneba gasca am xis moW-
risa da 1300 aqlemiT da lamis mTeli iranis teritoriis gavliT misi sama-
raSi transportirebisa, raTa gamoyenebuli yofiliyo Zelebad misi axali
rezidenciis asaSeneblad. Tumca xalifas manamde mouwia sikvdili sasax-
lis karze moulodneli amboxis Sedegad (Enciclopaedia Iranica, Derakht).
Sah-nameseul versiaSi naxsenebia kviparosi, romelmac mefe guStaspis,
igive avest. Kava Vistaspa-s samefoSi, xorasanis provinciis qalaq qaSmarSi
ixara. es moxda maSin, rodesac winaswarmetyveli zarduSti (zaraTustra)
gamoCnda da iqadaga Tavisi axali sarwmunoeba sibrZnisa da sinaTlis Rmer-
Tze. guStasps, am mxareebis mmarTvels, aRmoaCnda mzaoba am sarwmunoebis
miRebisa. swored es unda iyos is `keTili nayofi~, romelic man TiTqosda
96
gamoiRo. rodesac guStaspma axali sarwmunoebis miRebis gamo aaSena Mehri-
Borzin, anu cecxltaZari, romelSic enTo sakraluri cecxli Burzen-Mihr,
zarduStma samoTxis xe mis karTan dargo. rodesac aRniSnuli xe kidev ufro
gaizarda, mis CrdilqveS mefe guStaspma aago didi sasaxle, romlis ke-
delzec iranis wminda mefeebi da gmirebi gamoxates. guStaspis samefo tax-
tic aRniSnul sasaxleSi dadgmula (haidi 1760: 332; kristenseni 1926: gv. 81-
115).
analogiuria siuJeti, sadac zaraTustras gamoCenasTan dakavSirebuli xe
mogvianebiT gvxvdeba Zarthusht-Name-Si, romelic XIII saukunis Zeglia, Tumca
unda iTvaliswinebdes adreul gadmocemebs. aq figurirebs ara `cxovrebis~
xe, aramed, zogadad, `msoflio xe~. zarduSti (zaraTustra) aq ambobs, rom
man ixila xe Svidi StoTi, misi Stoebidan erTi oqrosi iyo, meore – ver-
cxlis, mesame – spilenZis, meoTxe – brinjaosi, mexuTe – kalis, meeqvse –
foladis da meSvide – rkinis. Semdeg is ganmartavs, rom xe Svidi StoTi
samyaros xatia: Svidgzisoba cvalebadobas aRniSnavs, rac damokidebu-
lia qveynad sikeTesa da borotebas Soris wonasworobis cvalebadobaze
(zoroastris wigni 1904: P17).
gaqristianebis qarTul narativSi vxedavT iranuli gadmocemis msgavs
motivebs – xis aRmocenebas, mefis moqceva, cecxltaZrisa da sasaxlis
mSeneblobas, Tumca qarTuli narativi gacilebiT ufro kompleqsuria:
xis aRmocenebas win uZRoda saRvTo da, imavdroulad, sakacobrio drama
ierusalimSi, ieso qristes jvarcma, ris Semdegac misi samoseli oTxad
gayves. kvarTi, romelzec naTqvamia, rom ìyo ukervel, zeiT gamoqsovil
yovlad~, gayofas ar eqvemdebareba. igi Sexvda mcxeTeli ebraelebis or
warmomadgenels, elioz mcxeTels da longinoz karsnels. isini iudeo-
qristianobis mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi arian. ramdenadac `kvarTi~
mocemul SemTxvevaSi gasaazrebelia, rogorc im uqmneli energiebis da
saRvTo naTelis erTiani wnulis simbolo, romelic ieso qristes gare-
moicavda, `qarTlis moqcevis~ koncepti xdeba – igi swored iudeo-qris-
tianul mimdinareobas qarTlSi moiazrebda qristes impulsTan da mis na-
TelTan uSualo da yvelaze axlo kavSirSi. swored aseTi elvarebiT da
saRvTo energetikiT aRivseba eliozis da sidonia, romelic kvarTTan
erTad daikrZala. swored mis saflavze aRmocenda saswaulTmoqmedi
kviparosi.
Tuki SevadarebT iranul da qarTul gadmocemebs, Semdeg suraTs mivi-
RebT: 1. iranul narativSi `samoTxis xe~ qaSmarSi aRmocenda zaraTustras
gamoCenisas, raime winaistoriis gareSe; qarTul narativSi kviparosma ixa-
ra sidonias, mcxeTis iudeo-qristianuli Temis erT-erTi TvalsaCino war-
momadgenlis saflavze, romelSic is erT-erT umTavres qristianul siw-
mindesTan, kvarTTan erTad ganisvenebda. 2. iranul narativSi guStaspi (igi-
ve avesturi teqstebis qava viStaspa) moeqca zaraTustras rjulze; qarTul
97
narativSi mirian III, iberiis mefe, moeqca qristianobaze, romelic mcxeTa-
Si iqadaga ierusalimis qristianuli Temis warmomadgenelma, warmoSobiT
kapadokielma `tyve dedakacma~ wm. ninom. 3. iranul narativSi guStaspma
jer cecxltaZari aaSena samoTxis xesTan, Semdeg ukve sasaxle, rac Tavisi
mniSvnelobiT taZars utoldeba, ramdenadac guStaspi mefe-mogvia, misi sa-
mefo ki Teokratiulia; miT umetes, rom am axali nagebobis kedlebi iranis
legendaruli istoriis gmirebis gamosaxulebebiTaa gaformebuli. kvip-
arosi xelSeuxebeli rCeba; qarTul narativSi kviparosi moikveTeba da mis
adgilze mokveTili xis gamoyenebiT aigeba taZari.
is garemoeba, rom kviparosi moikveTeba da, rogorc masala, taZris in-
tegraluri nawili xdeba, swored Teisturi religiebis ZiriTad tendenciaze
mianiSnebs. iranul gadmocemaSi igi mainc calke rCeba da cecxltaZarTan
erTad TiTqos calke Tayvaniscemis obieqtia. semituri kulturuli nakadi
Tavis TavSi sxvaze metad atarebs mZlavr Teistur impulss, rac xazgas-
mulad monisturia.
miuxedavad amisa, mainc Zneli warmosadgenia didi tabus darRveva, rac
sakraluri xis mokveTa iyo. aSkaraa, rom xis mokveTis aucilebloba qveyanaSi
Seqmnilma sarwmunoebrivma cvlilebam warmoSva. me-4 saukuneSi qarTveleb-
ma ician am mcenaris unikalurobis Sesaxeb, Tumca miaxloebasac ki arideben
Tavs. mxolod episkopos ioanes miTiTebisa da kurTxevis Semdeg midian er-
Tgvar „riskze“ da manamde xelSeuxeb sakulto xes jvrebis dasamzadeblad
Wrian, rogorc amas wers q. garayaniZe Tavis disertaciaSi. igi, aseve, aRniS-
navs, rom xis mokveTa da misi gamoyeneba jvrisTvis, aseve taZris mSeneblo-
bisTvis mkvdreTiT aRdgomis erTgvari reminiscenciaa. amaze migviTiTebs
is faqti, rom taZris SesasvlelTan dadgmulma, Ziridan mokveTilma xem
„oc da aTCჳdmet dRedmde... ara Seicvala furceli misi~, rac sagangebod
aRuniSnavT „moqcevaჲs“ avtorebs (garayaniZe 2018: 108). aqve disertaciis
avtori imowmebs nana xazaraZes, romelmac Tavis wignSi yuradReba miaqcia
xeTur Telefinus miTs „eias~ xeze; dabrunebul RvTaebas xeTebi èias~ xes
udgamdnen da es Jesti simbolurad ganasaxierebs madlierebasac, romel-
sac xeTebi gamoxatavdnen dabrunebuli RvTaebisadmi. aseve keTdeba miniS-
neba imazec, rom „eia“ maradiulobis, ulevi sasicocxlo Zalis, nayofiere-
bis, gamravlebis, mokvdavi da aRorZinebadi bunebis da Tavisuflebis sim-
bolocaa (xazaraZe 1999: 170).
amave dros mezobeli somxeTis qristianobaze gadasvla iberiisgan
gansxvavebul formatSi ganxorcielda. qristianobas iq iseTi wanamZRvre-
bi ar daxvedria, rogoric mcxeTaSi, da es, miuxedavad imisa, rom somxeTis
yofiTi kultura parTul-iranulis uZlieres zegavlenas ganicdida.
qristianobis warmateba ise Cans, rom iyo wm. grigol parTelis, igive `gan-
manaTleblis~ da agaTangeloss Tu daveyrdnobiT, kapadokiuri berZ-
nulenovani qristianuli Temis warmomadgenlis piradi Rvawlis Sedegi.
98
qristianoba somxeTis saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad, savaraudod, gamocxadda
315 an 316 wels, ris Semdegac grigol ganmanaTlebeli pirvel episkopo-
sad akurTxes kesareaSi. amasTanave agaTangelosTan vkiTxulobT: `keisarma
konstantinem, didi siyvaruliT aRvsilma, siyvaruli gamoavlina mefe
Trdatis mimarT, upirveles yovlisa, am ukanasknelis mxridan RmerTis
aRiarebis gamo. da amas garda man mokavSired gaixada is da mis rwmenas
ufali ieso qristesadmi ganixilavda rogorc damakavSirebel saSualebas,
risi wyalobiTac maT samefoebs Soris yovelTvis erTguli siyvaruli Se-
narCundeboda da SesaZloa igi fiqrobda, somexTa mefe sul ufro da uf-
ro metad ganemtkicebina wminda samebisadmi rwmenaSi~ (agaTangelosi 1974:
8, 410). rogorc vxedavT, somxeTSi Tavidanve elinistur-romauli qris-
tianuli mimdinareobaa dominanturi. wminda ninos megobrebis, rifsimes da
gaianes mokvdineba somxeTSi imave Trdatis mefobisas TiTqos simbolurad
mianiSnebs imaze, rom somxeTSi ierusalimurma, iudeur-qristianul Zirebze
aRmocenebulma qristianobam fexi ver moikida. magram rac ver moxerxda
somxeTSi, is moxerxda iberiaSi. aq elinur-romauli qristianoba mogviane-
biT CaerTo – romis imperatorma konstantine didma (306-337 ww.) qarTlis
mefis mirianis TxovniT aq moavlina episkoposi ioane, ori mRvdeli da sami
diakvani, romlebmac akurTxes mcxeTaSi aSenebuli eklesia da xalxisaT-
vis Seasrules naTlisRebis saidumlo. antioqiis sapatriarqo am ambebSi
imTaviTve CarTuli unda yofiliyo.
am monacemebis analizidan gamomdinare, ise Cans, rom iq, sadac mcxeTis
sveticxovlis winare-taZari aigo, erTmaneTs oTxi kulturuli tradi-
cia Sexvda: uZvelesi winaaziur-zoroastruli samyaro, adgilobrivi
`RvTisSvilTa~ tradicia, aseve iudeur-qristianuli da elinur-romauli
qristianobis nakadebi.
damowmebani:
abakelia 2009: abakelia, n. „eqstazuri mogzaurobis“ motivi qarTul miToritualur
sistemaSi~. literaturaTmcodneobis Tanamedrove problemebi (II saerTaSoriso sim-
poziumi, (nawili I). Tbilisi: 2009.
agaTangelosi 1974: Agathangelos. History of the Armenians. State University of New York Press, 1974.
avesta 1960: Le Zend Avesta. Traduction nouvelle avec commentaire historique et philologique par J.
Darmesteter. Publ. E. Leroux. Paris, 1960.
avestis gaTebi 1979: avestis gaTebi. galobani. Targmna giorgi axvledianma. Tbilisi: Tsu
gamomcemloba, 1979.
arda viraf namaki 1923: Arda-Viraf Namak, ed. Jamasp-Asana. Bombay: 1923.
arda viraf namaki 1977: arda viraf namaki. falauridan Targmna Teo CxeiZem. krebuli
àrmaRani~ (aRmosavluri mwerlobis nimuSebi). Tbilisi: „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“,1977.
bundahiSni 1908: The Bundahishn. Ed. By E.T.D. Anklesaria, with the introduction. Bombay: 1908.
gamsaxurdia 1991: gamsaxurdia, z. rusTaveli da anton I. werilebi da esseebi. Tbilisi:
„xelovneba“, 1991.
99
garayaniZe 2018: garayaniZe, q. warmarTobis kvali adreuli periodis qarTul hagi-
ografiaSi. sadisertacio naSromi filologiis akademiuri doqtoris xarisxis mosa-
poveblad. https://www.bsu.edu.ge/text_files/ge_file_9978_1.pdf, 2018.
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Souveraineté. ed. Leroux. Paris: PUF, 1940.
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1904.
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maxauri 2011: maxauri, t. warmodgenebi saiqioze svaneTsa da fSav-xevsureTSi. folklo-
rul-eTnografiuli narkvevebi. wigni III. Tbilisi: „universali“, 2011.
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de France, 1962.
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Hyde, in Six parts. Veterum Persarum of Parthorum et Medorum Religionis. 2nd Edition. Oxford, 1760.
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or the Bible of Zoroastre. The American Journal of Theologie, vol. 17. N 2, 1913.
Konstantine Gamsakhurdia
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
Masdaistic-Zoroastrian Motives in Georgian Mythical Legends
Summary
Key words: Zoroastrizm, Georgian folklore, “Religion of sons of God’’, soul’s journeys after
death.
The article is designed to analyse the data found in Zoroastrian and Georgian texts, preserved
in highland regions of Georgia in fragments and narratives of “Religion of sons of God’’. They
deal with the soul’s journeys after death, Paradise, and also the cult of trees which is related to
Paradise. All this reflected in the essential part of the sixth century AD narrative of Georgia’s
conversion to Christianity. By analysing this data, one can see that in that area where the old
Svetitskhoveli was built, four different cultural traditions converged: the ancient Zoroastrian
world, the local “sons of God” tradition, as well as Hebrew-Christian and Hellenistic-Roman
Christian tendencies.
100
dalila bedianiZe
cxeni qarTul jadosnur zRaprebSi
qarTul jadosnur zRaprebSi araerTgzis gvxvdebian rogorc Sinauri,

aseve gareuli cxovelebi, kerZod: cxeni, xari, Zroxa, cxvari, mgeli, daTvi,
lomi, spilo, mela, kata, Tagvi, Rori, ZaRli da sxva. maT Soris yvelaze
xSirad cxeni ixsenieba. cxeni jadosnur zRaprebSi gvxvdeba rogorc Tavisi
pirdapiri, ise miTosuri mniSvnelobiT (raSi). mkvlevari eka CxeiZe aRniS-
navs: `sazogadod, cxeni mtkicedaa damkvidrebuli evropisa da aziis mi-
TologiaSi. is cis, miwis, qvesknelis da sxvadasxva stiqiebis msaxuria...
CvenSi odesRac cxenis kulti unda arsebuliyo. amas gvafiqrebinebs
saqarTveloSi dRemde Semonaxuli cxenis sagangebo siyvaruli da pati-
viscema... cxenis RvTiur bunebaze miuTiTebs isic, rom is gulTmisania.
bevrgan, RvTaebisadmi miZRvnil SesawiravTa Soris, yvelaze did msxver-
plad cxeni iTvleboda~ (CxeiZe 2002: 32-33).
zRaparSi `Sav-Teimurazi, mze Teimurazi da mTvare Teimurazi~ cxeni to-
temia, igi adamianis mSobelicaa da misi masazrdoebelic. ìyo da ara iyo ra,
RvTis ukeTesi ra iqneboda, iyo erTi col-qmari, romlebsac erTi Savi cxenis
meti ara gaaCndaT ra. es cxeni iyo maTi sazrdo da imedi. wavidoda diliT
cxeni tyeSi, damakdeboda iq, movidoda saRamoze, moigebda kvics, daklavdnen
col-qmari kvics da SeWamdnen. ase gadioda dReebi da wlebi. bolos mos-
wyindaT kvicis Wama da Tqves: roca cxeni mova da moigebs kvics, TviT cxeni
davklaT, SevWamoT da mere ise vicxovroT, rogorc RmerTi gviCvenebso.
cxeni finiam gadaarCina. waiyvana cxenma kvici Sav tyeSi da daiwyo Zveleburi
cxovreba, isev igebda kvicebs... roca didi jogi gauxda cxenebisa, dedacxen-
ma Tqva, aseTi yofna ra yofnaa, sul kvicebis Soba momwyinda, RmerTo, ro-
gorc gamaCine, ise damarCine da erTi adamianis Svilic Camisaxe mucelSi, rom
am cxenebs mouaroso~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1963: 87). eyola vaJi. roca davaJkacda,
moindoma qveynis gacnoba, ar daiSala. bolos dedam uTxra, airCie romeli
kvicic ginda, Sejeqi da wadio. or kvicze Sejda da orive kvici kvnesoda, ra
usamarTlobaa, ufrosi Zma umcross zurgze ajdebao. dedam ar gaumxila
Svils, ras niSnavda kvicebis sityvebi da daariga: sxvaze Sejeqi da roca
daiwyos, lagami Cahkar magrad pirSi da xmas aRar gaiRebso, Tan uTxra: `Sen
xar Sav-Teimurazi, Savi cxenis Svili da tyeSi Sobili~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1963:
88). Sav-Teimurazi didi gmiri gamovida, devTmebrZoli. miuxedavad imisa,
rom misi winapari Savi cxeni iyo, mas adamianis saxe da adamianis suni hqonda.
devis raSma adamianis suni ikra da SefrTxa. devma Tavis raSs Seutia: ra
gakrTobs, Sav-Teimurazi xom ar mosulao?! e.i. Sav-Teimurazi devTa mteria,
maTTvis kargad cnobili. man sZlia devebs da umcrosi mzeTunaxavi SeirTo.
101
devebTan brZolis zemoxsenebuli epizodi xasiaTdeba mza formuliT da
araerT jadosnur zRaparSi gvxvdeba, mag. `zRapari ivane ciskrisa~: `saRamo
xanze SvidTava devi cxeniT saxlSi midioda, rodesac miuaxlovda devis
saxls, cxenma waiborZika. – aCu, Se saoxrev, ivane ciskari xom ar dagvxvdeba
saxlSi, ra gaSinebso – uTxra devma cxens~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1963: 96). aseve
waiborZikes cxraTava devis da TormetTaviani devis cxenebma. ivane ciskar-
ma samive devi daxoca. es epizodi bevr jadosnur zRaparSi meordeba
varirebuli saxiT. mag. `zRapari uxeirosi~ – uxeiro SeebrZola TeTr devs
xidis yurTan. `cxeni rom moaxlovdeba, amohyofs Tavs, `yvit~ ityvis da Se-
ufrTxeba es cxeni devs. ujavrdeba TeTri devi, magram cxeni frutunebs da
win ar midis. aCu, Se oxero, xelmwifis karze rom uxeiroa, imas movklav da
mand vina zis, vin gaSinebs iseTi, rom me ver moverevio!~ (xalxuri sibrZne
1963a: 133). uxeirom TeTri devi mokla, daakra cxens mkvdari da gaagdo devis
dedisken. aseve moeqca wiTel devs da Sav devs. zRaparSi ùSvilo xelmwife~
(iqve: 294-296) devebs xidis qveS daudarajda gmiri bebris Svili. devis cxeni
SefrTxa. devma uTxra cxens: aCu, erTs aqeben bebrisSvils, is veras mizam-
so. bebrisSvilma sami devi daxoca – TeTri, wiTeli da Savi da maTi cxenebi
mas darCa. igive motivebi gvxvdeba zRaprebSi ìvane falavani~ (iqve: 453-
460), `xmeli qurani~ (umikaSvili 1964: 30-34), `zRapari baladxasi~ (xalxuri
sityviereba 1956: 219-222), `devebis koSki~ (gmiri ivane gverdiSvili) (iqve:
229-236).
davubrundeT ivane ciskars. amave zRaparSi ixsenieba devis raSi, romelic
araCveulebrivi ZaliT xasiaTdeba. am raSs ivane ciskars Tavisi sacole
miaswavlis, rogorc es am tipis zRaprebSi xdeba: wadi, im devs erTi raSi
hyavda, zRvaSi rom cxviriviT klde dgas, iq abia... gamoiyvane is raSi da Tu
rames giSvelis, is giSveliso... ivanem naxa raSi. xelis sisqe mtveri da WuWyi
edo zurgze (rogorc es sxva zRaprebSic gvxvdeba). raSma uTxra ciskars, sam
dRes Sav mTaze gamiSvi, rom Rone movikribo, Torem dasustebuli var da
vera gzidavo. ivanem gauSva Sav mTaze raSi, romelmac Rone moikriba da ivanes
sami Zuis bewvi misca: roca dagWirde, dawvi da SenTan gavCndebio. am zRa-
parSi raSi jadosnuria, adamianiviT metyvelebs, patrons rCevas aZlevs da
ki ar dadis, dafrinavs, rogorc am tipis sxva zRaprebSi. is amarjvebinebs
ivanes, romelic laxtiT klavs rkinis kacs.
zogjer devi aramcTu raSs flobs, aramed TviTon iqceva cxenad, raTa
zRapris gmirs SeebrZolos. zRaparSi `zRapari monadirisa da didi arwivisa~
monadires devma daavala cxenis gaxedna. colma monadires uTxra: `TviTon
mamaCemi iqceva kvicad da imas unda umxedroo. me erT lagams mogcem,
is lagami amosde imas pirSi, Tan erTi rkinis kveri waiRe, aRma afrindes,
TavSi sceme, daRma wavides – cxvirSio. nu SeibrZoleb... magra dahkar, Torem
cocxals ar gagiSvebso~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1963a: 113). es epizodi devis
Tu qajis cxenad qcevisa da cxenis gaxednisa araerT zRaparSi gvxvdeba. ix.
102
zRapari òrmocSviliani xelmwife~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1963a: 243-259). aq raSis
gaxedna qajT xelmwifis mesame davaleba iyo: `TviTon xelmwife gadaiqca
Sekazmul raSad da mohgvares vaJkacs... raSma igrZno, rom Cemze ukve kaci
ziso da afrinda. gaswia pirdapir mzisken, egeb davwvao. es vaJkaci gadab-
runda da amoekra cxens mucelze. raSma igrZno, rom vaJi mucelze makravso,
daeSva Zirs – egeb qvesknelSi Cavitanoo. miwas rom miuaxlovda, vaJi isev
zurgze moeqca... raSi maSin gaqanda marjvniv da undoda miexala kedlisTvis,
magram vaJma moaswro da gadaxta marcxena mxrisken. raSma gaigo, rom vaJkaci
marcxniv momeqcao da gaqanda marcxniv – vaJic gadmoqanda marjvniv. raSma
rom veRaraferi moaxerxa da gaqanda TrialeTis mindvrisken... mivida Tavis
mijnasTan da datrialda: iqneba Tavbru daexves da gadmovardeso. Sevida
ezoSi, vaJkaci gadmoxta win, gadmoagdo aRviri, erTi magrad awna yuris
ZirSi maTraxi da gamwarebuli raSi Sevarda sajiniboSi~ (xalxuri sibrZne
1963a: 254-255). es suraTi cxenis da zRapris gmiris orTabrZolisa gvxvde-
ba aseve zRaprebSi: èlene mSvenieris zRapari~ (iqve: 259-273), ùzundaras
zRapari~ (iqve: 327-331), `monadire da misi raSi~ (iqve: 343-348), `mamis povnis
ambavi~ (iqve: 377-382), `mefe muzarbi~ (iqve: 461-466), `mfrinavi mzeTunaxavi~
(megruli zRaprebi 1994: 15), `da da Zma~ (iyo da ara ... 1977: 710-724), `zRapari
sakvirvelisa~ (xalxuri sityviereba 1956: 145-153), `da-Zmis ambavi~ (iqve: 305-
317), `koxta biWi~ (iqve: 212-215), `xelmwifis zRapari~ (iqve: 321) da sxv.
cxens ara mxolod devisTvis warTmeviT moipovebs zRapris gmiri, aramed
RamiT mamis saflavze darajobisasac naxavs da es cxenebi mamamisis mter
xelmwifeebs an devs ekuTvnis. aq cxenebi miRma samyaros, saiqios ukavSirdeba.
zRaparSi `xasan-xusana~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1963a: 115-119) xelmwifis umcrosma
vaJma RamiT mamis saflavze darajobisas (rogorc es mamam uanderZa) naxa
wiTel, TeTr da Sav raSze msxdomi xelmwifeebi, romelTac mamamisis safla-
vis aoxreba undodaT. biWma rigrigobiT daxoca es xelmwifeebi da samive
raSi wamoiyvana – wiTeli, TeTri da Savi. `cxenTa ferebs gansakuTrebuli
funqcia aqvT. maTi simboluri mniSvneloba cnobili iyo jer kidev uZve-
lesi saukuneebidan... qarTuli mwerlobis, zepirsityvierebis, monumenturi
ferwerisa da xelnawerebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba qarTuli cxenis Zi-
riTadi ferebis varaudi – TeTri, wiTeli, Savi da lurja cxeni~ (CxeiZe 2002:
34). TeTri, wiTeli da Savi cxenebi TavianTi Sesabamisi samosiT da iaraRiT
gvxvdeba araerT qarTul jadosnur zRaparSi. ix. zRaprebi: ùmcrosi Zma~
(megruli zRaprebi 1994: 129-132), `hates zRapari~ (megruli zRaprebi 1994: 135-
139), àrvicia~ (xalxuri sityviereba 1956b: 9-17), `xelmwifis Svili da qosa
meCongure~ (iyo da ara..., 1977, 43-47), `xelmwifis Svilebi da koWli meWianure~
(qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi 1959: 183-188), `vaSla~ (xalxuri sityviereba
1956b: 33-39) da sxva. zRaparSi `saflavis daraji~ (megruli zRaprebi 1994:
24-29) ki gvxvdeba varSavis cxeni, vercxlis cxeni da oqros cxeni TavianTi
atributebiT. yvela am tipis zRaparSi cxenis saWiro dros gamoZaxeba xdeba
103
sxvadasxva saSualebiT (ix. qvemoT), romelsac cxenebi aZleven yoCaR mxe-
dars. `broweulis zRaparSi~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1963a: 400-406). qvesknelSi
moxvedril umcros Zmas qalma erTi oTaxi uCvena, sadac sami raSi eba: Savi,
wiTeli da TeTri. Tu wiTelze Sejdebi, netareba Sen, maRla amogiyvanso;
Tu TeTrze Sejeqi, gverdi-gverd wagiyvans da vin icis, sad gagglejs, mi-
waze iqneba Tu zRvaSi, sadme dagRupavso; Tu Savze Sejeqi, qvesknelSi Ca-
giyvanso. wiTelze rom jdomas daiwyeb, eseni ecdebian TviTon Segisvan da
lajebSi gagiZvrebiano. misca qalma darigeba, Seiba Toki da aiyvanes. biWi
Sav raSze Sejda (xalxuri sibrZne 1963: 401-402). zRaparSi `xelmwifis Svili
da devTmefe~ (iyo da ara 1977: 249-253) sami raSidan wiTeli sadac ginda, iq
wagiyvans, Savi qvesknels Cagagdebs, TeTri zeviT agiyvans. aseve, Savi, TeTri
da wiTeli raSebi gvxvdeba `broweulis ambavSi~ (qarTuli xalxuri zRapre-
bi 1959: 244-251). aq TeTri raSia biWis maRla amomyvani, Savi qvesknels Camom-
yvania, xolo wiTeli – gverdze damamtvreveli – isini erTmaneTs ecilebian
mxedris zurgze Sesmas (ix. aseve zRapari `samni Zmani~, xalxuri sityviereba
1956: 215-219).
cxeni zogjer sadamsjelo saqmianobaSic monawileobs – damnaSaves cxe-
nis kudze gamoabamen da daaCqleTineben. aseTi sasjeli araerT zRaparSi
gvxvdeba – ix. `lerwmis qali~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1963a: 65-72), `xelmwifis
zRapari~ (iqve: 73-80), `zRapari xelmwifis colisa, gveli rom gauCnda~ (iqve:
208-216), ìa-xaTuni~ (iqve: 309-314), `sakvirveli frTa~ (iqve: 336-340) àq raSma
boroti beberi sul kbiliT daglija”, `devebiT savse qudi~ (iqve: 466-469),
`mefe muzarbi~ (iqve: 461-466), `xelmwifis coli da moRalate Zalua~ (iyo da
ara 1977: 48-50), `zRvis qali~ (iqve: 53-57), `cxra Zma da bayayi~ (iqve: 67-69)
da sxv.
cxeni, raSi, ara mxolod zRapris gmirs emorCileba, aramed zRapris mTa-
var personaJ qalsac. zRaparSi `cxra Zma~ naTqvamia – erT weliwads ubalaxo-
ba iyo da xelmwifis davardnili cxeni gaasuqa qalma, romelmac cxeni da-
ariga: `rom mixvide xelmwifis karze, daweqi, ramdenic unda gcemon, ar ad-
geo, manam me ar movide da giTxra: adeqi, Se patroniviT muxanaToo~ (xalxuri
sibrZne 1963a: 124). cxenic ase moiqca da mkvdreTiT aRmdgari qali xelmwifem
meored SeirTo colad. es epizodi gvxvdeba sxva zRaprebSic, mag. `cxra Zma
da erTi da~ (iyo da ara 1977: 538-548).
zogjer devi megobrobs zRapris gmirTan da Tavisi nebiT aZlevs mas cxe-
nebs – ix. zRapari `mecxvare brma devi da feiqris Segirdi~ (xalxuri si-
brZne 1963b: 143-149). biWs ded-mama moenatra da brma devs daemSvidoba. devma
uTxra: àma da am TavlaSi Sedi, sami raSi abia, auSvi, erTze Sejeqi da oric
Tan waiyvane. roca aRar gindodes, Zua gamoaZre, gauSvi da roca dagWirdes,
amoiRe Zua, axsene da isev SenTan movleno... wavida biWi, gamoeTxova mamo-
bils, Sevida, naxa, sami iseTi raSi abia, erTi meores sjobia, samive Sekazmuli
da gamarTulia: erTi Savia, erTi wiTeli da erTi TeTri. Savs erTi xeli Savi
104
tanisamosi da iaraRi aqvs ukan dakruli, wiTels – wiTeli da TeTrs – TeTri.
biWma gamoreka, erTze Sejda, ori Tan waiyvana (iqve: 146). am zRapris motivebi
metad popularulia da araerTgzis gvxvdeba. magaliTad, ix. zRaprebi: `devis
sanaxevro~ (iyo da ara ... 1977: 143-153), àrvicia~ (xalxuri sityviereba 1956:
9-17), `mgelkaca~ (iqve: 258-269) da sxv.
raSebi zogjer metamorfozas ganicdian, iseve, rogorc jadosnuri zRa-
pris mTavari personaJebi. zRaparSi òqrokaca~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1963a: 183-
188) oqrokacam Tavisi cxenebi aqcia Tagvebad, TviTon katad iqca, qali –
kurdRlad, biWic – virTxad; mere ki raSebi aqcia xeebad, TviTon tyis mcve-
lad iqca, mesamed oqrokacam raSebi simindad aqcia, TviTon Toxna dauwyo
siminds (iqve: 186-188), bolos ki yvelas daubruna Tavisi saxe. amgvari meta-
morfoza ukavSirdeba zRapris gmiris miRma samyaroSi gadasvlas, sadac is
moivlis saiqios da iniciaciagamovlili brundeba amqveynad. es yovelive
raSsac exeba.
raSi yovelTvis gulTmisania da zRapris gmiris damxmare cxoveli. zRa-
parSi `xelmwifis Svili~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1963a: 216-221) biWma cxenze Semo-
isva kudiani dedaberi. `dafrTxa cxeni da davarda. cxeni mixvda, rom beberi
qaji iyo, biWisTvis avi undoda~ (iqve: 218).
raSi Wkuas arigebs zRapris gmirs, zrunavs mis usafrTxoebaze, sasargeb-
lo rCevebs aZlevs mas. raSis rCeviT konstantine gadaagdebs ukan kaJs,
kvers, savarcxels. gaCndeba sali klde, rkinis klde, uRrani tye da vaJi
gadarCeba (`konstantines zRapari~, xalxuri sibrZne 1963a: 221-224).
cxeni ZiriTadad terminiT `raSi~ ixsenieba jadosnur zRaprebSi, magram
zogjer gvxvdeba termini `taiWic~ (òrmocSviliani xelmwife~, xalxuri
sibrZne 1963: 243-259) – `gahkres uzangi Tavis taiWebs~ (iqve: 244); aseve
gvxvdeba termini `merani~ (`madlieri mkvdari~, iqve: 371-377).
zRaparSi `boJmis yvavili~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1963a: 1963, 176-189) naxse-
nebia niavqris cxenebi, romelnic qajT qals hyavda. es albaT cxenis jiSia.
iseve, rogorc qaris cxeni – TeTri cxeni, romelic kudian dedabers ekuT-
vnis zRaparSi èlene mSvenieris zRapari~ (iqve: 259-273) – zRapris gmiri
swored mas irCevs.
zogjer cxens ufali uboZebs zRapris gmirs. `CaquCaSi~ (xalxuri sibrZne
1963a: 279-280) CaquCam inatra: RmerTo, iseTi raSi momeci, rom sxva raSi
rasac erT weliwads gaivlis, man erT wuTSi gaiaroso. gaCnda raSi. zRaparSi
`menaxire~ (iqve: 297-299) menaxirem amoiRo Tavisi nafoti da erTi kargi
Sekazmuli cxeni da tanisamosi inatra, romelic mieca. zRaparSi `xelmwi-
fis Svili da devTmefe~ ki (iyo da ara ... 1977: 244-253) devTdedam miaswavla
biWs TeTri, wiTeli da Savi raSis samyofeli. am raSebs Tan saTanado iaraRi
da tanisamosic axlavs. Tu Savze Sejdebi, qvesknelSi Cagagdebs, Tu TeTrze
– zecas agiyvans, Tu wiTelze, saca ginda, iq wagiyvans (iyo da ara ... 1977: 251).
raSis gamoZaxeba aq raSis Zuis motrusviT xdeba.
105
zogjer zRapris gmiri qveda qveynidan, ormodan, Widan amohyavs cxens,
zRaparSi ùSvilo xelmwife~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1963a: 294-296) devebs qali
WaSi hyavdaT. iq Cavida bebrisSvili da CarCa Sig. TeTrma da wiTelma cxeneb-
ma ver amoiyvanes, Savma cxenma ki uTxra mas zRaprebSi popularuli fraza:
`samjer damkar es maTraxi, sampirad amZvreba sampiri Solti tyavi, marili
momayareo~. iskupa am cxenma, amoiyvana biWi. gauSva aman cxeni. bewvi gamoiZ-
ro da misca cxenma: `sadac gagiWirdes, maxsene da iqa varo~ (iqve: 296). zemo-
xsenebuli cxenebi ucvlelad gadadis zRapridan zRaparSi (mag. `xelmwifis
Svili da misi raSi~ – iyo da ara ... 1977: 207-213; `zRapari sakvirvelisa~ –
xalxuri sityviereba 1956: 148 da sxva).
Savi raSi gansakuTrebuli cxenia zRaparSic `zRapari sakvirveli qalisa~
(xalxuri sibrZne 1963a: 303-306). aq erT did xeze dakidebulma mkvdarma biWs
uTxra: Tu Cemi gaTavisufleba ginda, aq moicade saRamomdis. saRamoze sami
raSi Camoivlis – Savi, TeTri da wiTeli. Sav raSs Seajeqi da TviTon icis,
sadac wagiyvanso. Savma raSma erT ezoSi Seiyvana, sadac erTi qali naxa. aq
Savi raSi micvalebulTa samyaros ukavSirdeba da Suamavalia saaqaosa da
saiqios Soris.
rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, zRaprebSi cxeni rTul metamorfozebs
gadis da bolos mkvdreTiT aRdgeba. asea es zRaparSic `gveladqceuli
mzeTunaxavi~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1963a: 307-309). gacocxlebuli biWi Tavis
mzeTunaxav cols Seexvewa, iseT cxenad maqcie, rom gulTmisani viyo, lapa-
raki vicode da kargi mosawonic viyoo. colma marTlac aqcia gulTmisan
cxenad. es cxeni moRalate qalma xelmwife qmars daakvlevina. misi sisxlis
wveTidan amovida vaSlis xe, romelic qalma moaWrevina, magram nafoti aTi
wlis gogom vaSlis xis TxovniT abanoSi Caagdo. es nafoti batad iqca, ga-
ityua mobanave col-qmari, TviTon isev napirze gavida da biWad iqca, Tavisi
xanjali aiRo, daxoca moRalate col-qmari da wavida Tavis colTan.
zRaparSi `sakvirveli frTa~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1963a: 336-340) umcrosi
Zma irCevs iseT cxens, romelsac jer TiTi ara aqvs dadebuli da romelic
xuTi wlisaa. es cxenis arCevis epizodic popularulia qarTul jadosnur
zRaprebSi. (ix. zRaprebi `madlieri mkvdari~, iqve: 371-377), `mamis povnis
ambavi~ (iqve: 377-382) da sxv.
gzad biWi erT manaTobel bumbuls naxulobs. raSma urCia, ar aiRoo, mag-
ram biWma mainc aiRo da xelmwifes miarTva. xelmwifem axla bumbulis pat-
roni frinvelis da frinvelis patroni qalis moyvana daavala biWs. raSi
daexmara, daariga biWi da orive moapovebina, bolos xelmwifem biWs qalis
TxovniT qalis Tormeti raSis moyvana daavala, romlebic zRvaSi cxovrob-
dnen. yvela zemoxsenebuli motivi popularulia qarTul jadosnur zRap-
rebSi. am zRaparSi Semdeg modis jadosnur zRaprebSi xSirad gameorebu-
li epizodi raSebis zRvidan amorekvisa – biWis raSma Caicva TerTmeti ka-
meCis tyavi da biWs uTxra, me zRvidan im raSebs SevebrZolebi, Tu davZlie,
106
amovrekav, Tu momkles, sisxli amoCqefs ucbad da maSin Sen ici, me mkvdari
viqnebi, Sen Tunda xelmwifesTan wadi, Tunda Sin wadi, me verafers giSvelio
(xalxuri sibrZne 1963a: 339). biWis raSma amoiyvana zRvidan qalis raSebi.
qalma axla raSebis mowvela da maT rZeSi banaoba sTxova xelmwifes – es
epizodic Zalian popularulia da variantebs iCens. erT-erTi variantiT
qalma Cumad beWedi misca biWs, es daanaxve raSebs da moiwvelebian. mere beWe-
di mduRare rZeSi Caagde da rZe gagrildebao. biWma daibana, xelmwife Caiwva.
aseve, zRaparSi `SavdaTuaSvili~ (iyo da ara ... 1977: 201-207) raSma gaagrila
saaraye qvabSi mduRare kurdRlis rZe, biWi Sig ebana, xelmwife ki gaifufqa
(iqve: 207). ix. aseve zRapari `xelmwifis Svili da misi raSi~ (iqve: 207-213).
aq aqlemis rZe qalis beWdiT gagrilda. zRaparSi `mefis sasaxle~ (qarTuli
xalxuri zRaprebi, 1959, 237-243) ara kurdRlis, irmis, cxenis an aqlemis rZe
duRs qvabSi, aramed ubralo wyali da raSi arigebs biWs – Tu pirvelad Sen
Segxvda qvabSi Caxtoma, sveli tanisamosi Caicvi, Tanac gverdiT miyolie,
wyals Sevuberav da ganeldebao (iyo da ara ... 1977: 242).
zRaparSi àrvicia~ (xalxuri sityviereba 1956b: 9-17) arvicias raSi ara
zRvis raSebs, aramed zRvis Rors ebrZvis da patrons eubneba: `me Caval
saomrad, mxolod Tu sisxlma amoasxa, icode, rom Cemi daWrili iqneba da
movklav da Tu qafma amoasxa, maSin ki momeSvele, Torem Rori damZalavso~
(iqve: 16).
zRaparSi `grZneuli cxeni~ (iqve: 39-44) biWis raSi wylis cxens ebrZvis
zRvaSi da amarcxebs, xolo zRaparSi `zRapari sakvirvelisa~ (iqve: 145-
153) aRwerilia raSis SebrZoleba niavqrebTan niavqris rZisTvis. zRaparSi
`xelmwifisa da imis cxra vaJis araki~ (iqve: 153-158) qalis raSebs amorekavs
zRvidan biWis raSi da maT rZeSi ibanavebs biWi, xelmwife ki gaSeSebuls
amoiRebs qvabidan. zog zRaparSi biWic ixarSeba mduRare wyalSi, magram
mere mkvdreTiT aRdgeba da xelmwifes agdebs mduRareSi. zog zRaparSi
raSs pirSi da yurebSi Tovli da yinuli aqvs da imiT agrilebs biWis saba-
nao wyals. sainteresoa, aseve, zRapari `monadire da misi raSi~ (xalxuri
sibrZne 1963a: 349), romelSic raSi patronis mkvdreTiT aRmdgenelic aris
da monadireebis msajulic, ara mxolod qomagi cxoveli (aseve, ix. zRapari
`mamis povnis ambavi~; iqve: 377-382), `zRapari sakvirvelisa~ (xalxuri si-
tyviereba 1956:145-153), `xelmwifis zRapari~ (xalxuri sityviereba 1952b:
321-324), `mfrinavi mzeTunaxavi~ (megruli zRaprebi 1994: 5-16).
aseve popularuli motivebisgan Sedgeba zRapari `monadire da misi raSi~
(xalxuri sibrZne 1963a: 343-348) – Surianma monadireebma xelmwifes uTx-
res, mavan mindorze rom raSi Camodis cidan wylis dasalevad, im raSTan
gaegzavna biWi. biWma wyaros `gadaafara zed cxra kameCis tyavi, daurWo
ocdaaTmetriani lursmani, daayara cxra kameCis tyavze cxra kilo marili
da marils cota wyali moawkapwkapa... SuadRisas Camovida maRlidan raSi,
rogorc Surduli, Camofrinda, daeSva wyaros napiras. rom dainaxa wyaros
107
zemodan tyavi hqonda gadafarebuli, toris cema dauwyo, magram wyali ma-
inc ver gamoaCina. mere gabrazebulma raSma marils dauwyo wknatawknuti. ma-
rilma wyali ufro Zalian moawyura. maSin raSma daiZaxa: vina xar, ra sulieri
xar, oRond modi wyali damalevine da sadac metyvi, iq wamogyvebio~ (xalxu-
ri sibrZne 1963: 345). es motivebi gvxvdeba zRaprebSi `mfrinavi mzeTuna-
xavi~ (megruli zRaprebi, 1994, 5-16), òrmocSviliani xelmwife~ (xalxuri
sityviereba 1956b: 70-88) da sxv.
zogjer raSis kuTvnili nivTi jadosnuria – `lilovel monadireSi~
(xalxuri sibrZne 1963a: 348-352) erTma dedaberma aswavla ZaRlad qceul
lilovel monadires, Seni cxenis maTraxs gaexaxune da isev kacad iqcevio.
isic ase moiqca da daibruna kacis saxe.
xandaxan raSad da mis atributebad bneli Zala-qaji iqceva (ix. zRapari
èrTi biWis zRapari~; xalxuri sibrZne 1963: 428-434) da sxv.
raSi zogjer sxva mxedars ekuTvnis (mag. devs) da ara zRapris gmirs, rig
zRaprebSi ki misi pirveli mxedari zRapris gmiria. cxeni gauxednavia da
mas zRapris gmiri uceb imorCilebs da isakuTrebs (`xristagan da belTagan
tarielebis araki~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1963a: 436-453) da sxva. zogjer devi Ta-
visi nebiT Cuqnis zRapris gmirs raSs. zRaparSi ìvane falavani~ (iqve: 453-360)
devma ivanes iseTi raSi aCuqa, rom misi msgavsi mTel xmeleTze ar iSoveboda.
xelmwifis ufrosma qalebma mamas mosTxoves, Zma devs rom oqrosfafriani
raSebi hyavT, isini iSoveo. xelmwifem ivane gagzavna am raSebis mosayvanad.
ivanem Tavisi raSis daxmarebiT miuyvana mefes oqrosfafriani cxenebi.
raSi ara mxolod qomagi cxovelia, aramed gaWirvebis talkvesi, mis
mflobels araferi gauWirdeba (`mefe muxarbi~, xalxuri sibrZne 1963a: 461-
466). zogjer cxeni garegnulad jaglagia, magram sinamdvileSi raSis Tvise-
bebi axasiaTebs, is Tavisi patronis gadamrCenelia. asea zRaparSi `zRapari
velis yvavilisa~ (iqve: 487-490). Tavis gogos mamamisma gvelisTvis naTxovni
velis yvavili miutana, romelSic Svilis sicocxle misca. „qali baRSi
esurvileba Tavis yvavilebs. baRis gareT cxenis jogia. uceb, jogidan erTi
jaglagi cxeni daiZaxebs: velis yvavilo, rom icode, rac aris Sens Tavs,
egre aRar gaixarebdio... mamaSenma mag konaSi Seni sicocxle misca gvelsao.
Tvrameti dRis Semdeg mova gveli da wagiyvanso. rodesac gveli mova da
gagamzadebs, mama gkiTxavs: – ra mogceo da Sen Cemi Tavi sTxoveo!~ (xalxuri
sibrZne 1963a: 487-488). misca mamam jaglagi gogos. cxenma gogo daariga: erTi
wminda savarcxeli, erTi mina zeTi da lursmnebi wamoiReo. gzaSi cxenma gogo
ukan miaxeda, xom aravin modiso? gveli misdevdaT. cxenma gogos gadaagde-
bina jer savarcxeli – jagebi da bardebi gaCnda, mere lursmnebi – aRmarTebi
gaCnda, gveli zed daikuwa, buzistola gadarCa, mere ki miniT zeTi – gaCnda
tba. cxenma uTxra gogos: me daRlili var, dameZineba, is buzistola bebrad
iqceva, getyvis Svilo, bewvi gamoaZre cxensa, gadadev tbaze, gamoiyvane,
Segaqcev, – magram Sen ar Secdeo. ver acduna beberma qali (xalxuri sibrZne
108
1963: 488). gza rom ganagrZes, cxenma isev daariga qali – Cven qalaqSi SevalT
da vinc pirvelad xeli momkidos, imas gahyevio... erTi axalgazrda sovdaga-
ris Svili mivida cxenTan, dauWira aRviri da uTxra qals: Sen coli da me
qmario. qali gahyva colad. qmarma colis mamis naxva indoma, Sejda cxenze
da wavida, gonieri cxovelia, TviTon mimiyvanso. cxeni xmas ar iRebda.
mivida gvelis tbasTan, qalis qmarma araferi icoda, gamoaZro cxens wamwami
da bebers gadaugdo. gamovida beberi, im Rames Seaqcevda vaJs, romelmac
verc meore dRes da verc mere gza ver gaigno. beberma am vaJs Seucvala
samaxaroblo werili, roca mis cols vaJi eyola – Sens cols ZaRlis lekvi
eyolao. sovdagris Svilma miswera, gaaxureT sakire da imaSi CaagdeTo. es
Seityo cxenma, daswyvita Toki da gaqanda qalisken, waiyvana, erT mindorze
gavidnen. cxenma uTxra qals: Camodi, aiRe dana da yeli gamomWerio, aso-aso
damWeri, damalage, mere inatre rac ginda da imad iqceva Cemi naWrebio Tu mec
ramed gindivar, CemTvisac gadadev erTi naWerio. qalma iuara. Tvalebi da-
xuWe da ise damkalio, – uTxra cxenma. qali asec moiqca, cxenic gacocxlda
da mSvenieri duqan-bazriani qalaqic gaimarTa. qali qalaqis ufrosi iyo. bo-
los sovdagris vaJma naxa coli da yvelaferi gairkva. rogorc vxedavT,
aq saqme gvaqvs cxenis metamorfozasTan. am zRapris motivebic metad po-
pularulia da araerT jadosnur zRaparSi gvxvdeba, mag. `TvalCita~ (xalxu-
ri sibrZne 1964: 72-90), `SavCita raSi~ (iyo da ara ... 1977: 528-537), `sovdagris
Svili~ (iqve: 622-635), `SavCita~ (iqve: 119-122), àrwivis Svili~ (iqve: 122-126),
`mzeqala da mzevarda~ (xalxuri sityviereba 1956b: 50-56), `konstantine~
(qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi, 1952, 59-62) da sxva. zogierTi motivi, mag.
cxenis da zRapris gmiris mtrisgan gaqcevis epizodi, xSirad gvxvdeba
zRaprebSi. ix. `bolola~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1904: 130-136) `qaCal-mebate~ (iyo
da ara ... 1977: 648-659) da sxva. am gaqcevas v. propi magiur gaqcevas uwodebs.
gaqceva xdeba gadagdebuli nivTebiT an metamorfozebiT (propi 1946: 319-
323) (ix. tipologiurad msgavsi zRaprebic `Raribi glexis Svili~ (xalxuri
sityviereba 1950: 247-250) da `xelmwifis zRapari~ (iqve: 252-256). aq raSi viS
ra daviRales hyavs. es raSi biWis madlieria, radgan man devs qviSa dauyara
da raSs – Tiva. raSma gaaqcia biWi viS ra daviRalesgan, SeWmas gadaarCina,
waaRebina savarcxeli (Wala), filTaqva (gorebi), samelne (wyali). maTi
gamoyenebiT biWs gamodevnebuli Rori da viS ra daviRale wyalSi daixr-
Cvnen. biWi xelmwifesTan dadga mebated, mefis umcrosi qali SeirTo, dama-
la Tavisi vinaoba (oqros qoCori aqvs), Tavisi raSis daxmarebiT asruleb-
da xelmwifis davalebebs, sjobnida mefis ufros siZeebs, omSi imarjvebda,
mters `rasac TiTona xocavda, rasac ara da or imdens raSi~ (iqve: 256).
qarTul jadosnur zRaprebSi ixsenieba rogorc sagangebod gawvrTni-
li raSebi, aseve Cveulebrivi cxenebi, zogjer jaglagebic, an koWli cxeni,
romelTac samarqafod iyenebs zRapris gmiri (ix. `saflavis daraji~, `zemo-
Ta qveynis xelmwife~, àzarfeSis zRapari~; megruli zRaprebi 1994) da sxva.
109
rogorc wesi, zRapris gmiri sagangebod irCevs cxens Tavisi codnis,
SesaZleblobebis da gemovnebis mixedviT. `zemoTa qveynis xelmwifeSi~
(megruli zRaprebi 1994: 30-44) biWis arCeuli raSi mxolod folads Wams,
iseTi Zlieria, verc zRva uSlis xels da verc mTa, frinavs. gansakuTrebul
raSs mxedaric gansakuTrebuli hyavs da raSi sxva mxedars ver hguobs. `biWs
xmauri Semoesma da dainaxa Tavis raSze viRac biWi amxedrebula da modis. raSi
moapobs yvelafers, magram mxedari namdvilad ar aris raSis Sesaferi. haji
islamis vaJma Tavis raSs Tvali Caukra, raSma patroni icno da axali mxedari
gadmoagdo~ (iqve: 42-43). es samjer ganmeorda. mxedars undoda xanjliT
moekveTa Tavi raSisTvis, magram hajis vaJma TviT mxedars gaagdebina Tavi,
`Sejda Tavis cxenze, cxenma patroni rom igrZno, SeiSmuSna da isev mSvenier
raSad iqca~ (megruli zRaprebi 1994: 43).
zRaparSi `xelmwifis Svilis Tavgadasavali~ (iyo da ara ... 1977: 739-752)
raSs moewona oqrosTmiani Wabuki da uTxra: `Tu SegiZlia xelSi amiyvane
da ise gamiyvane, Torem eSmakisgan dawyevlili var da fexi zRurblze ar
damedgmevinebao~ (iqve: 743). raSma biWi miiyvana `Tavisi patronis samflo-
belos sazRvarze da uTxra, amas iqiT me Zalas vkargav da aRar gamogadgebi.
Tan ai, es beWedi waiReo. Cliqidan erTi almasis beWedi gamoiRo da biWs
misca – oRond Cumad iqonie da yvelas nu daanaxveb, sadac dagWirdes, amoiRe,
gaikeTe marjvena xelis neka TiTze da yvela dabrkolebas dasZlevo~ (iyo da
ara ... 1977: 743).
rig SemTxvevaSi zRapris gmirs mokluli devebis colebi aZleven TeTr,
wiTel da Sav raSebs (`terkusia~, xalxuri sityviereba 1956b: 106-117), zog-
jer ki raSi miwidan amodis, roca mejoge miwas fexs dahkravs (`piraxmaTi~,
xalxuri sityviereba 1952: 48-54). zRaparSi `nabolara Zma~ (iyo da ara ... 1977:
754-770) umcrosma Zmam daxoca samTaviani, cxraTaviani, TormetTaviani de-
vebi, maTi raSebi ki – Savi, wiTeli da TeTri – TavlaSi damala. Savma raSma
moiwona biWi da uTxra: àxlave damadgi unagiri, baliSqveS erTi xeli ab-
jari da tansacmelia, gamoiRe, Senc moikazme da wavideT... damartyi maT-
raxi, rac Zali da Rone gaqvs, erTi xmamaRla damkivle, rom gulSi JrJola
Semidges da mere me vicio~ (iyo da ara ... 1977: 760-761). es bolo fraza ara-
erTgzis gvxvdeba jadosnur zRaprebSi varirebuli saxiT.
zRapris gmiri zogjer saTanado cxens yidulobs, gumaniT gamoicnobs
ra mas. asea es àzarfeSas zRaparSi~ (megruli zRaprebi 1994: 44-59). aq erek-
les cxeni frinavs da adamianiviT laparakobs, rogorc es raSebs sCveviaT
da erekle mas yidulobs.
zogjer cxens zRapris gmirs berebi aZleven, rac igive RvTis saCuqaria,
radgan RvTis kacisgan aris. zRaparSi ùseina da bairama~ (iyo da ara ... 1977:
69-74) useinas samma berma SesTavaza sami cxeni – TeTri, wiTeli da Savi.
useinam Savi cxeni amoirCia, romelic erT wamSi miiyvanda colTan. rogorc
vxedavT, upiratesoba aq Sav cxens aqvs da ara TeTr cxens, romelic bevr
110
zRaparSi sjobnis wiTel da Sav cxenebs. aseve zRaparSi àlmasxani~ (iqve: 85-
92) upiratesoba Sav cxens ekuTvnis. àlmasxans~ tipologiurad exmaureba
`zRapari vaJadqceulisa~ (iqve: 95-97). aq raSi omSic monawileobs da es
zRaprebSi aRwerilia popularuli fraziT: `ramdensac TiTon hklavda, imis
mets raSi kbiliT axrCobda da fexiT hqelamda~ (iqve: 96).
patronis mier raSis gamoZaxeba zRaparTa umetesobaSi fafris an Zuis
bewviT xdeba, zogjer ki adamianis TmiT, an aRviris gaCxakunebiT, an cxvir-
saxociT, an salamuriT (ùSvil-uZeo monadire~ (iyo da ara ... 1977: 258-253);
`sami Zma~ (qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi 1959: 139-148); `terkusia~ (xalxuri
sityviereba 1956: 106-117); `mgelkaca~ (iqve: 258-269); ùxTo~ (megruli zRa-
prebi 1994: 71-74); `mamis anderZi~ (iqve: 98-103); `qurdi da xelmwifis Svili~
(xalxuri sibrZne 1964: 159-165); àlmasxani~ (iyo da ara... 1977: 85-92) da sxva);
lurji da wabla raSebi ixsenieba zRaparSi `Tormeti bati~ (qarTuli xalxu-
ri zRaprebi 1959: 203-212).
imisTvis, rom zRapris gmirma gmiroba Caidinos, saWiroa saTanado raSi,
romelic mxolod zRapris gmirisTvis aris gankuTvnili. zRaparSi `Saxme-
ili~ (qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi 1952: 66-74) mefis Svili Saxmeili romel
cxenzec Sejdeboda, wels wyvetda. bolos ZiZam urCia, mamaSens ulvaSis Zir-
Si gasaRebi aqvs, ro daTvreba, is gasaRebi amoacale, Cadi TavlaSi da iq ari
Seni Sesaferi cxenio. marTlac, SeaRo kari da raSma SeiWixvina: geli da mox-
vel kideco, daadga unagiri, Sejda da wavida.
zogjer zRapris gmirs beberi qaji dedakaci aZlevs kvics-raSs (ix.
`xelmwifis Svilebi da koWli meWianure~ (qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi 1959:
183-188) da rkinis maTraxs raSis mosaTviniereblad, xolo zogjer raSi
frTiania da xelmwifis umcrosi vaJi mas mamis oqros yanis gafuWebis dros
iWers da umegobrdeba, oRond am ambavs saidumlod inaxavs; raSic saidumlod
exmareba mas momRerali farSevangisa da mZinare mzeTunaxavi qalis moyvanaSi
(`sami Zma~ (qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi 1959: 139-148)).
àrvicias~ zRaparSi (qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi 1959: 9-17) biWma Citis
mier akrZalul oTaxSi naxa raSi, romelmac mas Wkua daariga da aswavla,
Tu rogor momateboda Rone amRvreul da lurj wylebSi banaobiT. amave
zRaparSi gvxvdeba `suramis cixis~ legendis msgavsi motivi – `raSma uTxra
biWs: mag cixes sadac aSeneben, im adgilas dedamiwaSi Cemi Zma aris dabmuli.
is rom daiWixvinebs, dedamiwa iZvreba da imazed ingreva kedlebio. midi Sen
da uTxari: am kedlebs me davayeneb, mxolod miwis TxraSi rac vipovo, is Cemi
iyves-Tqo da Tu dagTanxmdnen, dauwye miwas Txrao~ (qarTuli xalxuri zRap-
rebi 1959: 12). biWma Txrisas jer beWedi ipova, mere saZirkvlidan amovarda
raSi da gaeqana Tavisi Zmisken. igive motivi gvxvdeba zRaparSi `mefis sasax-
le~ (qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi 1959: 237-243) – mefis Svili wavida edemis
baRis xis totis mosatanad, raTa sasaxlis saZirkvelSi Caetanebina, rom
sasaxle aRar dangreuliyo.
111
zRaparSi `zRapari sakvirvelisa~ (xalxuri sityviereba 1956:145-153)
umcros Zmas, romelsac Cveulebrivi cxeni hyavs, gzaze uTxra erTma Tavis
goxam: Sen mag cxeniT sakvirvels ver moitan, cxraklitulSi rom raSi ubia,
is sTxove mamaSenso. `misca oTaxebis gasaRebi mamam da uTxra: rvas gaaReb
da mecxreSi ro Sexval, iq erT raSs naxav, zurgzed erTi mtkaveli obi
aqvs mokidebuli. bambis saurveli gadausvi, bambis maTraxi gadahkar, ise
gamoiyvane, Torem dagglejs, cocxals ar gagiSvebso~ (xalxuri sityviereba
1956: 147).
cxeni zogjer naqurdalia (àladinis zRapari~ (megruli zRaprebi da
miTebi 1994: 89-94), xolo zogjer mas RvTiuri Zala uboZebs gmirs (`mamis
anderZi~ (iqve: 98-103).
zogjer raSis kuTvnili nivTiT Sendeba sagangebo sasaxle. àmrazgulis
zRaparSi~ (megruli zRaprebi 1994: 126-129) mefem aleqsandres raSi aCuqa da
uTxra: àm raSs yuridan lursmnebi amouRe, SearCie kargi adgili, iq CaarWve
da morTul-mokazmuli sasaxle gaSendebao~ (iqve: 127).
zRaparSi `gveli da kaci~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1904: 37-39) kaci, romelsac
gvelma akoca enaze da yvelasa da yvelafris ena esmoda, colTan erTad
cxeniT midioda. `qali orsuladaa, zis make cxenze da ukan wamoCrixvuli
kvici misdevs. kvici CamorCa da kacma gaigona misi laparaki: damicade dedao!
cxenma ki dauZaxa: ara grcxvenia, me oTxi suli movdivar da Sen erTi suli,
isic ase axalgazrda, kidev meubnebi, damicadeo!~ (iqve: 38). es cxenis da kvi-
cis dialogi araerT jadosnur zRaparSi gvxvdeba (ix. `durgali da misi co-
li~ (iyo da ara ... 1977: 132-135); `frinvelebis enis mcodne~ (iqve: 1977, 257-258);
`zRapari sawyali kacisa, frinvelebis ena rom icoda~ (xalxuri sityviereba
1956: 159-160 da sxva).
raSi xSirad gvxvdeba ger-dedinacvlis ciklis zRaprebSi. igi amodis
ormodan, romelSic geris dedis danatovari Zroxis Zvlebia Camarxuli da
mas saTanado tanisamosic axlavs (`dedinacvali da geri~ (xalxuri sibrZne
1964: 109-114); `gerisa da dedinacvlisa~ (iyo da ara ... 1977: 109-114), `konkia~
da sxva.
zogjer cxenSi zRapris gmiris mtris sulis sadgomia. zRaparSi ùRuno
da xelmwifis Svili~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1964: 141-151) uRunom mzeTunaxavs
gaumxila: Cemi Zala sxva cxenebSia, romlebic zRvaSi cxovroben da zRvis
piras WaSi svamen wyals. imaT Tu vinme daimorCilebs, mec momerevao.
jadosnur zRaprebSi gvxvdeba epizodic, romelSic cxenebis asakis
gamocnobaa aRwerili (ix. zRapari `sizmara~ (iyo da ara ... 1977: 468-475)).
mkvdari cxenebis gacocxlebaa aRwerili zRaparSi `curmoWrili fur-
iremi~ (iyo da ara ... 1977: 493-501), cxenebis Zvlebi saxlis ukan yria, axade
skivrs, amoiRe iqidan spilos Zvlis tariani maTraxi, gadahkari saTiTaod
Zvlebs da gacocxldebiano, – uTxra biWs devma.
112
cxeni xSirad ukavSirdeba zRvas (`da-Zmis ambavi~, xalxuri sityviereba
1956: 314); `guluzari~ (qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi 1952: 3-19), `piraxmaTi~
(iqve: 48-54) da sxva. `pirixmaTSi~ devma uTxra piraxmaTs, iseTi aRviri maqvs,
zRvaSi Cahyof da zRvis raSs Semeedeba pirSio. mivida da Cayo zRvaSi, amovida
zRvis raSi, Seajda biWi da gaiyvana. es raSi piraxmaTs gaeqca, magram mas er-
Tma kacma aswavla – erTi qvaa iq, es qva gadaabrune da ege ramdeni aRviria
iq, amoiRe erTi aRviri, zRvis raSi wameedeba, oRond kargad Seinaxeo.
cxeni zogjer samfexac aris. zRaparSi `xelmwifis Svili da qosa me-
Congure~ zRapris gmirs misma mesame siZem, gveleSapma, uTxra, rom qosa me-
Congures samfexa zRvis cxeni hyavs da Tu Sen oTxfexa zRvis cxens iSovi,
SeZleb qali waarTvao da aswavla, rogor moepovebina oTxfexa zRvis cxeni
– `weliwadSi erTxel zRvidan erTi cxeni gamovardeba, daiWixvinebs da mo-
igebs kvics. Tu uecrad ar waarTvi kvici da mglebs cxvrebi ar gadauyare,
mglebi midarajebulebi arian da maSinve SeWamen. koWl meCongures veRar
mouswria da erTi fexi misi cxenisTvis mglebs mouWamiaT~ (iyo da ara ...
1977: 43-47). cxenisTvis fexebis moWmis motivi sxva zRaprebSic gvxvdeba.
zRaparSi `Zma da orkbila da~ (iyo da ara ... 1977: 50-53) orkbila dam Zmis cxens
fexebi moaWama da bolos gadaylapa. zRaparSi `vaSla~ (xalxuri sityviereba
1956: 33-39) vaSlas mters cidamtkavelas hyavs samfexa raSi, romelic zRvidan
gamoiyvana – mgels moeWama misTvis erTi fexi. vaSlamac zRvidan gamoiyvana
raSi, rogorc colma aswavla.
zogjer cxenebi wyals veRar svamen iq, sadac zRapris gmiri qalis kvalia
(ix. `xelmwifis Svili da lerwami~ (iyo da ara ... 1977: 97-102). raSebi frTxe-
bian, radgan mzeTunaxavi, zRvaSi rom Cavarda, loqod iqca. aseve, ix. zRapa-
ri `gerisa da dedinacvlisa~ (iqve: 109-114), xelmwifis cxenebi wyals veRar
svamen iq, sadac qals oqros qoSi Cauvarda.
zRaparSi `xelmwifis Svili da xis cxeni~ (iyo da ara ... 1977: 173-176) cxeni
xisaa. is erTma durgalma gaakeTa da aswavla xelmwifes misi xmareba. aq
mkrTalad, magram mainc unda iyos xis cxenis msgavseba troas cxenTan.
raSi zogjer koWli cxenia, zogjer jaglagi, zogjer gamxdari, zogjer
Seuxedavi, magram zRapris gmiri mas gumaniT gamoicnobs da airCevs. cxeni
Rirseuli mxedris xelSi avlens Tavis namdvil saxes. (ix. `Sav-daTuaSvili~
(iyo da ara ... 1977: 201-207); `xelmwifis Svili da misi raSi~ (iqve: 207-213 da
sxva).
swored raSs ukavSirdeba zRaprebSi popularuli motivi manaTobeli
bumbulisa – aiReb, inaneb, ar aiReb, maSinac inanebo, – eubneba raSi biWs. bi-
Wi mainc aiRebs bumbuls, rasac mosdevs xelmwifis davaleba – bumbulis
mflobeli frinvelisa da am frinvelis gamzrdelis moyvana. raSi exmareba
biWs da mas rCeva-darigebebs aZlevs (`xelmwifis Svili da misi raSi~ (iqve: 207-
213); `mefis sasaxle~ (qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi 1959, 237-243); `grZneuli
113
cxeni~ (xalxuri sityviereba 1956: 39-44); `zRapari sakvirvelisa~ (iqve: 145-
153); `xelmwifisa da imis cxra vaJis araki~ (iqve: 153-158); `xelmwifis zRapa-
ri~ (qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi 1952: 321-324) da sxva).
zogjer adamiani iqceva cxenad. zRaparSi òstati da Segirdi~ (xalxuri
sityviereba 1956:161-164) vaxrakas Segirdi biWi iqca iorRa cxenad da mama-
misi daariga, gamyide, oRond Toki ar gamayolo Tano. erTma sovdagarma iyi-
da. SuaRamisas iqca es cxeni kacad da wavida Sin. aseve, xelmwifis qali iqca
TeTr faSatad maTraxis dartymiT (`sawyali kacisa~ (iqve: 180-185). zRaparSi
`Raribi kaci~ (qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi 1952: 112-116) qals vaSls SeaWmevs
zRapris gmiri da is kurtnis ulayad iqceva, biWi am cxeniT SeSas ezideba,
bolos isev vaSlis SeWmiT qalad aqcevs da colad irTavs. asea es zRaparSi
`gvelad qceuli mzeTunaxavi~ (iqve: 145-148) da zRaparSi `zRapari~ (iqve: 210-
212) kacma erT mgzavr kacs uTxra, me cxenad viqcevi da Sen Zvirad damafase,
lekis biWs mimyide, rasac aiReb, me da Sen gaviyoTo. am cxensac dakvla
daupires. cxens lekis biWis moaxlem uTxra, unda dagklano. cxenma maSinve
aiSva, gavarda gzaze da iqca kacad.
cxeni zogjer simdidris momtania. zRaparSi `skvinCa~ (xalxuri sityvi-
ereba 1956:190-197) skvinCam misca berikacs cxeni, romelic daiWixvinebda
da oqro-vercxli scvioda. erTxelac daixvixvina da TeqvsmetTvaliani sax-
li dadga.
amrigad, cxenis saxe qarTul jadosnur zRaprebSi didi mravalferovne-
biT xasiaTdeba. aq Tavs iCens mTeli rigi motivebi – raSis Zebna da mopove-
ba, raSis moTviniereba, raSTa brZola, raSi – gulTmisani, raSi – mrCevel-
damrigebeli, raSi – qomagi cxoveli da sxva. raSis daxatvisas gamoyenebulia
mza formulebi, romlebic Tavs iCens sxvadasxva zRaparSi. cxenebis feri
aris TeTri, Savi, wiTeli, lurji da wabla, romelTa funqciebic cvaleba-
dia – zogjer TeTri cxenia zRapris gmiris gadamrCeneli, zogjer – Savi,
wiTeli ki – iSviaTad. cxeni zogjer adamianis mSobelia, zogjer adamiana-
dac iqceva, zogjer ki rTul metamorfozebs gadis da isev cxenad iqceva. is
atarebs mokvdavi da mkvdreTiT aRdgomadi RvTaebis Tvisebebs. zog zRa-
parSi simdidre moaqvs Tavisi patronisTvis. cxeni zRaprebSi, ZiriTadad,
raSia, sagangebod gawvrTnili, adamianTa enis mcodne, gulTmisani, jados-
nuri unaris mqone. is frinavs kidec da ukavSirdeba samyaros samive sknels,
zRvasa da xmeleTs; aris patronis erTguli. misi gamoZaxeba xdeba Zuis an
fafris bewviT, aRviris daCxarunebiT da sxva. jadosnur zRaprebSi mza
formulebiT aris aRwerili raSis moTviniereba, raSis zRvis cxenebTan
brZola, raSebis mopoveba mamis anderZisamebr zRapris gmiris mier mamis
saflavze RamiT darajobisas. rogorc wesi, raSebi mudam umcros Zmas ekuT-
vnis. xSir SemTxvevaSi raSebi devebs hyavT, zRapris gmiri daxocavs devebs
da moipovebs raSebs. zogjer raSs megobari devi aZlevs gmirs, zogjer ki –
114
sxvadasxva Zala (magaliTad, kudiani dedaberi). dakluli raSis danawevre-
buli sxeuli iqceva sasaxled, qalaqad, zogjer ki mkvdreTiTac aRdgeba,
rogorc es `TvalCitaSi~ an `SavCita raSSi~ xdeba. raSi sasargeblo rCevebs
aZlevs zRapris gmirs, Wkuas arigebs mas da borot Zalebze gamarjvebaSic
exmareba. is zog zRaparSi devis sulis samyofelic aris da boroti Zalebis
damsjelic – cxenis kudze gamobma xSirad gvxvdeba zRaprebSi, rogorc
boroti personaJebis dasjis saSualeba.
cxeni RvTaebrivi personaJia qarTul jadosnur zRaprebSi, is flobs
RvTaebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel unarebs, harmoniul kavSirSia adamianebTan
da gare samyarosTan. is miTosuri personaJia.
DAdamowmebani:
iyo da ara iyo ... 1977: iyo da ara iyo ra. Tbilisi: „nakaduli“, 1977.
megruli zRaprebi 1994: megruli zRaprebi da miTebi. Tbilisi: „merani“, 1994.
propi 1946: Пропп В.Я. Исторические корни волшебной сказки. Ленинград: 1946.
umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili, p. xalxuri sityviereba. t. III. Tbilisi: saqarTvelos ssr
mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1964.
qarTuli xalxuri 1959: qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. S. ZiZiguris redaqciiT. Tbilisi:
sablitgami, 1959.
CxeiZe 2002: CxeiZe, e. Tvinierebisa da silamazis simbolo. „omega“ №5(31), maisi, 2002.
xalxuri sibrZne 1963a: xalxuri sibrZne. t. I. Tbilisi: „nakaduli“, 1963.
xalxuri sibrZne 1963b: xalxuri sibrZne. t. II. Tbilisi: „nakaduli“, 1964.
xalxuri sityviereba 1963a: xalxuri sityviereba. t. II. qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi
m.Ciqovanis redaqciiT. Tbilisi: saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba,
1963.
xalxuri sityviereba 1963b: xalxuri sityviereba. V. Tbilisi: saqarTvelos ssr mec-
nierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1963.
xalxuri sityviereba 1956: xalxuri sityviereba. t. III. Tbilisi: saqarTvelos ssr mec-
nierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1956.
115
Dalila Bedianidze
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
Image of the Horse in Georgian Fairy Tales
Summary
Key words: Georgian fairy tales, horse, symbolic of colors.
Dalila Bedianidze’s work “Image of the Horse in Georgian Fairy Tales” considers the cases
of appearing of the horses in Georgian fairy tales. Many Georgian fairy tales are about domestic,
as well as wild animals. Among them the horse is mentioned most frequently. The horses in fairy
tales are as simply horses, also the mythical ones (steed – rashi). Horses in Georgian fairy tales
are characterized with wide variety of horse characters. Here is the whole set of motifs – seeking
and getting of the steed, dressage of the horse, fight of steeds, steed – the foreteller, steed – the
advisor, steed – the protector etc. To draw the image of the horse, the fairy tales use the ready
formulas.
In Georgian fairy tales the horse is the divine character. It has the abilities characteristic for the
divine creatures, it is in harmonic relations with the humans and external world, it is the mythical
character. Sometimes the steed is a lame horse, sometimes – a jade, sometimes bare-boned,
sometimes – ugly one, but the main character guesses and chooses it. In the hands of worthy rider
the horse shows its real nature. Sometimes the human turns into the horse, sometimes the horse
talks like a human. Color of the horses is white, black, red, blue, and brown, their functions are
varying. Sometimes the main character is saved by the white horse, sometimes – by black, and
rarely – by red. Sometimes the horse is parent of a human, sometimes it is subject to complicated
metamorphoses. It has the qualities of the divine dying and raising from the dead, in some tales
it brings reaches to its owner, it can be specially trained, speaking like a human, foreteller, with
magic abilities. It can fly and it can communicate with all three depths, sea and land. It can be
called with the hair from the horse’s tail of mane, by jingling of the saddle-girth.
As a rule, the owners of steeds are younger brothers. In many cases the steeds are held by the
devis (mythical dangerous giants), the hero kills the devis and gets the steeds. Parts of the killed
steed body turns into the palaces, cities, sometimes it rises from dead. The steed gives god advices
to the hero, supports him and helps to defeat the evil. In some tales it can contain the devi’s soul,
in some – it can punish the evil forces – tying to the horse’s tail as the way of punishing of the
evil characters is frequently used.
116
oTar oniani
amiranis dasjis mizezebi àmiranianis~

svanur variantebSi
samecniero literaturaSi aRiarebuli azris Tanaxmad, mijaWva amirani-

anis urTulesi struqturuli komponentia. mis WeSmarit mecnierul done-
ze gaazrebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs ZeglTan dakavSirebuli iseTi
rTuli problemebis sworad dasmisa Tu gadawyvetisaTvis, rogorebicaa
centraluri gmiris buneba, warmomavloba, misia da sxva. davZenT, rom
amiranis dasjis mizezebi Cven Seswavlili gvaqvs saqarTvelos mTisa da
baris kuTxeTa variantebis mixedviT. kvlevis Sedegebi gamoqveynebulia rva
werilSi. winamdebare, me-9 werili, svanur Canawerebs exeba, romlebic sakvlev
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT specifikurobiT gamoirCeva. Zeglis siuJeturad
sruli variantebis raodenoba saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebTan SedarebiT
sagrZnoblad metia svanur folklorSi. isini gamoirCeva Tematuri siax-
liT, arqaulobiTa da mxatvruli siZlieriT. moulodneli aq araferia,
vinaidan svaneTi samegrelosTan erTad urTulesi tomobrivi erTeulia
saqarTvelosi, yvelaze maRalmTiani, mkveTrad gamorCeuli originaluri
folklorul-eTnografiuli masaliT, tradiciebiTa da uZvelesi rwmena-
warmodgenebiT, wes-CveulebaTa mravalferovnebiT da sxva. bunebrivia, aq
amiranis eposs umTavresi adgili ukavia. swored masSia warmoCenili mTeli
sisruliTa da arqaulobiT qarTveli xalxis msoflwarmodgeniTi niSnebi
uZvelesi droidan dRemde. maT kvlevas ki isev saerTo qarTul Zirebamde
mivyavarT, magram tomSi, Temsa Tu sagvareulo erTeulSi, calkeul sof-
lebSi, aseve, ojaxebSi arsebuli wes-Cveulebebi sakmao specifikurobiT
gamoirCeva, imdenad, rom maT analogi ar daeZebneba sxva kuTxeTa yofi-
erebaSi, amitom isini damoukidebel dakvirvebas saWiroebs. mxedvelobaSi
gvaqvs ara marto amiranis eposTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi, aramed mxo-
lod svanuri yofierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, gvarSi Tu ojaxSi gaum-
JRavnebeli religiuri locvebi, ritualebi, romlebic Riad sruldeba,
magram locvis aRmsruleblis garda, igi ojaxis sxva wevrebisTvisac ga-
ugebari rCeba. msgavsi rituali qalebis mxridan saerTo religiur dRe-
saswaulebzec sruldeba, magram, vimeorebT, saidumlod... swored esaa ga-
saTvaliswinebeli da TvalSi sacemic amiranis moZiebul variantebSic. ma-
Ti wvdoma gadaulaxavi sirTuleebis winaSe gvayenebs. aq mTqmelTa rwmena-
warmodgenebis siWrele da individualuri cnobierebaa gasaTvaliswinebeli.
117
winamdebare werilSi gansaxilvelad warmodgenilia qaldaniseuli,
gurCianiseuli da guledaniseuli variantebi*. isini dRemde cnobili Ca-
nawerebisagan gamoirCeva Tematuri siaxliTa da rTuli siuJeturi aR-
nagobiT. dasmul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, rasakvirvelia, sruladaa gaT-
valiswinebuli saarqivo masalebi. winaswar unda gacxaddes, rom centra-
luri gmiris dasjis umTavresi mizezi svanur variantebSi qristes Tavde-
bobis samgzis darRvevaa. svanuri Canawerebis am da sxva kuTxeebis Tavi-
seburebas z. kiknaZem miaqcia yuradReba. misi azriT, amirani isjeba ufalTan
gatolebis mcdelobisaTvis, ficis samgzis gatexisaTvis (kiknaZe 2001: 40).
imave azrisaa r. CxeiZe (CxeiZe 1991: 51).
pirvel yovlisa, SevCerdebiT qaldaniseul variantze àmirm~ (qalda-
ni... … 1957: 256). Sesavali nawili sakmaod originaluria. axali personaJia iva
xelmwife, naTelmxilveli, winaswarmetyveluri niWiTa da unariT dajil-
doebuli. misma samma vaJiSvilma: badrim, visibma aCalamkalamma, – SeniSnavs
mTqmeli, – devebi Zirian-fesvianad amowyvites... qveyana maT aqebs... erT
dRes, sanadirod wasulebma, uReltexilze SeniSnes daxveuli xaris tyavi,
romelic zogjer ise swrafad trialebs, rom kaci Zlivs moavlebs Tvals,
Zmebis nasrol isrebs axlosac ar ikarebs, namsxvrevebs ubrunebs ukan. ase
gagrZelda sami dRe. mesame Rames dadardianebulma Zmebma yvelaferi uam-
bes iva mamas. swored aq gamoCnda pirvelad mTeli Tavisi ZalmosilebiT iva
mamis RvTiurTan Tanaziari sibrZne, winaswarmetyveleba. man Svilebi daam-
Svida da auwya, rom xaris tyavSi angelozis Svilia gaxveuli da mTaze imito-
maa dasmuli, rom adamianad gardaiqmnas. `Tqven samive mxridan SemoertyiT
irgvliv, rom iordanes wyarosken gagzavnoT. manamde ki es bade, romelic me
Cemma naTlia qriste RmerTma miboZa da Tavisi Zalmosilebac Zed daabeda,
CadgiT iordanes wyalSi da ecadeT, rom tyavi badeSi gaebas; sanam iordanes
wyliT ar gaiJRinTos, manamde xeli ar axloT... Zmebic ase moiqcnen da saRamos
tyavi Sin moitanes... iva mamam winaswar gadaketa kar-fanjrebi, tyavi gaxsnes
da iqidan lampariviT manaTobeli vaJi gadmoeSva, Werisken daiwyo frena,
gasasvlels eZebda, magram ver ipova. meore dRes Camovida Zirs da kerasTan,
e.i. ojaxis centrTan dadga, adamianad gardaqmnili. Tavisive gadawyveti-
lebiT isev Sebrunda tyavSi, sami dRe da Rame dahyo da mere gamovida. am
dros qriste RmerTi mobrZanda, monaTla bavSvi, amirani uwoda. saxli dalo-
ca da warbrZanda~. amonaridi vrcelia, magram misi mniSvneloba gansakuTre-
bulia amiranis RvTiuri bunebis, warmomavlobis warmosadgenad, rom igi
miwaze CamoSvebuli zeciuri yrmaa. misi misiac adamianTa sacxovrisSi bo-
roti Zalis ganadgurebaa. igi sworad iva mamis ojaxSi eziara miwier sa-
idumloebebs. TviT iva mama amiranisa da badris, usubis, Calamkalamis
mudmivi meTvalyure da maT qmedebaTa gamgebelia. davaJkacebuli Zmebi
* vrclad ix. wignSi o. oniani. kulturuli gmiris problema qarTul folklorSi.

Tbilisi: ùniversali~, 2009. masalebs vimowmebT am gamocemidan.
118
spoben da anadgureben adamianTa mavne, borot Zalebs – devebs, amasTanave
WeSmariti monadireebi arian. roca amiranis mijaWvaze vsaubrobT, mxed-
velobaSi unda miviRoT, rom es xdeba misi xangrZlivi sagmiro-saraindo
qmedebaTa da faTerakebiT aRsavse Tavgadasavlebis bolos. amiranma Tavisi
misia, faqtiurad, aRasrula kacobriobis sakeTildReod. bunebrivia, es
erTbaSad ver moxdeboda. mas win uZRoda samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolebi
boroti Zalebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic iva mamis brZnuli Segonebebisa da
rainduli, RvTiurTan wilnayari sulieri ZalmosilebiT aResruleboda.
ase, magaliTad, amiranma, rogorc axlad movlenilma zeciurma yrmam, ukve
adamianSi gansxeulebulma, pirvelad iva mamis Tvalis dakargvis saidum-
loeba ikiTxa. misi cxovrebis es epizodi Rrma dakvirvebas saWiroebs. misi
amocnoba mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba sxva sirTuleTa garkvevaSic, maT
Soris mijaWvisa. iva mamam auwya, Tu rogor warstaca Tvali baybay devma.
Zmebi gaudgnen gzas da udabur tyeSi gza aebnaT, verafriT gaiges, saiT
unda wasuliyvnen. amiranma dauCoqa Tavis naTlia qristes: madli eqna da
Seebralebina Tavisi naTluli, ar daetovebina am udabur tyeSi usaqmod
dasaRupavad.
naTliisagan xma moesma: qristes Tavdebobas gaufrTxildes, Tu ara, sam-
jer gatexvis Semdeg isic verafers SeZlebs. axla amas gayveso, – da misma
naTliam mtredi gamogzavna gzis maCveneblad. mtredma gamoiyvana tyidan.
rodesac vake adgili gamoCnda, mtredi gaqra. rasakvirvelia, qriste Rmer-
Tis amgvari gafrTxileba ukomentarodaa misaRebi. misi dacva wmidaTawmida
valia. rasTan gvaqvs saqme amiranis qmedebaSi? man devis qaliSvils, romelsac
iva mamis Tvali oqros TefSze edo, xanjali daabjina yelze da ubrZana,
imwamsve mieca misi babuis Tvali. devis qaliSvilma uTxra: qristes Tavde-
boba momeci, rom ar momklavo... amiranma misca qristes Tavdeboba, magram
iva mamamisis Tvalis xelSi Cagdebis Semdeg mokla. pirvelad aq gautyda
qristes Tavdeboba...
erT dRes Zmebi sajixveze sanadirod wavidnen, magram veraferi moinadi-
res. mzis Casvlisas dainaxes, rom uReltexils orTqli asdioda. Zmebma
meore SuadRes miaRwies am uReltexilamde, naxes, rom miwas Sezrdili qvis
xvrelebidan moedineboda orTqli. amiranma nabadi daasvela, Semoixvia da
qvis qveS Caxta. iq devi naxa. staces xeli erTimeores. gasaWiris Jams amiranma
dedis muclidan gamoyolili vefxvis kudi amoiRo, devs wvivebi gadaumt-
vria. merve, mecxre Tavis moWramde devma amirans qristes Tavdeboba miace-
mina da cecxlis saidumlo gaumJRavna. àm cecxliT pursa da sxva saWmels
moamzadebT da adamianis saqme aTasi wliT wava wino”. es rom moismina amiran-
ma, mecxre Tavic moWra. meored aq gautyda qristes Tavdeboba.
gamarjvebuli Zmebi wamovidnen Sinisken da erT adgilas dainaxes, rom Sav
dedabers kalo hqonda mofenili Cvili bavSvebis TavebiT. kevrSi eba uReli
xari, TviTon zed ijda da simRer-simReriT lewda. amirani mieWra, TavSi xeli
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waavlo da yelze xanjali miabjina: miTxari ra ambaviao? dedaberma qristes
Tavdebobis micemaze daiTanxma, rom ar moklavda. amiranic daTanxmda.
dedaberma uTxra: Sen baybay devi mokali, misma Zmam Tqveni ojaxis amowyveta
gadawyvita. am kalos ganalewi meorea. Tu mas ezoSi davyriT, Tqven da Tqvens
saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi yvela adamiani qvad iqcevao. Tqvens babuas ki
iordanis wyali miasxureT da morCebao. es rom moismina amiranma, dedabersac
Tavi moWra. mesamed aq gautyda qristes Tavdeboba... amis Semdeg gadmoce-
mulia amiranis gmiroba, misi metoqe aravin aRmoCnda.
erT dRes Camoiara qriste RmerTma, amirani Seexvewa: miwaze myofi vera-
vin mereva da erTi Sen dameWideo. qristem upasuxa: aq sircxviliao. avidnen
kldis wverze, davakebul adgilze gaCerdnen. naTliam uTxra: am joxs Cava-
sob kldeSi, Tu amoaZrob, dageWidebio. amiranma orjer amoaZro, mesamed
Zvrac ver uyo.
mTeli es masala rTuli gasaazrebelia. erTi SexedviT martivi Cans,
vinaidan centraluri gmiri winaswar iyo gafrTxilebuli, rom samjer
qristes Tavdebobis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi daisjeboda. arada sasjeli
TiTqos mxolod macxovris saWidaod gamowvevis Sedegad daimsaxura.
asec SeiZleba ifiqros mkiTxvelmac da mkvlevarmac, sakamaToc araferi
iqneba, magram Tu axsnas movindomebT, gmiris amgvar dasjas Teoriuli,
Rrmad religiuri safuZvlebi aqvs. saqme SemdegSia: jerjerobiT pirveli
SemTxvevaa Zeglis kvlevis istoriaSi, rom qriste RmerTi udabur tyeSi
gzaareul amirans kosmosidan ase pirdapir exmianebodes da damxmared
mtreds agzavnides, Tan auwyebdes, rom gaufrTxildes qristes Tavdebobas,
vinaidan am Tavdebobis samjer gatexvis Semdeg isic, e.i. TviT macxovaric,
mis Svelas veRar SeZlebs. ase martivad Tqmul sityvebSi kacobriobisTvis
samomavlo mniSvnelobis sibrZnea Cadebuli, romlis amocnoba da praqtikuli
ganxorcieleba adamianTa modgmis wmidaTawmida valia. macxovris sityvebi
miwier saufloSi SeiZleboda Tqmuliyo mxolod amiranis, rogorc angelo-
zis Svilis mimarT, romelic adamianad unda gardaqmniliyo, Tanac miwieri
sauflos yvelaze wmidaTawmida adgilas, zekarze. nawarmoebidan viciT, rom
es gardaqmna ganxorcielda da amiranic uSualod qristes naTlulis RvTi-
uri madliT mosil iva mamis ojaxSi aRizarda, Sesabamisad, es saidumloebiT
moculi procesi, maRali ierarqiuli saufloebidan daSvebuli kosmiuri
madlic aRsrulda. iva mamis ojaxSi amirani bevr miwier saidumlos eziara da
ZmebTan erTad Seudarebel raindad Camoyalibda. macxovris zemoTmotanili
sityvebi imis ueWveli dadasturebaa, rom amirani umaRles sulier arsebaTa
mudmivi meTvalyureobis qveSaa, rom naTliis sityvebis cnobieri gaazreba
da aRsruleba misi xvedria. amirani, rogorc angelozis Svili, adamianis
fizikur sxeulSia gardasaxuli, es ki gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mov-
lenaa: miwieri sauflos ganviTarebac axalsa da maRal safexurebs unda
eziaros, aqac kosmiuri siaxleebi unda damkvidrdes. cxadia, miwiers Tavisi
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damoukidebeli, idumalebiT moculi sirTuleebi axlavs. aq xom erT-erTi
umTavresTagani arsebobis fizikuri formaa. rasakvirvelia, adamiani ver
iqneba yvelgan da yvelaferSi uSecdomo, uZleveli. aseTi mxolod RmerTia.
amitomaa, rom amiranis qmedebaTa Sefasebisas mkvlevari yovelTvis rTuli
amocanis, ufro zustad, arCevanis winaSe dgas. migvaCnia, rom centraluri
gmiris sagmiro saqmeebze msjelobisas misi qmedeba sulieri TvaliTaa da-
sanaxi da gasazomi. amirani mTeli Tavisi gmirobebiTa da rainduli qme-
debebiT borotebasTan pirispir brZolaSia CarTuli. es brZola samkvdro-
sasicocxloa. aq komromisi gamoricxulia. svanTa rwmeniT, boroti Zalis
Sewyalebaze fiqric ki ar SeiZleba. igi unda moispos. am TvalsazrisiT,
adamianad gardaqmnili (angelozis Svili) amiranis qmedeba gasagebia. igi
Seubraleblad anadgurebs mowinaaRmdege borot Zalebs, magram qriste
RmerTis zemoTqmuli sityvebi, rom uflis Tavdeboba yvela SemTxvevaSi un-
da daicvas, rTuli amocanis winaSe gvayenebs. amirani xom maRali, kosmiuri
principebis dasamkvidrebladaa movlenili adamianTa sacxovrisSi, romel-
sac utyvi, idumalebiT moculi tradicia aqvs da romlisadmi morCilebis
cnobierebac mtkiced aris gamjdari gvaris, Temis Tu tomis TiToeuli
wevris rwmena-warmodgenebSi. yovelive es angariSgasawevia, magram isic
faqtia, rom amirani gamonaklisia adamianTa modgmis istoriaSi, mas xom
pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs umaRles ierarqiul ZalebTan. miuxedavad amgvari
zeaRmatebuli sulierebisa, amirani ise Rrmadaa SeWrili wminda adamianuri
yofierebis sirTuleSi, ukve isea nasazrdoebi da CaZiruli am yofierebis
saidumloebiT mocul siRrmiseul principebSi, rom misTvis mosaspobi
aRmoCnda boroteba, rogorc adamianebisaTvis saSiSi, xelisSemSleli Za-
la. konkretul SemTxvevaSi adamianuri azrovneba amis iqiT ver ixedeba. aq
bevri ramaa gasaTvaliswinebeli. gavixsenoT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTi-
aneTis sibrZniT aRsavse miTologia. morige RmerTma adamianTa ukiduresi
gasaWiris Jams kopala da iaxsari moavlina devTa gasanadgureblad, magram
aq borotebasTan adamianTa damokidebulebac specifikuria. sabolood, faq-
ti faqtad rCeba: damoukideblad warmoebuli samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZo-
la individualuri Tu koleqtiuri msxverpliT mTavrdeba da tradiciuli
sityvebi rom moviSvelioT, `gamarjvebuls ar asamarTleben~. miuxedavad
amisa, qristes Tavdebobis dacva wmidaTawmida valia da is uciloblad unda
aRsruldes; macxovris saxeliT dadebul fics ar eRalateba. mizani unda
iyos ara borotebis mospoba, aramed gardaqmna, misi sikeTis samsaxurSi
Cayeneba, rogorc amas dalis ciklis samonadiro baladaSi `TeTri manguri~
vxvdebiT.
amjerad Cven amiranis eposi gvainteresebs. centraluri gmiris wminda
adamianur cdunebebs, Secdomebs ver gamovricxavT, rameTu fizikuri arse-
boba garegnuli Tu Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiTaa Zlieri da misi zemoqmede-
ba gadaulaxav dabrkolebad aRimarTeba adamianis moRvaweobis gzaze. adami-
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anTa urTierTobebi erTmaneTisTvis micemuli pirobebis dacvazea damya-
rebuli. ficis micema gansakuTrebuli valdebulebis winaSe ayenebs ada-
mianebs, miT umetes, RmerTis saxeliT micemuli Tavdeboba. gavixsenoT Zveli
dro: gvarSi, TemSi, tomSi SeTanxmebuli pirobebis darRveva konfliqtebisa
da omebis mizezi xdeboda, am SemTxvevaSi ki maRal sulierebasTan gvaqvs
saqme. aqcenti RmerTis saxeliT micemul ficze, Tavdebobaze, sityvazea
gadatanili. misi cnobieri gaazreba Zalze Znelia. Zeglis mixedviT, qves-
knelSi Casuli amirani cecxlis saidumloebis gagebis gamo daTanxmdeba
devs qristes Tavdebobis micemaze, e.i. boroteba uzarmazar sibrZnes, sa-
idumloebas flobs; man Zalian kargad icis, rom amirani mis winaaRmdegaa
movlenili umaRlesi ierarqiuli Zalebis, RmerTebis mier, isic icis, rom
qristes Tavdebobis micema erTaderTi saSualebaa amiranis SeCerebisa, rom
am Tavdebobis darRveviT amirani daisjeba. aseTi sulieri gamocdis winaSe
aRmoCndeba Cveni gmiri. Cven viciT, ra moimoqmeda, rogori arCevani gaakeTa
man, rodesac gadamwyveti Jami dadga. cecxlis mopovebis saidumloebiT man
adamianTa modgma ganviTarebis maRal safexurze aiyvana, magram qristes
Tavdeboba daarRvia da TviTonac daisaja. aq SeiZleba kuTxis Soreuli
tradiciis anarekli davinaxoT, magram faqti faqtad rCeba, rom konkre-
tul SemTxvevaSi amiranis mxridan qristes winaaRmdeg brZolis survi-
li ar Cans. am SemTxvevaSi wamyvani mainc kuTxis rwmena-warmodgenaTa
specifikurobaa, romlis mixedviTac, sityvis Zalmosileba RmerTidan
iRebs saTaves; Tavad RmerTia sityva: saxarebaÁ ioanesic amas gvauwyebs:
1. `pirvelad iyo sityvaÁ, da sityvaÁ igi RmrTisa Tana, da RmerTi iyo si-
tyuaÁ igi”. 2. „ese iyo pirveliTgan RmrTisa Tana. yovelive mis mier Seiq-
mna, da Tvinier misa arca erTi raÁ iqmna, raodeni raÁ iqmna~. qarTveli xal-
xis sulieri cxovrebisaTvisac erovnuli erTianobisa da simtkicis sa-
fuZvelTa safuZveli, gadamrCeni Zala sityvis RvTiuri Zalmosileba iyo.
es qristianobamdeli tradiciaa. swored aseT maRal sulierebasaa nazi-
arebi saqarTvelos mTisa da baris folklorul-eTnografiuli Zeglebi.
Sesabamisad, amiranis eposSic sityva yovlismomcvelia, RmerTis saxeliT
dadebuli ficis aRsruleba ki – wmidaTawmida.
rogorc iTqva, amiranis eposis zemoT dasaxelebuli sami varianti, rom-
lebic TiTqmis identuria, sakmao specifikurobiT gamoirCeva (mag. iva ma-
mis Tvalis dabruneba, cecxlis saidumloebis gageba da misi Sin wamoReba).
swored am TvalsazrisiTaa saintereso gurCianiseuli varianti. faTera-
kiani Tavgadasavlis Semdeg amirani da misi Zmebi wavidnen iva mamis Tvalis
dasabruneblad, romelic mas urad devma wartaca. urad devTan brZola Zne-
li aRmoCnda; amirani erTi kvira ebrZoda mas da bolos sZlia. `damibrune
Cemi mamis Tvali, Torem amogilewav suls~... devma uTxra: àba is Tvali
Cem qaliSvils aqvs... Tu moerevi ramenairad, Tvals dagibrunebs... magram
TvalTan erTad patara saxocic mogces, Torem umisod Tvali ar Caedgmeba
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mamaSens. Tvals rom Caudgam, saxoci gamousvi, Tvali ukeTesad Caeyeneba”.
amiranma devs rom saidumloeba gamosZala, mokla. rogorc vxedavT, urad
devma mniSvnelovani saidumlo gaumxila amirans: saxocis idumali Zala,
uromlisodac iva mamas Tvali ar Caedgmeboda... Zalian gauWirda amirans
devis qaliSvilTan brZola, romelic laxtiT ebrZoda, kinaRam moeria.
amirans gaaxsenda vefxvis kudi, dahkra qaliSvils fexebze da gadaumtvria...
qaliSvilma qristes Tavdeboba mosTxova. amiranmac misca. qaliSvilma ga-
ando saidumloeba, rom ivas Tvali oqros Taszeao. sanam me saxocs ar mogcem,
manamde am Tasidan Tvals veravin amoiRebso. am sainiT Tvali saxlSi waiRe
da jer sainiT dadgi Tvali, Semdeg sains gausvi qveSidan saxoci. Tvali rom
moSordeba, imis Semdeg Cauyene Sens mamas, saxoci gahkari da ufro ukeTesiT
Seenacvlebao... amiranma daarRvia qristes Tavdeboba da qaliSvili mokla.
damowmebuli masala Zalian sainteresoa. vfiqrobT, rom vrceli axsna-
ganmarteba aRaraa saWiro. mxolod mivuTiTebT: saxocis saidumloeba axa-
li elementia amiranis kvlevis istoriaSi. amiranianis yvela mkvlevari ami-
ranis mijaWvas samarTlianad Tvlis umTavresi mniSvnelobis problemad.
arada centraluri gmiris faTerakebiT aRsavse rainduli qmedebebidan,
upirveles yovlisa, mxolod iseTi faqtebi unda wamovwioT win, romelTa
aRsrulebazec aris damokidebuli adamianTa modgmis momavali. Cven aseTad
migvaCnia adamianebisTvis cecxlis motana, boroti Zalebisagan sasicocx-
lo sivrcis dabruneba, wesrigis damyareba. kacobriobam rom sulieri zeaR-
svlis maRal safexurs miaRwios, Tavadac RvTiuri sawyisebis Tanaziari
unda gaxdes, sabolood ki fizikuri sauflo, adamianTa sacxovrisic ganax-
lebul, kosmiurTan Tanaxmier Tanaarsebobas unda aziaros. swored amgvari
misiis aRmsruleblad aris movlenili amirani da ara RmerTis winaaRmdeg
mebrZolad. am didi miznebis miRwevis gzaze ukve adamianad gardasaxuli
amirani ver iqneba uSecdomo, rameTu boroteba mudam saSiSia, uzarmazar
sibrZnes flobs, ganviTarebis RvTiuri azri ki isaa, rom adamianebma SeZlon
am sibrZnis daufleba, borotebis iseTnairad ganiaraReba, rom misi gardaq-
mna SesaZlebeli iyos. rasakvirvelia, amirani borotebis ganadgurebis gamo
ki araa dasjili, aramed qristes Tavdebobis darRvevis gamoa mijaWvuli.
isev gavixsenoT urad devis qaliSvilTan Sexvedra – aq erTi saintereso
faqtTan gvaqvs saqme. devis mokvlis Semdeg amiranma monaxa is sadgomi, sa-
dac devis qaliSvili isvenebda, naxa, rom TefSze edo Tvali da erToboda.
ès Tvali iseTnairad bzinavs, rom Tvals Zlivs aswrebs kaci~. es epizodi ki-
dev erTi dadasturebaa imisa, rom iva mamis saxiT saqme gvaqvs samyarose-
uli mniSvnelobis individTan. mas xom qriste RmerTma bade aCuqa, `misi
Zalac zed daanaTla~. iva mamis sityvebSi Rrma RvTiuri sibrZnea Cadebuli.
masSi faruli miniSnebaa imaze, rom iva xelmwifis saxiT miwier saufloSi
gansakuTrebuli pirovnebaa Semosuli. aq isic igulisxmeba, rom angelozis
Svilis, amiranis, fizikur samyaroSi Semosla da moRvaweoba RmerTis da-
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badebiT, uSualod ivas ojaxSi SemosvliT, aRzrdiTa da moRvaweobiT unda
ganxorcielebuliyo. ai, aseTi gansakuTrebuli sirTuleebi iCens Tavs ami-
ranis dasjasTan dakavSirebiT. rogorc iTqva, amiranis gardaqmna adami-
anad maRali ierarqiuli Zalebis uSualo nebiT kacobriobis sasikeTod
ganxorcielda da ara RmerTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. amitomaa, rom
centraluri gmiris sagmiro-saraindo qmedebaTa gaxsenebas da analizs
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs gmiris mijaWvis sworad gagebisaTvis. gur-
Cianiseul variantSic amiranma qvesknelis Zalebs (qeSek devs) warstaca
cecxli, amoitana samzeoze da adamianebs misi gamoyeneba aswavla, magram
amgvari zogadsakacobrio misiis aRsruleba Zviri daujda. man qristes
Tavdeboba daarRvia da mokla qeSek devi. es procesi mniSvnelovani spe-
cifikurobiTaa aRwerili. Serkineba erTi kvira gagrZelda. mTqmelis Se-
niSvniT, `verc erTma ver dasZala, maSin amirani moeria yovlis mZlevi
vefxvis kudiT, rva Tavi moWra~. davakvirdeT qeSek devis sityvebs: àmi-
rano, qristes Tavsdeba (marjvena xeli) momeci, rom ar momklavo~, e.i. ami-
rani marjvena xelis CamorTmeviT, faqtiurad, SerigebiT, aZlevs fics,
sityvas, rom ar moklavs. amdenad, sityvieri ficis dasturad marjvena xe-
lis CamorTmevaa saWiro. saqmis garCevis an ficze gasvlis SemTxvevaSic
guliTadobis damadastureblad mowinaaRmdegeebi xels arTmevdnen erT-
maneTs. sityvis uryevobac amiT mtkicdeboda. amiranmac misca devs qristes
piroba. qeSek devmac gaando cecxlis saidumlo: `Tqveni cecxli, – uTxra
qeSek devma, – ar varga puris sacxoblad. aitane es cecxli, amis danTeba
daaswavle xalxs imis Semdeg yvelas ecodineba puris cxoba. amis wasaReb
s a x o c s me mogcem da maSin gzaze ar gagiqreba~ (mTqmeli zaqaria gurCi-
ani, Wuberi, 1944, Camweri guledani; mTargmneli ali daviTiani). saxocis
saidumlo saidumloebad rCeba. damowmebulis mixedviT, mxolod masSi
gaxveuli cecxli ar Caqreba. roca saubaria amiranis mijaWvaze da imaze,
rom man fici gatexa, aq unda gaviTvaliswinoT qeSek devis bolo sityvebi: mo
davrCebi aq samudamod, aqaur mcvelad, e.i. Zvelebur mdgomareobaSio... es
uTxra da saxoci gadasca. ra igulisxmeba, an ra SeiZleba igulisxmebodes am
sityvebSi, aris Tu ara is sando, amjerad amaze saubrisagan Tavs SevikavebT.
aq meored gatexa amiranma micemuli fici. mesamed ki Sav dedaberTan,
romelsac kalo Cvili bavSvebis TavebiT hqonda savse, kevrze eba xarebi da
lewda. amis Semdeg amirani da misi Zmebi Sin dabrundnen, gaxarebulni iyvnen.
amirans qristes Tavdeboba gatexili hqonda da ar ecxovreboda. “erT dRes
mindorSi iyo da ise eCvena ubralo kacismagvarad Tavisi naTlia qriste da
Seubera amirans da Seagdo didi maRali kldis gamoqvabulSi. amirani imaSi
darCa da dalocvilimc iyaviT~. rogorc vxedavT, am variantSi ar gvxvdeba
amiranis mier qristes saWidaod gamowveva. umTavresi azri gurCianiseuli
Canawerisa isaa, rom qristes Tavdebobis darRveva imdenad miutevebelia,
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rom TviT macxovarmac usityvod, yovelgvari gafrTxilebis Tu ganmartebis
gareSe Seagdo igi didi, maRali kldis gamoqvabulSi.
amiranis mijaWva mniSvnelovani specifikurobiTaa warmodgenili gule-
daniseul variantSi. umTavres mowinaaRmdegeebad aqac urad devi, misi qa-
liSvili da qeSek devi arian warmodgenilni. iva mamas Tvali urad devma
warstaca. mis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad wasul Zmebs gza aeriaT. amiranma
daiCoqa da SesTxova Tavis naTlias: `Cemo naTlia qriste, gviSvele rame
da gzis maCvenebeli, saniSnobeli mogveci rame, Torem xom xedav, gzas ver
vagnebT me da Cemi Zmebi~. am sityvebis warmoTqmisTanave caze gamoCnda TeT-
ri mtredi, romelic gamouSva qristem gzis maCveneblad. Zmebi gahyvnen
mtreds da miaRwies urad devis samyof adgilamde da mtredic gaqra. ga-
vimeorebT: gansakuTrebli mniSvnelobis faqtebis amgvari sisruliTa da
sizustiT damowmeba saWirod migvaCnia, rom davrwmundeT centraluri
gmiris, amiranis, marTlac gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobasa da funqciaze
ara marto qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi. amirani umaRlesi sulieri ar-
sebebis gamudmebuli meTvalyureobis qveSaa. ufro metic. rasac Tavad
amirani ukiduresi gasaWiris Jams SesTxovs RmerTs, konkretul SemTxveva-
Si Tavis naTlia ieso qristes, uciloblad usruldeba. RvTiuri macne,
mtredi, utyuari miniSnebaa, rom amirani da misi Zmebi Sin gamarjvebulebi
dabrundebian, rom ZmaTa misia boroti Zalebisagan adamianTa modgmis gan-
Tavisuflebaa. amiranma es misia brwyinvaled Seasrula. marTalia, adamianu-
ri cdunebiT, magram mainc aRasrula. davakvirdeT: urad mefis sasaxles
sam wyebad gveleSapTa laSqari artyia. amiranma maTTan sabrZolvelad
Zmebi Cagzavna. Zmebma, marTalia, gveleSapTa laSqari mospes, sami dRe da
Rame ebrZodnen, magram daRlilebi mkvdrebiviT daeyarnen miwaze. samive
Zma amiranma moasuliera, e.i. energia Semata. ra saSualebebiT? mTqmeli
dums, arafers ambobs... urad devTan brZola kidev ufro originalurad
aris warmoCenili nawarmoebSi. sainteresoa, rom urad devs sami Tavi da
cxra xeli hqonda. amiranma ori Tavi da rva xeli moWra. es uTxra: `mamaCemis
Tvali damibrune, Tu ara mogaTavebo. devma upasuxa: Cems qaliSvils aqvs,
cxraklitulSia, misi moreva gagiWirdebaT, magram erT Cem Tavs roca mom-
WriT, mosdeviT Cem qaliSvils fexSi da gamoswieT, mxolod maSin waiq-ceva
da Tasic gauvardeba xelidan. amis Semdeg mas Zala waerTmevao~. amiranma
mokla urad devi. sainteresoa urad devis darigeba. faqtiurad, man gaTqva
qaliSvilis saidumlo ise, rom qristes Tavdeboba ar uTxovia. amiranic
ase moiqca. devis qaliSvils Tasi xelidan gauvarda, Zala waerTva. qristes
Tavdeboba mosTxova amirans. amiranic daTanxmda. devis qaliSvilma aswavla,
rogor Caesva Tvali iva mamisaTvis. amiranma devis qaliSvili mokla. pirve-
lad aq gautyda qristes Tavdeboba. qaldaniseul da gurCianiseul vari-
antebTan SedarebiT gansxvavebuladaa warmoCenili cecxlis mopoveba. Zmebi
sagmiro saqmeebze iyvnen wasulni da miadgnen erT wyaros, romelsac iseTi
125
oxSivari asdioda, rom sakire gegoneboda, Tan tirili ismoda qvis qveSeTi-
dan. Zmebma Zvrac ver uyves. aqac amirani `muxlebze daCoqili Seevedra Tavis
naTlias, rom eSvela misTvis~. davakvirdeT mTqmelis sityvebs: marTalia,
qriste nawyeni iyo naTlulze, radgan erTxel gatexa misi Tavdeboba, magram
amJamad apatia da cidan gadmougdo sveli nabadi. amirani gaexvia am nabadSi
da SeZvra xvrelSi. `SesvliT Sevida, magram sicxem nabadi dawva~... devTan
SebrZolebis epizodSi yvelaze naTladaa warmoCenili amiranis WeSmariti
buneba, misia. jerjerobiT erTaderTi SemTxvevaa Zeglis kvlevis istoriaSi,
rom naTlia ieso qriste ase uSualod, pirdapir exmareba amirans misiis
aRsrulebaSi, kerZod ki, cecxlis mopovebaSi. komentari aRaraa saWiro:
naTlia qristes mier kosmosidan sveli nabdis gadmogdeba amiranisaTvis
qvesknelSi uvneblad Casasavlelad siaxlea Zeglis kvlevis istoriaSi.
cxadia isic, rom msgavsi saSualeba adamianTa saufloSi aRar arsebobda,
rom amiranma Tavisi misia mxolod umaRlesi ierarqiuli Zalebis uSualo
CareviT aRasrula – qvesknelis Zalebs cecxli warstaca, samzeoze amoitana
da adamianebs misi gamoyeneba aswavla. davakvirdeT centraluri gmiris
qvesknelSi Casvlas da qeSek devTan SebrZolebas: ìseTi siZlieriT daetak-
nen erTmaneTs, rom qvabis kuTxeSi danTebulma cecxlma cekva daiwyo. gasa-
Wiris Jams devs vefxvis kudiT fexebi dauJeJa... amiranma daSniT rva Tavi
moswyvita. am dros cecxlma daiZaxa: `qeSek devo, sTxove amirans sicocxle
da Cemi Tavi Sepirdi~. es sityvebi samjer gaimeora. amirvi gaakvirva cecxlis
laparakma. qeSek devma uTxra: àmirv, Tu sicocxles maCuqeb da qristes Tav-
debobis xels momcem, cecxlis ambavs getyvi~. – kio, – upasuxa amirvma. àba
momeci xelio~, amirvmac misca xeli. devma uTxra: `radgan qriste daiyene
Tavdebad, mjera Seni. TqvenSi rom cecxlia, imiT puri ver cxveba da iZule-
buli xarT, rom xarSoT. ai, ager rom cecxli anTia, imiT nakverCxals rom
waiReb da cecxls daanTeb, yvelgan gatkrcialdeba da puris cxobasac Se-
eCveva xalxi. Sens mets aravis gavatan amas da aq davrCebi mis yaraulad
samudamod. amirvma es rom gaigona da gaigo cecxlis ambavi, devi mokla~.
marTalia, cecxli amoitana amiranma kacobriobisaTvis, magram meored aq
gautyda qristes Tavdeboba. damowmebuli epizodi urTulesi Sinaarsisaa,
mravalmxriv saintereso. masSi TiToeuli winadadeba, gamoTqma, sityvac ki
sagangebo dakvirvebas saWiroebs. Aamjerad amaze saubrisgan Tavs SevikavebT,
rameTu is ar Seadgens winamdebare werilis mizans. aq mxolod mivuTiTebT,
rom amiranianSi, rogorc gamorCeul ZeglSi, erTi da igive masala gans-
xvavebuli kuTxiTa da mizniT SeiZleba iyos Seswavlili da danaxuli. amis
Semdeg moTxrobilia, rom Sin momavalma amiranma dainaxa, rom erT mindorSi
kaloa gakeTebuli, kalo bavSvis TavebiTaa savse, erT dedabers kevrSi de-
vebi Seubams da lewavs am Tavebs... amiranma staca xeli TmebSi kudian deda-
bers, Seborka, Semdeg devebi gamouSva kalodan, staca TavebSi xeli, miartya
da gauWeWya. SeSinebulma dedaberma uTxra: Tu qristes Tavdebobis xels mom-
126
cem, rom ar momklav, yvelafers getyvio. amiranma misca qristes Tavdebobis
xeli. dedaberma uTxra: am bavSvebis ganalewi Tu daiyreboda iva xelmwifis
ezoSi, maSin ZiriTa da fesviT amowydeboda... amis Semdeg gadmocemulia,
rom amirani gaamayda, moindoma Tavis naTlias Sejibreboda RoneSi. es rom
qristem Seityo, gamoecxada moxuci kacis saxiT da salami misca. naTliam
mohkida xeli da kldis gamoqvabulSi Seagdo, gadawera jvari da iseTi maRa-
li naprali gaCnda am gamoqvabulis qveS, frinvelic ver SeaRwevda.
mravalmxrivaa damafiqrebeli mTqmelis miniSneba, rom èrTi mkvdari
devis Tavma amoayrantala: `samjer qristes Tavdebobis gamtexi am deda-
berTan moxvdeba qvabSi~. boroti Zalis sityvebi bevr safiqrals gviCens,
masSi amiranis qmedebaTa Sefasebis garda, kidev ufro Rrma, Sors mimaval
sirTulesTan gvaqvs saqme. aSkaraa, rom demonuri Zala kacobriobisaTvis
saSiSi, jer kidev gamouvleneli, avis momaswavebeli TvisobriobiTaa
warmodgenili. devis sityvebSi winaswaraa ganWvretili amiranis bediswera,
TviT bunebac. kargadaa warmoCenili naklovanebebi. amiranma kvlav sagmiro
saqme aiCema. mTqmelis SeniSvniT, `qristes ebraleboda Tavisi naTluli,
Tumca swyinda misi saxelis ficiT gatexva...~ axsna-ganmartebebisagan Tavs
vikavebT. mivyveT teqstis Tanmimdevrobas: amirani gaamaydao, moindoma
Tavis naTlias Sejibreboda RoneSi. es rom qristem Seityo, mindorSi,
xis qveS mjdom amirans gamoecxada moxucis saxiT da salami misca. amiranma
ver icno da uxeSad upasuxa: `gamecale aqedan, xom xedav, visveneb, SenTvis
ar mcalia~. gmiris amgvari pasuxi, rasakvirvelia, moulodnelia. rogorc
zemoT iTqva, naTliam mohkida xeli da kldis gamoqvabulSi Seagdo, gadawera
pirjvari da iseTi maRali naprali gaCnda am gamoqvabulis qveS, frinvelic
ver SeaRwevda. gamoqvabulSi amirans Tormeti kudiani dedaberi daxvda
erT mxares rkinis jaWviT mibmuli, xolo TviT amirani meore mxares iyo
mijaWvuli. roca amirani da kudianebi frCxilebs miawvdendnen erTmaneTs,
kudianebi mas gulmkerdze kortnidnen. roca xuTSabaTobiT da SabaTobiT
qalebi iWridnen xolme xolme frCxilebs, kudianebs ezrdebodaT frCxile-
bi da ufro Zlierad kortnidnen amirvs, xolo orSabaTobiT da kviraobiT,
roca mamakacebis jeri dgeboda, maSin amirvs emateboda frCxilebi da axla
is kortnida kudianebs... SeiZleba vrclad mogveCvenos masalis am saxiT
damowmeba, magram guledaniseul variantSi bevri specifikuri motivi
SeiniSneba. saqme isaa, rom Zeglis yvela variantis mixedviT, amirani martoa
gamoqvabulSi. guledaniseul versias ki analogi ar daeZebneba, amdenad,
sagangebo dakvirvebas saWiroebs da damoukidebladaa Sesaswavli... marTa-
lia, guledaniseul variantSi pirdapiraa miTiTebuli amiranis gadaWarbe-
bul siamayeze – `moindoma naTlia qristes gajibreboda RoneSi~ – magram
esec erTi niSania imisa, Tu rogor TandaTanobiT Sordeba amirani RvTiurs
da rogori simZlavriT ikveTeba masSi wminda adamianuri sawyisi; rogor
TandaTanobiT iJRinTeba da imsWvaleba igi miwieri arsebobis macTunebeli
127
ZalebiT. amgvari msjelobis uflebas gvaZlevs guledaniseuli Canaweri.
miuxedavad amisa, samive variantis teqstologiuri analizi, kerZod, amiranis
dasjis mizezebis kvleva, saSualebas gvaZlevs, davaskvnaT, rom qaldanise-
ul, gurCianiseul da guledaniseul variantebSi, marTalia, sxvadasxva
formiT, magram erTi da imave mizeziT aris warmodgenili centraluri
gmiris, amiranis, dasja – esaa samjer qristes Tavdebobis daucveloba.
damowmebani:
kiknaZe 2001: kiknaZe, z. qarTuli xalxuri eposi. Tbilisi: `logos presi~, 2001.
oniani 2009: oniani, o. kulturuli gmiris problema qarTul folklorSi. wigni I.
Tbilisi: ùniversali~, 2009.
CxeiZe 1991: CxeiZe, r. amiranis Tqmuleba. Tbilisi: `nakaduli~, 1991.
Otar Oniani
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
The Reasons for Amirani’s Punishment in the Svan Versions
Summary
Key words: Amirany, Svan Versions of Amirany mith.
According to the opinion, recognized in Amiranology, thematic novelties related to the

monument, archaicities and punishment of the central hero have been preserved in the most
complete and varied forms in the Svan versions. Despite this, the results of textual research
require revision. The inner nature of Amirani, a cosmic hero reincarnated as a human, the paths
and stages of transformation, the reasons causing certain temptations or human errors, the local
Svan mentality, etc., are not well identified. In this respects, Kaldani, Gurchiani and Guledani
versions must be singled out. Precisely in them the hero of divine origin, called the son of an angel
is shown. The matured Amirani, being in extreme need, appeals to his godfather, God Christ, asks
for help and receives it. The hero is always under the supervision of the highest hierarchical
forces and they help him in the victory over evil forces. It’s impossible even to admit that Amirani
will ever have a desire to go against God; here we can only talk about human weaknesses or
mistakes. In this particular case, one should take into account the local Svan mentality according
to which the evil must be destroyed, because it constantly carries a danger to humanity. Amirani
so deeply enters the depths of human existence, so deeply intertwined with humanity that he
makes mistakes, breaks with evil powers the vows given to Christ and is punished. In all three
versions, Amirani tore fire from underground forces, brought to the surface and taught people
how to use it.
128
literaturis Teoriis sakiTxebi
irine modebaZe
Tamar ciciSvili
qarTuli mwerlobis sistemuri Seswavlis istoriidan:

petre umikaSvili
termini `literaturuli procesi~ mxo-

lod XX saukunis meore naxevarSi damkvid-
rda,* magram misi gaazrebis istoria araerT
saukunes grZeldeboda. dResdReobiT `li-
teraturuli procesis~ arsi mravali kri-
teriumiT ganisazRvreba. erovnuli mwer-
lobis istoriaze saubrisas, upirveles
yovlisa, viTvaliswinebT istoriul droSi
mimdinare procesis zogadkulturul maC-
veneblebs da misgan damoukideblad arse-
buli mxatvrul-esTetikuri sawyisebis
ganviTarebas.
literaturuli procesis Taviseburebebs
mSvidobian-evoluciuri da feTqebadrevo-
luciuri procesebis Tanaarseboba-monac-
vleoba ganapirobebs (ix. lotmani 2000 [on-
line]). Sesabamisad, SeiniSneba misi dinamikis
cvalebadoba: aCqarebis – amaRleba-ayvavebi-
sa da krizisuli Senelebis – e.w. `dacemis~
periodebis monacvleoba.
mwerlobis, rogorc erTiani procesis,
ganviTarebis Teoriuli gaazreba XIX sauku-
neSi iwyeba, literaturaTmcodneobis calke mecnierebad Camoyalibe-
bis dros. sawyis etapze literaturuli movlenebis sistematizaciisas
kritikosebi erT-erTi romelime principiT xelmZRvanelobdnen: biogra-
fiuli, istoriuli, esTetikuri, kritikul-eseisturi da a.S. erovnuli
* XIX saukuneSi miRebuli iyo terminebi „literaturuli evolucia“ da „literatu-

ruli cxovreba“ (ix.: nikolaevi 2011: 10 [on-line]).
129
mwerlobis istoriis periodebad dayofa (periodizacia) ara mxolod mi-
si sistematizaciis, aramed Sefasebis ZiriTadi kriteriumebis dadgenac
gaxlavT, vinaidan droTa ganmavlobaSi gamoikveTa sistematizaciis sxva-
dasxva kriteriumebze agebuli meTodologiebi.
mimdinare literaturuli procesis Semecnebas jer literaturuli
kritika cdilobs, xolo gansxvavebuli SexedulebebiT gamowveuli disku-
siebi mwerlobis ganviTarebaze axdens gavlenas, rac mTel kulturul
sivrceze aisaxeba. swored amitom qarTvel kritikos-moazrovneTa mier
erovnuli mwerlobis ganviTarebis Sefasebis istoria ara mxolod qar-
Tuli Teoriul-kritikuli azrovnebis istoriis TvalsazrisiT aris mniS-
vnelovani, aramed axali drois literaturuli procesis ganviTarebis
ZiriTadi tendenciebis Seswavlis mxrivac.
werilebis seriaSi, romelic qarTuli literaturis periodizaciis is-
toriis kvlevas eZRvneboda, ganxiluli iyo s. dodaSvilis, al. cagarelis,
al. xaxanaSvilis, i. WavWavaZis, k. abaSiZis, vax. kotetiSvilis, mix. zanduke-
lis Tvalsazrisi.* am kuTxiT mniSvnelovnad gvesaxeba petre umikaSvilis**
* ix. ciciSvili, modebaZe 2018: 137-139; ciciSvili, modebaZe 2017a: 209-224; ciciSvili,
modebaZe 2017b: 224-238; ciciSvili, modebaZe 2016: 326-329; ciciSvili, modebaZe 2013:
177-194; ciciSvili, modebaZe 2012: 201-209; modebaZe, ciciSvili 2008: 106-111; modebaZe
1998: 251-260.
** petre umikaSvili (1838-1904) – mkvlevari, folkloristi, publicisti, redaqtor-
gamomcemeli da dramaturgi, romlis piesebi qarTul scenaze idgmeboda.
130
1903 wlis noemberSi dawerili naSromi „qarTuli mwerloba (Tvalis ga-
davleba dasawyisidan Cven dromde)“, romelic 1904 wels „saqarTvelos
kalendarSi“* gamoqveynda (umikaSvili 1904: 474-499).
umikaSvilis ZiriTadi mizania „qarTvelobiT“ xalxSi erovnuli siamayis
grZnobis gaZliereba. misi azriT, „qarTuli mwerlobis mniSvneloba saqar-
Tvelos farglebs scildeba da is msoflio istoriisTvisac friad sayu-
radRebo movlenaa“ (cxadaZe 1981: 83). werilis SesavalSi kritikosi gvacnobs,
rom sami aTasi weliwadia, rac „saqarTvelos da qarTvelobis saxeli ixsene-
ba qveynierobis istoriaSi da mwerlobaSi. am xnis ganmavlobaSi bevri aR-
yvavebuli xalxi da saxelmwifo srulebiT dacemula da gamqrla; amaTi xe-
lovnebis nawarmoebi, mwerloba da TviT ena xalxisa momkvdara“, mgram qar-
Tveli xalxi gadarCa da SeinarCuna Tavisi unikaluri kultura (umikaSvili
1904: 474).
mkvlevris mizani iyo mravalsaukunovani qarTuli literaturis isto-
riis Sefaseba, misi sistematizacia da periodebad dayofa. petre umikaSvi-
li qarTuli mwerlobis istorias Tanmimdevrulad mimoixilavs da Semdeg
periodebad yofs:
I – dasawyisi mwignobrobisa (VI – XI ss.);
II – ayvaveba mwerlobisa (XII saukunidan monRolebis Semosevamde);
III – Sesustebis xana (monRolTa Semosevidan XVII saukunemde);
IV – ganaxleba mwerlobisa (XVIII saukunidan XIX s-is damdegamde);
V – mecxramete saukune:
a) XIX s. dasawyisidan batonymobis gadavardnamde;
b) axali dro (batonymobis gadavardnidan XIX s. bolomde).
pirvel periods („dasawyisi mwignobrobisa“) kritikosi mwerlobis Seq-
mnis droidan iwyebs da daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqiT amTavrebs. am monakveTSi
mkvlevari, upirveles yovlisa, mdidar qarTul zepirsityvierebaze amax-
vilebs yuradRebas da qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis istoriaze Cerdeba. igi
Tqmulebis mixedviT, anbanis SemoRebas mefe farnavazs ukavSirebs, magram
aRniSnavs, rom, savaraudod, pirveli qarTuli wigni qristianobis miRebis
Semdeg Cndeba („radganac dRevandlamde darCenils pirvel nawer wignebs,
qvebze da fulebze warweras mxolod meeqvse saukunisa vxedavT“) da ukve
„meeqvse saukuneSi naweri qarTuli saxareba (urbnisisa da qsnisa) gvimtki-
cebs, rom meeqvse saukuneSi gavrcelebulia qarTuli wigni“ (umikaSvili
1904: 476).
umikaSvili qristianobis miRebis Semdeg berZnuli enidan dawyebul
„saRmrTo da saeklesio“ wignebis Targmanze („im gvaradve, rogorc evropis
qveynebSi“) da im did Rvawlze mogviTxrobs, romelsac ber-monazvnebi mTel
* wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebis yovelTviuri gamocema „saqarTvelos

kalendari“ msaxiob, reJisor, dramaturgisa da kritikosis valerian gunias (1862-
1938) mier 1882 wels daarsda, 1903 wlidan „kalendari“ filipe gogiCaiSvilis saerTo
redaqciiT gamodioda.
131
saqarTveloSi eweoden, raTa
gaeZlierebinaT qristianoba
da „qarTveloba SeemagrebinaT
cecxlis Tayvanismcemisa da
mahmadianTa brZolis dros“
(umikaSvili 1904: 477). is basil
didis, ioane RTismetyvelis,
kirile ierusalimelis, gri-
gol neokesarielisa da sxvaTa
Txzulebebs asaxelebs. umikaS-
vils arc Cveni winaprebis mier
saqarTvelos farglebs gareT
dafuZnebuli eklesia-monas-
trebi gamorCenia – aToni,
ierusalimi, sinas mTa, Savi mTa,
sadac qarTveli berebi moRva-
weobdnen „im ganzraxviT, raTa
ufro axlos yofiliyvnen bi-
zantiasTan, sadac ufro mkvid-
ri niadagi hqonda ganaTlebas
da umetesi SromiT daxmare-
p. umikaSvilis naSroms darTuli bodnen deda qveyanas“ (umi-
ilistracia. warwerebi:
kaSvili 1904: 477). is gansa-
1. `mefe mirian xosroiani~ kuTrebulad ioane, eqvTime
2. `mefe vaxtang gorgalas~ aTonelebisa da giorgi mTaw-
3. `mefe bagrat~ mindelis Rvawls warmoaCens.
mkvlevris daskvniT, swored
am didi mamebis Sromebma gaamdidra Cveni mwerloba, saqarTvelo evropis
ganaTlebul xalxebs daukavSira da maTi „warmatebis gzis moziare“ gaxa-
da, „daudva Seuryeveli safuZveli qarTul sityvierebasa da mwerlobas“
(umikaSvili 1904: 478). mkvlevari sasulieros gavleniT dawyebul saero
mwerlobaze gvesaubreba da „wminda ninos“, „wmindaTa qarTvel wamebulTa
da mamaTa cxovrebas“, agreTve, merve saukuneSi juanSer juanSerianis mier
daweril saistorio Sromas – „qarTlis cxovrebas“ gamoyofs. kritikosis
Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, sasuliero mwerlobis gavleniT gaCenil saero
mwerlobaSi bizantiisa da arab sarkinozTa gavlena ar igrZnoba, xolo
„qarTul enaSi Tu Semosula rame arabulisagan, mxolod sityvebia bevri“
(umikaSvili 1904: 478). petre umikaSvili miiCnevs, rom sparsulma litera-
turam yvelaze didi gavlena zepirsityvierebaze, Tqmulebebze da „fala-
vanTa ambebze“ moaxdina.
132
mkvlevrisaTvis daviT aRmaSenebeli, saqarTvelos istoriaSi gamorCe-
uli mefe, „mamacobiT mxne, WkuiT gonieri, marTalT moyvare, zne keTili“,
samagaliTo pirovnebaa, romlis epoqis Txzulebebidan gamoarCevs saka-
nonmdeblo mwerlobidan „Zeglis weras“, mxatvruli literaturidan ki
„visramians“. kritikosi qarTuli literaturuli procesis ganviTarebis
Sefasebisas did mniSvnelobas literaturul gavlenebs aniWebs da maT
erovnuli mwerlobis gamdidrebis saSualebad miiCnevs. umikaSvili gan-
sakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs bizantiur da sparsul mxatvrul siste-
mebTan qarTuli mwerlobis kontaqtebs. igi Tavis mosazrebebs „visramianis“
teqstis analizis safuZvelze gamoTqvams. misi sityvebiT, „visramiani“ „me-
Tertmete saukunis Txzulebaa da naTargmnia vefxis tyaosnis wina dros“.
marTalia, teqsti prozad aris Seqmnili, magram „SesaniSnavi poeturi eniT.
TviT Txzulebis Sinaarsi romania, sakmaod mdidari, lamazis agebulobis
formiT“. umikaSvilis azriT, „qarTvel mwerlebs ar akmayofilebda bizan-
tiis mwerlobis xasiaTi da gamoZebnes sparsul mwerlobaSi mxatvrobiTi
forma Tavis poeturi bunebis Sesaferi, romlis mocema ar SeeZlo poeziiT
Raribs bizantiis mwerlobasa“ (umikaSvili 1904: 480).
maSasadame, qarTuli mwerlobis ganviTarebis am periodis Sefasebisas
mkvlevari, upirveles yovlisa, yuradRebas Targmanebsa da literaturul
gavlenaTa mniSvnelobaze amaxvilebs, magram aqve xazgasmiT aRniSnavs Cveni
erovnuli mwerlobis TviTmyofadobas da SemoqmedebiT nayofierebas.
petre umikaSvili qarTuli literaturis meore periods „ayvavebas

mwerlobisas“ uwodebs, romelic Tamar mefis droidan iwyeba da monRole-
bis SemoseviT mTavrdeba, „didebuli mefoba Tamarisa (1184-1212) Seiqmna
umaRles drod qarTulis mwerlobisa“ (umikaSvili 1904: 480). mkvlevari
xazs usvams am epoqis mwerlebis – CaxruxaZis, SavTelis, mose xonelis, SoTa
rusTavelis damsaxurebas da miiCnvs, rom Tamaris sidiadem, maRalma niWma,
zneobam, guliswarmtacma silamazem, poetebs „qeba-Sesxmis ena aadgmevina“.
is darwmunebulia, rom warsulSi aucileblad unda yofiliyo „winamorbe-
di Sroma“, romelmac am mwerlebs „gakvaluli gza moumzada“, es viTareba
ki poetebTan „SemuSavebul leqsT agebaSi“ naTlad ikveTeba. kritikosis
rwmeniT, „am gvari saxe leqsebisa im drois evropiul arc erT xalxs ara
hqonda“ (umikaSvili 1904: 480).
umikaSvili sagangebod rusTavelis „vefxistyaosnze“ Cerdeba da aR-
niSnavs, rom Tamar mefis Zlierebis Saravandedma rusTavelis gulSi „ze-
STagonebis aRmafrena“, „ena tkbil galobad Sesxma“ gamoiwvia da „dauWkno-
beli poeziis yvavili – „vefxistyaosani“ Seaqmnevina. misi mtkicebiT, rusTa-
velis „vefxistyaosanSi“ geniosis idea, sakvirveli poeturi harmoniiT
gamoixata da „umwvervales mxatvrul simaRlemde avida“. umikaSvilis dak-
133
virvebiT, „vefxistyaosanSi“ gamoiTqva „qarTvelobis istoriis cxovreba,
sulis ganwiruleba mraval mterTa Semosevis dros da imave wamSi sicocxlis
wyurviliT aRZruli moqmedeba, Tavis gamodeba ukeTesi bedis ZiebisaTvis“.
avtorisaTvis swored es garemoebaa mizezi, rom qarTvelma erma poema Svi-
dasi wlis Semdegac Tavis yvelaze sayvarel wignad, „saukuno poeziis saun-
jed“ aRiara (umikaSvili 1904: 482).
petre umikaSvilis periodizaciis mixedviT, qarTuli mwerlobis mesame

periodi („Sesustebis xana“) – monRolTa SemoseviT iwyeba da meCvidmete
saukunis bolomde grZeldeba. avtori qarTvelebis Znelbedobis istori-
as aRwers, rodesac saqarTvelo ganuwyvetliv mtris – jer monRolebis,
Semdgom Temur lengisa da sparselebis – Semosevas ganicdis. mkvlevris-
Tvis gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulia, rom im didebul epoqaSi, rodesac
saqarTvelo „gamzadebuli iyo evropis xalxebis gzaze msvlelobisaTvis“,
mterma warRvnasaviT waleka, cecxliTa da maxviliT gadabuga qveyana,
„xalxi gavelurda da veRar gauTanasworda evropis xalxebis kulturas“,
magram miuxedavad yvelafrisa, qarTvelma erma „saSineli brZoliT“ miwa-
wyali, ena da mwerloba SeinarCuna. kritikosi gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs,
rom Cveni mwerloba ramdenime saukune „didad SeCerda“ da rusTavelis
Semdeg win ver wavida. Tumca im „Sav droebaSic“ sparsulis gavleniT iwe-
reboda an iTargmneboda „zRapris msgavsi falavanTa ambebi“. mkvlevari aR-
frTovanebulia, rom umZimes epoqaSic ki qarTul „mwerlebs undodaT gu-
li miecaT mkiTxvelisaTvis da mamacobis suli CaeberaT. moleqseni am
droebisa gvixataven xalxis Tavgadasavals istoriul moTxrobasaviT, ag-
viweren zne-Cveulebas da garemoebas maSindeli yofisa“ (umikaSvili 1904:
483). mkvlevari im periodSi moRvawe qarTveli mwerlebidan Teimuraz I- is,
arCil mefisa da ioseb Tbilelis teqstebs iwonebs. „am gvari leqsTa Txzva
gavrcelebuli iyo meTeqsmete da meCvidmete saukueebSi“, – wers avtori.
meoTxe periodi („ganaxlebis xana“) umikaSvilis periodizaciiT meTvra-

mete saukuneSi iwyeba da mecxramete saukunis damdegamde grZeldeba. misi
TvalsazrisiT, vaxtang mefis waxalisebiT, mfarvelobiTa da xelis Sewyo-
biT daiwyo didi kulturul-saganmanaTleblo muSaoba da Cveni mwerlobis
ganaxleba. „saqarTvelos saukeTeso Svilebis zrunva, mecadineoba, niWi
TiTqos am dros iRviZebs da mimarTulia mwerlobaze“ (umikaSvili 1904:
484). TbilisSi daarsda pirveli qarTuli stamba, Seiqmna „samarTlis wigni“
da „dasturlamali“ („moxeleTa wesierebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo instruq-
cia“). vaxuSti batoniSvili, mamis „brZanebiT, hkrebs saqarTvelos istori-
isa da geografiis masalebs da adgens istoriasa da geografias, romelic
dRevandlamde mwerlobis ganZad iTvleba“ (umikaSvili 1904: 484). umikaSvi-
lis TvaliT danaxuli „msajulT uxucesi (mdivanbegi)“ sulxan-saba orbe-
liani (1658-1725), rogorc mwerali da „samefo moRvawe“, uTvalsaCinoesi
134
figuraa Cvens mwerlobaSi. kritikosi sulxan-sabas Txzulebebidan yu-
radRebas amaxvilebs „sibrZne – sicruisaze“ („arakebi sayvareli sakiTxavi
Seiqmna, rogorc lafontenisa safrangeTSi da krilovisa ruseTSi“), leq-
sikonze („pirveli saZirkvelia am gvaris Sromisa“) da „mogzauroba evropaSi“
(umikaSvili 1904: 486).
umikaSvilis, rogorc redaqtor-gamomcemlis damsaxurebaa, rom 1871
wels daibeWda „sulxan-saba orbeliani da misi sibrZne sicruvis wigni“,
romelsac kritikosis winasityvaobaa aqvs darTuli. msjelobs ra daviT
guramiSvilis poeziaze, mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom guramiSvils ara marto
gansakuTrebuli „saCeni adgili upyria“ qarTul literaturaSi, aramed
Tavisi „mWaxe da Zlieri eniT mosTqvams“ qveynis ubedurebaze „guramiS-
vilisamebr xma aravis aumaRlebia“ saqarTvelos erTobis darRveva-dana-
wilebaze da rom arcerT Cvens poets „iseTi mecadineoba axalzomis leqsis
SemoRebisaTvis“ ar gamouCenia, rogoric „am uniWieres mwerals“. guramiS-
vilis „ mSvenivrad gamoTqmuli azrebi andazebad gadaiqca“ (umikaSvili
1904: 486), – SeniSnavs mkvlevari. sanam avtoris winamdebare werili da-
ibeWdeboda, 1881 wels umikaSvilma gamosca wigni `daviT guramiSvili da
misi „daviTiani“ da iqac win wamoswia is faqtori, rom avtori „istoriul –
nacionaluri Tematikis SemoWriT daupirispirda zRaprul-fantastikur
ambebs da rom <...> guramiSvili Tavis ideebs saqarTvelos aRdgenisa da
ganaxlebis Sesaxeb xalxis gasagoni eniT qadagebs“ (cxadaZe 1981: 88-89).
umikaSvili simpaTias amJRavnebs anton kaTalikosis mimarT. mkvlevari
mas did damsaxurebad uTvlis gramatikis, ritorikis, fizikis, istoriis
saxelmZRvaneloebis Targmnasa da „SeTxzvas“, „wyobil sityvaobis“ („qarTvel
moRvaweTa da mweralTa Sesxma-biografiis)“, „mza metyvelebis (sxizmeti-
kosTa winaaRmdeg)“ da „martirikis (qarTvel wmindanTa cxovrebis)“ Seqmnas.
misi sityvebiT, antoni cxovrebaSi „evropiel kacebs uaxlovdeboda“ da
„am moRvawis Sroma sulis Camdgmeli iyo mraval sasuliero da saero ka-
cebisaTvis, romelTac masTan erTad gaafarToves mwerlobis asparezi,
axali gza aCvenes, piri abrunebines evropiuli swavla mecnierebisaken da
daatovebines sparsuli Tayvanis cema“. umikaSvili qebasTan erTad arc
anton kaTalikosis kritikas erideba, radgan mis nawerebze im drois „cru
klasikurma mimarTulebebma“ iqonies gavlena, ramac ganapiroba, rom misi
Txzulebebi Zalzed mZime da „enis kanonebis winaaRmdegi“ iyo (umikaSvili
1904: 487).
mkvlevari cdilobs ganaxlebis xanaSi moRvawe gaioz episkoposis,
timoTe gabaSvilisa da iona gedevaniSvilis Rvawli dagvanaxos. umikaSvilis
azriT, „yovel SemTxvevaSi mainca da mainc vaxtangis da antonis dros
moRvaweobam dasZra, ganaaxla da gaamdidra qarTuli mwerloba didi xnis
modunebulis yofis Semdeg“ (umikaSvili 1904: 487). kritikoss arc erekle
mefis Rvawli gamorCenia („TviT mefe sTargmnida nemecurs Txzulebas
sapolicio samarTvelos sparsulidan“) da rom aRa-mahmad xanis Semosevi-
135
sa da saqarTvelosaTvis Znelbedobis drosac ki bevri wigni iTargmna da
daiwera. umikaSvili aanalizebs ra im periodis qarTul mwerlobas, Rrmad
aris darwmunebuli, rom swored „meTvramete saukunem mecxrametes gad-
mosca umetesi naRvawi, vidre mas mieRo wina saukunisagan. Tu mwerloba aris
eris sulis da pirovnebis gamomsaxveli, ramdenadac SavdroTa brunva xels
ar uSlida, am mwerlobam ganamtkica Tavisebureba qarTvelobisa da gadasca
warsamarteblad momaval Taobasa“ (umikaSvili 1904: 488).
mexuTe periodi („mecxramete saukune“), umikaSvilis periodizaciis Ta-

naxmad, or xanad iyofa.
pirveli iwyeba mecxramete saukunis dasawyisidan da grZeldeba baton-
ymobis gadavardnamde. „droni icvalnen, gauqmda mefoba“ (umikaSvili
1904: 488). marTalia, iyo realuri safrTxe, rom qarTuli mwerloba mo-
dunebuliyo, magram mkvlevaris Rrma rwmeniT, „erovnulobisa da mwerlo-
bis suli“ ar dakargula. umikaSvili moixseniebs sol. dodaSvilsa da
gazeT „tfilisis uwyebans“, romelic „politikuri moZraobis mizeziT“
daixura. mkvlevari epoqis WrilSi ganixilavs daviT batoniSvilis, ioane
da Teimuraz batoniSvilebis, besarion gabaSvilis, daviT reqtorisa da
dimitri batoniSvilis teqstebs. XIX saukunis poeziis „pirvel mercxlad“ is
al. WavWavaZes acxadebs, romlis leqsebSic „Seudarebel kilos“ da „Zlier
poetur grZnobaTa gamoxatvas“ xedavs.
kritikosis TvalsazrisiT, nikoloz baraTaSvili gamorCeuli, Seuda-
rebeli „Rrma, mSvenieri, grZnobis da azrebis gamomTqmeli“ poeziis avto-
ria, romlis lirikas „imediani, mxurvale grZnobac Tan axlavs“. umikaSvili
giorgi erisTavs XIX saukunis pirveli periodis mwerlebs akuTvnebs.
mkvlevaris sityvebiT, erisTavi XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturuli
procesis aqtiuri monawilea, xolo misi „saCeni Sroma“ ki 1850 wlidan iwye-
ba, rodesac mTavarmarTebel voroncovis mfarvelobiT is qarTul Teatrs
Caudga saTaveSi. kritikosi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom giorgi erisTavis pi-
esebs – „gayra“, „dava“, „Zunwi“ – miuxedavad zogierTi mxatvruli naklisa,
upirvelesi adgili uWiravs Cvens literaturaSi, radgan am piesebiT
iwyeba qarTuli Teatris istoria. mkvlevars gacnobierebuli aqvs eris-
Tavis TaosnobiT gamosuli Jurnal „ciskaris“ mniSvneloba. marTalia,
erisTavi CamoSorda Jurnalsac da mis mier daarsebul Teatrs, magram
mkvlevari Tvlis, rom erisTavma moaxerxa da Seqmna qarTuli Teatrisa da
literaturuli presis axali tradicia, Tumca iqve dasZens, rom „Jurnali
susti iyo SinaarsiT da mwerlebis doniT“ (umikaSvili 1904: 490). kritikoss
SeumCneveli ar darCenia literaturul sivrceSi aleqsandre orbelianis,
grigol rCeuliSvilis, daniel WonqaZisa da lavrenti ardazianis gamoCena.
petre umikaSvili gansakuTrebul yuradRebas XIX saukunis qarTuli li-
teraturis meore xanas apyrobs, romelsac „axal dros“ uwodebs. umikaSvi-
lis periodizaciiT, „axali dro“ iwyeba batonymobis gadavardnidan, „ymebis
136
ganTavisuflebis droidan“ da grZeldeba mecxramete saukunis bolomde. is
mimoixilavs mecxramete saukunis meore periods da im epoqis tendeciebis
gaTvaliswinebiT Tavis mosazrebebs gvTavazobs. misi TvalsazrisiT mecx-
ramete saukunis meore naxevridan, anu axali droidan sazogadoebrivi azri
iwyebs zrdas, „did moZraobaSi modis“ da saliteraturo sivrceSi axali Ta-
oba Cndeba. umikaSvilis azriT, mkiTxvels ukve aRar akmayofilebs „ukan dar-
Cenili“ „ciskris“ mwerloba da swored am ganzraxviT „qarTveli mkiTxvelis
dadunebuli, mZinare azris SesaZravad“ ilia WavWavaZe Jur. „saqarTvelos
moambes“ afuZnebs. misda saamayod, zogadad, qarTul presas, romelic „saqar-
Tvelos moambes“ mohyva, evropuli saxe eZleva. mkvlevars gaazrebuli aqvs,
rom perioduli gamocemebis wyalobiT qarTvel mkiTxvels saSualeba hqonda
gascnoboda, mieRo evropis xalxebis mdidari literatura, sazogadoeb-
riv-kulturuli cxovreba da arc erovnuli „keTil-Tvisebebi“* daekarga.
is kmayofilia, rom qarTulma axalma mwerlobamac „Sublze igive mcneba da-
iwera, rac evropul mwerlobas hqonda SemuSavebuli“ (umikaSvili 1904: 492).
umikaSvili asabuTebs, rom XIX saukunis meore naxevris literatura „Seudga
aRmavlobis gzas“ da literaturul sivrceSi gamoCndnen axali pleadis po-
etebi, prozaikosebi, publicistebi. ganaxlda qarTuli Teatri da aRorZin-
da sasceno xelovneba. misi TqmiT, uwindel mweralTa umravlesoba (igulis-
xmebian Jur. „ciskris“ avtorebi) enis „simaxinjiT“, „uideobiT“ da „uswavle-
lobiT“ gamoirCeoda, ris gamomwvev mizezad kritikoss maTi gaunaTlebloba
da epoqisgan CamorCena esaxeba, radgan „mwerlobis bedi ricxvmcire sazo-
gadod maRal da saSualo ganaTlebul kacebze iyo damokidebuli“ (umikaS-
vili 1904: 492). Tanac qveyanas manamde arc „evropiul mecnierebaze momuSa-
veni“ hyavda, rac TavisTavad Semaferxebeli faqtori iyo sazogadoebis
swori ganviTarebisaTvis, „uromlisodac xalxis yofa umecrebis yofaa“.
mkvlevris warmodgeniT, mwerlisaTvis marto survili da xalisi ar aris sak-
marisi, radgan „garegani Sno da teqnika, enis simaxinje an Sinagani uideoba,
uswavleloba, gaugebroba naxulisa, daukvirvebloba, maxinji fantazia ver
aZleven Rirsebas mokalmes“ (umikaSvili 1904: 493), amitomac is Tavis SromaSi
mxolod im mwerlebis Txzulebebs aanalizebs, romlebmac qarTveli mkiTx-
velis yuradReba daimsaxura da misi sulieri TvalTaxedva gaafarTova.
umikaSvili cxadyofs, rom ilia WavWavaZis gamoCena qarTuli literaturis
ganaxlebas moaswavebda, misi TxzulebebiT axali etapi iwyeba Cvens mwer-
lobaSi. mkvlevari ilias prozas qarTuli mwerlebisaTvis sanimuSod miiC-
nevs, xolo poezias – „axal gamomaRviZebel siod mZinara qarTveli moleq-
seebisaTvis“ (umikaSvili 1904: 493). mkvlevari ilia WavWavaZes qarTuli kri-
tikisa da publicistikis mesaZirkvled asaxelebs. akaki wereTlis lirika
mas galobis harmonias axsenebs, romelic „andamatisebr izidavs mkiTxve-
lis smenas“, xolo misi prozauli teqstebi „Cveni wylebis kamkamebas“ ago-
* „keTil-TvisebebSi“ kulturuli tradiciebi igulisxmeba – T.c.
137
nebs. umikaSvilisaTvis akakis satirul leqsebs badali ar moepoveba mTel
qarTul poeziaSi, „utolod imyofeba“ – aseTi sityvebiT amkobs maT kri-
tikosi. mkvlevrisaTvis uaRresad sagulisxmoa, rom ilia da akaki is figu-
rebi arian, romlebic mecxramete saukunis ara marto qarTul mwerlobas,
aramed sazogadoebriv cxovrebasac saTaveSi Caudgnen, momavlis imedi ara-
sodes daukargavT da Rrmad swamdaT, rom qveyana „ar momkvdara, mxolod
sZinavs“ da rom „Cven unda vSoboT Cveni myofadi“.
rafiel erisTavis lirika umikaSvils xalxur poezias axsenebs da swo-

red am faqtoriT xsnis is erisTavis popularobas. mkvlevris mowonebas
imsaxurebs mwerlis rusuli enidan „kargad gadmokeTebuli“ komediebi,
romlebsac mTlianad „qarTuli saxe aqvT micemuli“, prozauli teqstebi ki
sustad eCveneba. petre umikaSvili, yvela sxva literaturis istorikosis-
gan gansxvavebiT, qarTvel mwerlebs grigol da vaxtang orbelianebs axali
drois mwerlobas akuTvnebs da iqve ganmartavs Tavisi mosazrebis gamom-
wvev mizezs, rom „orbelianebma am xnis mwerlobis gavlenis dros mouxSires
weras (1840-1880), Tumca maTi nawerebi 1830-ian wlebSic gvxvdeba“. mkvlevris
xedviT, am avtorebs „ucilobeli poeturi niWi aqvT“. maTi azri (grigol da
vaxtang orbelianebis) dastrialebs „warsuli drois ubedurebas“, godebas
dakargulze, eWvs momavalze da sixaruls, rodesac saimedos xedaven.
petre umikaSvili gamorCeul yuradRebas vaJa fSavelas poezias uTmobs.
is vaJas teqstebs saocari eqspresiiT Seqmnil Txzulebebad aRiqvams da
Semdegi epiTetebiT amkobs: „mTis mkveTrs, naqsovsaviviT rbils, naWedsaviT
mtkice, harmoniuli leqsTa Txzva, siturfe, gamomsaxveloba, qandakeba
da plastika gamoxatvisa <....> misi poezia mTeli mecxramete saukunis
ganmavlobaSi Seudarebelia <...> wvrili leqsebi lirikuli da erotiulia“
(umikaSvili 1904: 496). umikaSvils eCveneba, rom iSviaT SemTxvevaSi vaJas
leqsebs „xalxuri poeziis msgavsi riTmebisa da taepebis erTgvaroba axa-
siaTebs“, magram es sruliad ar uSlis xels, rom aRtacebuli darCes misi
teqstebiT. petre umikaSvilis TvaliT danaxuli aleqsandre yazbegi mTis
kolorituli figuraa, romlis prozaSic iSviaTi xelovnebiT aris aRweri-
li mTis suraTebi da „Seadgens qarTuli mwerlobis did namats“. mkvlevaris
sityvebiT: „zogierTi moTxrobis Sinaarsi istoriul garemoebas Seexeba,
romelSic idealizaciaa Sereuli, <...> yvelgan gamonaskvi siyvarulis gars
trialebs, xvanji daxlarTulia“ (umikaSvili 1904: 496). Tumca arc imis
aRniSvna aviwydeba, rom, samwuxarod, yazbegis moTxrobebis ena Sinaarsis
silamazes „ar eTanxmeba“. petre umikaSvili kritikosTa im rigs miekuTvne-
ba, romelTaTvisac qarTveli qalis literaturul sivrceSi gamoCena yo-
velTvis saamayo da sapatioa. mweral qalebs is „axali drois nayofad“
miiCnevs da imedovnebs, rom momavalSi qalebi sazogado cxovrebaSic da
mwerlobaSic ufro warmatebulebi iqnebian. mkvlevari, upirvel yovlisa,
ekaterine gabaSvilisa da domenika erisTavis (gandegilis) Txzulebebs
138
gamoarCevs. umikaSvili Tavis Tvalsazriss „axalgazrda“ mwerlis daviT
kldiaSvilis Sesaxeb gamoTqvams, romlis prozasac „yvela Cveni Tanamedro-
ve mwerlis“ (igulisxmeba umikaSvilis Tanamedrove mwerloba) moTxrobebze
maRla ayenebs, radgan kldiaSvilis teqstebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia fsi-
qologiuri siRrme, azris naTlad gamoxatva, „dakvirveba da Seswavla per-
sonaJTa sulis moqmedebisa“. kritikoss arc egnate ninoSvilis literatu-
rul sivrceSi gamoCena darCenia SeumCneveli.
werilSi petre umikaSvili mxolod qarTuli mwerlobis periodizaciiTa
da mimoxilviT ar Semofarglula. igi didi pativiscemiT moixseniebs Seq-
spirisa da molieris mTargmnelebs – ivane maCabelsa da dimitri yifians, niko
nikolaZesa da sergei mesxs, qarTuli kritikisa da publicistikis safuZvlis
Camyrelebs, iakob gogebaSvils – qarTuli saymawvilo sakiTxavi wignebisa
da deda-enis Semqmnels, qarTvel dramaturgebs – avqsenti cagarels, daviT
erisTavs da valerian gunias. mkvlevari Tavis winamorbedTa da Tanamedro-
veTa – mari broses, daviT CubinaSvilis, aleqsandre cagarelis, aleqsandre
xaxanaSvilis, dimitri baqraZis, eqvTime TayaiSvilis, Tedo Jordanias, niko
xizaniSvilis (urbnelis) damsaxurebaze wers da ar iviwyebs maT Rvawls
qarTuli literaturis, enisa da istoriis kvlevis saqmeSi. werilis dasas-
ruls igi madlierebiT moixseniebs im ucxoel mecnierebsa da mwerlebs,
romlebic saqarTvelos istoriiT, mwerlobiTa da kulturiT dainteres-
dnen: vivieli, marteni, bohpi, mari brose, langlua, dubua, Santri, Sille-
ri, kovalevski, muraviovi, mercxmaxeri, artur laisti (germanul enaze
„vefxistyaosnis“ mTargmneli). umikaSvili Tavs bednierad miiCnevs, radgan
mravalsaukunovanma qarTulma mwerlobam, miuxedavad mravali Wir-varami-
sa da „sulis xuTvisa“, rodesac ara marto mwerlobis, aramed eris yofna-
aryofnis sakiTxi idga, Seinaxa Tavisi sulieri saunje, warsulma drom ki
anderZsaviT „daugdo“ momavals, rom xalxi „mecnierebis da simarTlis sa-
fuZvelze damyarebiT, win waayenos ganaTlebuli qveynebis darad“ (umikaS-
vili 1904: 500).
winamdebare werilidan naTlad vlindeba, rom qarTuli mwerlobis gan-

viTarebis umikaSviliseuli xedva gansxvavdeba periodizaciis imdroindeli
yvela mcdelobisgan. petre umikaSvilisTvis prioritets „qarTveli xal-
xis gadarCena“, qarTuli enisa da „unikaluri“ mravalsaukunovani qarTuli
kulturis „SenarCuneba“ warmoadgens da qarTuli literaturis istoria
swored am kuTxiT aqvs mimoxiluli.
literaturuli procesis periodebad dayofisas mkvlevari sistemati-
zaciis sxvadasxva princips iyenebs:
a) pirveli ori periodis daTariRebisas igi kulturul-istoriul
princips mimarTavs – am periodebis qronologia ganisazRvreba erovnuli
kulturisaTvis mniSvnelovani istoriuli movlenebiT: „dasawyisi mwig-
139
nobrobisa“ da „daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqa“ – I periodi; „Tamar mefis dro“ da
„monRolebis Semoseva“ – II periodi;
b) mesame da meoTxe periodebi qronologiuri principiTaa gamoyofili
(XVII, XVIII da XIX saukuneebi).
g) XIX saukunis Sefasebas petre umikaSvili socialur-istoriuli prin-
cipiT udgeba: is „mefobis gauqmebiT“ iwyeba, xolo or periodad dayofis
mijnad mkvlevari „batonymobis gadavardnas“ miiCnevs. marTalia, „axali
drois“ calke periodad gamoyofa da misi daxasiaTeba iliaseuli „axali
xanis“ cnebas exmianeba, magram Tu ilia ZiriTad mniSvnelobas erovnul-
patriotuli Temis ganviTarebas aniWebda (misi sityvebiT, swored am dros
„uwinares gamobrwyinda daviwyebuli sityva ‘mamuli’“*), umikaSvilisaTvis
prioritetulia xalxis socialuri statusis Secvla, magram kritikosi
imasac dasZens, rom am dros „ganaTlebuli axali Taoba gamodis mwerlobis
asparezze“ (umikaSvili 1904: 492), rac calsaxad TergdaleulTa Taobis
gamoCenaze miuTiTebs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom XIX saukunis mwerlobis mimarT sistematizaciis gans-

xvavebuli principebiT midgoma ramdenime urTierTsawinaaRmdego msjelo-
bis safuZvlad iqca. magaliTad, grigol da vaxtang orbelianebs mkvlevari
axal dros, anu XIX saukunis meore periods miakuTvnebs, vinaidan orbeli-
anebma „mouxSires weras (1840-1880)“, magram aqve SeniSnavs, rom „maTi nawerebi
1830-ian wlebSic gvxvdeba“.
sagulisxmoa, rom al. cagarelisa da sxva kritikosebisagan gansxvave-
biT, petre umikaSvili ar iyenebs mxatvrul-esTetikur princips. mas arc
al. xaxanaSvilis periodizaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qronologiur-Jan-
robrivi principi ainteresebs (ix.: ciciSvili, modebaZe 2013): literaturu-
li mimdinareobebis ganviTareba da Janrologia mas yuradRebis miRma rCe-
ba. sxvadasxva periodSi Seqmnili nawarmoebebis mxatvrul Rirebulebaze
msjelobisas mkvlevari interess iCens enis daxvewilobaze („nawarmoebis
JReradobaze“) da xalxur poeziasTan mis siaxloveze. am kriteriumiTaa Se-
fasebuli d. guramiSvilis poezia („mSvenivrad gamoTqmuli azrebi andaze-
bad gadaiqca“), raf. erisTavis „lirikis popularoba“ („SesaniSnavia saxalxo
leqsebis kiloTi“), vaJa fSavelas poeziis „mTis enasTan axlo“ „harmoniulo-
ba“ da sxva. magram „saxalxo leqsebis msgavsi erTgvaroba riTmebisa da
taepisa (striqonebis)“ umikaSvili vaJas naklad Tvlis (umikaSvili 1904: 495).
kritikosi did mniSvnelobas poeturi nawarmoebis simRerasTan siaxloves
aniWebs (besarion gabaSvili – „simRerebis mTxzveli“, al WavWavaZis „poetur
simRerebs“ „mReroda mTeli saqarTvelos sazogadoeba“, ak. wereTlis poezia
gamoirCeva „galobis harmoniiT“ da sxva). ilias prozis Rirsebad mkvle-
vari mis „simartives“ miiCnevs. aSkaraa, rom umikaSvilisaTvis prioriteti
* ix.: (modebaZe, ciciSvili 2008) da (modebaZe 1998).
140
mxatvruli nawarmoebis popularoba – aRqmis /recepciis/ simartivea*.
mkvlevarisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovania istoriul-sazogadoebrivi prin-
cipi. is yvela istoriul movlenas (stambis daarsebas, ganaTlebas, presis,
Teatris da „sasceno mwerlobis“ ganviTarebas) sazogadoebriv cxovrebas
ukavSirebs da xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom ilias „Semoaqvs poeziaSi sazo-
gadoebiTi motivebi xalxis Wir-varamze“ (umikaSvili 1904: 493).
qarTul mwerlobas mkvlevari evropuli literaturis konteqstSi mi-
moixilavs, rac qarTuli literaturis msoflio literaturis sivrceSi
CarTvis erT-erT pirvel mecnierul mcdelobad migvaCnia (i.m.). marTalia,
petre umikaSvili termins „msoflio literatura“ ar axsenebs, magram XIX
saukunis literaturaTmcodneobaSi „msoflio“ da „evropuli“ sinonimebad
iyo miCneuli**. „msoflio“ gulisxmobda „evropul literaturas (maZini,
vilmeni), romelic yvelaze metad cnobili da misawvdomi iyo“ (marino 2009:
31). vinaidan am cnebaSi „evropul models“ da „evropuli kulturis hege-
monurobas“ gulisxmobdnen, msoflio literaturis „universaloba udrida
evropocentrizms“ (ratiani 2015: 17-18). igive pozicia petre umikaSvilis
yvela msjelobaSi SeiniSneba: mkvlevari dadebiTad afasebs yvelafers, rac
„evropul gzas“ exmianeba (mag., anton-kaTolikosze saubrisas aRniSnavs, rom
igi „cxovrebaSi evropiel kacebs uaxlovdeboda“, mniSvnelovnad esaxeba,
rom XIX saukuneSi qarTvelma xalxma „Sublze igive mcneba daiwera, rac
evropul mwerlobas hqonda SemuSavebuli“, Jurnal-gazeTebis damsaxurebas
ki imaSi xedavs, rom maTi meSveobiT qarTvelebs „Tval-win eSleboda evro-
pis xalxis literatura da istoriuli cxovreba“ da sxva). kritikosi arc
mwerlobis ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovan „gamdidrebis“ process tovebs
uyuradRebod, did mniSvnelobas aniWebs Targmanebsa da „gadmokeTebebs“
(mag., raf. erisTavis rusuli enidan „kargad gadmokeTebul“ komediebs).
umikaSvili, pirvel rigSi, evropuli literaturis Targmanebs gamoyofs:
monteskies (Teimuraz batoniSvili), volteris, kornelis, lafontenis,
puSkinis (al. WavWavaZe), Seqspiris (iv. maCabeli da dim. yifiani), molieris
(dim. yifiani) da sxva. misi TqmiT, „evropiuli avtorebis mTargmnelebs“
didi Rvawli miuZRviT mSobliuri literaturis gamdidrebis saqmeSi: maT
„qarTuli mwerloba Seavses da gaafarToves“, magram wuxs, rom, miuxedavad
mTargmnelTa simravlisa, bevri maTgani „naTargmnisagan da ara dednidan,
original enidan“ Targmnis (umikaSvili 1904: 497).
petre umikaSvili kvlevis SedarebiT-istoriuli meTodologiis prin-
cipebis gamoyenebasac cdilobs (SeZlebisdagvarad adarebs qarTvel
* savaraudod, avtoriseul prioritetebze, masalis SerCevaze, misi Sefasebis kri-

teriumebze da mowodebis stilze aisaxa „kalendris“ (wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli
sazogadoebis gamocemis) miznobrivi auditoriis ganaTlebis donis gaTvaliswineba
(i.m.).
** termini `msoflio litratura“ /“Weltliteratur”/ XIX saukunis dasawyisSi (1827 w.) pir-
velma i. v. goeTem gamoiyena.
141
mwerlebs evropelebs: lafontens, krilovs, bairons), rac im drois qar-
Tuli kritikisaTvis siaxle iyo. misTvis gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia li-
teraturuli kavSirebi da gavlenebi. magram kritikosis Sefasebebi, um-
ravlesad, evropocentrizmis ideiTaa nakarnaxevi (magaliTad, I periodis
saRmrTo da saeklesio wignebis Targmanebis Sefasebisas xazgasmiT aR-
niSnulia, rom isini sruldeboda „im gvaradve, rogorc evropis qveynebSi“).
aseTi midgoma bizantiur-qarTul literaturul urTierTobaTa Sefase-
baSic vlindeba.
umikaSvilis, iseve rogorc im epoqis sxva qarTveli literaturis is-
torikosebis, mizania, rom „uZvelesi“ da „unikaluri“ qarTuli mwerloba
farTo sarbielze gaitanos. ucxoelebis (vivielis, martenis, bohpis, mari
broses, langluas, dubuas, Santris, Silleris, kovalevskis, muraviovis
da sxvaTa) qarTuli mwerlobiT dainteresebisa da gaweuli Sromis umi-
kaSviliseuli maRali Sefaseba amis naTeli dasturia.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom petre umikaSvilis werilSi „qar-
Tuli mwerloba (Tvalis gadavleba dasawyisidan Cven dromde)“ aisaxa
misi droisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Teoriul-meTodologiuri Ziebebis
mravalferovneba.
damowmebani:
lotmani 2000 [on-line]: Лотман Ю.М.. Семиосфера. Культура и взрыв. Внутри мыслящих миров.
Статьи. Исследования. Заметки. Санкт-Петербург «Искусство-СПБ», 2000, стр.12-150. [on-line]: https://
edu.vsu.ru/pluginfile.php?file=%2F193961%2Fmod_resource%2Fcontent%2F1%2F%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%
82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%AE.%D0%9C.%20%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%
82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%20%D0%B8%20%D0%B2%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2.pdf
marino 2009: marino a. komparativizmi da literaturis Teoria. Tbilisi: literaturis
institutis gamomcemloba, 2009.
modebaZe, ciciSvili 2008: modebaZe, i., ciciSvili T. `qarTuli mwerlobis iliaseuli
Sefasebis tipologiisaTvis~. saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia „ilia WavWavaZe da
misi epoqa“ (masalebi). Tbilisi: 2008.
modebaZe 1998: modebaZe, i.ilia `WavWavaZis kritikuli naazrevis ideur-esTetikuri
koncepciis sakiTxisaTvis~. literaturuli Ziebani. XIX. Tbilisi: `lega~, 1998.
nikolaevi 2011: Николаев А. И. `Общее представление о литературном процессе. Традиции и
новаторство~. Николаев А. И. Основы литературоведения: учебное пособие для студентов филологичес-
ких специальностей. Иваново: ЛИСТОС, 2011, 255 с. [on-line]: https://studfile.net/preview/5257785/page:10/
ratiani 2015: ratiani i. qarTuli mwerloba da msoflio literaturuli procesi. Tbilisi:
umikaSvili 1904: umikaSvili p. qarTuli mwerloba (Tvalis gadavleba dasawyisidan Cven
dromde). saqarTvelos kalendari. Tbilisi, 1904, gv. 474 -500. [on-line]: http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/
handle/1234/149210
142
ciciSvili, modebaZe 2012: ciciSvili T., modebaZe i. `Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
mwerlobis sistematizaciis sawyisi etapis specifika~. VI saerTaSoriso simpoziumis
`literaturaTmcodneobis Tanamedrove problemebi. Sua saukuneeis literaturuli
procesi. saqarTvelo, evropa, azia~-s masalebi, naw. I. Tbilisi: literaturis institutis
gamomcemloba, 2012.
ciciSvili, modebaZe 2013: ciciSvili T., modebaZe i. `qarTuli literaturis sistemuri
Seswavla me-19 saukunis kritikul azrovnebaSi~. literaturuli Ziebani, XXXIV. Tbilisi:
qarTuli literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2013.
ciciSvili, modebaZe 2016: ciciSvili T., modebaZe i. `qarTuli literaturis istoriis
vaxtang kotetiSviliseuli paradigma~. me-7 saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiuri simpo-
ziumis masalebi. saqarTvelo evropuli civilizaciis konteqstSi. Tbilisi: Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2016.
ciciSvili, modebaZe 2017a: ciciSvili T., modebaZe i. `qarTuli mwerlobis sistemuri
Seswavlis istoriidan (vaxtang kotetiSvili, mixeil zandukeli)~. sjani, 18. Tbilisi: 2017.
ciciSvili, modebaZe 2017b: ciciSvili T., modebaZe i. `korneli kekeliZe da qarTuli
literaturuli procesis periodizacia~. literaturuli Ziebani, XXXVIII. Tbilisi: 2017.
ciciSvili, modebaZe 2018: ciciSvili T., modebaZe i. `qarTuli literaturis istoriis
sistemuri Seswavlis pirveli mcdeloba~. saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiuri kongresi.
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis 100 weli. masalebi. Tbilisi: 2018.
cxadaZe 1981: cxadaZe q. `petre umikaSvili~. Zveli qarTuli literaturis mkvlevarni.
Tsu: Tbilisi, 1981, gv. 82-91.
Irine Modebadze
Tamar Tsitsishvili
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
From the History of the Systematic Study of Georgian Literature:

Petre Umikashvili
Summary
Key words: Georgian literature history, Systematic study, systematization of the national
literatures history, Petre Umikashvili.
The first attempts at the systematization and the unification towards a systematic approach
of Georgian literature history originated in the 19th century. During the initial stage of the
development of critical thinking in Georgia, the process of a proper theoretical foundation
progressed within the general European framework, creating the discourse for the systematization
of the national literatures history.
Petre Umikashvili is an author of the article “Georgian Literature (From the Beginning
to the Present Time)”, published in 1904 in the magazine named: “Georgian Calendar”. The
143
researcher sought to evaluate the history of the centuries-old Georgian literature, to systematize
it, and attempted to divide it into periods. Petre Umikashvili summarizes the history of Georgian
literature and divides it by periods:
I – The beginning of the Literature (VI – XI);
II – Blossom of Literature (from the 12th century to the Mongol invasion);
III – The Weakening Period (from the Mongol invasion to the 17th century);
IV – Renewal of Literature (from XVIII Century to XIX Century);
V – XIX Century:
a) From the beginning of the Nineteenth century to the Abolition of Serfdom;
b) The New Period (from the abolition of the Serfdom until the end of the XIX Century)
Umikashvili’s assessment stands out from all the previous attempts of the periodization.
Petre Umikashvili’s priority is to “save the Georgian people”, to “preserve” the Georgian
language and “unique” centuries-old Georgian culture, and the history of Georgian literature is
precisely in this respect.
In categorizing the history of the literature into periods, the researcher applies different
principles of systematization:
a) he applies the cultural-historical principle while categorizing the first two periods – the
chronology of these periods is determined by historical events important to national culture:
“Beginnings of Scripture” and “The Age of David the Builder” – I period; “King Tamar’s Time”
and “Mongol Invasion” – II period;
b) The third and fourth periods are separated by chronological order (XVII, XVIII and
XIX centuries).
c) The nineteenth-century assessment is based on the socio-historical principle: it begins
with the “abolition of kingship”, and the researcher considers the “abolishment of serfdom” to
be a split between two periods. Umikashvili considers that the change of social status among
the people is the priority. But the critic also adds that a new generation of educators is emerging
at this time pointing to the emergence of the generation of “Tergdaleulebi”. Although Petre
Umikashvili does not refer to the term ‘world literature’, the terms ‘world’ and ‘European’ were
synonymous among nineteenth-century literary the literary critics. Petre Umikashvili applies
comparative-historical methodological principles in the researching process (by comparing
European writers to the Georgian ones: Lord Byron, Ivan Krylov, Jean de La Fontaine) which was
the new experience of that time. The aim of Umikashvili, as well as other historians of Georgian
literature of that era, is to bring “ancient” and “unique” Georgian writing into the spotlight. The
high appreciation of Georgian writers’ interest (Vivian, Marten, Boehp, Marie Brosse, Langlua,
Dubua, Shantri, Schiller, Kovalevski, Muraviov, etc.) and the hard work done by foreigners is a
clear proof of this. In conclusion, it can be said that Petre Umikashvili’s letter “Georgian Writing
(From the Beginning to the Beginning)” reflected the variety of theoretical and methodological
searches characteristic of his time.
144
manana kvataia
geronti qiqoZe –
qarTuli literaturis mkvlevari
qarTuli literaturis istoriis erTian sistemaSi gaazrebisa da sis-
tematizebis pirveli mcdeloba me-19 saukunes ukavSirdeba. imdroindeli
analitikosebis kvlevis ZiriTadi sagani `qarTuli mwerlobis winaSe mdgomi
problemebisa da literaturis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebis gaazreba
iyo~ (ciciSvili, modebaZe 2013: 177). me-19 saukunis literaturis istoriis
pirveli kursi kita abaSiZem Seqmna, romlis mizani iyo qarTuli mwerlobis
èvoluciis saerTo suraTis Cveneba, raTa literaturuli procesi daxa-
siaTebuliyo mTlianad mis ganviTarebaSi~ (ciciSvili, modebaZe 2013: 188).
kita abaSiZis Teoriuli opusebi qarTuli literaturuli kanonis for-
mirebisaTvis saetapo mniSvnelobisa gaxldaT. literaturis istoriisa
da klasikosi avtorebis SemoqmedebiTi diskursis sistemuri kvlevis me-
Todologia meoce saukuneSi ganaviTara geronti qiqoZem, aRiarebulma,
erudirebulma analitikosma, romlis naSromebs sxvadasxva periodis qar-
Tuli mwerlobis Seswavlisa da avtorTa kanonizebisaTvis konceptualuri
Rirebuleba aqvs.
mecnieris kvlevis arealSi Zveli qarTuli saero mwerlobis umniSvne-
lovanes warmomadgenelTa mxatvruli nazrevi moxvda. geronti qiqoZem
SoTa rusTavelsa da mis poemas ramdenime naSromi uZRvna. werilSi `Tamar
mefisa da SoTa rusTavelis portretisaTvis~ mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom
`vefxistyaosnis~ moraluri ideebi da msoflmxedveloba `rainduli wri-
dan gamosuli adamianisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli~, poetis mier sagnebisa
da adamianebis codna ki poemaSi yvelaze ukeT siyvarulis vnebis asaxvaSi
gamoixata.
vrceli opusi `SoTa rusTaveli~ (1937) `vefxistyaosnis~ SeswavlaSi
vaxtang meeqvsis Rvawls warmoaCens. geronti qiqoZe SeniSnavs, rom mefe-
poetma poema pirvelad dabeWda da komentarebi daurTo mas, manve sworad
gadawyvita nawarmoebis originalobis sakiTxi. mecnieris dakvirvebiT,
leqsema àmbavi sparsuli~ erTgvari mistifikaciis surviliTaa nakarnaxevi.
marTalia, `vefxistyaosnis~ moqmedebis areali ucxoeTSia, magram rusTave-
li `sakmaod reliefurad asaxavs ara marto saqarTvelos feodaluri
sazogadoebis yofa-cxovrebas, zne-Cveulebebs, gemovnebas da ideologias,
aramed mTavar politikur ambavsac~ (qiqoZe 1963: 18).
qiqoZis recefciiT, SoTa rusTaveli àmTavrebs grZel periods qarTuli
literaturis ganviTarebaSi~, Semdeg ìwyeba erTi ubnelesi epoqa qarTveli
eris istoriaSi... xalxis SegnebaSi didi xniT iCrdileba saxelmwifoebrivi
145
mTlianobis idea~. me-18 saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelos mkvlevari ùkan
gadasrolilsa da CamorCenils~, `viwrod SemozRudul provincias~ uwo-
debs, sadac literaturam da kulturam àdrindeli brwyinvaleba da gaqa-
neba dakarga~.
konceptualuria geronti qiqoZis mosazreba, romlis mixedviT, SoTa
rusTavelis winamorbedebad hagiografebi saxeldebian ara ìdeologiiTa
da zneobrivi SexedulebebiT.. aramed im interesiT, romelsac isini sinam-
dvilisadmi iCenen, adamianis sulis Rrma codniT, adamianur gulisTqmaTa
realisturi aasaxviT~ (qiqoZe 1963: 23). mkvlevari xazs usvams rusTveli-
seul `literaturis reformas~, rac qarTuli samwerlobo enis xalxis enas-
Tan miaxloebiT gamoixata. didi poetis mier gamoyenebuli xalxuri leqsis
zoma, Teqvsmetmarcvlovani Sairi, qiqoZis TqmiT, `TiTqmis sruliad ucnobia
Zveli mexotbeebisa da himnografebisaTvis~.
ukvdavi poemis arss geronti qiqoZe amgvarad gansazRvravs: `vefxis-
tyaosani~ warmoadgens klasikuri kulturis, Sua saukuneebis qristianuli
dasavleTisa da muslimanuri aRmosavleTis elementebis metad originalur
sinTezs~ (qiqoZe 1963: 24), rusTaveli ki, misi SefasebiT, uwinaresad `poetia
da ara filosofosi~.
biografiuli monacemebis simwiris pirobebSi mkvlevari TviT `vefxis-
tyaosnis~ teqstis mixedviT cdilobs warmoadginos SoTa rusTavelis su-
lieri portreti da daaskvnis, rom ìs ar unda yofiliyo arc viwro senakSi
momwyvdeuli sqolasti... is iyo ganaTlebuli dardimandi, darbaiseli
kariskaci da mamaci mxedari, erTsa da imave dros kargad gamobrZmedili
sasaxlis politikasa da xmeleTis Tu zRvis omSi~ (qiqoZe 1963: 27). rac
Seexeba poemis ideologias, qiqoZis dakvirvebiT, is `mraval wertilSi
TanaemTxveva dasavleT evropis renesansis ideologias~.
msoflio mniSvnelobis qarTul literaturul Zegls eZRvneba geronti
qiqoZis gamokvleva `sibrZne balavarisa (Zveli da axali SeniSvnebi)~ (1945).
mkvlevari am cnobili Txzulebis avtors Rrma moazrovnesa da did mxat-
vars uwodebs, romelic ideologiiT Tu mxatvruli formis SegrZnebiT ori
vrceli samyaros – budisturi aRmosavleTisa da qristianuli dasavleTis
– mijnaze dgas. qiqoZe exeba `sibrZne balavaris~ warmoSobis sakiTxs da
miuTiTebs, rom wignSi gadmocemulia mefiswul iosafatis anu iodasafis
mier indoeTSi qristianobis gavrcelebis ambavi. zogierTi evropeli
mecnieris mosazrebiT, am Txzulebis teqsti Tavdapirvelad falaur enaze
daiwera da wminda budisturi tendencia hqonda. VI-VII saukuneebSi Txzule-
ba sirielma qristianebma falaurad Targmnes, indoeli princi da religi-
uri moRvawe ki qristian wmindanad aqcies.
geronti qiqoZe ar eTanxmeba eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier `frTxilad
gamoTqmul mosazrebas~, romlis mixedviT, `sibrZne balavaris~ avtori sabas
lavraSi mcxovrebi qarTveli beri unda iyos, rom es moTxroba Tavdapir-
146
velad qarTul enaze daiwera da yvela qristianuli redaqcia (berZnuli,
laTinuri da axalevropuli) aqedan unda momdinareobdes. qiqoZis dak-
virvebiT, `sibrZne balavarisas~ arabi redaqtori warmarTul religias
ebrZvis, qarTveli redaqtori ki qristianuli ideologiis safuZvelze dgas.
naSromi `sulxan-saba orbelianis `wigni sibrZne sicruisa~ (1945) gadmos-
cems qarTveli klasikosi mwerlis biografiis momentebs, axasiaTebs mis
ojaxs, mis warCinebul naTesavebs. geronti qiqoZis cnobiT, gvirgvinosani
mamidaSvilis, giorgi XI-is wyalobiT sulxanma saucxoo ganaTleba miiRo,
`wigni sibrZne sicruisa~ daasrula da mefis dakveTiT leqsikonis Sedgena
daiwyo. werilSi saubaria garejis udabnoSi sulxanis berad Sedgomaze, mis
gamgzavrebaze evropaSi, sadac mweralma sami weli gaatara da oficialurad
miiRo kaTolikoba, aqve moTxrobilia 1714 wels mefe lui XIV-sTan sulxan-
sabas Sexvedraze, mwerlis emigrirebaze, mis aRsasrulze.
sulxan-saba orbelianis mravalmxrivi da nayofieri literaturuli
moRvaweobis daxasiaTebisas mkvlevari Cerdeba `sibrZne sicruis wignze~ –
qarTuli mxatvruli prozis Sedevrze, romelic, mecnieris daskvniT, ori-
ginaluri Semoqmedebis nayofs warmoadgens. werilSi ganxilulia `sibrZne
sicruis wignis~ ori zneobrivi tendencia: pesimisturi da mizanTropuli.
qiqoZis SeniSvniT, moralis damcvelad TxzulebaSi saWurisi ruqa gamodis,
humanizmis damcvelad – mefiswulis aRmzrdeli leoni.
opusSi `daviT guramiSvili“ (1955) geronti qiqoZe did poets qarTuli
literaturis istoriaSi `yvelaze fundamentur figuras~ uwodebs da
SeniSnavs, rom, yvelafris miuxedavad, is nacionalur poetad darCa. mec-
nieris dakvirvebiT, guramiSvili kargad icnobs `qarTlis cxovrebas~,
biblias, solomon mefis igavsa da ekleziastes, qarTuli hagiografiuli
literaturis Zeglebs, apokrifebs, aseve, xalxuri poeziis nimuSebs. amave
dros, geronti qiqoZe fiqrobs, rom daviT guramiSvilis poeturi STagone-
bis mTavari wyaro mainc mis mier piradad gancdili ambebi da imdroindeli
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sinamdvilea.
`daviTians~ mkvlevari mwerlis epoqis ìstoriuli Semecnebis wyaros~
uwodebs da mis avtors rusTavelis memkvidred miiCnevs. qiqoZis daskvniT,
am ori mwerlis SemoqmedebiT diskurss gansxvavebasTan erTad saerTo
punqtebic aqvs: mzis kulti da `qal-vaJis siyvarulis idealisturi gageba~.
daviT guramiSvilis godeba mSobliuri eris damxobis gamo geronti qiqo-
Zes bibliur motivs axsenebs: àse mxolod Zveli ebraelebi dastirodnen
israelis beds. am godebaSi samSoblos siyvaruli religiur, metafizikur
simaRlezea ayvanili~ (qiqoZe 1963: 56). mecnieris dakvirvebiT, guramiSvi-
li rusTavelis Semdeg qarTuli leqsis pirveliD reformatoria, `qarTlis
Wiri~ – qarTuli literaturis yvelaze pirquSi wigni, romlis mTavari gmiri
qarTveli eria, meore gmiri ki – TviT daviT guramiSvili, `romelic sis-
xliT da ofliT morwyul gzas gadis~.
147
erekle meoris mravalricxovan STamomavalTagan geronti qiqoZe ioane
batoniSvils gamoyofs, romelsac ucxoelebma `yvelaze ufro keTilgoni-
eri da ganaTlebuli~ ufliswuli uwodes. gamokvlevaSi ìoane batoniSvi-
li~ (1940) mimoxilulia daviT da ioane batoniSvilebis… biografiebi da
moRvaweobis aspeqtebi. werilSi Sefasebulia daviT batoniSvilis `namdvili
istoria, anu moTxroba axali~, romelic, qiqoZis mosazrebiT, sando masalaa
me-18 saukunis meore naxevrisa da me-19 saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelos
istoriisaTvis, xolo daviT batoniSvilis mier Sedgenili `samarTlis
wigni~ frangi racionalistebis mowinave Sexedulebebzea agebuli. geron-
ti qiqoZe moixseniebs daviTis mier qarTulad naTargmn monteskies `spar-
sul werilebs~ da missave Txzulebas `gulisxmisyofisaTvis sjulTa~. aqve
Sefasebulia batoniSvilis lirikuli Tu satiruli leqsebi, romani àxali
Sixi~, romelic sxva cnobil avtorTa (ruso, goeTe, karamzini) msgavsad,
daviTs `miwer-moweris formiT~ dauweria. àxal Sixs~ qiqoZe “epoqis dama-
xasiaTebel ideologiur nawarmoebs~ uwodebs, romelic aris èvropuli
mowinave azrovnebis erT-erTi pirveli gamovlineba qarTul mwerlobaSi~.
mkvlevris SefasebiT, daviT batoniSvili kargad icnobda sparsul mwerlo-
bas, evropuli da rusuli sentimentaluri skolis mwerlebs da klasikur
miTologias.
ioane batoniSvilis (1772-1839) moRvaweobis aspeqtebis daxasiaTebisas
mkvlevari maRal Sefasebas aZlevs mis politikur da samxedro niWs, sabrZo-
lo miRwevebs, 1799 wels ioanes mier Sedgenil farTo saxelmwifoebrivi
reformebis proeqts. naSromSi daxasiaTebulia saqarTvelodan emigrire-
buli batoniSvilis peterburgSi cxovrebis wlebi, sadac man gramatikis,
maTematikis da bunebismetyvelebis ramdenime saxelmZRvanelo Seadgina,
dawera enciklopedia da Seqmna mravaltomiani rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni,
gadmoTargmna abat kondiliakis `logika~, adam fergiusonis `zneobiTi
filosofia~.
geronti qiqoZe aanalizebs ioane batoniSvilis mTavar literaturul
teqsts `xumarswavla anu kalmasoba~, am `Tavisebur enciklopedias~, mkiTx-
vels Tavisi drois samecniero miRwevebs rom acnobs. qiqoZisaTvis gamor-
Ceulia `kalmasobis~ mxatvruli nawili, romelSic ìmdroindeli saqar-
Tvelos yofa-cxovreba, zne-Cveuleba da adamianebis fsiqologiaa asaxuli~
(qiqoZe 1963: 69). mecnieris xazgasmiT, ioane batoniSvili `Zlier gonebamax-
vili mweralia~, `pirveli qarTveli ganmanaTlebeli, samSoblos sazRvrebi-
dan gaZevebuli, magram Rrmad dafiqrebuli Tavisi samSoblos tragikul mgo-
mareobaze~, misi `kalmasoba~ ki – `Rrma patriotuli da humanisturi tenden-
ciiT dawerili wigni~ gaxlavT.
Gprofesionali, erudirebuli mecnieris kvlevis arealSi me-19 saukunis
aRiarebuli avtorebi da maTi Txzulebebic moxvda. naSromSi àleqsandre
orbeliani~ (1940) geronti qiqoZe lakonurad axasiaTebs meTvramete sau-
148
kunis qarTul yofas, romelic mas ramdenadme Seqspiris zogierTi tragedi-
is mexuTe aqts agonebs, `sadac TiTqmis yvela gmiri kvdeba~. imdroindel
axali Taobis ideologTa Soris qiqoZe aleqsandre orbelians gamoyofs,
ixsenebs mis rols 1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi da SeniSnavs, rom qarTuli
sazogadoebis garkveul wreebSi mwerlis popularobas misi `romantikuli
patriotizmi~ gansazRvravda.
naSromSi `romantikosebis Taoba~ gamoyofilia qarTuli romantizmis
saerTo niSnebi: patriotuli grZnobis gulwrfeloba da siRrme, siyvaru-
lis gancdis idealisturi sinatife, religiuri mokrZaleba didi istori-
uli nangrevebisa da sasaflaoebis winaSe, bolos – SegrZneba feodaluri
kulturisa, ara rogorc Soreuli warsulis, aramed rogorc uSualo, yo-
veldRiuri realobisa.
imave werilSi qiqoZe aleqsandre WavWavaZes `feradmweral da moazrovne~
poets uwodebs. romantikosTagan `yvelaze kolorituli figura~ grigol
orbeliania, `vaJkacurad TavdaWerili temperamentis adamiani, erTnairad
Zlieri rogorc siyvarulSi, ise siZulvilSi~. mecnieris SefasebiT, or-
belianis poetur damsaxureba is aris, rom man `daarRvia Zveli qarTuli
leqsTwyobis normebi da Tamamad gamoiyena e.w. Tavisufali, TeTri leqsi~.
nikoloz baraTaSvili ki ìm xazis gamgrZelebelia, romelic qarTul mwer-
lobaSi SoTa rusTavelma daiwyo da daviT guramiSvilma gaagrZela~ (qiqoZe
1963: 90).
mecnieris intenciiT, baraTaSvilis filosofiuri poezia, `vefxistya-
osnisa~ da `daviTianis~ teqstebis msgavsad, uRrmesi azrovnebiTaa aR-
beWdili, poeti ki `gafaqizebuli aristokrati da upirvelesi indivi-
dualistia... misi poezia piradi sevdisa da msoflio godebis gamoxa-
tulebaa~ (werili `nikoloz baraTaSvili~). genialuri poetis fenomenis
TaviseburebaTa kvlevisas geronti qiqoZe modis daskvnamde: `misi suli
gaTiSuli iyo disonansebiT, magram es disonansebi, bolos, erTdebodnen
raRac umaRles harmoniaSi~ (qiqoZe 1963: 105).
poeti vaxtang orbeliani, geronti qiqoZis gansazRvrebiT, qarTvel
romantikosTa Soris `yvelaze Seurigebeli nacionalistia.. erekle me-
oris kulti, romelic qarTul poeziaSi grigol orbelianma da nikoloz
baraTaSvilma Semoitanes, vaxtang orbelianma umaRles wertilamde gana-
viTara~ (qiqoZe 1963:… 95). amave dros, mecnieris azriT, vaxtang orbeliani
`namdvili dasavleTelia~, evropuli orientaciis momxre, ilia WavWavaZisa
da TergdaleulTa Taobis winamorbedi.
Tavis Teoriul naSromebSi geronti qiqoZem Seiswavla da gaanaliza
me-19 saukunis qarTuli realisturi mwerlobis umTavresi tendenciebi.
gamokvlevaSi `giorgi erisTavi~ miTiTebulia, rom qarTulma literaturam
asaxa Tavadaznaurobis danawilebis rTuli, mtkivneuli procesi da daxa-
ta am wodebis warmomadgenelTa tipebi. amave dros, burJuaziis cxovrebis
149
asparezze gamosvla mwerals mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia. am rTuli ka-
taklizmebis amsaxveli pirveli mxatvari giorgi erisTavi gaxldaT. mkvle-
vari axasiaTebs mwerlis monawileobas 1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi, mis polo-
neTSi gadasaxlebis periods, monawileobas qarTuli Teatris daarsebaSi,
Jurnal `ciskris~ gamocemaSi da sxv.
mecnieris SefasebiT, `giorgi erisTavi ufro mniSvnelovani litera-
turuli figuraa, rogorc axali gzebis maCvenebeli da gamkvleveli, vidre
mxatvari~ (qiqoZe 1963: 116). mis lirikaSi gvxvdeba arqauli gamoTqmebi,
amasTan, komediebi da mogzaurobis aRwera rusicizmebiTaa savse. mkvleva-
ri xazs usvams giorgi erisTavis komediebis dialogs, romelic xalxur
sasaubro enas uaxlovdeba da yoveli socialuri wrisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
metyvelebas asaxavs, Tumca is, misi azriT, axali literaturuli enis ni-
muSad ver CaiTvleba.
realisti mwerlis dramatuli nawerebidan geronti qiqoZe gamoyofs
`gayras~, `davas~ da `Zunws~. pirvel or komedias mkvlevari `cxovrebis uSu-
alo Seswavlisa da dakvirvebis~ Sedegs uwodebs, mesames – sulieri mankis
– siZunwis gansaxierebas. qiqoZis recefciiT, `gayra” pirveli qarTuli
originaluri komediaa, romelSic mayurebelma sakuTari Tavi dainaxa,
piesis kolorituli gmiri ivane didebuliZe ki qarTul literaturaSi
pirveli Tergdaleulis, ruseTumes tipia. komedia `dava~, mecnieris TqmiT,
`naCqarevad dawerili nawarmoebis~ STabeWdilebas axdens, Tumca Zveli
sasamarTlos `mkacr da Tamam kritikas~ warmoadgens. giorgi erisTavis `Zun-
wis~ gmiri abstraqtuli tipia, siZunwis ganxorcieleba, poema `SeSlils~
mkvlevari ufro istoriuli mniSvnelobis teqstad miiCnevs.
1860-iani wlebis qarTvel mweralTa moRvaweobisa da naazrevis Sefase-
bas geronti qiqoZem konceptualuri opusebi uZRvna. werilSi ìlia
WavWavaZis portretisaTvis~ aRniSnulia, rom am periodis klasikosebi
qarTuli literaturis namdvili reformatorebi, welmagari morkinalni,
`qariSxlisa da ieriSis~ adamianebi, qarTveli `ganmanaTlebelni~ iyvnen.
naSromSi `qarTuli kulturis tradiciebi da ilia WavWavaZe~ (1936) avtori
aRniSnavs, rom ilia `namdvili Crdilo-dasavleTeli iyo Tavisi kulturu-
li orientaciiT~, misTvis ZiriTadi koncepti `gonebis Zlevamosilebisa da
kacobriobis dausrulebeli progresis~ idea gaxldaT, mwerlis èrovnuli
moRvaweobis dargi, misi patriotizmi asketuri xasiaTisa iyo, samSoblos
samsaxuri mas ise hqonda warmodgenili rogorc msxverplT Sewirva~ (qiqoZe
1963: 133).
xalxuri gamoTqmebiT, andazebiTa da sityvis masaliT qarTuli salite-
raturo enis gamdidrebas mkvlevari ilia WavWavaZis did damsaxurebad
miiCnevs. imave gamokvlevaSi SeniSnulia, rom mweralma `Seurigebeli tero-
ri gamoucxada daZvelebul orTografias~ da saliteraturo Janrebisa
da tipebis demokratizacia moaxdina~. geronti qiqoZe xazs usvams ilias
150
mxatvrul ostatobas, mis `plastikuri xilvis niWs~, peizaJis gadmocemis
saukeTeso unars. mecnieris dakvirvebiT, mwerals ìSviaTad Ralatobs
mxatvruli azrovnebis grZnoba~, amave dros, `sociologiuri ganzogadebis
niWic aqvs~.
qarTvel samocianelTa meore, aRiarebul korifes eZRvneba geronti qi-
qoZis naSromi àkaki wereTeli~ (1940), romelSic moTxrobilia wereTlebis
gvarze, mwerlis biografiis aspeqtebze, Semoqmedis xasiaTis sirTuleeb-
ze, sulier portretze. geronti qiqoZisaTvis akaki `patriotuli poeziis
ostatia~. misive intenciiT, samSoblos siyvarulis grZnoba mwerlis uZli-
eres erotikul gancdebsac ki Crdilavs. TviT trfoba SemoqmedisaTvis
kosmiuri Zalaa, romelic dedamiwasa da zecas akavSirebs. mkvlevari xazs
usvams akaki wereTlis leqsis moqnilobasa da musikalobas, mwerlis rols
saliteraturo enis reformaSi, xalxur metyvelebasTan mis daaxloebaSi.
klasikosi avtoris amqveyniuri misia qiqoZem ase Camoayaliba: `cxovreba
saqarTvelosTvis, cxovreba xelovnebisaTvis – aseTi iyo am didi adamianis
gza~ (qiqoZe 1963: 150).
naSromSi àkaki wereTeli, rogorc portretisti~ (1938) mkvlevari ni-
Wieri Semoqmedis prozas afasebs da SeniSnavs, rom `Cemi Tavgadasavali~
`yvelaze realisturi nawarmoebia mis SemoqmedebaSi~. geronti qiqoZe erT-
maneTs adarebs niko nikolaZis memuarebsa da `Cemi Tavgadasavlis~ teqsts
da daaskvnis, rom akaki Tavis Tavgadasavals mxatvris eniT gviambobs,
nikolaZe – publicistisa da moazrovnis narativiT. mkvlevari akaki we-
reTels romantikul patriotad miiCnevs da SeniSnavs, rom ìs mainc did
portretistad rCeba istoriuli Janris nawerebSi~. qiqoZe poets saer-
TaSoriso masStabis udides lirikoss uwodebs werilSi àkaki wereTlis
lirika~, sadac aRniSnulia, rom akakim erotikuli lirikis saucxoo Se-
devrebi Seqmna da mis leqsebSi trfialebis grZnoba did zneobriv idealebs
ukavSirdeba.
werilSi ìvane maCabeli~ (1954) geronti qiqoZe saubrobs am tragikuli
xvedris adamianis mTargmnelobiT Tu sazogadoebriv saqmianobaze. mecni-
eris xazgasmiT, oci wlis manZilze maCabelma Seqspiris rva tragedia Targ-
mna. naSromSi maCablis mTargmnelobiT ostatoba amgvaradaa Sefasebuli:
is `yovelTvis zustad ar misdevs …originalis teqsts, magram esaa namdvili
SemoqmedebiTi Targmani~.
giorgi wereTels mecnieri msoflmxedvelobrivad mesame dasTan akav-
Sirebs. pirveli Txzuleba `mgzavris werilebi~, qiqoZis TqmiT, ùfro mxat-
vruli narkvevia, vidre beletristuli xasiaTis nawarmoebi”. prozaikosis
realistur niWs geronti qiqoZe bunebis suraTebis daxatvaSi xedavs. naS-
romSi `giorgi wereTeli~ (1945) mkvlevari mis umTavres Txzulebebze
msjelobs. misi dakvirvebiT, `Cveni cxovrebis yvavilSi~ avtori batonymo-
bis periodis sazogadoebas da Zvel gamarusebel saswavleblebs asaxavs,
151
`mamida asmaTSi~ ki sazogadoebaSi reformis Semdgomi periodis materialu-
ri da sulieri xasiaTis cvlilebebs warmoadgens. `pirvel nabijs~ geronti
qiqoZe `farTod gaSlil socialur romans~ uwodebs, romelSic asaxulia
saqarTveloSi `xarbi da mtacebluri savaWro kapitalizmis SemoWra~. mxat-
vruli dasrulebis TvalsazrisiT erT-erT saukeTeso beletristul teq-
stad mkvlevari `rux mgels~ miiCnevs, romelSic àrsebobisaTvis brZola
cxovrebis uzenaes kanonadaa gamocxadebuli... aqac adamiani adamianis mgla-
daa warmodgenili.. aqac udanaSauloni iRupebian~ (qiqoZe 1963: 161). gior-
gi wereTeli analitikosisaTvis `sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis miudgomeli
mematianea~.
1860-iani wlebis moRvaweTa Soris mecnieri `didaT mniSvnelovan da
koloritul figuras~ – niko nikolaZes gamoyofs. is misTvis aris èvropu-
li demokratiuli azrovnebis erT-erTi pirveli medroSe saqarTveloSi~.
werilSi `niko nikolaZe~ (1940) qiqoZe saubrobs misi biografiis ZiriTad
momentebze, nikolaZis publicisturi teqstebidan gamoyofs rusulenovan
werils òcnebaTa samefoSi~ da a.S.
sergei mesxis daxasiaTebisas geronti qiqoZe SeniSnavs: mas `gansakuT-
rebiT mkveTrad axasiaTebs is stoicizmi da zneobrivi idealizmi, romli-
Tac ase gvxiblavs zogierTi qarTveli moRvawe~ (qiqoZe 1963: 196). weril-
Si `sergei mesxi~ (1937) mkvlevari ganixilavs mis umTavres teqstebs da
publicistis moRvaweobis aspeqtebs.
mecxramete saukunis aRiarebul klasikoss eZRvneba geronti qiqoZis
opusi àleqsandre yazbegi~ (1945), romelSic saubaria mwerlis cxovrebise-
ul sirTuleebze, misi biografiis momentebze, SemoqmedebiT individua-
lobaze. mecnieris dakvirvebiT, yazbegis erT-erT popularul moTxroba
èlgujaSi~ Cans yvela is Rirseba da nakli, avtors rom axasiaTebs, rogorc
mxatvars. mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom `moTxrobis mTavari gmirebi istoriuli
pirebi ar arian da avtori qronologiur Tanmimdevrobas ar icavs, magram
epoqis stili kargadaa daculi~ (qiqoZe 1963: 209).
geronti qiqoZis SefasebiT, aleqsandre yazbegi didi poetia, fermweri,
siuJetis ganviTarebis didostati, igi mkiTxvels sxva, empiriul sinam-
dvileze ufro amaRlebul samyaros sTavazobs. mkvlevari xazs usvams yaz-
begis moTxrobebis uRrmes zneobriv Sinaarss, maTSi asaxul patriotizms,
Zmadnaficobas, vaJkacobas, stumarTmoyvareobas, siyvaruls. amave dros,
aRniSnulia àvtoris uimedo pesimizmi~, misi rwmena, rom sikeTes yovelTvis
boroteba sZlevs, keTilSobili adamianebi ki marcxdebian.
`mxatvrul Sedevrs~ uwodebs geronti qiqoZe `xevisber goCas~. mecnieris
mosazrebiT, ìstoriuli xasiaTisaa mxolod am moTxrobis CarCo, arsebi-
Tad ki es aris adamianuri tragedia, romelic SeiZleba yvela epoqaSi da
yovel kulturul wreSi moxdes~ (qiqoZe 1963: 211). mecnieris dakvirvebiT,
TxzulebaSi monumenturadaa daxatuli moTxrobis centraluri figura
152
– xevisberi goCa, romelic maRali zneobrivi SegnebiT gamoirCeva, magram,
amasTanave, utyuari instinqtiTac aris dajildoebuli. geronti qiqoZe
yazbegisa da xalxosnebis politikuri msoflmxedvelobis siaxlovesac aR-
niSnavs, rac, misi azriT, yvelaze metad `mamis mkvlelsa~ da novela `cikoSi~
Cans. mecnieris SefasebiT, aleqsandre yazbegi `swori intuiciiT grZnobda
ara marto saqarTvelos peizaJs, aramed mis istoriul warsulsac~.
naSromSi `vaJa-fSavela~ (1935) gadmocemulia geronti qiqoZis pirveli
STabeWdileba didi poetis pirovnebasa da SemoqmedebiT mrwamsze: es àris
vaJkacoba, SeerTebuli Rrma da faqiz mgrZnobiarobasTan~. vaJkacuria ara
marto mwerlis literaturuli fsevdonimi, aramed misi cxovrebis gzac,
lirikac, peizaJic. qiqoZis mosazrebiT, `vaJa namdvili spartaneli iyo Tavisi
aRzrdiT da Tavisi cxovrebis stiliT~. naSromSi xazgasmulia Semoqmedis
gamaxvilebul grZnoba bunebis saidumloebis asaxsnelad, Sefasebulia misi
gmirebi da a. S. geronti qiqoZis refleqsiiT, TanamedroveebisaTvis `gasa-
gebi unda iyos vaJas gmirebis simamace da moudrekloba, rasac isini iCenen
maSinac ki, roca maT `stumar-maspinZlis~ gmir zviadauriviT yelze mtris
xanjali aqvT dabjenili~ (qiqoZe 1963: 252).
narkvevSi ègnate ninoSvili~ (1955) geronti qiqoZe niWieri mwerlis
mZime cxovrebiseul xvedrs ixsenebs. aRniSnulia, rom glexebis wridan
gamosulma Semoqmedma `piruTvnelad asaxa glexkacoba~. rac Seexeba mwerlis
kerZo cxovrebas, qiqoZe SeniSnavs, rom `tragikuli elferi aqvs mis pirad
romansac~. mkvlevari egnate ninoSvilis megobrebis mogonebebisa da misi
piradi mimoweris analiziT daaskvnis, rom ìs Tavmoyvare da Tavmdabali
iyo erTsa da imave dros~.
meoce saukunis mweralTagan geronti qiqoZe daviT kldiaSvilis pirov-
nebasa da Semoqmedebas gamoyofs. werilSi `daviT kldiaSvili~ (1940) me-
muarebis mixedviT aRdgenilia klasikosis biografiis mniSvnelovani mo-
mentebi. mkvlevari gakvirvebulia: `rogor SeeZlo aseT garemoebaSi daviT
kldiaSvils, SeenarCunebina siyvaruliT gamTbari guli, adamianis pativis-
cema da ndoba, romelic mas axasiaTebs~ (qiqoZe 1963: 258). mecnieris dask-
vniT, kldiaSvilis `stilSi araferia xelovnuri... misi azrovneba Tavisufa-
lia xelovnurobis da mwignobrulobisagan~ (qiqoZe 1963: 260). mkvlevari
aRniSnavs, rom gamorCeuli niWis prozaikosis nawerebSi momavali Taobebi
ìpovnian ara marto SeubRalav esTetikur siamovnebas, aramed uxv wyaro-
sac mecxramete saukunis meore naxevris saqarTvelos gasacnobad~. qiqoZis
SefasebiT, `kldiaSvilis Semoqmedeba scildeba epoqisa da teritoriis
viwro farglebs~, is Rrmad nacionaluria da, amasTan, zogadad, adamianu-
ric. mecnieri fiqrobs, rom mwerlis impresionistuli da `WeSmaritad re-
alisturi portretebis~ saRebavebi didxans ar gaxundeba, `Semodgomis az-
naurebis~ ukanaskneli warmomadgenlebis gaqrobis Semdegac ki. geronti
qiqoZis gansazRvrebiT, mecxramete saukunis didi reformisti mwerlebis
153
gverdiT `sinamdvilis fanatikoss daviT kldiaSvils didad sapatio adgi-
li uWiravs~.
meoce saukuneSi moRvawe kidev erTi TviTmyofadi prozaikosis cxovre-
bisa da Semoqmedebis umTavres markerebs ikvlevs naSromi `vasil barnovi.
Tbilisis aCrdilebi~, romelSic avtori ixsenebs mwerlis biografiis erT
moments: bavSvobisas vasil barnovi mamis, zaqarias, erwoSi muSaobis dros
damegobrebia dekanoz kurdRelas, warmarTuli RmerTis kopala-iaxsaris
qurums, rac, mecnieris dakvirvebiT, gasaRebs iZleva barnovis Semoqmedebis
gasagebad. aq, erwoSi, gaucnia momaval mwerals xalxuri zne-Cveulebani,
Seuswavlia platonis, piTagoreelebis, neoplatonikosebis filosofiuri
naSromebi, rac, qiqoZis azriT, mis SemoqmedebaSic aisaxa. amavdroulad,
mkvlevari eZebs barnovis Semoqmedebis msgavsebas axali drois qristianu-
li azrovnebasTan. kerZod, misi `tfilisis aCrdilebi~ qiqoZes ticianis sa-
ucxoo suraTs – `zeciur da miwier siyvaruls~ axsenebs.
prozaikosis Semoqmedebis arsis analizisas geronti qiqoZe daaskvnis,
rom vasil barnovis ideebi `didad Taviseburia~, is ùfro mxatvruli intu-
iciiT aRWurvili adamiania, vidre sistematikosi filosofosi~. mecnieris
mosazrebiT, barnovis `tfilisis aCrdilebi~ ìsnis ciskris~ Sesavals war-
moadgens, romelic danarCeni moTxrobebisaTvis istoriul fons qmnis. am
TxzulebaSi mecnieri xazs usvams Semoqmedis mier warsulis ganWvretis
niWs da istoriuli detalebis codnas, aseve, barnoviseul filosofiur
refleqsiebs.
opusSi `vasil barnovi~ (1928) Sefasebulia mwerlis Txzulebebi: `tkbili
duduki~, `muSa~, `gvelis zeimi~, romlebic, qiqoZis azriT, filosofiuri
moTxrobebis cikls warmoadgens. yofa-cxovrebis amsaxvel nawarmoebebe-
bad moxseniebulia barnovis prozauli teqstebi: `vai Sens damkargavs~, `sa-
dedoflo sartyeli~, `xarati~, `Sinauri mteri~. qiqoZis daskvniT, socialur
sakiTxebs asaxavs moTxrobebi: `farCis axaluxi~, `xurda~, `ganaskvili simi~.
mkvlevari daaskvnis, rom istoriul, filosofiur nawerebsa da socialur
moTxrobebSi `barnovi miukerZoebeli da utendencioa~, maTSi gamosWvivis
`misi humanuroba, misi farTo guli~.…
saqarTveloSi kulturuli tradiciis uqonlobaze msjelobs geronti
qiqoZe werilSi `nino nakaSiZe~ (1912) da me-20 saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli
dramaturgiis xarvezebze miuTiTebs. mkvlevari gamonakliss uwodebs nino
nakaSiZis axal dramas `vin aris damnaSave?~, romelic, misi SefasebiT, `maR-
la dgas Cvens saSualo dramatul literaturaze~. piesaSi qiqoZe teqnikur
da mxatvrul defeqtebsac xedavs. mis kritikas imsaxurebs piesis mxatvruli
stili, fsiqologiuri niuansebi, provinciul kilo da sxv.
werilSi `paolo iaSvili~ (1957) avtori modernist poetze sakuTar
STabeWdilebebs gadmoscems. qiqoZisaTvis erTgvari paradoqsia is, rom
ucxoeTidan samSobloSi dabrunebisa da `cisferi yanwebis~ ordenis da-
154
arsebisTanave paolo iaSvilma Zveli Taobis centralur figuras – akaki
wereTels Seutia. poetis am nabijs geronti qiqoZe cisferyanwelTa
interesebis dacvas ukavSirebs, radgan, misi recefciiT, paolo iaSvili
ùfro akaki wereTlis anderZis damcvelad gamodgeboda, vidre mis dam-
rRvevlad~. mecnieri SeniSnavs, rom paolo `saucxood flobda qarTul
enas~, igi qiqoZisaTvis Zveli drois rafsodebisa da trubadurebis sada-
ria: ès iyo improvizaciis jadoqari, romelic, uwinares yovlisa, audito-
riis smenas xiblavda~ (qiqoZe 1963: 311).
sicocxlis ukanasknel wlebSi geronti qiqoZem ramdenime opusi uZRvna
Salva dadians. werilSi `Cveni mwignobarTuxucesi~ (1955) gatarebulia
azri, rom, sabednierod, mwerals `cxovrebaSi bevri saucxoo maswavlebeli
da megobari Sexvda~. mkvlevari maRal Sefasebas aZlevs Salva dadianis mo-
gonebebis wigns da Tavad avtors `saqarTvelos mwignobarTuxucess~ uwo-
debs. naSromSi `Salva dadianis `gvirgvilianebis ojaxi~ (1957) avtori si-
nanuls gamoTqvams Tanamedrove qarTuli prozis nacionaluri koloritis
dakargvis gamo da am viTarebaSi Salva dadianis proza mas gamorCeulad
esaxeba. geronti qiqoZe fiqrobs, rom prozaikoss àxasiaTebs mSvenieri
codna qarTuli enisa... leqsikonis simdidre da gramatikuli wyobis bu-
nebrivoba, idiomatur gamoTqmaTa uxvi gamoyeneba~ (qiqoZe 1963: 311). `gvir-
gvilianebis ojaxi~ mecnierisaTvis tradiciuli romani ar aris. is, misi
azriT, `dokumenturi prozis mijnaze dgas~. Salva dadianis pirovnuli
portretis Strixebi ikveTeba geronti qiqoZe werilSi `dasrulebuli jen-
tlmeni da xalxis megobari~ (1960): `didi esTeti iyo.. stumarTmoyvare..
xelgaSlili, uangaro... ufro gamtani iyo megobrobaSi, vidre siyvarulSi~
(qiqoZe 1963: 322). dadianis piesebidan geronti qiqoZes saukeTesod miaCnia
`guSindelni~ da `kakal gulSi~, yvelaze sustad – misi miniaturebi.
statiaSi `giorgi quCiSvilis lirika~ (1956) daxasiaTebulia poetis Se-
moqmedebiTi individualobis markerebi da miTiTebulia: `Tu giorgi qu-
CiSvils davujerebT, misi muza ufro borot genias hgavs, vidre keTils~.
qiqoZis recefciiT, quCiSvils `sulieri naTesaoba aqvs ir. evdoSvilTan
da yvela qarTvel da ucxoel poetebTan, romelnic mSromeli xalxis
trubadurebad CaiTvlebian~ (qiqoZe 1963: 326). giorgi quCiSvilis poetur
novatorobas mkvlevari imaSi xedavs, rom man qarTuli poeziis samyaro
Sromisa da brZolis motivebiT gaamdidra, Tumca mis striqonebSi iWreba
publicistikac, saidanac èpoqis vnebiani xma ismis”.
werilSi `leo qiaCeli~ (1954) qiqoZe axasiaTebs meoce saukunis qarTve-
li prozaikosis weris maneras da miuTiTebs: Semoqmedi ùpiratesad im
adamianebsa da sagnebs asaxavs, romelTac ufro daaxloebiT icnobs~. igi
`Tavisufalia yovelive abezari egocentrizmisa, yovelive eTnografiuli
SezRudulobisa, yovelive adgilobrivi koloritis gadaWarbebuli Zi-
ebisagan... gmirebSi... zogadqarTul, zogadadamianur tipebs eZebs~ (qiqoZe
155
1963: 337). mecnieri fiqrobs, rom leo qiaCeli novelis didostatia. qiqo-
Zes moswons mwerlis adreuli moTxrobebi, romlebSic, misi TqmiT, àvtori
ufro poetia, vidre ostati~.
sandro SanSiaSvilisadmi miZRvnil opusSi geronti qiqoZe misi satr-
fialo lirikis ramdenime saucxoo nimuSs ganixilavs. mecnieris intenciiT,
àm elegiuri xmebis gverdiT... Tavidanve liTonis instrumentebis vaJkacu-
ri xmebi gaisma, tragikuli motivebi, romelnic mowmobdnen mis Rrma da-
fiqrebas adamianisa da kacobriobis bedze~ (qiqoZe 1963: 341). sandro San-
SiaSvilis pirvel poemebsa da baladebs mkvlevari qarTul xalxur poezi-
asTan akavSirebs. qiqoZis SefasebiT, sandro SanSiaSvili `saucxood flobs
qarTul enas, mas mdidari leqsikoni aqvs~. mkvlevars poetis idiliebi da
pastoralebi moswons, xolo misi Semoqmedebis mwvervalad kaxeTisadmi
miZRvnili leqsebis cikls miiCnevs.
mcire statia `giorgi leoniZe~ (1960) mecniers sicocxlis miwuruls
dauweria. geronti qiqoZes aRafrTovanebs giorgi leoniZis `stiqiuri
temperamentiT dawerili patriotuli leqsebi~. mis mowonebas imsaxurebs
poetis aranakleb Zlieri satrfialo lirika, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, ro-
desac leoniZe `Tavisi Semoqmedebis fesvebiT Rrmad iWreba xalxuri Se-
moqmedebis yamir niadagSi~. werilSi aRniSnulia, rom istoriuli tradi-
ciis SegnebasTan erTad giorgi leoniZes gamZafrebuli aqvs Tanamedrove
epoqis SegrZnebac. geronti qiqoZis daskvniT, poetma `Tavisi SemoqmedebiT
xeli Seuwyo qarTuli poeturi metyvelebis ganaxlebas~.
werilSi `demna Sengelaias `baTa qeqia~ meoce saukunis gamoCenili pro-
zaikosis umTavresi Tvisebaa xazgasmuli: es aris `vnebiani siyvaruli qar-
Tuli enisadmi~. geronti qiqoZe fiqrobs, rom mwerali bevrs muSaobs enis
kulturaze, kargad icnobs rogorc mwignobrul, ise xalxur enas, folk-
lors, eTnografiul literaturas. mecnieris azriT, Tanamedrove qarTul
literaturaSi baTa qeqia erT-erTi yvelaze ganzogadebuli saxea: èsaa
nacionaluri tipi am cnebis saukeTeso gagebiT... gonebamaxvili, moudreke-
li, sicocxlis moyvaruli~ (qiqoZe 1963: 349). mkvlevari gmiris zogadadami-
anur Tvisebebs gamoyofs da mis monaTesaved asaxelebs lazarilio tor-
mesels, gargantuas, ulenSpigels, kola brunions. werilSi saubaria roma-
nis meore SesaniSnav saxeze – TamSuR daneliaze, calTvala cxen-kacze,
ùsaSvelo cxenis qurdze~. baTas beds geronti qiqoZe zogadfilosofi-
uri aspeqtiT ganixilavs: àseTia cxovreba: Suqi da Crdili erTmaneTs
enacvlebian morigeobiT, calmxrivi optimizmi iseve miuRebelia, rogorc
calmxrivi pesimizmi~ (qiqoZe 1963: 351).
geronti qiqoZe 1960 wels gardaicvala. misi gansjis arealSi ar moxved-
rila meoce saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis mTeli rigi konceptualuri
teqstebi da aRiarebuli avtorebi. mkvlevris samecniero da publicisturi
memkvidreobis analizi adasturebs, rom geronti qiqoZem, qarTuli lite-
156
raturis metrma da sworupovarma analitikosma, Tavisi nawerebiT sxvada-
sxva epoqis qarTuli mwerlobis klasikosi avtorebisa da maTi umTavresi
mxatvruli teqstebis popularizacias Seuwyo xeli da qarTuli literatu-
ruli kritika axal simaRleze aiyvana. amis paralelurad mecnierma Rrma
gamokvlevebi uZRvna msoflio literaturis Sedevrebsa da maT avtorebs,
ramac qarTul inteleqtualur sivrceSi maTi myarad damkvidreba ganapiroba.
damowmebani:
qiqoZe 1963: qiqoZe, g. rCeuli Txzulebani. Tbilisi: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1963.

ciciSvili, modebaZe 2013: ciciSvili, T., modebaZe, i. `qarTuli literaturis istoriis
sistemuri Seswavla XIX saukunis kritikul azrovnebaSi~. literaturuli Ziebani. XXIV.
Manana Kvataia
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
Geronti Kikodze – Researcher of Georgian Literature
Summary
Key words: Geronti Kikodze, the history of Georgian literature, the Georgian literary canon
It is mentioned that the first course in the history of Georgian literature of the XIX century
was written by Kita Abashidze. In the 20th century, the methodology of a systematic study of the
history of literature and the creative discourse of classics was developed by Geronti Kikodze,
whose scholarly works are of conceptual value for the study of Georgian writing of different
epochs and canonization of authors. The scholar devoted several studies to Shota Rustaveli
and his immortal poem. In a work entitled “The Wisdom of Balavari (old and new remarks)”,
he studied the Georgian literary monument of world significance. Kikodze’s work “Sulkhan-
Saba Orbeliani’s The Book of the Wisdom and Lies” reflects the most important moments of the
biography or creative discourse of a classic. He characterizes The Book of the Wisdom and Lies
as a masterpiece of Georgian literary prose. In his work “David Guramishvili”, Geronti Kikodze
refers to the poet as “the most fundamental figure” in the history of Georgian literature and his
Davitiani as the “source of historical knowledge” of his epoch. In his work “Ioane Batonishvili”,
Kikodze deals with the biographies of the sons of Erekle II - David and Ioane Batonishvili and
the aspects of their creative activity. Among the ideologists of the next generation Kikodze
distinguishes Aleksandre Orbeliani, and in the work “The Generation of Romanticists” the
common signs of Georgian romanticism are characterized. The scholar dedicates his fundamental
157
analytical letters to Aleksandre Chavchavadze, Grigol Orbeliani, Nikoloz Baratashvili, Vakhtang
Orbeliani.
Geronti Kikodze researched the most important trends of 19th-century Georgian realistic
literature. His works reflect the main features of Giorgi Eristavi’s, Ilia Chavchavadze’s, Akaki
Tsereteli’s, Giorgi Tsereteli’s biography, their literary merits and innovativeness. The scholar also
analyzed the creative legacy of Ivan Machabeli, Niko Nikoladze, Sergi Meskhi, and provided
insight into the literary phenomenon of Aleksandre Kazbegi, Vazha-Pshavela, Egnate Ninoshvili.
Among 20th-century prose-writers, Geronti Kikodze manifested the personal traits and creative
endeavors of David Kldiashvili, Vasil Barnovi, Nino Nakashidze, Shalva Dadiani, Paolo Iashvili,
Giorgi Kuchishvili, Leo Kiacheli, Sandro Shanshiashvili, Giorgi Leonidze, Demna Shengelaia.
The study of Geronti Kikodze’s scholarly and publicist heritage confirms that he contributed much
to the canonization of the classics of different periods and their main literary texts that raised the
Georgian literary canon to a new height. In addition to this, the erudite critic devoted his best
works to the masterpieces of the world literature and their authors, which firmly established them
in our intellectual space.
158
TinaTin biganiSvili
qarTuli aRorZinebisa da Zveli qarTuli literaturis

periodizaciis sakiTxi
Zveli qarTuli literaturis periodizaciis sakiTxi dRemde aqtualu-

ria. Sesabamisad, aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTveli samecniero sazogadoeba
Zveli qarTuli literaturis periodizaciis erTian sistemasTan dakav-
SirebiT dRemde ar aris SeTanxmebuli. sakiTxis sirTule arsebiTad pe-
riodizaciis meTods ukavSirdeba, rac ramdenime mniSvnelovani terminis
ganmartebas, gansazRvrebas, metad dakonkretebas gulisxmobs. amgvar
terminebs Soris gansakuTrebiT sakamaToa `qarTuli renesansis“ cneba.
mkvlevrebi, periodizaciis sakiTxiT dainteresebuli mecnierebi umete-
sad iyeneben iseT ekvivalentur saxelwodebebs, rogorebicaa: `klasikuri
periodi,“`patronymobis periodi“, `gviani Sua saukuneebi“, `ganviTarebuli
feodalizmis epoqa“, `qarTuli aRorZineba“ da a.S. Tumca aqve unda aRi-
niSnos, rom CamoTvlili terminebi da epoqebis saxelwodebebi ufro is-
toriul-ekonomikur-politikuri speqtris mniSvnelobebs Seicavs, vidre
literaturul-kulturologiurisa.
aqve ganvmartav, rom literaturuli epoqebis saxelwodebac da qro-
nologiuri CarCoebic aucileblad unda ukavSirdebodes ara marto eko-
nomikur, politikur, istoriul da kulturul, aramed uSualod lite-
raturul procesebs, xolo periodizaciis terminTa ganmarteba unda asa-
xavdes ama Tu im epoqaSi mimdinare literaturul progressa Tu regress,
cvlilebebs, Janrobriv Taviseburebebs, samwerlobo enis ganviTarebis
etapebs da a.S.
termini `renesansi“ (Rinascita, Renaissance, Rebirth) niSnavs ganaxlebas, ker-
Zod, antikuris aRorZinebasa da xelaxla damkvidrebas. amitomac `qarTul
renesansTan“ dakavSirebiT, Cemi azriT, sakiTxi ase unda daisvas: SesaZle-
beli iyo Tu ara saqarTveloSi, qarTul kulturaSi antikuris ganaxleba?
am kiTxvaze pasuxi logikurad ebmis meore kiTxvas: iyo Tu ara saqarTvelo
Tavisi kulturiTa da literaturiT, aseve politikiT, ekonomikiT, isto-
riiT antikuri saberZneTisa da romis nawili da, Sesabamisad, SesaZlebeli
gaxda Tu ara am ukve arsebulis ganaxleba, aRdgena, xelaxla damkvidreba
kulturis sxvadasxva sferoSi, maT Soris literaturasa da xelovnebaSi,
msoflioSi mimdinare masStaburi, dominanturi tendenciis mixedviT, ro-
melmac Tavisi geografiuli gavrcelebis areali aRmosavleTidan vidre im
epoqis ukidures dasavleTamde (igulisxmeba CrdiloeTi evropa) pova? am
kiTxvaze pasuxi da Sesabamisi poziciis samecniero dasabuTeba winamdebare
statiis mTavari Temaa.
159
qarTul kulturasa da literaturaSi, aseve filosofiuri azris gan-
viTarebis istoriaSi antikuris dominanturobisa da mogvianebiT kvlav aR-
dgenis Sesaxeb msjelobis dros periodizaciis sakiTxebiT dainteresebul
avtorTa Soris yvelaze metad Tanmimdevrulia Salva nucubiZe, Tumca misi
Teoriis ganxilvamde msurs warmovaCino sakiTxis polemikuri mxare da aseve
ganvixilo rogorc alternatiuli Teoriebi, aseve urTierTsapirispiro
versiebi qarTuli aRorZinebis, qarTuli renesansis Sesaxeb.
komunisturi diskursi, sabWoTa kritika (aseve Salva nucubiZe) amaod ar
aviTarebda ideas, rom renesansis stili Sua saukuneebis stils upirispir-
deba. es tendencia daamkvidra me-16 saukunis xelovnebaTmcodnem, ufro
zustad Tu vityviT, xelovnebis istorikosma da did italiel fermwerTa
biografma jorjo vazarim, romelmac erT-erTma pirvelma axsena termi-
ni Rinascita, igive Renaissance. jorjo vazarim ori stili ganasxvava da ur-
TierTsapirispirod warmoaCina. Sua saukuneebis stils man goTikuri stili
uwoda da amiT gamokveTa barbarosebis, romSi SemoWrili tomebis, eTnose-
bis, evropis sxvadasxva saxelmwifos damfuZnebeli germaneli da Crdilo-
eli xalxebis xelovnebis ganmasxvavebeli niSan-Tvisebebi. jorjo vazaris
gavleniT Seiqmna Jiul miSles Teoria `ganaxleba antikurobaTa swavlisa“
da aseve iakob burkhartis `renesansis kultura italiaSi“. renesansisa da
Sua saukuneebis dapirispirebam e.w. humanisturi dargebis diferencire-
baSic iCina Tavi (geometria, ariTmetika, musika, ritorika, gramatika, filo-
sofia, astronomia). es iyo e.w. triumvium-kvadriviumi, romelic renesan-
sis periodis samonastro skolebSi, aseve aristokratTa mier dafuZnebul
akademiebSi iswavleboda. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia mediCebis mier aRdgenili
platonis akademia, sadac marsilio fiCini cdilobda platonisa da bibliis,
sokratesa da saxarebis saazrovno debulebebis SeTanxmebas. ufro zustad
Tu vityviT, iqmneboda neoplatonizmis italiuri ganStoeba, ramac, sabo-
lood, Sua saukuneebis Teocentristuli msoflmxedveloba renesansuli
anTropocentrizmiT Caanacvla. renesansul antropocentrizms, romlis
safuZvelic zemoT aRniSnuli humanitaruli dargebi gaxldaT, mogviane-
biT am da sxva mizezTa gamo humanizmi ewoda, xolo neoplatonikosebs da
renesansis Teoretikosebs – humanistebi, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi eklesi-
is sawinaaRmdegod moqmedi moazrovneebis sinonimad iqca. es ki simarTles
ar Seesabameba, radgan renesansi qristianuli eklesiis wiaRSi ganviTarebu-
li kulturaa. renesansuli anTropocentrizmis erT-erT wamyvan humanistad
ki miCneulia XV saukunis italieli filosofosi jovani piko dela miran-
dola, romlis fundamenturi naSromic renesansuli anTropologiis dar-
gSi aris `sityva adamianis Rirsebis Sesaxeb“ (1486 w.).
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, renesansis dapirispireba Sua
saukuneebTan ar aris mxolod sabWoTa kritikis koniunqturuli koncepti.
arc sityva èresi“ iqneboda renesansTan dakavSirebiT amdenad organuli,
160
rogorc amas Salva nucubiZe amtkicebs (nucubiZe 1976) da arc bizantiuri
renesansi dasruldeboda XII saukuneSive, rogorc marTlmadideblobis-
Tvis sakmaod saSiSi tendencia, gnebavT, potenciuri safrTxe.
Sesabamisad, renesansi warmoadgens ori sapirispiro, ori absoluturad
urTierTdapirispirebuli esTetikuri modelis – Sua saukuneebisa da anti-
kurobis – h a r m o n i u l , bunebriv, organul, sinTezur da ara ekleqtur,
aramed SeTavsebad, SeTvisebad Serwymas. swored ori sruliad sapirispiro
da gansxvavebuli stilis amdenad harmoniuli SeerTeba iyo wyaro im mo-
ulodneli da aRmafrTovanebeli esTetikuri SegrZnebebisa, SemecnebiTi
procesebisa, romlebsac renesansuli xelovnebisa da literaturis Sedev-
rebi iwvevda. literaturaSi amas uwodes àxali saamo stili“, romlis Se-
satyvisi rusTvelTan aris `Tqma leqsebisa tkbilisa“ (5,1); `misTa mWvretel-
Ta yandisa mirTma xams, marT miSerisa“ (3,4). es sitkbo, es `tkbili poezia“
Caisaxa antikurobaSi, romlis dominanta iyo simetria. aRniSnuli elemen-
ti principulad uaryo Sua saukuneebis xelovnebam, rogorc fSvinvieri da,
Sesabamisad, aseve xorcieli, Tumca aRmosavleTis im nawilma, sadac ar iyo
qristianoba gavrcelebuli, poeziis sitkboeba, simetriulad gawyobili
leqsi SeinarCuna, gansakuTrebiT arabul-sparsul literaturaSi (evropul
poeziaSi riTma aRmosavluri literaturidan damkvidrda). amitom `Tqma
leqsebisa tkbilisa“, italiuri ekvivalenti “Dolce stil novo”, erTi mxriv,
iyo ganaxleba antikuri esTetikuri modelisa, meore mxriv, aRmosavleTSi
ganviTarebuli kulturul-literaturuli procesis gavlena (igulisxmeba
sufiuri poeziis tkbilxmovani, simetriuli leqsi, misticizmi da mZlavri
alegorizmi), dawyebuli filosofiiT, romelmac saRvTismetyvelo saki-
Txebis ganmartebisTvis aristoteluri apodeiqtika, igive dialeqtika
da silogistika gamoiyena da damTavrebuli poeziiT, romelSic ganaxlda
simetriuli, harmoniuli, tkbilxmovani leqsi da romelmac mZlavri ale-
gorizmis saSualebiT fSvinviers, aseve xorciels sulieri SeuTavsa. Sesa-
bamisad, kulturaTa Soris urTierTobis (ix. komparativistuli kvlevebi,
gamomc. ùniversali“, Tb., 2014, gv.78-138) bunebrivi kanonzomierebebidan
gamomdinare, es procesi ganviTarda jer aRmosavleT-romis imperiasa da
mis periferiul qveynebSi, kavkasiaSi, Semdeg dasavleT-romis imperiis nan-
grevebze aRmocenebul qveynebSi – evropaSi.
Zveli qarTuli literaturis periodizaciis gadasinjvis moTxovniT
aTeulobiT welia gamodian qarTveli mecnierebi. erT-erTi alternatiuli
Teoriis avtoria i. kenWoSvili. is miiCnevs, rom qarTuli mwerlobis pe-
riodizacia komunisturi daRiTaa aRbeWdili (aRsaniSnavia, rom litera-
turis periodizaciis qronologiuri CarCoebis ZiriTadad politikuri
movlenebiT gansazRvra komunisturi diskursisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
amitom i. kenWoSvili am TvalsazrisiT sworad gamokveTs sakiTxis gadasin-
jvis aucileblobas). kanonikurad miCneul periodizaciaSi gamotovebu-
161
lia erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi periodi, gardamavali xana Zvelsa da axal
periodebs Soris. gamotovebulia is periodi, romlis analogias dasav-
leT-evropis literaturaTa istoriaSi renesansis, humanizmis, barokosa da
ganmanaTleblobis xana ewodeba. i. kenWoSvilis azriT, qarTul literatu-
raSi gardamavali xana iwyeba ara XVIII saukunis miwuruls, rogorc es
miRebulia literaturis istoriis kursebSi, aramed XII saukunis damlevs,
ìs xana, romelsac `Zveli mwerlobis meore periodi” ewodeba, sinamdvi-
leSi Zvelsa da axal mwerlobas Soris ganfenili gardamavali periodia“
(kenWoSvili 2000: 3).
i. kenWoSvilis sityvebiT, dasavleT-evropis literaturis gardamavali
periodebisgan qarTuli literaturis analogiuri periodi imiT gansxvav-
deba, rom ufro adre daiwyo, vidre dasavleTSi, magram gacilebiT ufro
gaWianurda, Tumca evropul literaturaSi arsebuli yvela aspeqti SeiZi-
na: `Tu vcnobT qarTuli renesansis ideas, unda vcnoT qarTuli barokos
arseboba, vinaidan baroko sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara xvedri renesansisa“
amave sakiTxiT aris dainteresebuli maia naWyebia da aRniSnavs, rom
XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba savsebiT Seesabameba barokos li-
teraturis moTxovnebs. misi azriT: `saqarTveloSi, romelic evropas iyo
mowyvetili da ar hqonda iseTi kavSiri dasavleTTan, rom mis literatura-
ze gavlena moexdina, mainc Caisaxa literaturuli mimarTuleba – baroko.
amis mizezi, Cemi azriT, aris zogadqristianuli xelovneba. amrigad, XVII-
XVIII saukuneebis literatura, cnobili e.w. aRorZinebis xanis saxelwodebiT,
qarTuli barokos literaturaa, romlis gamovlenac komparativistuli
kvlevebis safuZvelze gaxda SesaZlebeli“ (naWyebia 2009: 21).
aRsaniSnavia, rom i. kenWoSvili qarTuli ganmanaTleblobis Sesaxebac sa-
ubrobs: `ganmanaTlebloba araa movlena Zveli literaturisa. swored gan-
manaTleblobis xarisxia erTgvari sazomi axali literaturis moaxloebisa“
qarTuli ganmanaTleblobis ideebis Zirebs s. xundaZe XVIII saukunis me-
ore naxevridan eZebda. misi azriT, `vaxuStis, anton I bagrationis, daviT
guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi igrZnoba ganmanaTlebluri ideebis kvali“
(gafrindaSvili 1971: 194).
aRniSnul sakiTxs sagangebod exeba revaz baramiZe, romlis mosazrebi-
Tac, `dRes eWvs ar iwvevs, rom arCili, sulxan-saba da daviT guramiSvili
saTaves udeben CvenSi ganmanaTleblobas. maTi moRvaweoba (gansakuTrebiT
arCilisa da sulxan-sabasi) aSkarad ganmanaTlebluri xasiaTisaa. arc gu-
ramiSvilia am mxriv ugulebelsayofi“ (baramiZe 2005:108).
i. kenWoSvilisa da sxva avtorTa alternatiuli Teoriebis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT, unda aRiniSnos, rom qristianuli msoflmxedvelobisa da saqarTve-
los mdebareobis geografiuli Taviseburebebis gamo qarTuli literatu-
162
ris periodizacia evropuli literaturis periodizaciis paraleluri
sistemiT unda SemuSavdes. amas garda, unda gamoikveTos saerTo da ganmas-
xvavebeli, erTi mxriv, evropuli da, meore mxriv, qarTuli literaturis
paralelur periodebs Soris. aseTi midgoma, Cemi azriT, araTu gaamarT-
lebs termins `qarTuli renesansi“, gnebavT, `qarTuli aRorZineba“, romlis
aTvlac XII saukunidan unda daviwyoT, Tundac terminis – `winare renesan-
sis“ gamoyenebiT, aramed ufro gasagebi gaxdeba is bunebrivi msgavseba,
romelic TvalsaCinoa iseT avtorebs Soris, rogorebic arian: dante da
rusTveli (k. gamsaxurdia, z. gamsaxurdia, e. xinTibiZe da a.S.), sulxan-saba
(`sibrZne-sicruisa“, igavuri sibrZnismetyveleba) da Jan lafonteni Tu
volteri (`kandidi“); amasTanave, sulxan-saba, rogorc leqsikografi, mec-
nieri, anton I bagrationi da evropeli ganmanaTleblebi (pirveli encik-
lopediis Seqmnis iniciatorebi: deni didro, volteri, monteskie, Jan-Jak
ruso, holbaxi, helveciusi, tiurgo da a.S.); Teimuraz pirveli da evropu-
li barokos poetebi (maT Soris msgavsebaSi igulisxmeba preciozuli po-
eziis arsebiTi mxare – leqsis garegnuli formis srulyofa da ideuri pla-
nis ignorireba), daviT guramiSvili da blez paskali.
amasTanave, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom rodesac qarTuli renesansis, qar-
Tuli aRorZinebis Sesaxeb vsaubrobT, xazgasmiT unda gamoikveTos Semdegi
Taviseburebac: yovel evropul renesansul kulturas hqonda aseve naci-
onaluri niSani. am faqtoris mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb k. kekeliZe wers: ÌX sa-
ukunis damlevs saqarTvelos teritoriaze yalibdeba oTxi naxevrad damo-
ukidebeli politikuri erTeuli, rogoricaa: `qarTvelTa samefo“ tao-klar-
jeTSi, arabTa Tbilisis saamiro, kaxeTis saqorikozo da afxazeTis samefo,
romelic ukve X saukunidan zogadi qarTuli kulturul-politikuri mSe-
neblobis monawilea... X saukunis oTxmociani wlebidan iwyeba am erTeulebis
gaerTianebis procesi da eTnikuri saxelwodebis `qarTli“-s gardaqmna kul-
turul-politikur terminad `saqarTvelo“. es procesi sruldeba XII sa-
ukunis pirveli meoTxedis gasuls, daviT aRmaSeneblis dros“ (kekeliZe 1981:
27, 28).
Sesabamisad, samoTxis miwaze damamkvidrebeli eri (renesansi, ayvaveba,
aRorZineba, antikuri ideali – xorcielisa da sulieris Serwyma da Tanab-
rad gamovlineba, samoTxe miwaze), amavdroulad, Tavs sazepuro erad war-
moaCenda (Sdr. mesame romis sakiTxi, germanelTa saRvTo imperiis, kievis
ruseTis, bizantiis konkurencia; aseve Sdr. `sad romaeli ars TviT ieso“ –
`salxinebeli”, qeba XXXII). qarTuli aRorZineba qarTveli eris sazepuro
erad warmoCenis – am ideologiuri sarCulis gareSe warmoudgenelia. swo-
red am ideas ukavSirdeba `Tamarianis“ odebis saeklesio TvalsazrisiT
arcTu ise gamarTuli sibrZnismetyveleba da anagogia, nikoloz gulabe-
risZis `sakiTxavi svetisa cxovelisa da kvarTisa sauflosa“, ioane zosi-
mes `qebaჲ da didebaჲ qarTulisa enisaჲ“ da qarTul samonastro-saRvTis-
163
metyvelo skolebSi Seqmnili Zlispirni, sagalobelni da troparni RvTis-
mSoblisani, romelTa saSualebiT himnografebi qarTvel ers sazepuro
erad warmoaCenen.
aRorZineba, amavdroulad, niSnavda miwieri samoTxis damkvidrebas, sa-
moTxis Camotanas miwaze, sakvirveli Zlevis sacnauryofas. sxvadasxva mxat-
vrulsa da istoriografiul teqstSi swored es iyo didgoris simbolos
paradigmatulad warmoCenis mizezi. qarTvel ers ki sazepuro erad Tavis
gacxadebis ramdenime mizezi hqonda: RvTismSoblis wilxvdomiloba, qar-
Tuli enis arqauli Zirebi da enis safuZvlis TiTqmis ucvlelad SenarCu-
neba (ix. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis erTtomeuli, red. a. Ciqo-
bava, saq. ssr mecnierebaTa akademia, enaTmecnierebis instituti, Tb., 1986),
andria pirvelwodebulis wilxvdomiloba da sauflo kvarTis mcxeTis sa-
taxto qalaqSi daflva. Sesabamisad, aRorZineba, renesansi msoflios yvela
erovnuli kulturis wiaRSi sruliad mkafio ideologiuri ZirebiT ikve-
beboda. es ideologia umetesad mkveTrad nacionaluri da nacionalistu-
ri iyo, am ukanasknelis Sedegi gaxldaT CaxruxaZis odebSi gamovlenili
dogmatikuri cdomilebani, rac RvTis sworobis aramarTebul interpre-
taciasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli, vidre CaxruxaZis survilTan, rom
dogmatikuri kanoni daerRvia, Tumca es msjelobis calke sagania.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Salva nucubiZe, romelic xazgasmiT aRniS-
navs, rom ioane petriwma berZnuli filosofiis renesansuli modeli qarTu-
li filosofiis renesansuli modeliT swored maSin Caanacvla, roca bizan-
tiaSi mkacrma saeklesio kanonma berZnuli filosofiiT gataceba akrZala,
marTebulad gamokveTs daviT aRmaSeneblis funqcias. daviT aRmaSenebelma
igrZno bizantiasTan jansaRi konkurenciis SesaZlebloba da ioane petriws
sruliad konkretuli miTiTeba misca. misi nebarTvisa da mxardaWeris gar-
eSe ver daiwereboda elinizmebiT gadatvirTuli `komentarebi“, sadac ioane
petriwi siamayiTa da siTamamiT aRniSnavs: `da Tumca sityuaჲ sivrcodmi ar...
iwarebda giCuenemca TquenTa ulumpianTa Zlevani“ (ioane petriwi 1937: 219).
amiT is daviT aRmaSeneblis farul ganzraxvas Tavadac qaragmulad migva-
niSnebs. es ganwyobileba yvelaze ukeT ioane sabanisZem gadmogvca: àra
xolo Tu berZenTa sarwmunoebaჲ ese RmrTisamieri moipoves, aramed Cvenca,
SorielTa amaT mkჳdrTa“ (qarTuli mwerloba 1987: 450). termini `SorielTa
mkჳdrTa“ mxolod musulmanur samyarosTan axlos da qristianuli samya-
ros ganapiras mkvidr qarTvel ers ar niSnavs, aramed civilizaciis, qristi-
anuli civilizaciis, bizantiur-romauli dominanturi kulturis im peri-
feriul keras aRniSnavs, romelic sazepuro eris samkvidro iyo.
maSasadame, erovnuli niSani evropuli renesansis sxvadasxva kulturaSi
gamovlinebis erT-erTi mTavari ganmasxvavebeli elementia. aqedan gamom-
dinare, qarTuli renesansis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb msjelobis dros unda
aRiniSnos, rom aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis renesansSi gaCnda cduneba
164
samoTxe damkvidrebuliyo dedamiwaze, rom sulieri tkbobis ekvivalentu-
ri jer fSvinvieri, Semdeg xorcieli tkbobis aqtivaciiT da met-naklebad
realizebiT (Sdr. tristani da izolda, lanseloti da gvinevera, visi da
ramini, yaisi da leili, tarieli da nestani, avTandili da fatmani) sulieri
Zala fizikuri Zalis ekvivalenturi kategoriebiT gamoxatuliyo (Sdr:
Smagi rolandi, giJi tristani, dabnedili da xelqmnili tarieli, amiran
darejanis Ze, graalis mcvelTa saraindo dasi, arturis mrgvali magida,
tarielis, avTandilisa da fridonis megobroba da a.S.).
Sesabamisad, qarTuli aRorZinebac ikvebeboda renesansis arsebiTi ele-
mentebiT. aRniSnuli tendencia, droSi gansazRvrulobis mixedviT, aRmo-
savleTis saqristianoSi bevrad adre idgams fexs, rasac, rogorc arsebiT
mignebas, mudmivad aRniSnavs Salva nucubiZe. dasavleT saqristianoSi an-
tikuris ganaxlebis mcdelobis gamo saeklesio SezRudva bevrad mkacri iyo.
swored aRmosavleT saqristianoSi gaCnda cduneba (Teologiuri termini),
rom logikuri operaciebiT, elinuri filosofiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli di-
aleqtikiT, silogistikiT aexsnaT da ganemartaT qristianuli dogmatebi
(ioane petriwi 1937).
swored es tendencia yovelive antikuris apologetikis tolfardi
iyo. amitomac aRniSnavs Salva nucubiZe, rom renesansi ikvebeboda zog-
jer Ria, zogjer faruli eresis tendenciiT da eresis zRvramde met-
naklebad kanonikur CarCoebSi moqmedeba mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevebSi iyo
SesaZlebeli. zustad aseTia qarTuli aRorZineba. saqarTveloSi antikuris
ganaxleba mxolod filosofiis akademiis aRdgeniTa da antikuri epoqis-
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli gamomsaxvelobiTi formebis, maT Soris litera-
turuli, mxatvruli kategoriebis ganaxlebiT ar gamovlenila, aramed,
msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT, adgili hqonda sakmaod mniSvnelovan
cvlilebas, gnebavT, progress.
swored zemoaRniSnul sakiTxebze amaxvileben yuradRebas periodiza-
ciis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli iseTi avtorebi, rogorebic arian k. keke-
liZe, S. nucubiZe da e. xinTibiZe. maT erTad vasaxeleb imdenad, ramdenadac
Cemi sakvlevi sakiTxis polemikuri mxare swored am avtorebs aerTianebs da
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs.
periodizaciis meTodologia, msoflios sxvadasxva erovnuli litera-
turis, aseve evropuli literaturis periodizaciis sistemis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT, bunebrivad ukavSirdeba istoriul, politikur da ekonomikur pro-
cesebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom literaturis periodizaciis meTodologiaSi is-
toriuli meTodis damfuZneblebad gvevlinebian ienis skolis romantiko-
sebi. istoriuli meTodis gamoyenebis pirveli mcdeloba mocemulia fr.
Slegelis teqstSi `saubari poeziis Sesaxeb“.
qarTuli aRorZinebis Sesaxeb korneli kekeliZisa da Salva nucubiZis,
aseve elguja xinTibiZisa da mariam karbelaSvilis Teoriebis ganxilva
165
dagvarwmunebs, rom Zveli qarTuli literaturis periodizaciasTan da-
kavSirebiT arsebiTad sami sxvadasxva meTodologiuri sistema arsebobs:
a) pirvel sistemas, arsebiTad, korneli kekeliZe da Salva nucubiZe
warmoadgenen TavianTi koncefciebiT, romlis mixedviTac, renesansi
principulad niSnavs antikurobis dabrunebas kulturis sxvadasxva sfe-
roSi. es movlena ki, rogorc amgvari ganaxlebis pirveli gamovlineba, ro-
gorc korneli kekeliZis, ise Salva nucubiZis mixedviT, aRmosavleTis
saqristianos saRvTismetyvelo skolebSi Caisaxa, rogorc dogmatikuri
RvTismetyvelebis ganmartebisa da mwvaleblobis dagmobis mizniT anti-
kuri logikis, dialeqtikisa da silogistikis gamoyenebis mcdeloba. an-
tikuri filosofiis SemoWram literaturasa da azrovnebis sxvadasxva
sferoSi Sedegad gamoiwvia antikuri esTetikuri modelis damkvidreba
kulturis sxvadasxva sferoSi, rac Tavisi arsiT Sua saukuneebis sapiris-
piro movlenas warmoadgens, radgan dominantur kategoriad masSi simetria
gvevlineba, simetria, romelic fSvinvierisa da xorcielis silamazes,
mSvenierebas usvams xazs, rac Sua saukuneebis esTetikuri standartebis
sapirispiro tendenciaa.
korneli kekeliZisa da Salva nucubiZis meTodTa Soris gansxvavebis Se-
saxeb qvemoT vimsjeleb. aseve aRvniSnav, rom korneli kekeliZe Zveli qar-
Tuli literaturis periodebis gamoyofis mizniT ufro istoriul, poli-
tikur da ekonomikur movlenebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, vidre litera-
turis ganviTarebis imanentur procesebze, rac Janris TeoriaSi sinqro-
nuli Wrilis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. swored es aucilebeli faqtori
mimaCnia korneli kekeliZis periodizaciis meTodis sisusted, radgan
periodizacia unda iTvaliswinebdes literaturis ganviTarebis rogorc
diaqronul Wrils (gare faqtorebis gavleniT momxdari cvlilebebi), aseve
sinqronul Wrils.
b) meore sistemis mixedviT, Zveli qarTuli literaturis periodizaciis
meTodi arsebiTad Zv. qarTuli enisa da, meore mxriv, qarTuli damwerlobis
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapebs unda davukavSiroT. am Tvalsazriss zurgs
umagrebs enaTmecnierTa Teoriebi, gansakuTrebiT arnold Ciqobavasa da
akaki SaniZis polemika Zveli qarTuli enis ganviTarebis etapebis Sesaxeb. am
alternatiul koncefcias, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, aviTarebs aseve i. ken-
WoSvili da sxva avtorebi, romlebic zemoT davasaxele.
g) mesame sistemis mixedviT, Zveli qarTuli literatura evropuli
literaturis periodebis mixedviT unda SeviswavloT da periodizaciis
meTodad evropuli literaturis periodizaciis paraleluri sistema un-
da gamoviyenoT. es meTodi gansakuTrebiT e. xinTibiZisa da mariam karbe-
laSvilis TeoriebSia gamokveTili, aseve m. naWyebias, i. kenWoSvilisa da
zemodasaxelebul avtorTa koncefciebSi.
166
korneli kekeliZe qarTuli e.w. `winare renesansis“ aRsaniSnavad iyenebs
termins `klasikuri periodi“. misi periodizaciis mixedviT, klasikuri
periodis qronologiuri CarCoebia X-XIII saukuneebi, Tumca korneli keke-
liZe mainc did sifrTxiles iCens da ar iyenebs termins `qarTuli renesan-
si“. amitomac cvlis mas terminiT `klasikuri periodi“ da, amavdroulad,
ar uaryofs, rom es epoqa arsebiTad enaTesaveba dasavlur renesanss da,
qronologiis mixedviT, win uswrebs mas. k. kekeliZe wers: ìmisTvis, rom
gavigoT, rogor da ram warmoSva qarTuli kulturul-literaturuli
klasicizmi da humanizmi, romelmac ramdenime saukuniT daaswro dasavleT-
evropis renesanss, aucilebelia, retrospeqtulad mainc, SevxedoT X-XIII
saukuneTa qarTuli sazogadoebis politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri da
kulturuli cxovrebis pirobebsa da Taviseburebas“ (kekeliZe 1981: 27).
Salva nucubiZis poziciisagan korneli kekeliZis koncefciis ganmas-
xvavebel elementebze Tavad korneli kekeliZe saubrobs, Tumca, rogorc
zemoT aRvniSne, Tavisi principuli poziciis gamoxatvis dros is uSualod
ar asaxelebs Salva nucubiZes, uSualod ar miuTiTebs, rom misi koncefciis
sapirispiro azri unda ganaviTaros, Tumca is imowmebs, kerZod, zustad
miuTiTebs, Salva nucubiZis winasityvaobis konkretul monakveTs ioane
petriwis Sromebis 1937 wlis gamocemidan (kekeliZe 1960: 298; 300). sakiTxi
swored terminebis dazustebas da gamarTulobas, periodizaciis meTodis
daxvewas exeba. amis Sesaxeb korneli kekeliZe qarTuli literaturis isto-
riis I tomSi msjelobs. am msjelobis polemikuri mxare ki imaSi mdgomare-
obs, rom korneli kekeliZe kategoriulad uaryofs qarTuli aRorZinebis
eresisa da warmarTobis niSniT daRdasmas, rasac Salva nucubiZis aRmo-
savluri renesansis TeoriisTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda.
k. kekeliZe Salva nucubiZes ramdenime sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ar eTan-
xmeba. pirveli gaxlavT ioane petriwisa da arsen iyalToelis skolebis
mkveTri dapirispireba, rac, k. kekeliZis azriT, simarTlisgan Sors dgas.
Salva nucubiZe maT or urTierTsapirispiro movlenad warmoaCens, pir-
vels, rogorc konservatuli Teologiuri dogmatizmis damcvels – arsen
iyalToels da mis skolas, xolo meores, ioane petriws da mis skolas, ro-
gorc progresistebis liders da saero filosofiis niadagze faruli ere-
sis winamZRols, warmarTobis apologets. k. kekeliZe, amasTanave, daufa-
ravad avlens Tavis skepsiss termin `renesansis“ Zveli qarTuli litera-
turis konkretuli epoqis saxelwodebad gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT:
`SeiZleba, ori akademiis arseboba XII saukunis saqarTveloSi, romelTagan
erTi – iyalTos akademia, arsen iyalToelis saxels ukavSirdeba, xolo me-
ore, gelaTis, ioane petriwisas, imis maCvenebeli iyos, rom pirveli kon-
servatiuli azrovnebis centri iyo, xolo meore renesansisao (ìoane pet-
riwis Sromebi“, II, gv. CVI-CVII). vfiqrobT, moyvanili mosazrebiT es debule-
ba ver damtkicdeba“ (kekeliZe 1960: 298).
167
termin `renesansis“, iseve, rogorc termin àRorZinebis“ qarTuli e.w.
klasikuri periodis saxelwodebad gamoyeneba da Zveli qarTuli lite-
raturis periodizaciaSi maTi damkvidreba korneli kekeliZes gaumar-
Tleblad miaCnia. am sakiTxze, rogorc zemodamowmebul citatebSic
ikveTeba, is araerTgzis msjelobs. korneli kekeliZe swored terminis da-
zustebis aucileblobas usvams xazs da kategoriulad gamoricxavs qar-
Tuli klasikuri periodis ganmapirobebeli Sidaliteraturuli da ga-
reliteraturuli faqtorebis konglomeracias eresisa da warmarTobis
mniSvnelobiT. k. kekeliZe aqac uSualod Salva nucubiZis Tvalsazriss
gulisxmobs da misi Teoriis xarvezebis Sesaxeb msjelobs: `moulodneli
da gaugebari iqneboda qristianuli dogmatebidan gadamdgari adamianis im
simaRleze dayeneba, ra simaRlezec daayena petriwi eklesiuri dogmatiz-
mis ùltradamcvelobiTma“ xanam, rogoricaa e.w. àRorZinebis“ xana Cveni
istoriisa... petriwi iseTive damcvelia eklesiuri dogmatizmisa, rogorc
misi winamorbedni Tu Tanamedroveni“ (kekeliZe 1960: 301).
aRsaniSnavia, rom Salva nucubiZis Teoriis mkvlevari boris uridia ze-
moaRniSnuli dapirispirebis Sesaxeb pirdapir miuTiTebs: ìmave qarTuli
sinamdvilidan S. nucubiZis Teoriebs daupirispirdnen k. kekeliZe, s. dane-
lia, p. Saria, s. wereTeli, a. quTelia, i. lolaSvili“ (uridia 1988: 332).
korneli kekeliZe iziarebs Salva nucubiZis pozicias, rom qarTuli e.w.
`klasikuri periodis“ safuZveli qarTuli filosofiuri skolis ganviTa-
rebis etapebs ukavSirdeba. am etapebis gamijvnis procesSi k. kekeliZe Salva
nucubiZis koncefciis identur Tvalsazriss gvTavazobs, kerZod, k. keke-
liZes sruliad gamarTlebulad miaCnia, rom bizantiuri renesansis tenden-
ciebi qarTul `klasikur periodSic“ aisaxa. am sakiTxs is aRniSnavs ioane
petriwis biografiul detalebze msjelobis dros da sagulisxmoa, rom
termins `renesansi“ is Tamamad iyenebs bizantiuri kulturis aRorZinebas-
Tan dakavSirebiT: `swavla ganaTleba ioanem miiRo saberZneTSi, magram ara
aTinaSi, rogorc ambobs ioane batoniSvili – aTina am dros ganaTlebis cen-
trad ar iTvleboda saberZneTSi, aramed imperator konstantine monomaxis
mier 1044-1047 wlebSi daarsebul akademiaSi, romelic elinTa renesansis
(xazgasma Cemia – T. b.) kerad gadaiqca“ (kekeliZe 1960: 285).
amasTanave, korneli kekeliZe Salva nucubiZis msgavsad ganmartavs, Tu
raSi mdgomareobs bizantiuri renesansis gavlena qarTuli `klasikuri
periodis“ formirebis procesze. is qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT miy-
veba qarTuli filosofiuri mwerlobis ganviTarebis etapebs da gvTava-
zobs qarTuli filosofiuri mwerlobis ganviTarebis mimoxilvas amave
epoqis wamyvani avtorebis Semoqmedebis zogadi daxasiaTebiT, eseni iy-
vnen: eqvTime aToneli, efrem mcire, arsen iyalToeli, ioane petriwi,
nikoloz gulaberisZe, romelsac k. kekeliZe maqsime aRmsareblis teqstebis
petriwonuli literaturuli skolis normebiT Sesrulebuli Targmanis
168
savaraudo avtorad miiCnevs (kekeliZe 1960: 298) da qarTuli alegoriuli
sibrZnismetyvelebis gvirgvini SoTa rusTaveli (kekeliZe 1960: 294, 295).
saqarTveloSi procesebi bizantiuri renesansis gavleniT rom ganviTar-
da, amas korneli kekeliZe fs. dionise areopagelis teqstebis mTargmnelis
efrem mciris Sesaxeb msjelobis dros aRniSnavs: èfrems sajarod mouxda,
yovel SemTxvevaSi literaturuli gziT, Tavis marTleba da Tavisi marTl-
madideblobiTi credo-s mtkiceba. erTi sityviT, ganmeorda patara masStabiT
is (xazgasma Cemia – T. b.), rasac imave xanebSi adgili hqonda miqael fselosisa
da ioane italis mimarT“ (kekeliZe 1960: 296).
k. kekeliZe zedmiwevniT imeorebs Salva nucubiZiseul koncefcias imis
Sesaxeb, Tu raSi mdgomareobs dasavluri da aRmosavluri renesansis es-
Tetikuri modelis sibrZnismetyvelebiTi, filosofiuri safuZveli, ro-
gorc renesansuli msoflmxedvelobis CarCo: Serigeba miwisa da zecisa,
morigeba platonizmisa da aristotelizmisa, Serwyma antikuri anTropo-
centrizmisa da Sua saukuneebis Teocentrizmisa, SeTavseba fSvinvierisa
da sulierisa, SeTavseba sulierisa da xorcielisa. filosofiur mwerlo-
baSi amgvari tendenciis ideuri safuZvlis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb korneli
kekeliZe wers: `qristianoba, aRmocenebuli berZnul-romauli kulturis
garemoSi, TandaTan egueba am kulturas da mis filosofias. meore saukunis
gasulidan iwyeba elinizacia qristianobisa (xazgasma Cemia – T. b.), romelic
meoTxe saukunisaTvis ZiriTad xazebSi damTavrebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos“
(kekeliZe 1960: 293).
k. kekeliZe Salva nucubiZis msgavsad ganmartavs berZnuli filosofiuri
mwerlobis ganviTarebis ZiriTad tendenciebs da SesaniSnavad msjelobs
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom idevneboda platonizmi da ratom iyo waxalisebuli
aristotelizmi, rac kidev ufro gasagebs xdis ioane petriwisa da arsen
iyalToelis SesaZlo dapirispirebas. amas ki arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs Salva
nucubiZiseuli terminis `qarTuli renesansis“ safuZvlebis gasaazreblad,
radgan, S. nucubiZis azriT, qarTuli filosofiuri mwerlobis origina-
luri Zirebi qarTuli renesansis safuZvelia.
k. kekeliZe wers: `Tu aristoteles dialeqtikas mimarTavdnen xolme
umTavresad, rogorc mtkiceba-dasabuTebis teqnikur saSualebas, e.w. neo-
platonikosebma, mis gverdiTa da paralelurad, SesaZleblad dainaxes
gamoyeneba agreTve platonis filosofiisa ara marto dialeqtikurad,
aramed Sinaarsoblivadac. platonis gamoyeneba qristianobaSi garkveuli
banakisaTvis, umTavresad aristotelikebisaTvis, saSiSi da miuRebeli aR-
moCnda, vinaidan platonis filosofia, mdidari iseTi ideebiT, romelnic
qristianobasTan sakmaod daaxloebulni arian, xels uwyobda azrovnebis
mZlavr amoZravebas, xolo aseTi amoZraveba bevrs sarwmunoebisTvis sa-
xifaTod miaCnda. aqedan warmoiSva is dausrulebeli da gaafTrebuli
brZola aristotelizmsa da platonizms Soris (xazgasma Cemia – T. b.), neo-
169
platonikosebi cdilobdnen platonisa da aristoteles filosofiis mo-
rigebas an `simfonias“. amisi nimuSi mogvces Teologiuri azrovnebis iseT-
ma warmomadgenlebma, rogoric iyvnen nemesios emeseli (IV-V ss.), fsevdo
dionise areopageli (VI s.) da maqsime aRmsarebeli (VII s.)“ (kekeliZe 1960: 294).
maSasadame, rogorc korneli kekeliZe, ise Salva nucubiZe ori mimar-
Tulebis dapirispirebis Sesaxeb qarTuli filosofiuri skolis origi-
naluri Zirebis gamokveTis mizniT msjeloben, rac qarTuli renesansis
damoukidebel erTeulad warmoCenis saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgens.
ioane petriwi neoplatonikosia, xolo arsen iyalToeli e.w. àristo-
telikebis“ (kekeliZe 1960: 294) ricxvSia. Sesabamisad, ioane petriwis aSkara
miniSneba: `da Tumca sityuaჲ sivrcodmi ar... iwareboda giCuenemca Tqu-
enTa ulumpianTa Zlevani“ (ioane petriwi 1937: 219), savaraudod, arsen
iyalToels miemarTeba. aq TiTqmis ironiuli toniT gamokveTili sityvebi:
`TqvenTa ulumpianTa Zlevani“ sxvadasxvagvarad ganmartes Salva nucubiZem
da korneli kekeliZem (zemodamowmebuli citatis axalqarTuli Targmani
ix. ioane petriwi, ganmarteba prokle diadoxosis `RmrTismetyvelebis
safuZvlebisa“, Tanamedrove qarTul enaze Targmna damana meliqiSvilma,
Tb., 1999). teqstis leqsikologiuri analizi cxadyofs, rom korneli keke-
liZis versia bevrad marTebulia, vidre Salva nucubiZisa. ioane petriwis
sityvebs Salva nucubiZe Tavisi poziciis gasamyareblad ganmartavs: `pet-
riwi mimarTavs qristian mowinaaRmdegeT: `Tumca sityuaჲ sivrcodmi ar ...
iwarebda giCuenemca TquenTa ulumpianTa Zlevani“ – e.i. Tu sityvis gag-
rZeleba (usiamovnebas ar gamoiwvevda), giCvenebdiT TqvenTa – qarTvel
olimpielTa siZlieresao. vin arian es qarTvelni olimpielni (ùlumpianni“)?
cxadia, rom aq laparakia qarTvel warmarTobis RmerTebze, romelTa axsnas
– ise rogorc amas sCadioda prokle berZnuli da qaldeuri RmerTebis mi-
marT – petriwi Seasrulebda `keTilmebWeTa“ `mixuedris“ imedi rom hqondes“
(ioane petriwi 1937: CII).
S. nucubiZe ioane petriwis saTqmelis paToss sworad Caswvda, Tumca leq-
sikologiur sizustes ar icavs, rasac, saboloo jamSi, mcdar daskvnamde mi-
hyavs. es yuradRebis miRma ar darCenia korneli kekeliZes da samarTlianad
miuTiTebs S. nucubiZis Secdomis Sesaxeb: ùlumpiani“ olimpis mTis warmarT
RmerTebs ki ar niSnavs, aramed, rogorc 12-13 sauk. sxva qarTul literatu-
rul ZeglebSiac, umaRless, udiadess, upiratess, uzenaess. am winadadebis
azri aseTia: sityvis gagrZelebis rom ar meridebodes, ambobs petriwi, me
Tqven, qarTvelebs, giCvenebdiT Tqveni didi adamianebis, avtoritetebis,
Secdomas da aqedan Zlevaso“ (kekeliZe 1960: 300).
korneli kekeliZe da Salva nucubiZe aRniSnuli citatis ganmartebis
dros erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saerTo azrze dganan, rom
ioane petriwi mowinaaRmdegeebs mimarTavs. ioane petriwis sapirispiro
filosofiuri skolis warmomadgenlebad, ZiriTadad, arsen iyalToelis
170
filosofiuri skolis wevrebi SeiZleba gvegulebodnen. amasTanave, ro-
gorc medievistebi migviTiTeben (kekeliZe 1960; xinTibiZe 1993; gamsaxurdia
1991), arsen iyalToeli aristotelizmis warmomadgeneli gaxldaT, ioane
petriwi ki neoplatonikosi iyo da fs. dionise areopagelis mier daarsebu-
li filosofiuri skolis aqtiuri warmomadgeneli. Sesabamisad, ioane pet-
riwis teqstis aRniSnuli monakveTis meore qaragmuli naTqvami, rogorc
Salva nucubiZes, ise korneli kekeliZes erTnairad aqvT ganmartebuli.
meore qaragmuli frazaa: `da Tumca sityuaჲ sivrcodmi ar... iwareboda“.
Salva nucubiZis azriT, aq naTqvamia: `Tu sityvis gagrZeleba usiamovnebas ar
gamoiwvevda“ (ioane petriwi 1937: CII), k. kekeliZec aseve miuTiTebs: `sityvis
gagrZelebis rom ar meridebodes“ (kekeliZe 1960: 300).
maSasadame, orive avtori cxadyofs, rom ioane petriwi garkveul uxer-
xulobas gulisxmobs, rac pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT sityvis gavrcobas ar
niSnavs, aramed akrZalul Temaze Riad msjelobas. cxadia, ioane petriwis
survili, fs. dionise areopagelis Teoriis Sesaxeb mxolod qaragmulad
emsjela da neoplatonizmi prokles komentirebiT warmoeCina, imiTac aix-
sneba, rom aleqsi komnenosma bizantiaSi warmarTuli filosofia akrZala
(ioane petriwi 1937: LXIX), rom araferi vTqvaT ioane italis gasamarTlebaze.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, ioane petriwis saTqmeli, saboloo jamSi,
aseTia: es Tema (fs. dionise areopagelis Teoriis filosofiuri mxare)
akrZaluli rom ar iyos da am mxriv saTqmelis gavrcoba uxerxulobas rom
ar miqmnides, giCvenebdiT Tqveni avtoritetebis – igulisxmeba aristote-
le, romelic platonis Teoriis alternatiul Teorias qmnida da romlis
sanaxevrod Sesrulebuli saqme neoplatonizmma daasrula – Zlevaso. pla-
toni da aristotele mxolod neoplatonizmma daZlia. neoplatonizmis
korife ki fs. dionise areopageli gaxldaT. didi albaTobiT, XI saukuneSi
jer kidev cocxali unda yofiliyo garkveuli cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, rom
dionise areopagelis fsevdonimiT gavrcelebuli teqstebi qarTvel uf-
liswuls, murvanoss, imave petre iberiels, maiumiels ekuTvnoda, rac si-
amayis sagani gamxdara araerTi qarTveli moazrovnisaTvis, romelTa Soris
ioane petriwTan erTad gansakuTrebuli adgili SoTa rusTavels ukavia.
zemoaRniSnuli SeniSvnebisa da Salva nucubiZis Teoriis garkveuli xar-
vezebis gamokveTis miuxedavad, korneli kekeliZe, faqtobrivad, iziarebs
Salva nucubiZis pozicias, Tu ra gaxda qarTuli filosofiuri skolis
damoukideblad ganviTarebisa da, maSasadame, qarTuli aRorZinebis, k. ke-
keliZis terminebiT, qarTuli klasikuri periodis esTetikuri modelis
Seqmnis sibrZnismetyvelebiTi, filosofiuri safuZveli. kerZod, qarTul-
ma filosofiurma skolam SeZlo im amocanis Sesruleba, rac gadaulaxavi
winaaRmdegoba aRmoCnda bizantiuri filosofiisTvis. k. kekeliZe wers: `Sem-
degi drois bizantiuri azrovneba, gansakuTrebiT renesansis damdegamde,
platonsa da aristotelesTan uSualod ki ar midis, aramed dasaxelebul
171
saeklesio moazrovneTa meSveobiT (dasaxelebul saeklesio moazrovne-
ebSi k. kekeliZe mis mier CamoTvlil avtorebs, maT Soris fs. dionise areo-
pagels gulisxmobs, rac imas niSnavs, rom ioane petriwis neoplatonikuri
komentarebi fs. dionise areopagels avtomaturad gulisxmobs – T. b.), ma-
Ti gamoyenebis SedegebiT sargeblobs. meTerTmete saukuneSi orma did-
ma moazrovnem, miqael fselosma da ioane italma, moindoma eklesiuri av-
toritetebis gverdis avliT (igulisxmeba fs. dionise areopageli, romel-
sac k. kekeliZe neoplatonizmis dargSi umTavres saeklesio avtoritets
uwodebs – T. b.) platon-aristotelesTan uSualod misvla, maTi naazrevis
TanxmobaSi moyvana da qristianobis miznebisTvis sakuTari meTodiT ga-
moyeneba; magram maT es ver SeZles (swored es SeZlo ioane petriwma, rad-
gan, ioane italisa da miqael fselosisgan gansxvavebiT, platonisa da
aristoteles morigebis procesSi saeklesio avtoritets – fs. dionise
areopagels daeyrdno – T. b.), jerovani zomiereba ver gamoiCines, miRebul
farglebs gadascdnen da Tavisi wamowyebis msxverpli gaxdnen, gansakuTre-
biT ioane itali“ (kekeliZe 1960: 294, 295).
periodizaciisa da termin `qarTuli renesansis“ arsebiTi sakiTxebis
Sesaxeb msjelobis dros sasurvelia ganvixiloT e. xinTibiZisa da m. karbe-
laSvilis Sesatyvisi Teoriebi.
e. xinTibiZe XI-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli literaturis saxeldebis
TvalsazrisiT ufro marTebulad miiCnevs termin protorenesansis, aseve
winare aRorZinebis gamoyenebas, rac, Cemi azriT, sakmaod axlos dgas
samecniero sizustesTan, radgan renesansi, rogorc kulturis konkretuli
periodi, mainc SedarebiT gviandeli movlenaa. e. xinTibiZe qarTuli
kulturis konkretuli periodis termin `renesansiT“ saxeldebas dauS-
veblad ar miiCnevs, Tumca sabolood is pozicias mainc arbilebs, ar izi-
arebs Salva nucubiZis samecniero radikalizms da gvTavazobs met-nakle-
bad zomier terminebs: `renesansuli elementebi“, `renesansuli impulsebi“
(xinTibiZe 1993: 217, 218).
e. xinTibiZe iziarebs Salva nucubiZisa da korneli kekeliZis pozicias,
romlis mixedviTac, bizantiuri renesansi XII saukunidan eklesiis mkacri
poziciis gamo wyvets ganviTarebas, xolo mis memkvidred qarTuli kul-
tura gvevlineba, rac qarTuli winare aRorZinebis, protorenesansis, k. ke-
keliZis terminebiT, klasikuri periodis safuZveli gaxda (xinTibiZe 1993:
211, 212).
e. xinTibiZis pozicias iziarebs m. karbelaSvili. aRmosavleTisadmi
rusTavelis epoqisa da Tavad rusTavelis met-naklebad mikuTvnebulobas
elguja xinTibiZis msgavsad isic sakmaod skeptikurad uyurebs. gansakuT-
rebuli simZafriT is niko mars akritikebs. m. karbelaSvilis azriT,
rusTaveli da mTeli misi epoqa dasavluri, evropuli kulturis wamyva-
ni tendenciebiT ikvebeba da aRmosavleTTan arsebiTi kavSiri ar aqvs
172
(karbelaSvili 2013; karbelaSvili 2015). karbelaSvilis pozicia niko ma-
ris radikalistur rusTvelologiur TeoriasTan dakavSirebiT sruliad
gasagebia, Tumca rusTaveli, romelic viss, ramins, rostoms, leils, majnuns
da aRmosavluri eposis personaJebs aluzorulad, mkafio literaturuli
paralelizmebis saxiT konkretul simboloebad warmoaCens (yaisi, igive
majnuni xelqmnili mijnuris simbolo, visi da ramini aseve Smagi, xelqmnili
mijnurebis simboloebi arian), SeuZlebelia ar yofiliyo aRmosavluri
kulturis bunebrivi memkvidre.
statiis dasasruls sakiTxis amomwuravad ganxilvis mizniT warmovad-
gen Salva nucubiZis Teorias aRmosavluri renesansis qarTul sivrcesa da
realobaSi ganviTarebis, misi arsebiTi tendenciebis qarTulad asaxvisa da
saqarTveloSi damkvidrebis Sesaxeb.
Salva nucubiZis arsebiT mizans warmoadgens, daasabuTos, rom renesan-
sis, rogorc amgvari esTetikuri modelis ideologiuri, konceptualu-
ri safuZveli saRvTismetyvelo-filosofiur wreebSi, saRvTismetyvelo-
anTropologiur skolebSi Caisaxa neoplatonizmis saxiT. azris amgvari
ganviTareba eWvs ar iwvevs. sakamaToa is, rom Salva nucubiZe renesanss
warmoaCens, rogorc saeklesio eressa da warmarTobasTan aucileblobiT
dakavSirebul kulturul, literaturul, saRvTismetyvelo-filosofiur,
eTikur da esTetikur movlenas. Salva nucubiZem aRmosavluri renesansis
Teoria, erTi mxriv, saeklesio eresisa da antikuri warmarTobis apolo-
giis, meore mxriv, qristianobaSi faruli konfesiis saxiT SemoWrili war-
marTobis safuZvelze ganaviTara.
Salva nucubiZe iyenebs termin èress“ (nucubiZe 1976: 111, 112), aseve
terminebs `qarTuli warmarToba“ (ioane petriwi 1937: CIII) da, rac yvelaze
mTavaria, orive termins – èresi“ da `qarTuli warmarToba“ konkretul Te-
oretikosebTan akavSirebs, kerZod, misi Teoriis fundamenturi mniSvnelo-
bis termini èresi“ Salva nucubiZem fs. dionise areopagels, imave petre
iberiels daukavSira, xolo meore Zireuli mniSvnelobis termini `qarTu-
li warmarToba“ – ioane petriws: `rodesac petriwi mimarTavs platonis,
proklesa da pavle mociqulis SeTanxmebas, is am wamowyebasac qarTuli war-
marTobis niadagze amTavrebs“ (ioane petriwi 1937: CIII). aqve aRsaniSnavia,
rom Salva nucubiZe areopagitikas eretikul moZRvrebas uwodebs eklesiis
istoriis safuZvelze, romlis mixedviTac, araerTi RvTismetyveli, vinc
areopagitika gamoiyena, Targmna da a.S. devnas daeqvemdebara. aseTebi iyvnen
maqsime aRmsarebeli, ioane skot eriugena da efrem mcire. amiT aixsneba
isic, rom ioane petriwis `komentarebSi“ areopageli qveteqsturad aris
mocemuli, magram mTeli neoplatonizmi Riad da aSkarad mxolod prokles
`kavSirnis“ formiTaa warmoCenili.
ioane petriwi rom areopagelis memkvidrea (S. nucubiZe `komentarebs“
originalur filosofiur nawarmoebs uwodebs – ioane petriwi 1937: XCIX)
173
da amiT qarTuli filosofiis originaluri da damoukidebeli safuZvle-
bi ikveTeba, amis Sesaxeb Salva nucubiZe ioane petriwis Sromebis 1937 w-is
gamocemis winasityvaobaSi msjelobs: àq Tavdeba ioane petriwis mier qar-
Tuli filosofiuri skolis safuZveldebis saqme. mTavari man gaakeTa:
qarTuli saazrovno tradiciebis niadagze da berZnuli filosofiis mi-
yoliT man SesZlo qarTuli azrovnebisTvis sakuTari adgilis monaxva.
msoflio-istoriuli TvalsazrisiT ki man SesaZlebeli gaxada saqarTvelos
xelsayreli ekonomiuri da politikuri pirobebis gamoyeneba bizantiuri
renesansis saqarTveloSi gagrZelebisTvis. warmarTulma filosofiam igi
warmarTobas dauaxlova da qristianobis warmarTul enaze gadmoTargmnis
cda gaabedvina“ (ioane petriwi 1937: CV).
amasTanave, aRniSnul sakiTxze Salva nucubiZis Teoriis mkvlevrebic
msjeloben, maT Soris boris uridia, romelic aRniSnavs: `petriwis moRvawe-
obis arsi mdgomareobda areopagituli neoplatonizmis aRorZinebaSi...
aseT SemTxvevaSi qarTuli neoplatonizmi moipovebs Tavis srul istori-
ul-filosofiur Sinaarss. amiT ki qarTuli renesansis ideologis petriwis
Sromas namdvili istoriuli gaSuqeba eZleva meTormete saukuneSi, rogorc
mexuTe saukunis areopagituli, anu qarTuli, neoplatonizmis aRorZinebas.
qarTveli filosofosi ioane petriwi aRmosavluri renesansis erT-erTi
udidesi moazrovnea“ (uridia 1988: 326).
rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, araerTi mecnieris, maT Soris korneli kekeli-
Zis ukmayofilebas iwvevs is, rom axali epoqis esTetikuri modelis for-
mireba Salva nucubiZem aucileblobiT daukavSira saeklesio eress, war-
marTobas da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, termini `saero“, rogorc renesansuli
literaturisa da kulturis SuasaukuneobrivTan dapirispirebis arsebiTi
elementi, zemodasaxelebuli terminebis: `saeklesio eresisa“ da `qarTuli
warmarTobis“ Serwymis Sedegad warmoaCina. ase axsna man qarTuli saero
literaturis, qarTuli saero filosofiuri azrovnebis (ioane petriwi
1937: C-CV) warmoSobis procesi. swored am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aRniS-
nuli gamocemis winasityvaobis me-9 TavSi Salva nucubiZe wers: `Tu ioane
italis Semdeg bizantiis filosofia nikoloz meTonelis saxiT gamodis
`prokles kavSirTa TeologiurTa“ darRveviT da aqedan naTelia, igi Zvel
saqristiano damcvelobiT mwerlobas daubrunda da maSasadame azrovnebis
unari dahkarga, – saqarTveloSi aRorZineba iSviaTi siZlieriT midis win
da saero azrovneba saero literaturasa qmnis (xazgasma Cemia – T. b.) Tavisi
filosofiuri soflmxedvelobrivi uSualo gavleniT“ (ioane petriwi 1937:
XCII).
amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom gaumarTlebelia Salva nucubiZis er-
Tgvari tendenciuroba, rom saero maincdamainc eretikulsa da warmar-
Tuls daukavSiros. arc areopagitika da arc ioane petriwis saRvTismety-
velo-filosofiuri Teoria ar aris eretikuli. aq sruliad gansxvavebul
174
movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme, rac Salva nucubiZem yuradRebis miRma datova
da rac sakmaod safuZvlianad aqvs ganxiluli qeTevan bezaraSvils Tavis
monografiaSi ZvelberZnuli ritorikisa da qristianuli ritorikis Ser-
wymis Sesaxeb. Salva nucubiZem yuradRebis miRma datova is, rac renesansis
Teoretikosebma, neoplatonikosebma, alegoriuli poeziisa da sibrZnis-
metyvelebis adeptebma qristianobisgan SeiTvises. es aris `mifarulebisa
da lakonurobis“ umniSvnelovanesi esTetikuri elementi (bezaraSvili 2004:
260-267).
Salva nucubiZe aRniSnavs, rom ioane petriwi warmarTulma filosofiam
warmarTobas dauaxlova da `qristeanobis warmarTul enaze gadaTargmnis
cda gaabedvina“ (ioane petriwi 1937: CV). Sesabamisad, Salva nucubiZe Se-
saniSnavad xedavs, rom ioane petriwma warmarTuli RmerTebi ki ar aRiara,
aramed `mifarulebisa da lakonurobis“ esTetikuri principiT dogmati-
kuri RvTismetyveleba da saeklesio sibrZne warmarTuli filosofiis,
miTologiisa da religiis Sesatyvisi terminebiT, ekvivalenturi erTe-
ulebiT gadmosca, ganmarta, rac alegoriuli meTodis arsebiT maxasiaTe-
bels warmoadgens. alegoriuli meTodi renesansul kulturaSi Suasauku-
neobrivisa da antikuris harmoniulad Serwymis erT-erTi TvalsaCino ma-
galiTia. amis Sesaxeb vrclad msjelobs zviad gamsaxurdia, rodesac gela-
Tis akademiaSi alegoriuli meTodis damkvidrebis sakiTxs swored ioane
petriwis teqstebis magaliTze ganixilavs (gamsaxurdia 1991: 225-235).
Sesabamisad, Salva nucubiZis Teoria aRmosavluri renesansis Sesaxeb,
zemoaRniSnuli cdomilebebis miuxedavad, sakmaod mniSvnelovan da, Tama-
mad SeiZleba iTqvas, samecniero wreebSi damkvidrebul fundamentur kon-
cefcias warmoadgens. renesansi warmarTuli filosofiis, fSvinvieris,
xorcielis, antikuri esTetikuri standartebis aRdgeniTa da gaideale-
biT marTlac warmoadgenda, Tu aSkara ara, farul eretikul moZraobas,
Tumca saqarTveloSi es tendencia eklesiis kanons ar gascdenia. iqneb
es gaxda mizezi imisa, rom, rogorc i. kenWoSvili aRniSnavs, qarTuli re-
nesansi erTgvarad gaWianurda, droSi gaiwela (kenWoSvili 2000: 3-11) da,
qronologiuri CarCoebis mixedviT, dasavluri, evropuli renesansis para-
lelurad ar ganviTarebula.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, winamdebare statiaSi warmodgenili msje-
lobis gaTvaliswinebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom ara aqvs arsebiTi mniSvneloba
XI-XIII da XIV-XVIII saukuneebSi qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebis process
qarTul humanizms, anTropocentristul aRorZinebas vuwodebT Tu ara.
nebismieri amgvari terminis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi saubaria qarTuli
kulturis aRorZinebis Sesaxeb, romelic Tavisi formebiT, esTetikuri
modeliT, msoflmxedvelobrivi konteqstiT, ideologiur-esTetikuri da
qronologiuri CarCoebiT axlos dgas rogorc aRmosavlur, ise dasavlur
renesansTan.
175
damowmebani:
baramiZe 2005: baramiZe, r. `daviTianSi“ ganfenili zogierTi problema. Tbilisi:

mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 2005.
bezaraSvili 2004: bezaraSvili, q. ritorikisa da Targmnis Teoria da praqtika grigol
RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa qarTuli Targmanebis mixedviT. Tbilisi: `mecniereba“, 2004.
gamsaxurdia 1991: gamsaxurdia, z. vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba. Tbilisi: `mecniereba“,
1991.
gafrindaSvili 1971: gafrindaSvili, m. `qarTuli ganmanaTlebluri azrovnebis zogierTi
sakiTxi simon xundaZis SromebSi~. wg-Si: saqarTvelos axali istoriis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi:
`mecniereba“, 1971.
ioane petriwi 1937: ioane petriwi. Sromebi. II. gamosacemad moamzades S. nucubiZem da s.
yauxCiSvilma. Tbilisi: 1937.
karbelaSvili 2013: karbelaSvili, m. `vefxistyaosnis siuJetis problema geopolitikis
konteqstSi. saqarTvelo – evropa Tu azia?~ literaturuli Ziebani, XXXIV Tbilisi: 2013.
karbelaSvili 2015: karbelaSvili, m. `rusTveliseuli àTenisa“ da `kaci vargis“ seman-
tikisaTvis~. literaturuli Ziebani, XXXVI.Tbilisi: 2015.
kekeliZe 1960: kekeliZe, k. qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. I. Tbilisi: `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo“, 1960.
kekeliZe 1981: kekeliZe, k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. II. Tbilisi:
`mecniereba“, 1981.
kenWoSvili 2000: kenWoSvili, i. kritikuli Ziebani. Tbilisi: 2000.
naWyebia 2009: naWyebia, m. qarTuli barokos sakiTxebi. Tbilisi: 2009.
nucubiZe 1976: nucubiZe, S. rusTveli da aRmosavluri renesansi. Tbilisi: 1976.
uridia 1988: uridia, b. Salva nucubiZe. Tbilisi: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, 1988.
qarTuli mwerloba 1987: qarTuli mwerloba. t. I. Tbilisi: `nakaduli“, 1987.
xinTibiZe 1993: xinTibiZe, e. Suasaukuneobrivi da renesansuli `vefxistyaosanSi“.
Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1993.
176
Tinatin Biganishvili
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
Georgian Renaissance and Periods of Old Georgian Literature
Summary
Key words: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance, Neoplatonism, Old Georgian literature, Original
Georgian philosophy.
The problem of Georgian Renaissance and periods of old Georgian literature is researched by
Georgian scientists through the years. According to their conceptions, old Georgian literature is
divided into periods which are parallel periods of West-European literature from the Middle
Ages to the Renaissance.
Oriental and Western cultural and world-view trends found reflection in old Georgian literature
on national ground: Classical Greek, particularly Neoplatonic and Aristotelian, philosophical
elements, popular in 12th-13th centuries intellectual circles were introduced into the Christian
religious ideology.
According to Georgian scientists (Korneli Kekelidze, Shalva Nutsubidze, I. Kenchoshvili, E.
Khintibidze, M. Karbelashvili and others) conceptions, in the process of European civilization
Georgian Late Middle Ages (10th-13th centuries) mark a transitional period from the Middle
Ages to the Renaissance.
The basis of Georgian Renaissance is original Georgian philosophy. The originality of
Georgian philosophy is researched by Sh. Nutsubidze. According to his conception, original
Georgian philosophy was developed through the centuries. Mainly three teachings went into
the making of originality of Georgian philosophy: a/ higly developed theology; b/ Platonic and
Neoplatonic philosophy which Georgian philosophers approache principally through the Pseudo-
Dionysius the Areopagite, Vc. Neoplatonist; c/ Aristotle’s philosophy.
The typical and pivotal elements of Late Medieval, i.e. early Renaissance world outlook
found reflection in Georgian thinkers works. Of these elements essential, on the one hand, is the
retention of the medieval ideal, and on the other, its synthesis with those new tendencies which
in the future – in the Age of Renaissance features, i.e. a harmony at whose level the contradiction
between the above two elements, which came to the fore in the future, is not noticeable. From
this point of view in Western Europe Dante Alighieri’s work comes closest to that of Rustaveli.
This typological relation of Rustaveli’s outlook to that of Dante’s work is determined not by the
individual artistic specificities of these great poets and thinkers, but by the processes of social,
political and cultural development of the age, and by the similarity of Christian thinking in
Georgia and Western Europe in the Late Middle Ages.
That’s why the main tendencies of the antiquity and Middle Ages are the basic key to the
Renaissance as well as the Georgian antiquity and Georgian Middle Ages are the basic key to the
Georgian Renaissance which involves main categories of the European Renaissance, as well as
the East Renaissance.
177
giorgi maWaraSvili
winamodernuli qarTuli kultura –

miraJi Tu sinamdvile*
Sesavali
postsabWoTa periodis qarTvelologiaSi namdvili gamowveva aRmoCnda

qarTveli eris winamodernuli droiT daTariReba. sabWoTa kavSirSi, sadac
marqsistuli sociologia, ufro sworad, misi sabWouri varianti, yve-
lasTvis savaldebulo orTodoqsia iyo, erebis daTariReba ZiriTadad
sazogadoebis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mixedviT xdeboda. sabWoTa kavSi-
ris dangrevis Semdeg Cvens mecnierebs Tanamedrove dasavluri Teoriebis
gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba miecaT. marqsistuli sociologiisgan gansxva-
vebiT, am Teoriebis mixedviT, eris ganmsazRvrel umTavres pirobad ara
ekonomikuri formacia, aramed kultura miiCneva, rac savsebiT marTebulia.
erebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli umTavresi kriteriumi aris saerTo-sajaro
kultura. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tuki kulturis monapovari mxolod
elitis viwro wres ekuTvnis, Tuki igi miuwvdomelia qveynis mosaxleobis
udidesi umravlesobisTvis, es imas niSnavs, rom koleqtiuri-kulturuli
identoba ar arsebobs, ar arsebobs eri. amrigad, dasabuTeba imisa, rom
winamodernul istoriul epoqebSic arsebobda qarTuli kulturis sa-
erTo-sajaro formebi, qarTuli identobisa da kulturis istoriis sak-
vanZo sakiTxs warmoadgens. amis dasabuTeba unda moxdes Tanamedrove da-
savluri Teoriebis mixedviT, rasac miznad isaxavs winamdebare naSromi.
koleqtiuri kultura rTuli da mravalwaxnagovania, misi kvleva uamravi
mniSvnelovani sakiTxis detalur damuSavebas moiTxovs, rac erT statiaSi
SeuZlebelia. amjerad yuradRebas SevaCerebT Zveli qarTuli mwerlobisa
da zepirsityvierebis urTierTmimarTebaze. vidre ZiriTad sakiTxze gada-
valT, jer mokled gadmovcemT erebisa da nacionalizmis Tanamedrove
Teoriebis midgomebs.
modernizmi da eTnosimbolizmi
erebs adamis msgavsad Wipebi ar sWirdebodaT, isini arsaidan daibadnen

axal droSi da maT kulturuli wanamZRvrebi ar gaaCniaT (ernst gelneri);
Cven gveCveneba, TiTqos winamodernul istoriul epoqebSic arsebobda
erovnuli erTobebi, sinamdvileSi, rasac Cveni drois gadasaxedidan vxe-
* naSromi momzadebulia saqarTvelos folkloris saxelmwifo centris sakonkurso

proeqtis „Seni folkloruli idea“ farglebSi.
178
davT, es mxolod miraJebia (uiliam makneili); erebi warmosaxviTi sazo-
gadoebebia (benediqt andersoni), maT istoriuli warsuli ar gaaCniaT (erik
hobsbaumi)*... Tanamedrove qarTul socialur istoriaSi aqtiurad xdeba
msgavsi modernistuli midgomebis danergva.
ZiriTadi Tezisi, rasac aRniSnuli Sexedulebebi emyareba, aris Semdegi
– sajaro kulturis gareSe erebi gamoricxulia, xolo sajaro kultura
mxolod axal droSia SesaZlebeli, beWduri kapitalizmis, wera-kiTxvis
codnis sayovelTaod gavrcelebisa da sazogadoebis demokratizaciis
pirobebSi. am Sexedulebebis mixedviT, qarTveli erisa da qarTuli naci-
onalizmis sakiTxebis kvleviT dakavebuli Cveni Tanamedrove avtorebis
mniSvnelovani nawili miiCnevs, rom qarTveli eris Camoyalibeba XIX saukunidan
iwyeba.
gigi TevzaZe: „me vfiqrob, rom am identobis gaCenis dasawyisi istori-
ul rukaze unda movxazoT mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi – pirveli
qarTuli gazeTebis gamocemis periodSi... qarTveli eri daibada da aRizar-
da wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebaSi“ (TevzaZe 2009: 20-21).
emzar jgerenaia da gia nodia: „saqarTvelo erT-erTia mraval dagvianebul
erTagan“**; „...qarTuli erovnuli ideis ageba me-19 saukunis ruseTis impe-
riis konteqstSi xdeboda“ (nodia 2009: 119, 124, 125). giga zedania: „qarTuli
nacionalizmi ruseTis imperiaSi daibada da sabWoTa kavSirSi gaRvivda“
(zedania 2010). zaza SaTiriSvili: „nacionaluri kultura saqarTveloSi
„Tergdaleulebidan“ iwyeba“ (SaTiriSvili 2005: 192). zurab daviTaSvili:
qarTuli nacionalizmis istoria me-19 saukunis 60-70-iani wlebidan iwyeba
da, upirveles yovlisa, ilia WavWavaZis da sxva Tergdaleulebis saxelTanaa
dakavSirebuli (daviTaSvili 2003: 388). irakli CxaiZe: „Cveni azriT, qarTul
nacionalizms safuZveli XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan eyreba“ (CxaiZe 2009:
115, 116).
modernistebis qronologias eTanxmebian qarTveli eTnosimbolistebi.
mariam CxartiSvili, qeTevan mania, sofio qadagiSvili acxadeben, rom
„qarTveli eris „dagvianebul erad“ saxeldeba sruliad logikuria“ (Cxar-
tiSvili ... 2011b: 260); „qarTuli nacionalizmi ibadeba mecxramete sa-
ukunis dasawyisSi, xolo misi Canasaxovani ganviTareba ukve meTvramete
saukuneSi aris savaraudebeli“ (CxartiSvili ... 2011a: 538). maT miaCniaT,
rom Sua saukuneebSi arsebul qarTvelTa erTobas mxolod pirobiTad Se-
iZleba vuwodoT eri: „...premodernul erebze saubari mxolod pirobiTad
SeiZleba“ (CxartiSvili 2013: 478). isini uaryofen winamodernul istoriul
epoqebSi saerTo-sajaro kulturebis arsebobas: „...socialurad homogenuri
sazogadoeba, romelic sajaro kulturis aucilebeli winapirobaa, arsebi-
* hegelis azri uistorio erebis Sesaxeb erik hobsbaumma gaimeora.
** eris dagvianebuloba / dagvianebuli modernizacia nacizmis gamomwvev winapiroba-
dac ganixileba (nodia 2009: 135, Sen. 9).
179
Tad modernuli epoqisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli“ (CxartiSvili 2009a: 27-
28); „namdvili sajaro kulturis tipi mxolod am epoqaSi Cndeba“ (CxartiS-
vili 2006a: 205-206); „naciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kulturis gansakuT-
rebuli tipi – sajaro kultura anu kultura, romlis umaRlesi gamov-
linebani Tanabrad xelmisawvdomia mocemuli erTobis yvela wevrisaTvis.
aseTi ram SesaZlebelia mxolod demokratiul sazogadoebebSi, sadac yvela
moqalaqe Tanabaria kanonis winaSe. aqedan gamomdinare, nacia Tavisi arsiT
modernuli fenomenia anu axali drois movlenaa“ (CxartiSvili 2006b: 34-49).
amrigad, rogorc davinaxeT, erisa da nacionalizmis qronologiis gan-
sazRvraSi Cveni modernistebi da eTnosimbolistebi erT poziciaze ari-
an. iZleva Tu ara Tanamedrove dasavluri Teoriebi qarTuli erovnuli
kulturis gansxvavebulad daTariRebis SesaZleblobas?
ernst gelnerma SemdgomSi Seicvala Sexeduleba. man aRiara, rom zogierT
ers namdvilad aqvs Tavisi „avTenturi Wipi“ e. i. istoriuli fesvebi / kul-
turuli warsuli (makkrouni 2002: 15; holi 1998: 72). modernistebis nawili
Zvelad arsebuli nacionalizmis preludiebisa da protoerebis Sesaxebac
wers, oRond am gamonaTqvamebs mxolod pirobiTi mniSvnelobiT iyenebs1. rac
Seexeba istoriul eTnosimbolizms, igi aRiarebs winamodernul istoriul
epoqebSi rogorc nacionalizmis, ise eris arsebobis SesaZleblobas*. amis
gamo, modernistebi eTnosimbolistebs perenializmsa da primordializmSi
„adanaSauleben“**. eTnosimbolistebi da neoperenialistebi ki, Tavis mxriv,
modernistebs istoriografiuli sqizmis Semotanasa da qronologiur So-
vinizmSi sdeben brals.
am dapirispirebaSi, rac ar unda ucnauri iyos, qarTveli eTnosimbolis-
tebi modernistebis mxares dganan. maT miaCniaT, rom winamodernuli erebi
mxolod pirobiTia. metic, isini am azrs miaweren istoriuli eTnosimboliz-
mis Teoriis fuZemdebelsa da yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenels entoni
deivid smiTs***, rac faqtobrivad am Teoriis gayalbebas warmoadgens. amitom,
maT fsevdoeTnosimbolistebad miviCnevT. isini sinamdvileSi hobsbaumis,
breuilis, kitromilidisis... msgavsi modernistebi arian2. zog SemTxvevaSi ki
ufro radikalur pozicias ikaveben, paul jeimsis msgavsad fiqroben, rom
eri ver Sedgeba demokratizaciisa da Tavisufali sazogadoebis ararse-
bobis pirobebSi, amitom qarTveli eris arsebobas me-20 saukuneSic gamo-
ricxaven: „sabWoTa imperiaSi faqtobrivad arsebobda qarTuli eTnie da ara
qarTveli eri...“ (CxartiSvili 2009a: 38).
* ix. jon haTCinsonis, jon stounis, monserat gibernaus... recenziebi e.d. smiTis naS-
romze „The Cultural Foundations of Nations“ (smiTi 2008: v-vi).
** zogierTi modernisti perenializmsa da primordializms Soris tolobis niSans
svams, rac arasworia.
*** „e. smiTi garkveuli pirobiTobiT saubrobs premodernul naciebzec“ (CxartiSvili
2009a: 28).
180
zemoT SeZlebisdagvarad mokled gadmoveciT Cveni Tanamedrove av-
torebis pozicia. qarTvel ersa da qarTul nacionalizms isini axali dro-
iT aTariReben, radgan winamodernul istoriul epoqebSi sajaro kulturis
arsebobas gamoricxaven. amrigad, ikveTeba qarTuli kulturisa da idento-
bis istoriis sakvanZo sakiTxi – SesaZlebelia Tu ara Sua saukuneebSi sa-
jaro kulturis arseboba. vfiqrobT, amis dasabuTeba Zveli qarTuli
mwerlobisa da zepirsityvierebis SedarebiTi kvleviT aris SesaZlebeli.
vidre uSualod qarTul mwerlobasa da xalxur sityvierebaze daviwyebT
msjelobas, jer Zalian mokled warmovadgenT zemoxsenebuli modernis-
tuli midgomebis kritikas.
modernisti avtorebi fiqroben, rom demokratias erebisTvis sasicocx-
lo mniSvneloba aqvs, rom totalitarizmis pirobebSi erovnuli identobe-
bi ver iarsebebs. istoria amis sapirispiros gvaswavlis – erovnuli iden-
tobis SenarCuneba getoebSic, holokostebSic, sakoncentracio banakebSic,
babilonis tyveobaSic aris SesaZlebeli. isini miiCneven, rom Tavisufali
garemos gareSe saerTo-sajaro kultura gamoricxulia. unda vaRiaroT,
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva marTlac mniSvnelovani gamowvevaa,
TumcaRa arnold toinbis Teoria ufro sarwmunod migvaCnia – sinamdvileSi
kulturebi iwrTobian gamowvevebis pirispir. xolo, Tuki gamowvevebi ar
aris, kulturebi kvdebian. modernistebis Tanaxmad, Zvelad erovnuli iden-
tobebi Tundac imitom ver Camoyalibdeboda, rom sayovelTao ganaTlebis
sistema ar arsebobda. dResdReobiT ra viTareba gvaqvs? 2012-Si britanul-
ma mediam gamoaqveyna kvlevis Sedegebi - samidan erTma ingliselma mozardma
ar icis, vin iyo uiliam Seqspiri. gasul wels aRniSnuli kvleva ganmeorebiT
Catarda. Sedegebma aCvena, rom eqvsi wlis manZilze viTareba odnavadac
ar Secvlila ukeTesobisken (eqspresi 2012; hardingi 2018). da es sadme
mesame samyaros qveynebSi ki ar xdeba, aramed msoflioSi erT-erTi mowinave
ganaTlebis sistemis mqone saxelmwifoSi. ra aris es? stiqiuri movlena,
raRac sibnelis gamoRviZeba (Sdr. ak. baqraZe), romlis gakontrolebac
mmarTvel elitebs ar SeuZliaT, Tu, piriqiT, es aris logikuri Sedegi de-
nacionalizaciisken mimarTuli politikisa, rasac mmarTveli elitebi
axorcieleben?* modernistebi aseve acxadeben, rom winaindustriul sa-
zogadoebaSi eri ver Sedgeboda imis gamoc, rom mosaxleobis 95%-s ub-
ralod ar ecala erovnul idealebze fiqrisTvis, isini yoveldRiuri sar-
Co-sabadeblis SovniT iyvnen dakavebuli. dRes Cveni mosaxleobis ramdeni
procentia bankebis valebisgan Tavisufali? ramdens ara aqvs stabiluri
samsaxurisa da Semosavlis problema?
Tanamedrove saqarTvelo ganviTarebis doniT mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba
dasavleTevropul qveynebs (ganaTlebis sistema, media, demokratizacia,
ekonomika...). amitom, dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, SesaZloa, Segveqmnas imis
* ufro vrclad am sakiTxebs ganvixilavT wignSi „erebis gardacvaleba“.
181
iluzia, TiTqos adrec aseTi viTareba gvqonda. sinamdvileSi me-19 saukune-
Si, an, Tundac, me-20 saukunis 10-ian wlebSi, CamorCena ufro naklebi iyo.
moviyvan or magaliTs: qalebma saarCevno xmis ufleba did britaneTsa da
saqarTveloSi erTdroulad, 1918-Si miiRes. xolo sayovelTao ufaso
dawyebiTi ganaTlebis sistemis Seqmna inglisSi mxolod me-19 saukunis me-2
naxevridan daiwyo, swored maSin, roca CvenTan „qarTvelTa Soris wera-
kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba“ Seiqmna. es faqtebi mowmobs, rom Ca-
morCena gvaqvs ara imdenad droSi, ramdenadac ganviTarebis tempSi, rom
me-19 saukuneSi qarTvelTa erTobis CamorCena dasavleTevropelebTan
Se-darebiT ufro naklebi iyo, vidre dRes aris. da Tu istorias gadavav-
lebT Tvals, davinaxavT, rom iyo dro, roca qarTvelTa erToba araTu
ar Camouvardeboda dasavleTevropelebs, aramed zogierTi mTavari kri-
teriumiT maTze winac idga.
erebisa da nacionalizmis modernistuli TeoriebisTvis damaxasiaTebe-
lia evrocentrizmi. mizezi gasagebia – bolo ramdenime saukunea evropa
bevr mniSvnelovan sferoSi dominantur mdgomareobas inarCunebs. Sedegad
modernistebs gauCndaT gancda, rom pirveli erebi dasavleT evropaSi war-
moiSva da erovnuli idealebi evropidan gavrcelda danarCen msoflioSi.
qronologiuri modernizmi TviT am faqtis gamo aris evrocentristuli
(smiTi 1998/2003: 17). mis SesaniSnav alternativas warmoadgens „globaluri
istoria“, romelic sul ufro metad popularuli xdeba. istoriis es Ta-
namedrove mimarTuleba Tavisufalia evrcentrizmisgan, igi kacobriobis
ganviTarebaSi msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxis mosaxleobis mier Setanili
wvlilis saTanadod warmoCenas isaxavs miznad. ra monapovari aqvs Sua sa-
ukuneebis qarTvelTa erTobas? SesaZlebelia Tu ara qarTuli kulturisa
da identobis istoriaze msjelobisas gadavlaxoT modernistuli da
evrocentristuli qronologiuri barierebi?
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba da zepirsityviereba
Sua saukuneebSi Cven gvaqvs mdidari sasuliero mwerloba, gvaqvs origi-

naluri hagiografia, himnografia, homiletika..., gvaqvs marTlac SesaniSna-
vi Targmanebi, gvaqvs „qarTlis cxovreba“, „vefxistyaosani“... magram rogor
SegviZlia davasabuToT, rom is idealebi da Rirebulebebi, romlebic am
TxzulebebSia gadmocemuli, mxolod feodalur elitas ar ekuTvnoda, rom
Sua saukuneebis mwerlobaSi amotrialebuli saxiT / Tavdayira ar aris war-
modgenili Cveni qveynis socialuri sinamdvile3, rom „wvrili erisTvisac“
faseuli iyo es memkvidreoba, rom am TxzulebebSi qarTvelTa erovnuli
kulturis miraJi ki ara, sinamdvile Cans?
„Cveni „qarTlis cxovreba“ xalxis istoria ki ar aris, mefeTa istoriaa, da
xalxi ki, rogorc momqmedi piri istoriisa, CrdilSia miyenebuli“ (WavWavaZe
182
1977: 323-326). swored am CrdilSi moqceul istoriis Semoqmed xalxs miuZR-
vna guram rCeuliSvilma novela „usaxelo ufliscixeli“: „qalaqis istori-
aSi davborialob. ramdenime mTavris Tu mefis saxeli da, morCa. „sainteresoa,
ratom ar SemorCa vinme gmiris saxeli, glexi gmiris“, - vfiqrob“ (rCeuliSvi-
li 1957: 146-149). am danaklisis anazRaureba qarTuli zepirsityvierebiT
aris SesaZlebeli.
Cven gvaqvs mdidari da mravalferovani xalxuri sityviereba, rome-
lic swored dabali socialuri fenebisa da arahegemonuri klasebis
TviTcnobierebasa da sentimentebs asaxavs. qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebis
uadresi Canawerebi 1600-iani wlebiT TariRdeba (Ciqovani 1964: 61-209).
folklori aris namdvili „xma erisa“, igi arasodes tyuis, igi yovelTvis
zedmiwevniTi sizustiT gadmoscems „wvrili eris“ ganwyobebsa da miswra-
febebs. zedmeti da SemTxveviTi masSi araferia. man Semoinaxa swored is,
rac qarTvel kacs „gulze moeWideboda“, rac umniSvnelo ar iyo misTvis. am
mxriv zepirsityviereba yvelaze utyuar cnobebs iZleva. igi fasdaudebel
saganZurs warmoadgens socialuri istoriis kvlevisTvis. zepirsityvie-
reba gvaZlevs unikalur SesaZleblobas, davakvirdeT qarTvelTa erTobis
istorias „qvemodan“, davinaxoT Cveni eris cxovreba ara ise, rogorc mas
feodaluri elitebi aRiqvamdnen, aramed ise, rogorc mas glexkaci xe-
davda. qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobisa da zepirsityvierebis monacemebis
SedarebiT Cven SegviZlia gavakeToT mniSvnelovani daskvnebi – arsebobda
Tu ara beWduri mediisa da wera-kiTxvis codnis sayovelTaod gavrcele-
bamde saerTo sajaro qarTuli kultura, kultura, romelic moicavda
yvela socialur fenas.
Zveli qarTuli mwerlobisa da xalxuri sityvierebis urTierTmimarTe-
bis kvleva araxalia. am sakiTxebze bevr mecniers umuSavia. magram erebisa
da nacionalizmis Tanamedrove Teoriebis mixedviT es memkvidroeba jer
saTanadod Seswavlili ar aris.
eris idea
imis gasarkvevad, aris Tu ara Sua saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobaSi erov-

nuli idealebi, jer is unda dazustdes, ra mniSvnelobebiT gamoiyeneba
sityva „eri“ am teqstebSi4. cnobili evropeli specialistebi miiCneven, rom
vulgatas adgilobriv enebze Targmna qristianul dasavleTSi erovnuli
saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebisTvis gadamwyveti faqtori aRmoCnda;
wminda werili israelis saxiT iZleva magaliTs, rogori unda iyos sxva yvela
eri; bibliuri swavleba rCeuli eris Sesaxeb qristianul dasavleTSi erov-
nul ideologiaSi gadaizarda da politikuri Sinaarsi SeiZina; inglisSi uk-
ve me-11 saukuneSi vxedavT termin „ers“ („Nation“) Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT
183
(smiTi 1998/2003: 171-172). msgavsi viTareba gvaqvs qarTulSic. moviyvanT
ramdenime TvalsaCino magaliTs. ioane sabanisZe (me-8 s.): „aRverieniT ersa
ucxosa“ (abulaZe 1963: 79); daviT aRmaSenebeli (+1125); „vacodve eri Cemi,
viTarca mefeTa misTa israeli“ (sulava 2003: 275.); demetre Tavdadebuli
(+1289): „mewyalvis ubralo eri, viTarca cxovarni klvad uRono arian, da
ara-sada aqun nugeSiniscema. me davsdeb sulsa Cemsa erisaTჳs Cemisa, da ar
daviSli urdos wasvlasa“ (yauxCiSvili 1959: 288). Tuki am citatebis Ta-
namedrove qarTul perifrazs movaxdenT, sityva „eri“ ucvlelad unda
gadmovitanoT, radgan aq es sityva zustad im mniSvnelobiT aris, rac mas
dRes aqvs5.
amrigad, gaqristianebulma warmarTebma, maT Soris qarTvelebmac, eris
idea swored bibliidan aiRes. swavleba rCeuli eris Sesaxeb bibliuri
wignebidan gadmovida Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis naTargmn da originalur
TxzulebebSi – hagiografiaSi, himnografiaSi, homiletikaSi. swored am
bibliurma swavlebam, saRvTismetyvelo tradiciebma da RvTismsaxurebis
praqtikam Camoayaliba qarTvelTa erTobaSi erovnuli idealebi6. magali-
Tad, bibliuri swavleba rCeuli eris Sesaxeb warmodgenilia „ninos cxov-
rebaSi“, „ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi“, „daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi“, „da-
viTisa da konstantines martvilobaSi“. SedarebiT vrclad swavleba rCe-
uli eris Sesaxeb gadmocemulia „evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaSi“:
„da abraham yo egreT, viTarca ubrZana mas RmerTman. da aRorZndes da
ganmravldes naTesavni abrahamisni didad friad, ese arian huriani. da
uyuardes RmerTsa huriani didad friad, viTarca uyuarn mamasa sayuareli
Svili. da uwoda huriaTa saxeli israჱl. xolo israჱli gamoiTargmanebis:
eri RmrTisaჲ. da gandidna da ganvrcna eri igi RmrTisaჲ israჱli“. solo-
mon mefis dros „gandga eri igi, da gandrka RmrTisagan da hmsaxurebda
kerpTa yruTa, ჴeliT-qmnulTa, da qvaTa usuloTa, xeTa da maRalTa ser-
tyTa da mwuervalsa xeTasa, da RmerTi uvar-yves“. winaswarmetyvelni Sea-
gonebdnen, magram „maT ara unda smenad ჴmaჲ igi winawarmetyuelTaჲ maT,
rameTu ganborgebul iyo eri igi israჱlisaჲ. da brZanes mowyuedaჲ maT
winawarmetyuelTaჲ, romelnime maxჳliTa, romelnime cecxliTa, romelnime
xerxiTa ganxerxes, romelnime mჴecTa miscnes da romelnime mRჳmesa STaag-
des, romelnime qviTa gantჳnnes“. bolos jvars acves qriste. amis gamo moiwia
maTze RvTis didi risxva, ris Sesaxebac afrTxilebdnen winaswarmetyvel-
ni. „xolo aw (RmerTma – g.m.) qristeaneTa uwoda israჱl, rameTu israჱli
iTargmanebis eri RmrTisa da mona qristჱsa“ (abulaZe 1963: 37, 38, 42). ase aris
gadmocemuli bibliuri swavleba rCeuli eris Sesaxeb me-6 saukunis qarTul
hagiografiul TxzulebaSi.
saqarTveloSi, rogorc Cans, qristianobis saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad
gamocxadebisTanave daiwyo wminda werilis wignebis Targmna7. liturgikul,
himnografiul, hagiografiul da homiletikur sakiTxavebs adgilobrivi
184
mosaxleoba mSobliur enaze ismenda. es iyo sajaro msaxureba da mas sis-
tematuri xasiaTi hqonda. nebismieri socialuri fenis warmomadgenels Se-
eZlo masze daswreba da masSi monawileobis miReba. Sedegad, saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis udidesi umravlesobisTvis ucxo ar iyo bibliuri idealebi
rCeuli eris Sesaxeb, rac qarTuli zepirsityvierebidanac Cans.
umTavresi erovnuli idealebi gulisxmobs eris identobis, erTianobi-
sa da damoukideblobisTvis Rvawls, mis keTildReobaze zrunvas. aqedan
gamomdinare, nacionaluri narativis Semadgeneli ZiriTadi komponentebia
saerTo istoriuli warsulis gancda, gardasuli didebis xsovna, avtono-
miisken/damoukideblobisken miswrafeba, erTiani politikuri erTeulis
Seqmnisken da SenarCunebisken miswrafeba, mSobliuri enisa da kulturis
ganviTarebaze zrunva... Secdomas davuSvebT, Tuki vifiqrebT, rom es ide-
alebi kacobriobam mxolod axal droSi aRmoaCina. imave idealebsa da mis-
wrafebebs winamodernul istoriul epoqebSic vxvdebiT, es Sua saukuneebis
qarTul mwerlobasa da zepirsityvierebaSic Cans. qvemoT Tanmimdevro-
biT ganvixilavT am sakiTxebs.
rCeulobis ideologia
rCeulobis ideologias gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs koleqtiuri kul-

turuli identobebis sicocxlisunarianobis SenarCunebisTvis. Tuki mmar-
Tveli elitebi ver axerxeben rCeulobis popularuli ideologiis Seqmnas,
rasac dabali socialuri fenebis warmomadgenlebi miiReben, maSin eTno-
kulturul erTobas dezintegraciis safrTxe emuqreba. amitom aris, rom
rCeulobis miTebi bevr xalxs aqvs (smiTi 1998/2003: 127). vnaxoT, rogor aris
rCeulobis ideologia warmodgenili qarTul sasuliero mwerlobasa da
zepirsityvierebaSi.
qarTvelTa rCeulobis Sesaxeb weren kaTalikosebi arsen bulmaisimisZe
da nikoloz gulaberisZe, ioane SavTeli da leonti mroveli. isini qarTvel-
Ta erTobas uwodeben axal israels, sazepuro ers, saRvTo banaks: „RmrTiv-
qmnuli xati yovlad wmidaჲ israelsa amas axalsa dauunje qarTvelTasa
ersa sazepurosa“; „ჵ, dedao Cemo, ara ugulebel vyo eri igi sazepuro uf-
ros yovelTa naTesavTa, meoxebiTa SeniTa maTTჳs“; „winaჲswarve ganego sa-
xiersa mas (RmerTsa – g.m.) amisa sameufoჲsaჲ erad sazepurod Semzadebaჲ,
da vinaჲTgan nawilica iyo yovladwmidisa RmrTismSobelisaჲ“ (sulava 2003:
310-311; 2007: 14; yauxCiSvili 1955: 38). es idealebi gadmocemulia aseve
ioane anCelisa da saba svingelozis sasuliero himnebSi. aRar ganvagrZobT
sityvas ioane zosimes „qebaჲ da didebaჲs“ teqstSi gadmocemuli rCeulobis
idealebis Sesaxeb, rac isedac kargad aris cnobili.
rCeulobis ideologiebi arc Sua saukuneebis evropisTvis iyo ucxo.
aseTi idealebi ingliselebsac hqondaT, frangebsac... amis gamo dasavleli
185
mkvlevrebi inglisur nacionalizms da inglisel ers me-14, me-16, me-17 sa-
ukuneebiT aTariReben. lia grinfildi, erebis istoriis erT-erTi yvelaze
cnobili Tanamedrove mkvlevari, me-16-17 saukuneebiT aTariRebs inglisu-
ri nacionalizmisa da ingliseli eris warmoSobas da mas protestantuli
martirologiis ganviTarebas ukavSirebs (grinfildi 1992: 87). Cven vfiq-
robT, rom SegviZlia igive midgoma gamoviyenoT qarTuli nacionalizmisa
da qarTveli eris daTariRebisTvis da is qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis
ganviTarebas davukavSiroT.
erT statiaSi, ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia srulyofilad ganvixiloT
qarTuli hagiografiuli da himnografiuli literatura. ZiriTadad ori-
ginaluri nawarmoebebis monacemebze SevaCereT yuradReba, TumcaRa es imas
ar niSnavs, rom naTargmn hagiografiasa da himnografias naklebi gavlena
hqonda qarTvelTa identobis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaze. aviRoT,
Tundac, „andria mociqulis mimosvla“. giorgi aTonelma es wigni miuTiTa
antioqiis patriarqs, rodesac saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis kano-
nikurobis Sesaxeb msjelobdnen da dasZina: „wmidao meufeo, Sen ityჳ, vi-
Tarmed Tavisa mis mociqulTaჲsa petres saydarsa vzio, xolo Cuen pir-
velwodebulisa da Zmisa Tჳsisa mwodebelisa nawilni varT da samwysoni, da
mis mier moqceulni da ganaTlebulni, ... Suenis esreT, raჲTa wodebuli igi
mwodebelsa mas daemorCilos, rameTu petresi jer-ars, raჲTa daemorCilos
mwodebelsa Tჳssa da Zmasa andreas, da raჲTa Tquen Cuen daguemorCilneT“
(abulaZe 1967: 154). ufro gvian, 1792 wels, kaTalikosi maqsime meore (aba-
SiZe) dosiTeoz quTaTelisadmi gagzavnil werilSi aRniSnavda – afxazeTis
kaTalikosis saydarze asvlis Semdeg „iqnebiT WeSmariti pirvelwodebulisa
didebulisa mociqulisa andrias mosaydre“ (qoriZe 2000: 171). samociqulo
memkvidreobaze xazgasmac rCeulobis ideologiis gamovlinebaa, rac naci-
onaluri narativisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. amrigad, rCeulobis is ide-
alebi, romlebic me-11 saukuneSi giorgi aTonelTan Cans, me-18 saukuneSic
aqtualuri iyo.
rCeulobis ideologia Cans aseve patriarq nikolozis sityvebSi – mar-
Talia diptiqiT meeqvse adgilze var, magram sxva patriarqebze win vdga-
varo: „Cuenca, glaxaki, qristes mier Semdgomad xuTTa patriarqTa da
upirveles maTsa zegardamo mosulTa ubiwoTa dedisa misisa ჴeliTa SeTe-
lisisa kuarTisa sauflosa mier suetis-cxovlis meequse patriaqis da
qristes mier yovlisa saqarTvelos kaTalikozi nikolozi vamtkiceb da
warvswer“ (enuqiZe... 1984: 155)8.
qarTvelTa rCeulobis ideologia Sedgeba rogorc marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis mier sayovelTaod aRiarebuli swavlebisgan, ise kerZo saRvTis-
metyvelo Sexedulebebisgan, esenia: RvTismSoblis wilxvdomiloba, sa-
mociqulo memkvidreoba, qristes kvarTi, bagrationTa warmomavloba, qar-
Tuli enis misia. oRond es kerZo saRvTismetyvelo azrebi xiliazmsa da
186
eTnofiletizmSi ar gadazrdila. ver daveTanxmebiT marina CxartiSvils,
TiTqos „ninos cxovrebis“ uZveles redaqciaSi is azria Cadebuli, rom me-
ored mosvlis Semdeg zecaTa sasufeveli mcxeTaSi damyardeba, TiTqos
qriste-mesia qarTveli eris wiaRidan gamova da qarTvelTa mefe iqneba,
TiTqos qristes meored mosvla pirvelad saqarTveloSi gancxaddeba eb-
raeli winaswarmetyvelis piriT (CxartiSvili 2009b: 378-379, 381, 382). „wmin-
da ninos cxovrebaSi“ msgavsi araferi arc weria da arc igulisxmeba. es yve-
laferi mxolod erTi avtoris fantaziis nayofia.
rCeulobis ideologia zepirsityvierebaSic gvaqvs. qarTul xalxur
leqsebSi RvTismSobeli iwodeba adgilis dedad: „adgilis dedao, deda
xvTisao“. adgilis dedis Sesaxeb rwmena warmarTuli droidan mTel saqar-
TveloSi iyo gavrcelebuli. gaqristianebis Semdeg igi RvTismSobelis
Sesaxeb swavlebas daukavSirda. zog SemTxvevaSi adgilis dedas ewodeba
adgilis RvTismSobeli. aq, SesaZloa, RvTismSoblisadmi wilxvdomilobis
rwmenis gamoZaxilic davinaxoT.
nino RambaSiZem Seiswavla andria pirvelwodebulis qadagebebis Sesa-
xeb samcxeSi Semonaxuli xalxuri cnobebi (RambaSiZe 2016/2017: 541-551).
saqarTveloSi andrias Camosvlis Sesaxeb folkloruli monacemebis arse-
boba cxadyofs, rom mxolod wignieri saeklesio moRvaweni ar xedavdnen
am hagiografiuli Txzulebis mniSvnelobas. zepirsityvierebis Tanaxmad,
andriam Wyondidis garda, jvari mcxeTaSic aRmarTa, gremSic, yazbegSic.
eklesiis mier kanonikur teqstad Sewynarebul „andrias mimosvlaSi“ es
adgilebi dasaxelebuli ar aris. aq mTavari is ki araa, marTlac gadmovida
Tu ara andria aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed is, rom Cveni qveynis
mosaxleobas amis survili hqonda9.
zepirsityvierebidan aseve Cans, rom xalxSi iyo rwmena bagrationTa
dinastiis RvTivrCeulobis Sesaxeb (arabuli 2002: 632; wereTeli 2008:
48). xalxur sityvierebaSi qarTveli mefis (erekle meore) Sesaxeb aseve
SevxvdebiT gamonaTqvams – „isic kacia CvenisTanao“ (CxikvaZe 2013: 10). aqedan
Cans, rom saqarTveloSi gacilebiT naklebi iyo kulturuli distancia
mmarTvel elitasa da glexobas Soris, vidre Sesabamisi epoqis dasavleT
evropaSi. safrangeTSi, magaliTad, absolutizmis pirobebSi, Znelad war-
mosadgenia, rom glexs ase efiqra monarqze. saqarTveloSi aseTi uSualo
damokidebuleba mefisadmi, rogorc Cans, aixsneba imiT, rom Cveni mefeebi
xSirad partizanuli razmebiT glexebTan erTad ebrZodnen Semoseul metrs.
aseT viTarebaSi TavisTavad xdeboda xalxisa da mefeebis erTmaneTTan
daaxloeba. mefeebisadmi uSualo damokidebuleba Cans „axali qarTlis
cxovrebidanac“. damarcxebuli, ltolvili, glexkacad gadacmuli simon
mefe icno korboulelma dedakacma – Cem Svils rom gatandi omSi da ar
waiyvane, mgoni axla gamofxizlebulxaro, – sayveduriT da niSnismogebiT
uTxra (yauxCiSvili 1959: 377). aq isic SeiZleboda momxdariyo, rom glexis
187
qals mefisTvis Tavze qliavi gadaeyara, ucxouri qudi ratom gaxuravso
(Sdr. xalxuri: sadac waxvide, iqauri qudi daixureo). aqauri kaci rom xar,
aqauri qudi unda gexuroso. Tan RvTivrCeuli da Tan CvenisTana kaci – ase
aRiqvamda rigiTi qarTveli Tavis mefes. da mas, rogorc rCeuli eris Svils,
hqonda kadneireba Tavisi mefis winaSe. es ar iyo monuri morCileba.
erTianobis idea
rCeulobis ideologiasTan erTad eTno-kulturuli identobisTvis sa-

sicocxlod mniSvnelovania erTianobis idea. es idea Cans „konstanti kaxis
martvilobidan“. am dros (me-9 s.) gaerTianebuli qarTuli samefo jer kidev
ar arsebobs, konstantine kaxeTidan aris, magram igi qarTvelad iwodeba:
„cxorebaჲ da wamebaჲ wmidisa mowamisa kostantisi qarTvelisaჲ“... „romelsa
ewoda kaxaჲ saxelad mamulisa mis queyanisa~ (abulaZe 1963: 164, 165). xolo
me-7-8 saukuneSi sinas mTaze moRvawe berebi sruliad saqarTvelosTvis
loculobdnen (lorTqifaniZe 2006: 116). aqac Cans is, rom qarTvelebs hqon-
daT erTianobisken miswrafeba.
nacionaluri narativisTvis damaxasiaTebeli idealebi da erTianobis
Segneba warmodgenilia aseve giorgi merCules cnobil sityvebSi „qarTlad
friadi qveyana aRiracxebis, sadac qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis...“. ufro
adre namdvil nacionalur narativs vxedavT ioane sabanisZesTan (me-8 s.).
igi wuxs imis gamo, rom „aRverieniT ersa ucxosa“; wers, rom „Cveulebisaebr
mamulisa slva“ Rirseuli saqcielia da aRvivebs qarTvelTa erTobis wevrTa
Rirsebis grZnobas. marto berZnebs ki ar hyavT wmindanebi, Cvenma eklesiamac
warmoSva wminda mowameebi, – aRniSnavs igi. iv. javaxiSvili ioane sabanisZes
pirvel erovnul mwerlad miiCnevda. da, marTlac, ver vityviT, rom igi
kosmopolitia.
nacionalur sentimentebs qarTul xalxur sityvierebaSic vxvdebiT, ma-
galiTad „iavnanebSi“ (WampuriZe 2003: 95-98; gogiaSvili 2007: 59-62). zepir-
sityvierebis mraval nimuSSi xazgasmulia qarTvelTa erTianobis idea:
„gvwyalobdes yvela xatebi mTlad saqarTvelos mxrisao“, „RvTis karze
SeviyareniT RvTis Svilni yvela mxriTao“* (Ciqovani... 1972: 126, 286). aseTi
dalocva-sadRegrZeloebi, romlebSic qarTvelTa erTianobis gancdaa war-
modgenili, imdenia Cawerili, rom yvela maTgani jer arc gamocemula**. am
folklorul nimuSebSi erTianobis idea xSirad qarTvelTa sakraluri cen-
trebis CamoTvliT gadmoicema. maSinac ki, roca gaerTianebuli qarTuli
samefo aRar arsebobda, sxvadasxva politikur erTeulebSi mcxovreb qar-
Tvelebs saerTo salocavebi hqondaT. TavianT sakralur centrebad isini
*variantebSia: „yvela mxrisao“.
**„sadidebeli teqstebi bevria cnobili, aq yvelas gamoqveyneba... miznad ar dagvisa-
xavs“ (Ciqovani... 1972: 362).
188
miiCnevdnen TavianTi winaprebis, wmindanebisa da gmirebis samoRvaweo ad-
gilebs, sadac maTi saflavebi egulebodaT.
zepirsityvierebaSi nacionaluri sentimentebi da saerTo istoriuli
xvedris gancda zogjer alegoriuli formiTac gadmoicema, rogorc, maga-
liTad, baraTaSvilis merani, akakis Canguri da suliko, vaJas arwivi da
xmeli wifeli erovnuli sentimentebis gamomxatveli simboloebia, asevea
xalxur sityvierebaSi kldeze mijaWvuli amirani, vefxvTan brZolaSi gar-
dacvlili kai yma da misi mgloviare deda, muxa, romelsac uamravi mumli
eseva... aq alegoriuli saxe-simboloebiT gadmoicema eris gulis nadebi,
misi mTavari saTqmeli, misi mwuxarebac da optimizmic. „mamli muxasa“ (iqneb
warmarTuli droidanac modis? Sdr. Wyondidi) gansakuTrebiT STambeWda-
via. muxa siZlieres ganasaxierebs, magram mumli imdenia, rom mas waaqcevs.
damarcxebuli muxa-saqarTvelo wyalSi Cavardeba. wyali/mdinare drois
mdinarebas aRniSnavs. igi Segubdeba, daaxrCobs mumlsa da muxa gadarCeba. aq
Cveni „xma erisa“ imas gveubneba, rom rac ar unda gagviWirdes, rac ar unda
bevri mteri dagvesios, Cven Tu vera, dro daaxrCobs Cvens mters, Cven ki ma-
inc gadavrCebiTo.
mniSvnelovani sxva
erTianobis idea TavisTavad dakavSirebulia qarTvelTa „Cven-jgufis“

arsebobis gancdasTan da imis codnasTan, rom arseboben sxvebi, romlebic
am jgufis miRma dganan. xolo am uamrav sxvaTagan „mniSvnelovan sxvas“
warmoadgens is erToba, romlisganac yvelaze intensiuri / permanentuli
gamowvevebis winaSe dgas qarTvelTa „Cven jgufi“. istoriulad qarTvelTa
erTobisTvis „mniSvnelovan sxvad“ Camoyalibda is erToba, romelic qar-
TvelTa erTobis xarjze SeiZleboda gazrdiliyo, miesakuTrebina misi
kulturis monapovari, teritoria, qarTvelTa „Cven jgufis“ wevrebi Ta-
vis rjulze gadaeyvana, qarTvelTa mtersa da dampyrobels mokavSired
gaxdomoda... Sua saukuneebSi qarTvelebi aseTad aRiqvamdnen somexTa erTobas
(m. CxartiSvili)*. amitom, ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom qarTul sasuliero
mwerlobaSi yvelaze meti polemikuri Txzuleba swored somexTa rjulis
winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli: somexTa rjuls upirispirdeba stefane mtbeva-
ri (me-8-9 ss.) „gobronis wamebaSi“; giorgi aToneli bizantiis saimperato-
ro karze wardgomisas („borotsa sarwmunoebasa saxelica nu edebin“); arsen
safarelma aRwera saqarTvelosa da somxeTs Soris saeklesio ganxeTqile-
bis istoria; somxebTan sarwmunoebrivi paeqrobis Sesaxeb cnobebi Sesulia
„qarTlis cxovrebis“ TxzulebebSi; somexTa rjuls amxels ruis-urbnisis
* sergo ratiani ki acxadebs, TiTqos Sua saukuneebSi qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris

eTnikuri gansxvaveba ar arsebobda (ratiani 2014: 0:17:00-dan).
189
krebis Zegliswera; ufro adre beri efTჳme grZeli... eqvTime aTonelTan
vxvdebiT grigol RvTismetyvelis sityvebis Targmans: „...ars naTesavi igi
somexTaჲ arawrfel, aramed mzakuvari da gularZnili da boroti, mim-
sgavsebuli kldeTa maT, romelni arian dafarul zRuasa Sina... da raჲ sakჳr-
vel ars, ukueTu kacsa ecruvnen, vinaჲTgan Tavadisa RmrTisa mimarT cru
arian da mzakuvar da borotad aRmsaarebel“ (kekeliZe 1951: 168). somexTa
Sesaxeb msgavs azrs efrem mciresTanac vkiTxulobT (iqve). somexTa rjulis
kritika gviandel periodamde gamohyva qarTul sasuliero mwerlobas. mas
vxedavT anton kaTalikosis „mzametyvelebaSi“, daviT reqtorTan...*
somexTa Sesaxeb qarTulma zepirsityvierebamac saintereso masalebi Se-
moinaxa. moviyvanT or magaliTs:
aRa geurqas anderZi – aRa geurqa Tbiliseli somexi iyo, qarvaslis
mflobeli. xorvela/qolera daemarTa. sasikvdilo sarecelze mdebarem an-
derZi daibara, Tu epidemia vinc myavs, yvelas damixocavs, mTeli Cemi qone-
ba, rac mabadia, eCmiaZinis iyoso (Ciqovani... 1973: 182). aqedan Cans, rom aRa
geurqas sakraluri centri eCmiaZinia, rom igi sicocxlis bolomde ar aris
ganwyobili qarTvelTa erTobaSi integrirebisTvis, ar iCens ekonomikur
solidarobas qarTvelebisadmi da Tavisi qonebis mcire nawilsac ki ar
imetebs Tbilisis sionisTvis, sveticxovlisTvis (Sdr. qarTuli gamoTqma:
erTi Txilis guli cxra Zmam gaiyoo). Tuki aRa geurqa qarTvelebs Zmebad
miiCnevda, Tavisi qonebidan mcireds mainc uwiladebda maT.
amiranis tyuili – devebis qorwilidan gamoparul amirans gzad devis
qali gadaeyara. amiranma vinaoba damala da Tavi somxad gaasaRa. ras gveubneba
es ambavi? amiranis tyuili damajerebeli unda yofiliyo. mas rom eTqva,
magaliTad, eTiopieli varo, devis qali etyoda – ar hgavxaro, eTiopiels
aq ra undao. tyuilis damajereblobisTvis amirans iseT vinmed unda ga-
esaRebina Tavi, visac garegnobiTac hgavda da visac am miwaze Sexvdebodi. es
ori komponenti arsebiTia „mniSvnelovani sxvis“ gansazRvrisTvis. da kidev,
rac aseve mTavaria, devebi ar erCian somxebs. devebi somxebis mtrebi rom
yofiliyvnen, amirani Tavs somxad ver gaasaRebda. devis qali maSinve qveyanas
Seyrida da amirani iqidan Cumad veRar gamoipareboda. amrigad, amiranis
tyuilidan Cans, rogor aRiqvamda qarTveli kaci sinamdviles. igi xedavda,
rom misi dampyrobeli boroti Zala, romelic kacis xorcs Wamda da kacis
sisxls svamda (amitomac gamoipara amirani maTi qorwilidan), somxebs ar
erCoda. amiranis tyuilis msgavsi ram Tavis droze iliamac Tqva, roca Tavi
somxis sovdagris daxlidarad gaacno Cveni qveynis dampyrobeli eris Svils
(ix. „mgzavris werilebi“).
aris kidev sxva folkloruli masalebi, romlebSic Cans, rom aq mcxov-
reb somex vaWrebs samSoblos gancda ara aqvT, ver igeben, saqarTvelos sxva-
* Sua saukuneebis somex avtorebTanac uxvad aris qarTvelTa rjulis gmoba.
190
dasxva kuTxis Svilebi ratom midian gorSi saomrad. Tqveni samSoblo xom
sxvagan aris, gorSi ra gindaTo, – ekiTxebian qarTvel molaSqreebs.
aRar ganvagrZob sityvas, zepirsityvierebac mowmobs, rom qarTvelTa
„mniSvnelovan sxvas“ somexi warmoadgens10. amrigad, Sua saukuneebis qarTu-
li mwerloba da xalxuri sityviereba aqac emTxveva erTmaneTs.
sajaro religiuri kultura
ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom, faqtobrivad, qristianobis saxelmwi-

fo sarwmunoebad gamocxadebisTanave qarTvelebma mSobliur enaze daiwyes
sasuliero literaturis Targmna, rom es literatura sistematurad iki-
Txeboda eklesiebSi sajaro msaxurebaze. Sedegad, wera-kiTxvis ucodina-
ri qarTvelebic Tavisuflad ecnobodnen bibliur swavlebas, qristianul
idealebs, rac aisaxa kidec folklorul wyaroebSi. zepirsityvierebaSi
gvaqvs:
1) bibliuri siuJetebi adamisa da evas, warRvnisa da noes kidobnis, babi-
lonis godlis, iob mravalvnebulis, abraam mamamTavris, solomon brZenis,
elia winaswarmetyvelis, qristes, RvTismSoblis, ioane naTlismcemlis... Se-
saxeb (turaSvili 2008: 309; gulua 2009a; 2009b: 235-236; inwkirveli 2004:
354; 2010: 284; 2017; yvelaSvili 2010: 49; SioSvili 2003: 42; mosia 2000; 2008:
250-254)*;
2) wmindanebis Sesaxeb Tqmulebebi da legendebi – wm. giorgi, andria pir-
velwodebuli, basili didi, wm. nikolozi, grigol RvTismetyveli, maqsime
aRmsarebeli, wm. barbare, wm. kvirike... (mamisimediSvili 2010: 158-167; we-
reTeli 2011: 729-736; zuroSvili 2012: 81; oniani 2013: 14-15; kapanaZe-gaf-
rindaSvili 2006: 227; axvlediani 1979: 160; 1984: 144; 1986: 156; 1993);
3) saeklesio kalendris Sesabamisi xalxur dReobaTa kalendari (Ramba-
SiZe 2005; abakelia... 1991; RambaSiZe 2018)11.
4) qristianuli mrwamsis amsaxveli xalxuri leqsebi (sixaruliZe 2009:
229-230; dumbaZe 2012: 252-269).
5) qristianizebuli zRaprebi, romelTa personaJebi Zalian axlos arian
im idealTan, romelsac qristianuli moZRvreba usaxavs adamians (gogiaSvili
2004: 23)**.
mokled, yvela niSniT es aris sajaro religiuri kultura.
* masalis simravlis gamo ZiriTadad 2000-iani wlebis publikaciebs vuTiTebT.

** aRarafers vambobT zepirsityvierebis mier Semonaxul warmarTul reliqtze,
rasac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs qristianobamdeli qarTuli identobis
kvlevisTvis.
191
istoriuli mexsiereba
„Turqebis mier damarcxebuli Zveli samefos mogoneba simRerebsa da

sagmiro gadmocemebSi, da, iqneb ufro metad ki, serbuli eklesiis yo-
veldRiur liturgiaSi iyo Semonaxuli, im eklesiisa, romelmac Tavis mefe-
Ta umravlesobis kanonizacia moaxdina“ (hobsbaumi 1990: 76). CvenTanac msgav-
si viTarebaa – saqarTvelos eklesiam Cveni bevri gamorCeuli mefe da dedo-
fali Seracxa wmidanad – miriani da nana, vaxtang gorgasali, aSot kurapa-
lati, daviTi – aRmaSenebeli qarTvelTa erisai, Tamari – deda qarTlisa*,
qeTevani – saqarTvelos dedaboZi**, mefeni da mowameni – arCili, luarsab
pirveli (romlis xsenebis dRe dakargulia) da luarsab meore, demetre
Tavdadebuli... maT Sesaxeb sistematurad iqadageboda eklesiaSi. mefe-
gmirebis saxeebi folklorulma wyaroebmac Semogvinaxa. metic, xalxurma
sityvierebam iseTi wminda mowameebisa da gmirebis Sesaxebac Semogvinaxa
cnobebi, romlebic arc „qarTlis cxovrebaSi“ da arc sxva istoriul Txzu-
lebebSi ar dafiqsirebula. aseTia, magaliTad, nato aWareli. gvaqvs, aseve,
istoriuli Sinaarsis leqsebi da Tqmulebebi cnobili brZolebis Sesaxeb,
aseve qarTvelTa sakraluri centrebis (mcxeTa, gelaTi, varZia...) aSenebis
Sesaxeb. gvaqvs leonti mrovelTan warmodgenili kavkasiel eTnarqTa le-
gendis folkloruli varianti (Ciqovani ... 1973: 109-110)***. juanSeris Txzu-
lebaSi „qilila da damanas“ folkloruli igavebia Setanili (Ciqovani 1960:
80). folkloruli masala vaxuSti batoniSvilTanac aris warmodgenili.
igi wers, rom „glexTa istoriis uwignoTaca uwyian Zliereba gorgaslisa,
daviT aRmaSenebelisa da Tamar mefisa“ (yauxCiSvili 1973: 292). da, marTlac,
xalxurma sityvierebam Semogvinaxa uamravi istoriuli Tqmuleba da le-
genda. Tamaris Sesaxeb gadmocemebi yvelgan aris gavrcelebuli eTnikur
qarTvelebSi, maT Soris saqarTvelos farglebs gareT mcxovrebTa Soris.
qarTuli xalxuri saistorio sityvierebis uamravi nimuSi Seiswavla da
gamosca qsenia sixaruliZem.
saero mwerloba
sasuliero mwerlobasTan da istoriul TxzulebebTan erTad Sua sau-

kuneebis saero mwerlobac dakavSirebulia zepirsityvierebasTan. maSin,
roca „vefxistyaosani“ Seiqmna, arc sayovelTao ganaTlebis sistema arse-
bobda, arc Jurnal-gazeTebi da beWduri kapitalizmi. mosaxleobis udides-
ma umravlesobam wera-kiTxvac ar icoda. miuxedavad amisa, zepirsityvi-
* folk.: „saqarTvelos dedofali - deda qarTlisa Tamari“ (SioSvili 2014: 11).

** folk.: „saqarTvels dedaboZo, qeTevano, ukvdavo sulisao“ (kiknaZe... 2010: 32).
*** mTxrobeli legendas, ra Tqma unda, Tavisi epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli qarTuliT
gadmoscems, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom aseTi legendebi adrindeli droidan ar
momdinareobs.
192
erebam Semogvinaxa ara marto xalxuri „vefxistyaosani“, aramed legende-
bi da gadmocemebi SoTas dabadebis adgilis, misi Zmis, misi sacolis, misi
meuRlis... Sesaxeb. da es maSin, roca oficialur istoriografiaSi „ve-
fxistyaosnis“ avtoris Sesaxeb cnobebi TiTqmis ar Semonaxula.
SoTa rusTavels mimbaZvel-gamgrZeleblebi mxolod qarTul mwerloba-
Si ki ara, zepirsityvierebaSic hyavs. „cxadi iyo Tu meocna, Sevipyar msur-
da mekocna“ („tarieliani“) Sdr. „jerTca ese ara vici, cxadi iyo, Tu me-
ocna“ („vefxistyaosani“ 113-e strofi). „RmerTs geficebi avTandil, me aras
mecinebian, qali miyvarda, gamtaces, qajebi mecilebian“, – esec xalxuri
„vefxistyaosnidanaa“.
Zveli mwerlobidan „vefxistyaosani“ gamonaklisi ar aris. gvaqvs aseve
xalxuri „rostomiani“, romelic saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi iyo gavrce-
lebuli. gvaqvs „beJanianis“ xalxuri versiebi. zepirsityvierebasTan kavSi-
rebi Cans sulxan-saba orbelianis, daviT guramiSvilis, ioseb Tbilelis,
mefeebis arCil meoris, vaxtang meeqvsis, Teimuraz pirvelisa da Teimuraz
meoris SemoqmedebaSi, ioane batoniSvilis „kalmasobaSi“ (Ciqovani 1955; 1959:
354; canava 1959; CaCava 2000: 513; sparsiaSvili 1988; sparsiaSvili ... 2006a;
2006b; 2006g; turaSvili 2009: 215; popiaSvili 2002: 215)12. da, saerTod, qar-
Tul mwerlobaSi Znelad moiZebneba avtori, romelsac xalxur sityviere-
basTan ar hqondes saerTo. es aris ormxrivi urTierToba. vis ekuTvnis
„saavtoro ufleba“, amas Cveni kvlevisTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara
aqvs. mTavaria TavisTavad is faqti, rom gvaqvs urTierTgavlena. erTi
mxriv, qarTuli mwerloba daesesxeba xolme zepirsityvierebas Temebs,
motivebs, siuJetebs, saxe-simboloebs, meore mxriv, zepirsityvierebac
iRebs kulturuli elitis mier Seqmnili nawarmoebebidan SemoqmedebiT
impulsebs. saxarebis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, cxvari xmaze scnobs Tavs
mwyemss. „wvrili erisTvis“ rezistentulobaa damaxasiaTebeli. igi kata-
kombebsa da daranebs Seafarebs Tavs, xolo ucxosa da miuRebels advilad
ar SeiTvisebs. TurqTa samaswliani batonobis miuxedavad, samxreT saqar-
TveloSi Turqulma folklorma ver moaxdina qarTuli folkloris asi-
milireba (Ciqovani 1975: 333). msgavsi gaucxoveba unda gvqondes Cvens
zepirsityvierebasa da Sua saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobas Soris, Tuki
feodaluri qarTuli elitebi da arahegemonuri klasebi imdenad iyvnen
erTmaneTisgan distancirebuli, rom saerTo kultura ar hqondaT. Sua sa-
ukuneebis mwerlobasa da zepirsityvierebas Soris es urTierTcnobis, saxe-
simboloebisa da Rirebulebebis Tanaziarebis momenti, msgavsi siuJetebi,
motivebi, sexnia-personaJebi... cxadyofs, rom erTi kultura cirkulirebda
rogorc feodalur aristokratiaSi, ise „wvril erSi“ da es winamodernul
istoriul epoqebSi xdeboda, industrializaciisa da beWduri kapitalizmis
gavrcelebamde gacilebiT adre.
193
kulturis umTavresi burji
alfriki (me-11 s.) erTi warCinebulisadmi gagzavnil werilSi aRniSnavs,

ratom Targmna ìvdiTis wigni~ inglisur enaze. dasavleli avtorebi am
werilSi erovnul sentimentebs xedaven (smiTi 1998/2003: 171). Sedarebis-
Tvis moviyvanT amonarids imave epoqis qarTveli moRvawis ioane aTonelis
vrceli „anderZidan“*: „...me glaxaki ese da narCevi yovelTa monazonTa
iovane, mwuxare viyav amis saqmisaTჳs, romel queyanaჲ qarTlisaჲ esreT
naklulevan iyo wignTagan da didi xarkebaჲ da moRvawebaჲ vaCuene da Svili
Cemi efTჳmi ganvswavle swavliTa berZnuliTa srulad da gamoTargmanebaჲ
warvhmarTe wignTa berZulisagan qarTulad da aRiwernes Cuen mier... wignni,
raodenica uZleT werad“ (SaniZe 1996: 14). da Semdeg CamoTvlis misi vaJis mier
Targmnil ocdaaTze met wigns. giorgi aToneli wers, rom patara eqvTimem
RvTismSoblis kurTxeviT miiRo qarTul enaze brwyinvaled metyvelebis
niWi, rac man mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobaSi gamoiyena. TargmanebiT mSob-
liuri enis gamdidreba qarTvelebs wminda saqmed miaCndaT. amitom samefo
karzec gamorCeul pativs miagebdnen giorgi aTonels. giorgi mcire wers,
rom lamis mTeli saqarTvelo misi sulieri Svili iyo da misi Targmnili
wignebiT sazrdoobda.
mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos gaq-
ristianebisTanave daiwyo. es xels uwyobda enis normebis standartizebas.
Cvenamde moRweuli uZvelesi qarTuli TariRiani warwerebSi (me-5 s.) ukve
gramatikuli normebis dacviT aris Sedgenili. pirveli qarTuli gramati-
kuli traqtati, raomelic SemorCa, „sityuaჲ arTronTaTჳs“ da pirveli qar-
Tuli leqsikoni me-11-12 saukuneebiT TariRdeba (SaniZe 1990). leqsikonSi
asze meti erTeulia ganmartebuli (SaniZe 1968: 83-96)**. erisTvis swored enis
normebis standartizeba, gramatikis saxelmZvaneloebisa da leqsikonebis
arsebobaa damaxasiaTebeli.
me-11 saukuneSi, rodesac inglisurma enam laTinuris batonobisgan ga-
Tavisufleba scada, qveyana normanebma daipyres. Sedegad, inglisis mmar-
Tveli elita mniSvnelovanwilad frangulenovani gaxda***, romelic qvey-
nis mosaxleobisTvis ucxo ena iyo. aseTi viTareba inglisSi saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda. aman Seaferxa inglisuri enis ganviTareba, vidre
me-16 saukuneSi reformacia ar daiwyo. qarTvelTa erTobis istoriuli
gamocdileba gansxvavebulia. aq mSobliur enaze mwerlobis ganviTareba
gaqristianebidan mokle droSi daiwyo. me-11 saukunidan ki aq iwyeba namdvili
* igi darTuli aqvs maTes saxarebis ioane oqropiriseuli ganmartebis qarTul Targ-
mans.
** Sua saukuneebSi qarTuli gramatikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb ix. lia qa-
rosaniZisa da nino doborjginiZis bolodroindel monografiebSi (doborjginiZe
2012: 73-79; qarosaniZe 2017: 97-125).
*** amis Sesaxeb bevri avtori wers (ix. krebulebi: fensteri... 2017; vogan-brauni 2013).
194
oqros xana, rac me-13 saukunSi dasrulda13. amis Semdeg saqarTvelo Zlieri
imperiebis mier iyo dapyrobili, qarTul samefo-samTavroebs SezRuduli
suvereniteti hqondaT, magram is, rom qarTvelTa mSobliuri ena aq sa-
xelmwifo biurokratiis, sasamarTlo saqmis warmoebis, RvTismsaxurebisa
da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis ena ara yofiliyo, mxolod rusTa
imperiam SeZlo da amis mxolod mcdeloba hqonda sabWoTa imperias. anu is,
rac ingliss me-11 saukuneSi daemarTa, aq me-19-Si moxda; rac iq ramdenime
saukunis manZilze gagrZelda, aq daaxloebiT erT saukuneSi dasrulda.
sergo ratiani ki ratomRac miiCnevs, rom me-19 saukunemde ar arsebobda
Cveni qveynis yvela socialuri fenis gamaerTianebeli qarTuli salitera-
turo ena, rom sasuliero mwerlobis ena mxolod elitis ena iyo (ratiani
2014: 0:17:30-dan, 0:26:10-dan). msgavsi azri aqvs gia nodiasac. igi fiqrobs,
rom Sua saukuneebis qarTuli ena ar iyo xalxuri kulturis elementi: „ab-
soluturad aucilebelia, xazi gaesvas qarTulis, rogorc xangrZlivi
istoriis mqone samwerlobo enis, xasiaTs - ernst gelneris terminebi rom
gamoviyenoT, mis rogorc maRali kulturis da ara „dabali“, anu xalxuri
kulturis elements“ (nodia 2009: 123)*. Tuki es marTalia, maSin riT avxsnaT
Sua saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobasa da zepirsityvierebaSi arsebuli amdeni
paraleli?
donald reifildi aRniSnavs, rom qarTuli mwerlobis mniSvneloba sru-
liad araproporciulia am enaze molaparake xalxis raodenobasTan mimar-
TebaSi (reifildi 2013: 9). ramdenad iyo SesaZlebeli Sua saukuneebSi ase-
Ti masStabebis samwerlo kulturis Camoyalibeba, Tuki igi eqskluziurad
mxolod feodalur elitas ekuTvnoda, Tuki „wvrili eri“ ar monawileob-
da mis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebaSi? gamodis, rom disproporcia, romelzec
reifildi saubrobs, gacilebiT ufro masStaburi yofila, vidre erTi
SexedviT Cans, radgan Sua saukuneebSi qarTulenovani mosaxleobis udides-
ma umravlesobam wera-kiTxva ar icoda.
ver daveTanxmebiT modernistebs, TiTqos enis demokratizacia mxolod
axali drois movlenaa. piriqiT, sinamdvileSi arademokratiuli enobrivi
politika swored axali da uaxlesi istoriis periodSi gvaqvs. eTnikuri
identobis aRmniSvneli leqsika Secvlili SinaarsiT gamoiyeneba oficialu-
ri saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis dasaxelebebsa da samarTlebriv aqtebSi (aq
ukve eTnocidis Semadgenloba ikveTeba). raRa vTqvaT leqsikaze, romel-
sac finansuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri... elitebi iyeneben? kvlevebi
cxadyofs, rom mosaxleobis udidesma umravlesobam ubralod ar icis im
terminebisa da profesiuli Jargonebis mniSvneloba, romlebiTac isini
saubroben. an ra eniT gvelaparakeba Tanamedrove media? ra qarTulia – „in-
teresTa gamoxatva gamocxadda“? xamurabis kanonebs (Zv. w. me-17 s.) gacile-
* ernst gelneri werda, rom maRali kultura mTeli sazogadoebis ganmsazRvreli

mxolod industriul sazogadoebaSi xdeba (TevzaZe 2009: 5).
195
biT advilad gaigebs Tanamedrove adamiani, vidre sabanko xelSekrulebis
teqsts, romelsac sTavazoben xelmosawerad. diax, es aris arademokrati-
uli enobrivi politika. Cveni mwerlobis yvelaze adrindel Txzulebebic ki
iseTi xalasi qarTuliT aris dawerili, gamoricxulia igi xalxuri kultu-
ris elementi ar yofiliyo. gamonaklisi iyo anton pirvelis da ioane pet-
riwis stili, magram sxvadasxva stili yvela enaSi aris.
daskvna
Cveni Tanamedrove avtorebis mniSvnelovani nawili qarTuli kulturisa

da identobis istoriis kvlevisas xSir SemTxvevaSi radikalur modernis-
tul midgomebs iyenebs. es midgomebi, samwuxarod, moklebulia mecnierul
obieqturobas da rCeba STabeWdileba, rom politikurad aris motivire-
buli. SeiZleba iTqvas, zogierTi maTgani nulovan tolerantobas iCens
qarTvelTa erTobis kulturuli warsulisadmi da, rogorc adrian heistin-
gsi ityoda, qronologiur Sovinizmamde midis. erebisa da nacionalizmis
Tanamedrove Teoriebi, maT Soris modernistuli Teoriebic, Tavisuflad
iZleva sakiTxisadmi ufro loialuri midgomis SesaZleblobas. es Cvenma
kvlevamac cxadyo.
Cven davamuSaveT qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobisa da zepirsityvierebis
uamravi monacemi, ramdenadac es erTi statiis farglebSi iyo SesaZlebeli
da warmovaCineT, rom Sua saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobasa da zepirsity-
vierebaSi aris saerTo idealebi, Rirebulebebi, saxe-simboloebi, siuJe-
tebi, personaJebi... es yvelaferi mowmobs, rom winamodernul istoriul
epoqebSic arsebobda qarTuli kulturis saerTo-sajaro formebi, rac
yvela socialur fenas moicavda. didwilad es iyo sajaro religiuri kul-
tura. es kultura gamsWvaluli iyo nacionaluri narativisTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli sentimentebiT, miswrafebebiT, ganwyobebiT. amitom ver dave-
TanxmebiT avtorebs, romlebic qarTul sajaro kulturasa da nacionalizms
mxolod modernuli droiT aTariReben.
erebisa da erovnuli kulturebis, anu saerTo-sajaro kulturebis
arseboba winamodernul istoriul epoqebSic aris SesaZlebeli. Secdomaa,
TiTqos erovnuli idealebi pirvelad modernuli periodis dasavleT
evropaSi gaCnda da Semdeg iqidan gavrcelda danarCen msoflioSi.
saqarTvelos dasavleT evropisgan gansxvavebuli istoriuli gamocdi-
leba aqvs, magram, miuxedavad amisa, savsebiT SesaZlebelia qarTvelTa er-
Tobis erad Camoyalibeba ganvsazRvroT yvela im kriteriumiT, romliTac
cnobili ucxoeli specialistebi aTariReben dasavleT evropis erebs.
erebisa da nacionalizmis kvlevebis Tanamedrove midgomebi iZleva imis
SesaZleblobas, rom gavTavisufldeT evrocentrizmisgan, gadavlaxoT
196
modernistebis mier Semotanili qronologiuri sqizma da qarTveli eris
Camoyalibeba winamodernuli istoriuli epoqebiT ganvsazRvroT. auci-
lebelia qarTuli kulturisa da identobis kvleva globaluri istoriis
konteqstSi moxdes. da, rac mTavaria, unda gagrZeldes folklorul wya-
roebze muSaoba. amis gareSe qarTuli identobis srulyofili Seswavla Se-
uZlebelia, rameTu, rogorc arnold Ciqobava brZanebda, „eris meobas jer
ena arkvevs da Semdeg xalxuri simRera - xalxis gulis namdvili mesaidumle“.
SeniSvnebi:
1. termini „protonacia“ erik hobsbaums ekuTvnis (smiTi 1998/2003: 237). „...neo-

perenialistebi amtkiceben, rom naciebi da nacionalizmebi XVI saukunemdec arse-
bobdnen, gansxvavebiT jon brilis msgavsi modernistebisagan, romelTaTvisac XVI
saukuneSi nacionaluri sentimentebis zrda sxva araferia, Tu ara nacionalizmis
„preludia“ (smiTi 2004: 142).
2. marina CxartiSvili da misi jgufs wevrebi miiCneven, rom me sworad ver vigeb
eTnosimbolizmis Teorias da vamaxinjeb maT Sexedulebebs. Cvens diskusiaSi sakvanZo
sakiTxi aris Semdegi – aRiarebs Tu ara e.d. smiTis Teoria winamodernul istoriul
epoqebSi namdvili erebis arsebobas. ufro vrclad aRniSnul sakiTxs ganvixilavT
statiaSi: „ratom „eri“ da ara „eTnie“.
3. „socialuri realoba ki Sua saukuneebSi marTlac amotrialebulia erovnul
ideasTan mimarTebaSi“ – gigi TevzaZe amas wers giorgi merCulis cnobili sityvebis
(„qarTlad friadi queyanaჲ aRiracxebis...“) Sesaxeb msjelobisas da dasZens, rom am
gamoTqmas igi karl marqss daesesxa (TevzaZe 2009: 11).
4. damana meliqiSvilisa da lela patariZis publikaciebidan Cans, rom sityva
„eri“ bibliis wignebis Zv. qarTul TargmanebSi „naciis“ Sinaarsobriv elfers iZens,
rodesac Zveli aRTqmis israelzea saubari (meliqiSvili 2009: 586-587; patariZe 1999:
26-30). ix. aseve Cemi statia: `„erisa“ da „ara eris“ mniSvneloba Zvel qarTulSi“. masSi
aRvniSnav, rom Zv. aRTqmis israelis SemTxvevaSi, „eri“ ewodeba adamianTa eTno–
kulturul erTobas, romelsac aqvs saerTo saxeli, hyavs saerTo winapari, aqvs sa-
erTo istoriuli mexsiereba, mSobliuri ena, samSoblo da sarwmunoeba. xolo „ara
eri“ ewodeba iseT eTno-kulturul erTobas, romelsac yvela zemoxsenebuli niSan–
Tviseba gaaCnia, magram ara aqvs marTali sarwmunoeba (maWaraSvili 2014: 92-97).
5. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sua saukuneebis inglisurSi sityvis forma gansxvavebulia:
nacion, nacyon, nacioun (smiTi 2004: 138-139). xolo Zvel da Tanamedrove qarTulSi,
rogorc davinaxeT, sityvis formaca da Sinaarsic igivea.
6. ver daveTanxmebiT gigi TevzaZes, TiTqos qarTveli eri daibada da aRizarda
wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebaSi. sinamdvileSi qarTveli eri daibada da
aRizarda qristianul eklesiaSi. Zvelad qarTvelTa erToba faqtobrivad er-eklesia
iyo.
197
7. gansxvavebulia dasavleT evropis istoriuli gamocdileba. Sua saukuneebSi
iq laTinuri ena iyo gabatonebuli, rac mxolod elitis viwro wrem icoda, xolo
adgilobriv enebze bibliis Targmnas kaTolikuri inkvizicia cecxliTa da maxviliT
ebrZoda.
8. migvaCnia, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi arsebobda aRmosavluri pentar-
qiis idea. mas Semdeg, rac romTan eklesiuri erToba dairRva, berZnebi mxolod oTx
patriarqs ixseniebdnen, qarTvelebi ki me-16-17 saukuneebSic xuTs, radgan mexuTe
adgilze saqarTvelos patriarqs ayenebdnen. magram berZnebi ar eTanxmebodnen
saqarTvelos eklesiis meTauris uZvelesi patriarqebis gverdiT dayenebas. rogorc
Cans, swored amitom, 1235 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac maT bulgarelebis/tirnovos pat-
riarqi kanonikurad aRiares, pativis rangiT igi saqarTvelos patriarqze win daaye-
nes. amiT SeiZleba aixsnas is, rom 1260 wlis sabuTSi saqarTvelos patriarqi Tavis
Tavs meeqvse adgilze ixseniebs. amjerad am sakiTxze vrclad ver vimsjelebT.
9. popularuli hagiografia sxva erebsac aqvT. magaliTad, arab qristianebs
aqvT folkloruli cnobebi ioane damaskelis (me-8 s.) Sesaxeb, xolo bulgareTSi Se-
monaxulia ioane rilelis (me-9 s.) folkloruli cxovreba.
10. somxur folklorSi, piriqiT, qarTvelebi arian negatiurad daxasiaTebu-
li. somxur zepirsityvierebaSi, magaliTad, gavrcelebuli iyo axalgazrdisadmi
moxucebuli vaWris darigebis motivi – Tu ginda, rom ar gakotrde da ar gaubedurde,
saqarTveloSi ar Caxvide savaWrodo.
11. xalxurma sityvierebam Semogvinaxa mravali saeklesio dResaswaulisadmi
(xareba, Soba, naTlisReba, mirqma, bzoba, aRdgoma, amaRleba, sulTmofenoba, kvira-
cxovloba, feriscvaleba, mariamoba, giorgoba, lazaroba, elioba, mTavarangelo-
zoba, Tevdoroba, kvirikoba, nikolozoba, ninooba, petre-pavloba, stefanoba,
Siooba, aTengenoba, barbaroba...) miZRvnili leqs-simRerebi, tradiciebi, legendebi
(sixaruliZe 1960: 233-254; RambaSiZe 2018). am dResaswaulebis gavrcelebis areali
eTnikuri qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul yvela regions moicavs.
12. gvaqvs aseve SemorCenili xalxuri dramis nimuSebi (SamanaZe 1981; WeliZe 1987;
janeliZe 2018; Ciqovani 1968), rac faseulia, radgan Teatrs didi mniSvneloba aqvs
koleqtiuri kulturuli identobis cxovrebaSi. es antikur saberZneTSic ase iyo da
Sua saukuneebSic.
13. Cven me-10 saukunes oqros xanad arc ki aRviqvamT. am dros moRvaweobdnen
qarTveli mwerlebi (ucnob avtorebs ar CamovTvliT): hagiografebi – arsen kaTali-
kosi (ioane zedaznelis, Sio mRvimelis, abibos nekreselis cxovrebaTa da wamebis
avtori), bagrat erisTavT-erisTavi (grigol xanZTelis saswaulebis avtori), basili
zarzmeli (serapion zarzmelis cxovrebis avtori), giorgi merCule (grigol xanc-
Telis cxovrebis avtori), stefane mtbevari (miqael-gobronis wamebis avtori);
himnografebi – ezra anCeli, ioane-zosime, ioane minCxi, ioane mtbevari, ioane qon-
qozisZe, kurdanaჲ, miqael modrekili, stefane sananoisZe; mTargmnelebi – grigol
oSkeli, daCi, prokopi mRvdeli (asaTiani... 1984: 26, 39, 48-49, 62-67, 74, 94, 100-101, 133,
133-135, 136-137, 146, 156, 171-173, 204, 232, 233). ramden evropel ers hyavs me-10 saukune-
Si amdeni mwerali? CvenTvis ki me-10 saukuneSi oqros xana jer ar damdgara.
198
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SaniZe 1990: SaniZe m. sityuai arTronTaTvs: Zveli qarTuli gramatikuli traqtati,
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SaniZe 1996: wm. ioane oqropiri, Targmanebaჲ maTes saxarebisaჲ, Targmani wm. efTvime
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Ciqovani 1955: Ciqovani m. daviT guramiSvili da xalxuri poezia, Tbilisi: 1955.
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Ciqovani 1964: me-17 saukuneSi Cawerili qarTuli zRaprebi, m. Ciqovanis gamocema.
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CxaiZe 2009: CxaiZe i. nacionalizmis modernistuli Teoria da qarTuli nacionaluri
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CxartiSvili... 2011b: CxartiSvili m., mania q., qadagiSvili s. qarTuli nacionalizmis
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wereTeli 2008: wereTeli l. bagrationTa samefo sagvareulos RvTiuri warmomavloba
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203
Giorgi Macharashvili
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
Premodern Georgian Culture – Mirage or Reality*
Summary
Key Words: Medieval Georgian Literature, Folklore, National Identity
Does the Georgian nation have its own authentic navel i.e. cultural past? This is a key question
in the contemporary studies of Georgian identity. Many modern scholars adhere to the most
radical modernist approaches. Georgian ethnosymbolists also share chronological modernism.
They claim that the public culture (the main criterion of a nation) is possible only in the modern
period (this is quite remote from A.D. Smith’s theory). Consequently, they began Georgian
national identity from the 19th century. These authors are mainly focused on the study of print
media and almost never pay attention to folk and oral sources. But in preindustrial periods
folklore was no less public than present-day social media is. Thus, one of the major lacunas of
contemporary study of Georgian identity is disregarding of folk materials.
In the Middle Ages we have Georgian hagiography, hymnography, historiography ... but
this literature was created by the political and cultural elite. What was the self-consciousness of
the non-hegemonic classes and the illiterate population? We conducted a comparative study
and it shows that in the medieval Georgian literature and folk sources we have same values,
ideals, symbols. The existence of similar motives, stories, characters ... proves that a common
culture circulated in any social strata of the Georgian population. As a result, we claim that public
forms of Georgian culture existed in premodern historical periods. It was mainly a common
religious culture. This present paper argues that the idea of the Georgian nation and Georgian
national unity arose in premodern times.
* The paper was written within the framework of the project Your Folk Idea (The Folklore State Centre of
Georgia).
204
levan bregaZe
literaturis Teoriis ucnobi saxelmZRvanelo
es gamocema Zveli wignebiT garemovaWrisagan SeviZine 2019 wlis 1 marts.

satitulo gverdze vkiTxulobT:
s. s. s. r. ganaTlebis komisariati.
pedkadrebis kvalifikaciis amaRlebis
instituti.
k[onstantine]. gagua.
literaturis Teoria.
pedkadrebis kvalifikaciis amaRlebis
institutis
maswavlebelTaTvis (erTwliani
gadasamzadebeli
dauswreb.[eli]] – sakurso mecadineoba.
redaqtori doc. diomide Tofuria.
p. k. a. institutis gamocema.
tfilisi
1936 w.
bolos wina gverdze aseTi monacemebia:

saxuntis liTografia[.] mT. № 7007.
Sekv.[eTa] № 79 [.] tir. [aJi] 600.
bolo gverdze ki fasi aweria: 3 man. 50 kap.
egzemplars, romelic Cvens xelT aris, satitulo gverdze azis saq. ssr
ganaTlebis saministros quTaisis vaJTa me-10 rvawliani skolis beWedi da
melniT aweria 1700.*
wigni Sedgeba 86 gverdisagan da satitulo gverdidan dawyebuli bolom-
de misi teqsti warmoadgens xelnawers, romelic liTografiuli teqnikiT
aris gamravlebuli.
am gamocemas „ucnobs“ imitom vuwodebT, rom igi ar iZebneba arc saqar-
Tvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTekis, arc erovnuli samecniero
biblioTekisa da arc ioseb griSaSvilis biblioTeka-muzeumis katalogebSi,
da, rac mTavaria, ar ixsenieba bibliografiaSi „qarTuli wigni“.
* raki wigni Cvens saojaxo biblioTekaSi Semovida, axla mas ukve titulsa da me-17
gverdze Cveni saojaxo biblioTekis beWedic azis, mamaCemis, s. p. bregaZis, saxelze
damzadebuli.
205
Cven mier SeZenil egzemplarSi ido quTaisis 25-e saSualo skolis sas-
wavlo nawilis gamgis blankiani bloknotidan amoxeul furcelze iisferi
melniT dawerili baraTi, 1963 wlis 28 maisiT daTariRebuli da pavle xma-
laZis mier xelmowerili.
pavle xmalaZe gaxlavT cnobili quTaiseli pedagogi. mis biografiul
monacemebs SegviZlia gavecnoT 1971 wels gazeT „wignis samyaroSi“ gamoq-
veynebuli weriliT, romelic misi dabadebidan 60 wlis Tavze gamoqveynda
rafiel SamelaSvilis avtorobiT (SamelaSvili 1971: 7).
pavle xmalaZis adresati mxolod saxeliT aris moxseniebuli („pativce-
mulo akaki!“), xolo werilidan irkveva, rom akaki gawerelia igulisxmeba
(dasaxelebulia misi wignebi: „qarTuli klasikuri leqsi“ [1953] da „qarTuli
leqsi“ [1955]).
gTavazobT pavle xmalaZis werilis srul teqsts:
„pativcemulo akaki!
mapatieT, rom gawuxebT.
bibliografiebSi („qarTuli wigni“, Tqveni wignebi: qarTuli klasikuri
leqsi da qarTuli leqsi) arsad araa miTiTebuli es wigni, romelsac axla
me Tqven gigzavniT. mainteresebs da gTxovT momweroT: ratom araa igi
aRniSnuli, aqvs mas raime Rirebuleba Tu ara, an – hqonda am gamocemas raime
mniSvneloba im wlebisaTvis Tu ara, saerTod riT SeiZleba am wignma miipy-
ros Cveni (mkiTxvelebisa da specialistebis) yuradReba.
es wigni Tu Tqven ara gaqvT, daitoveT, an gadaeciT romelime biblioTe-
kas. mcire tiraJi aqvs da ar daikargos.
momwereT ori sityviT.
pativiscemiT pavle xmalaZe
quTaisi
sevastopolis q. 54.
p. xmalaZe
furclis meore mxares aseTi minaweria:
„amave avtors, karg specialists – pedagogs, meTodists[,] mgoni[,] hqonda

igive wigni liTografiulad ki ara, stamburad nabeWdi (?).
Tqveni binis misamarTi ar vici, mapatieT, rom ase gwerT baraTs. p. x.“.
am wignis avtoris Sesaxeb enciklopedia „saqarTvelo“ (1997) aseT cnobebs

gvawvdis:
„gagua konstantine romanozis Ze [31.VII (12.VIII). 1885, sof. taleri, axland.
martvilis raioni, – 28.VIII.1947, Tbilisi], pedagogi, meTodisti. 1906 wels
daamTavra Tbilisis sasuliero seminaria, 1911 wels – yazanis universite-
tis istoriul-filologiuri fakulteti. amave wlidan muSaobda xaSuris,
206
quTaisis, baTumis klasikur gimnaziebSi, Tbilisis realur saswavlebelSi
qarTuli enisa da literaturis maswavleblad; Tbilisis maswavlebelTa
daxelovnebis institutis qarTuli enisa da literaturis kabinetis gamged.
mas ekuTvnis statiebi: „mxatvruli literaturis Seswavlis meTodikisaT-
vis dawyebiTsa da saSualo skolaSi“, „msoflio literaturis nimuSebi“,
„poetika“ – literaturis Teoriis damxmare saxelmZRvanelo, krebuli
„SoTa rusTaveli skolaSi“, „qarTuli wera-kiTxvis swavlebis meTodika“,
„mxatvruli literaturis swavleba saSualo skolaSi“, „qarTuli enis gra-
matikis swavlebis meTodikis sakiTxebi“, „qarTuli poeturi folklori“
(maswavlebelTa dasaxmareblad), „qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTa“ da
sxv.“ (saqarTvelo 1997: 530).
konstantine gaguas Sesaxeb statia SegiZliaT ixiloT agreTve wignSi:
„saxalxo ganaTlebis qarTveli moRvaweebi da saxalxo maswavleblebi“, kre-
buli III (Tbilisi: „ganaTleba“, 1968, gv. 280-283. statiis avtori – k. To-
furia. igive statia ganTavsebulia lela gafrindaSvilis proeqtiT mom-
zadebul vebgverdze „ganmanaTlebloba saqarTveloSi. ideebi da moRva-
weebi“: http://nateba.websail.net/biographies).
konstantine gaguas es naSromi, romelsac Cveni gamokvleva exeba, qar-
Tul enaze „literaturis Teoriis“ saxelwodebiT gamosuli pirveli wig-
nia. Semdgom amave saxelwodebiT gamoica v. bokerias (1939), gr. Sengeliasa
da pav. xubutias (1941. xelnaweris uflebiT), simon gaCeCilaZis (1948, 1950,
1952, 1958, 1966. ramdenjerme gamoica aseTi saxelwodebiTac: „sityvierebis
da literaturis Teoria“) wignebi, xolo 2008 wels SoTa rusTavelis saxelo-
bis qarTuli literaturis institutma amave saTauriT gamosca statiebis
krebuli, romlis qvesaTauria „me-XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri
koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi“.
magram amave Sinaarsis wignebi, oRond sinonimuri saTaurebiT, saqarTve-
loSi adrec gamosula. magaliTad, „sityvierebis Teoriis“ saxelwodebiT,
rac igive „literaturis Teoriaa“, 1898 wels kirion arqimandritma da
grigol yifSiZem dastambes „saxelmZRvanelo wigni saTavad-aznauro sko-
lebisa, sasuliero da saostato saswavleblebisa da seminariebisa da sa-
eparqio saqalebo skolebisaTvis“ (meore gamocema – 1920 w.); 1919 wels me-
liton kelenjeriZes, gamoucia „sityvierebis Teoria“, 1922 wels – ipolite
varTagavas, xolo 1928 wels – „literaturis Teoriis“ zemoT dasaxele-
bul erT-erT avtors, v. bokerias.
„winasityvis“ boloSi konstantine gagua wers:
„wigni, cota ar iyos, naCqarevad daiwera, amitom unaklo ar aris, magram es
pirveli cdaa literaturis Teoriis dawerisa qarTul enaze“ (gagua 1936:
IV. xazgasma Cvenia. – l. b.).
es gancxadeba, gansaxilavi saxelmZRvanelos pirvelobis Sesaxeb, for-
maluri TvalsazrisiT marTalia, vinaidan am saTauris mqone wigni („li-
207
teraturis Teoria“) qarTulad manamde marTlac ar gamocemula; arsebiTad
ki, rogorc wignebis zemoT warmodgenili CamonaTvalidanac Cans, ase ar
aris: „sityvierebis Teoriis“ saxelwodebiT gamosuli wignebic literatu-
ris Teoriis saxelmZRvaneloebia.
konstantine gagua kargad icnobs da iyenebs kidevac kirionisa da grigol
yifSiZis „sityvierebis Teorias“, Tavis droisaTvis Cinebul saxelmZRvane-
los, romelsac sadReisodac ar daukargavs mniSvneloba. magaliTad, k. gagu-
as wignSi, stilistikis ganyofilebaSi, vkiTxulobT:
„enis siwmindisaTvis unda veridoT 1) arqaizmebs – iseT Zvel sityvebs,
romlebsac dRes aRaravin ar xmarobs, magaliTad: saduni (bevri enis mcodne),
glarji (Tambaqo), engidunia (amerika) da sxva“ (gagua 1936: 3).
es msjeloba TiTqmis sityvasityviT aris wamoRebuli kirionisa da yif-
SiZis saxelmZRvanelodan, sailustracio magaliTebic igivea:
„enis siwmindisaTvis unda veridebodeT a) esred-wodebul arxaizmebs, anu
iseTs Zvelis-Zvel sityvebsa da gamoTqmasa, romelsac axla aRar hxmaroben.
magaliTad: saduni (bevri enis mcodne), glarji (Tambaqo), engi-dunia (amerika)
da sxv.“ (kirioni, yifSiZe 1898: 5-6).
ai kidev erTi amonaridi imave stilistikis ganyofilebidan:
„3. ena unda iyos garkveuli, mkafio da niSandoblivi. azri ise unda
gamovTqvaT, rom advilad iyos gasagebi sxvisTvis da swored ise, rogorc
esmoda TviT gamomTqmels, Tu damwers.
garkveviT werasa, Tu Tqmas xels uSlis a) is garemoeba, rom xSirad or-
nairad SeiZleba adamianma gaigos dawerili, Tu naTqvami. es xdeba imis gamo,
rom winadadebaSi sityvebi Tavis adgilze ar aris dasmuli. magaliTad: yo-
vel sazogadoebis saqmes, yvela evropis saqmes – aq sityvebs: „yovel“ da
„yvela“ unda moeZebnos Tavisi jerovani adgili, da maSin azric garkve-
uli iqneba; b) rodesac winadadeba metad rTulia, an vrceli da erTs mTa-
vars mravali sxva damokidebuli winadadeba aqvs darTuli, maSin azri gar-
kveulobas kargavs winadadebaTa uxeiro SeTanxmebis gamo“ (gagua 1936: 4-5.
punqtuacia daculia. xazgasma Cvenia. – l. b.).
SevadaroT amas fragmenti kirionisa da gr. yifSiZis wignis im Tavidan,
romelsac aseve „stilistika“ ewodeba:
„3. garkveuli, mkafio da niSandoblivi gamoTqma azrisa. ise unda iyos
azri gamoTqmuli, rom advilad, gonebis Zal-dautaneblad gaigos adami-
anma da gaigos swored is, ris Tqmac undoda im azris gamomTqmelsa, anu
damwersa.
garkveviT weras xels uSlis umTavresad iseT gamoTqmaTa xmareba, romlis
gagebac ornairad SeiZleba, saxeldobr, roca
a. sityvebi Tav-Tavis alagas ar aris naxmari winadadebaSi;
magal. y o v e l sazogadoebis saqmes imas vakeTebinebdi – ase ki unda:
sazogadoebis yovels saqmes imas vakeTebinebdi.
[...]
208
g. roca winadadeba metad rTulia, an vrceli da erTs mTavars winadade-
bas mravali sxva damokidebuli winadadeba aqvs darTuli“ (kirioni, yifSiZe
1898: 7. punqtuacia daculia. xazgasma Cvenia. – l. b.).
ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konstantine gaguas meqanikurad da ucvlelad
gada aqvs adgilebi kirionisa da yifSiZis naSromidan. magaliTad, sinonime-
bis ganmartebac da nimuSebic am or saxelmZRvaneloSi urTierTgansxvave-
bulia. SevadaroT:
„g. sinonimebi – iseTi sityvebi, romelic erTmanerTsa hgavs mniSvnelo-
biT, magram TiToeuli azris sxva-da-sxva mimoxvrasa hxatavs. magal. sityva-
ni: Sroma (daSvra, daRalva, Svra, Sroma [?-l. b.]), muSaoba, Rvawli“ (kirioni,
yifSiZe 1898: 8);
„sinonimebi iseT sityvebsa hqvia, romlebis gamoTqma sxvadasxvaa, magram
Sinaarsi, azri ki erTidaigivea: baRCa, baRi da walkoti, saxedari da viri,
namusi da svinidisi, lamazi da mSvenieri da sx.“ (gagua 1936: 5).
konstantine gagua zog rames aklebs, zog rames umatebs winamorbedTa
teqsts, zogierT formulirebas cvlis, asxvaferebs, sailustracio maga-
liTebi Tavisi Tanamedrove mwerlebis Txzulebebidanac mohyavs, magram es
yovelive mas ar aTavisuflebs gamoyenebuli wyaros – kirionisa da yifSi-
Zis wignis – damowmebis valdebulebisagan. kirionisa da yifSiZis naSro-
mis gavlena k. gaguas wignis sxva ganyofilebebsac atyvia, Tumca ise Zlier
ara, rogorc „stilistikas“ (Sdr., magaliTad, elegiisa [kirioni, yifSiZe
1898: 89-90; gagua 1936: 73-74] da satirisadmi [kirioni, yifSiZe 1898: 90-92;
gagua 1936: 76-77] miZRvnili qveTavebi).
rac Seexeba meliton kelenjeriZis, ipolite varTagavasa da v. bokerias
zemoT dasaxelebul wignebs, maTi gavlenis aSkara kvali gansaxilav sa-
xelmZRvaneloSi ar SeiniSneba.
pavle xmalaZe zemoT warmodgenil werilSi wers: „amave avtors [...] mgoni
hqonda igive wigni liTografiulad ki ara, stamburad nabeWdi (?)“.
ra SegviZlia vTqvaT amis Taobaze?
„literaturis Teoriis“ gamocemidan ori wlis Semdeg, 1938 wels, kon-
stantine gaguam stamburad gamosca wigni saxelwodebiT „poetika“ (saqar-
Tvelos saxalxo ganaTlebis kadrebis kvalifikaciis amaRlebis instituti,
[saqarTvelos saxalxo komisarTa sabWos saqmeTa mmarTvelobis st.]. – 92, [2]
gv.; 17 sm.. – 3 m., 2000 c.), romlis xuTi egzemplari inaxeba saqarTvelos par-
lamentis erovnul biblioTekaSi da oric – ioseb griSaSvilis biblioTeka-
muzeumSi.
ra mimarTebaa konstantine gaguas „literaturis Teoriasa“ (1936) da misi-
ve „poetikas“ (1938) Soris?
„poetikas“ bevri aqvs saerTo „literaturis TeoriasTan“, magram bevri
ramiT gansxvavdeba kidevac misgan.
209
1. sruliad gansxvavebulia maTi sarCevebi da masalaTa ganlageba;
2. „poetikas“ ar axlavs „literaturis Teoriis“ avtoris publicistu-
ri xasiaTis „winasityva“ (erTnaxevari gverdi), sadac laparakia skolebSi
literaturis swavlebis savalalo mdgomareobaze – „poetikas“ saerTod ara
aqvs winasityva.
(„winasityvis“ pirveli abzaci“ ase JRers: „literaturis swavlebas, Se-
iZleba iTqvas, gadaeCvia Cveni maswavleblobis erTi nawili. garda ideolo-
giur-sociologiuri garCevisa, rom saWiroa nawarmoebis analizi formis
mxrivac, es mometebul SemTxvevebSi miviwyebulia Cvens skolebSi. es ki didi
naklia, romelic literaturis specifikas spobs“. – gagua 1936: III).
3. aris abzacebi, romlebic „literaturis Teoriidan“ „poetikaSi“ ar ga-
dasula. am ukanasknelSi aRar gvxvdeba, magaliTad, es msjeloba:
„stilis Seswavla mxoloddamxolod stilisaTvis mosawyeni saqmea. stili
maSin aris interesis Semcveli, rodesac is iZleva wris xasiaTs, cxovrebas –
im cxovrebas, romelmac warmoSva TviT eg stili“ (gagua 1936: 23).
„poetikaSi“ movisakliseT agreTve sagulisxmo msjeloba imis Taobaze,
rom mwerlis stilSi aisaxeba rogorc avtoris individualuri Tvisebebi,
aseve adamianTa im wrisa Tu jgufisa, romelSic mas cxovreba uwevs:
„magaliTad, epiTetebis Seswavla amaTuim mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi gagvac-
nobs am mwerlis yuradRebis gamaxvilebas amaTuim Tvisebaze (sagnisa da
movlenis im Tvisebas mogvcems avtori, romelsac TviTon aqcevs yuradRe-
bas). metaforebi da Sedarebanic aseve axasiaTeben mwerals: imis mixedviT,
Tu romel garemodan aris mocemuli es saxeebi (buneba, soflis meurneoba,
muSaTa yofa-cxovreba da sx.), SeiZleba gamovarkvioT, Tu ra aris mwerli-
saTvis sanukvari, gasagebi. metaforaSi, gapirovnebaSi yovelTvis Sedare-
ba moCans, vadarebT ki mas, rac CvenTvis ufro axlobelia da saintereso“
(gagua 1936: 25-26).
„poetikaSi“ aRar aris Tavi, romelsac „literaturis TeoriaSi“ hqvia
„mxatvruli nawarmoebis gavlena adamianze“ (gagua 1936: 49), sadac asea gad-
mocemuli mkiTxvelisa da mxatvruli teqstis urTierTobis specifika:
„kargi mxatvruli nawarmoebi poetis mier ZarRvianad da mkafiod Seq-
mnili saxeebi mkiTxvels imorCilebs, mis nerviul sistemas daWimavs da na-
warmoebSi aRweril cxovrebasTan mas uSualod akavSirebs. ase rom[,] moTx-
robili ambebi wignSi wakiTxulad ar rCeba mkiTxvelisaTvis, aramed am
ukanasknelis mier sakuTari TvalebiT xilulad da gancdilad (poeturi
iluzia) [aRiqmeba]. swored aq aris literaturis aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia,
misi didi mniSvneloba“ (gagua 1936: 50).
4. iq, sadac mxatvruli literaturis saxeobebsa da Janrebze lapara-
kobs, avtori sqolioSi aseT mosazrebas gamoTqvams: „unda movspoT Zveli
Sexeduleba, TiTqo proza poezia ar iyos. gaumarTlebelia poeziis dapi-
rispireba prozasTan da mxolod leqsis aRiareba poeziad. romanisa Tu
210
moTxrobis avtori aranakleb mTxzvelia (berZnuli sityva – pieo – niSnavs
vTxzav, vqmni) leqsis damwerze“ (gagua 1936: 50-51. sqolio). es Tvalsazrisi
„poetikaSi“ aRar gvxvdeba.
5. interess iwvevs „literaturis Teoriis“ zogierTi sailustracio
masalis sxva magaliTebiT Canacvlebis an gamotovebis SemTxvevebi ori
wlis Semdeg „poetikis“ saxelwodebiT gamocemul wignSi.
magaliTad:
a) „vambobT: akakis stili, vaJasa da yazbegis stili, SoTa rusTavelis
stili, maSaSvilis stili da sx.“ (gagua 1936: 25);
„vambobT, mag: akakis stili, ilias stili, vaJas stili, rusTavelis stili
da sxva“ (gagua 1938: 6).
b) „k. lorTqifaniZis „axali glexebi“ swored kargi nimuSia narkvevisa,
rogorc garkveuli literaturuli Janrisa, romelsac Tavisi specifika
aqvs“ (gagua 1936: 56);
„b. CxeiZis „fero“ nimuSia narkvevisa, rogorc garkveuli literaturuli
Janrisa, romelsac Tavisi specifika aqvs“ (gagua 1938: 62);
g) „literaturis TeoriaSi“ sinonimebis sailustraciod ilia WavWavaZisa
da noe zomleTelis leqsebidan iyo fragmentebi moxmobili (gagua 1936: 21-
22); „poetikaSi“ marto iliaa darCenili (gagua 1938: 25).
d) qveTavSi „novela“ vkiTxulobT: „axlaxan daibeWda gazeT „komunistSi“
r. gvetaZis novela „maxra“ (gagua 1936: 55);
es informacia „poetikaSi“ aRar aris (gagua 1938: 61)
da sxva da sxva.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gamo advili saTqmeli rodia konstantine
gaguas „literaturis Teoria“ da misive „poetika“ sxvadasxva wignebad
unda miviCnioT Tu „poetika“ „literaturis Teoriis“ saxelwodebaSec-
vlil da mniSvnelovnad Sevsebul-Sesworebul-gadamuSavebul gamocemad
unda CaiTvalos. orive mosazrebas SeiZleba gamouCndes momxrenic da
mowinaaRmdegenic.
erTi ki cxadia: konstantine gaguas „literaturis Teoriam“ kuTvnili
adgili unda daikavos bibliografiebSi da qarTuli literaturaTmcod-
neobis istoriis amsaxvel naSromebSi.
damowmebani:
gagua 1936: gagua k. literaturis Teoria. tfilisi: 1936.

gagua 1938: gagua k. poetika. Tbilisi: 1938.
kirioni, yifSiZe 1898: sityvierebis Teoria, Sedgenili arximandritis kirionisa da
gr. yifSiZis-mier. tfilisi: 1898.
saqarTvelo 1997: saqarTvelo. enciklopedia 5 tomad, t. 1. Tbilisi: 1997.
SamelaSvili 1971: SamelaSvili r. `mkvlevari, pedagogi~. gaz. „wignis samyaro“, 24.11.1971.
211
Levan Bregadze
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
The Unknown Manual of the Theory of Literature
Summary
Key words: “The Theory of Literature”, Konstantine Gagua.
I have bought this book – “The Theory of Literature”, from a street vendor of book-manuals
for schoolteachers. Its author is Konstantine Gagua, published in 1936, it contains 86
handwritten pages, with a foreword from the author and contents, it is printed with lithography
technique, number of printed books 600 pieces. It is neither registered in any bibliographical
reference book, nor it is mentioned in any catalogue of the national library or of any other known
libraries.
In this article we describe the relation of this book with other similar works, we also
determine its place among other manuals of the theory of literature.
212
TinaTin sixaruliZe
Ggivi gaCeCilaZis Teoriuli Sexedulebebi baironis

qarTulad TargmnasTan dakavSirebiT
didi romantikosi poeti jorj gordon baironi (1789-1824) qarTvelma

mkiTxvelma, upiratesad, franguli da rusuli Targmanebis meSveobiT ga-
icno.A amis kvalobaze damkvidrda qarTul saliteraturo sivrceSi termini
`baironizmi“, Sesabamisad, gaCnda didi ingliseli poetis Semoqmedebis qar-
Tul enaze Targmnis aucilebloba – Tundac Sualeduri enis meSveobiT.
specialur literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom „Tu qarTvelebi Targmnid-
nen ama Tu im Txzulebas, es imitom, rom masSi xedavdnen da poulobdnen
pasuxs maTTvis saWirboroto da sasicocxlo sakiTxebze, magram mTavari
is aris, rom ucxo Txzulebis gadmoReba iyo ara meqanikuri, aramed Semoq-
medebiTi gadamuSavebisa da sakuTar gemovneba-SegnebasTan Seguebis pro-
cesi. qarTvelTa SemoqmedebiTma geniam SeZlo naTargmni literaturis
asimilireba, Tavis sakuTar ideur-esTetikur SegnebaSi gadaxarSva da ga-
dadnoba misi erovnuli saqmianobis brZmedSi“ (alibegaSvili 2017: 45, 46).
zemoTqmulis magaliTad SeiZleba miviCnioT ilia WavWavaZis werili òri-
ode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Zis erisTavis kazlovis mier `SeSlilis“
Targmanzeda“ (1861 w.), romelSic sruliad axalgazrda Semoqmedma Camo-
ayaliba literaturuli Targmanis zogadi principebi. ilia moiTxovda
originalis formisa da Sinaarsis erTianobis SenarCunebas saTargmni
TxzulebisTvis „damaxasiaTebeli mxatvruli Zalisa da energiis dacviT“.
misTvis mTavari iyo „erovnuli gamomsaxveloba naTqvamisa“, vinaidan
ilia enas miiCnevda ara marto logikur da gramatikul kategoriad, aramed
mxatvrul fenomenad, Sesabamisad, igi moiTxovda mTargmnelisgan WeSma-
riti mxatvrulobis dacvasac (gaCeCilaZe 1966: 91).
im periodisTvis evropaSi ukve mkafiod iyo Camoyalibebuli Targmanis
zogadi principebi (i. v. goeTe, f. Sileri, f. Slaiarmaheri, T. momzeni da sxv.),
romelTa Tanaxmad gamoikveTa Targmanis ori tipi: erTi gadmoscemda ded-
nis asls, magram formas ar icavda, xolo meore arsebiTad icavda formas,
magram Sinaarss nakleb yuradRebas aqcevda; sagulisxmoa, rom arsebobda me-
same tipic, e.w. mkacri Targmani, romelSic formac da Sinaarsic maqsimalu-
rad Seesatyviseboda dedans da Targmanic gasagebi iyo mkiTxvelisaTvis.
qarTvelma mTargmnelebma upiratesoba mianiWes saTargmni teqstis ukeT
misawvdomobas, Sesabamisad, baironis TxzulebaTa qarTul enaze gadmoRe-
bisas Tavisufali Targmanis principi SearCies.
213
XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebamde baironis qarTul enaze Targmna, ZiriTadad,
gulisxmobda inglisuri teqstis Sualeduri enis meSveobiT gadmocemas.
qarTul enaze gadmoRebuli am teqstebis Rirseba-naklovanebis Sefaseba
advili ar aris, magram gasuli saukunis 20-30-iani wlebidan qarTveli
Targmanmcodneebi mainc cdiloben kritikuli TvaliT Sexedon winare epo-
qis Targmanebs. Aam SemTxvevaSi aucileblad unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli
sabWouri Targmanmcodneobis mier SemuSavebuli principebi. am droisaTvis
ukve yalibdeba rusi Targmanmcodnis a. v. fedorovis Targmanis Teoria,
xolo XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi ibeWdeba qarTveli mTargmnelisa da
Targmanis Teoretikosis, givi gaCeCilaZis fundamenturi naSromi `mxat-
vruli Targmanis Teoriis Sesavali“. am naSromma farTo gamoxmaureba
hpova imdroidel sabWoTa TargmanmcodneTa Soris. ukraineli mwerali da
mxatvruli Targmanis Teoretikosi aleqsei kundZiCi sinanuls gamoTqvamda,
rom saWiri iyo mTargmnelTa sagangebo sakavSiro yrilobis gamarTva da amis
aucleblobas givi gaCeCilaZis avtoritetuli sityvebiT ganamtkicebda –
àraferi ise mWidrod ar ukavSirdeba praqtikas, rogorc Targmanis Sesaxeb
Teoriuli msjeloba~ (kunZiCi 1968: 203).
givi gaCeCilaZis Targmanebsa da Teoriul Sexedulebebs dRemde ar da-
ukargavT aqtualuroba. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa baironis
qarTul enaze Targmanebis miseuli Sefaseba. 1938 wels gamodis monografia
baironze, romelSic avtori masStaburad warmoadgens lord baironis
cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebas, mkiTxvelis samsjavroze gamoaqvs ingliseli
romantikosi poetis miseuli Targmanebi, romlebsac urTavs komentarebs,
saTauriT `baironis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis qronologiuri sarCuli-
dan“. avtors miaCnia, rom es wigni (`baironi”) naCqarevad aris momzadebu-
li, magram axalgazrda qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis didi ingliseli poetis
gacnobis saWiroebidan da aucileblobidan gamomdinare, SeniSnavs: `vi-
medovneb, rom es patara wigni gamoadgeba qarTvel axalgazrdobas da
aRuZravs mainc swrafvas didi ingliseli poetisaken, romelic mTeli xmiT
qarTulad jer kidev ar ametyvelebula~ (gaCeCilaZe 1938: 3). am SeniSvni-
dan gamomdinareobs, rom monografiis avtors jer ar hqonda saTanadod
Seswavlili gasul saukuneSi Sesrulebuli Targmanebi, anda naklebi yu-
radRebas aqcevda maT, radgan isini originalidan ar iyo Sesrulebuli. aq
mTargmnelis pozicia ufro moCans, vidre Targmanis istorikosisa.
baironis XIX saukuneSi Sesrulebul Targmans givi gaCeCilaZe, vfiq-
robT, ilia WavWavaZis poziciidan udgeba da ara XX saukunis mTargmnelo-
biT principebze dayrdnobiT.
1950-ian wlebSi gazeT `literaturuli saqarTvelos” furclebze qvey-
ndeba givi gaCeCilaZis werilebis seria ìnglisuri literaturis qarTul
enaze Targmnis sakiTxebi”, romlebSic yuradReba gamaxvilebulia ingli-
suri literaturis qarTuli Targmanebis istoriaze da Sefasebulia me-19
214
saukuneSi Sesrulebuli Targmanebi: `winamdebare werilSi Cven vexebiT
me-19 saukunis meore naxevris ramdenime amgvar damaxasiaTebel faqts,
upirveles yovlisa, inglisuri xalxuri poeziis nimuSebisa da baironis
nawarmoebTa Targmanebs. aq unda davasaxeloT ori Targmani: `dedoflis
aRsareba“ da `baironidam“ (gaCeCilaZe 1956a: 3).
SesavalSi avtori SeniSnavs, rom Seqspiris „mefe liris“ ilia WavWavaZisa
da ivane maCabliseul Targmanamde (1873) inglisurenovan TxzulebaTa um-
ravlesoba gadmoRebuli iyo rusulidan, radgan ar arsebobda origina-
lidan Targmnis praqtika, magram, miuxedavad amisa, Zalze didi iyo aR-
niSnul TargmanTa istoriul-kulturuli mniSvneloba: ès Targmanebi
emsaxurebodnen kulturis gavrcelebas qarTvel xalxSi, bevri maTgani
Sesrulebuli iyo mSvenieri literaturuli eniT. Tavmdabali qarTveli
mTargmnelebi, romelTac ar icodnen dednis ena, mainc cdilobdnen ru-
sul enaze dayrdnobiT Tavisi, Tundac mcire, wvlili SeetanaT saerTo
kulturuli aRmavlobis saqmeSi“ (gaCeCilaZe 1956a: 3).
givi gaCeCilaZe ganixilavs baironis ori leqsis – `dedoflis aRsareba“
da `baironidam“ – Targmans. es ukanaskneli, Targmanis Teoretikosis az-
riT, unda warmoadgendes Sotlandiuri xalxuri baladis im fragmentis
Targmans, `romelic cnobilia puSkinis variantis saxiT“. Targmans xels
awers i. reviSvili da is ar unda iyos baironisa. givi gaCeCilaZis varaudiT,
puSkinis aRniSnuli leqsi mTargmnels Sexvedria gerbelis <...> wignSi,
romelSic sxva inglisel avtorebTan erTad baironic gvxvdeba“ (gaCeCilaZe
1956a: 3).
aRsaniSnavia, rom givi gaCeCilaZe XIX saukunis meore naxevris lite-
raturuli moZraobis liderebis, ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis Tar-
gmanebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da baironis ebrauli melodiebis ciklidan
erTi leqsis – `stirodeT“ – iliaseul Targmanze Cerdeba. givi gaCeCilaZe
aTvalsaCinoebs mTargmnelis mizans am leqsis gadmoRebisas: `baironis
leqsi upasuxebda qarTvel moRvaweTa saerTo ganwyobilebas da es Targmanic
miznad isaxavda patriotuli ganwyobilebis gaRviZebas qarTvel mkiTxvel-
Si. isic damaxasiaTebelia, rom aseT mkveTr midrekilebas patriotiki-
sadmi amJRavnebdnen swored baironis leqsebis pirveli Targmanebi, maSin,
rodesac ufro mogviano TargmanebSi gvxvdeba ukve baironis intimuri
lirikis nimuSebic“ (gaCeCilaZe 1956a: 3).
Ggivi gaCeCilaZes mohyavs ilias werili meuRlisadmi, romlidanac Cans,
rom ilias inglisuri enis SeswavlisaTvis xeli miuyvia `mxolod Seqspiris
`mefe liris~ TargmnasTan dakaSirebiT~. mecnieri SeniSnavs, rom ilia `zus-
tad imeorebs dednis saxeTa sistemas da, saerTod, Tavisi SinaarsiT Zlier
axloa dedanTan~ (gaCeCilaZe 1956a:N1-4).
A Jurnal `ciskris“ 1863 wlis me-2 nomerSi gamoqveynda baironis leqsis
„godeba ebraelTa“ akaki wereTliseuli Targmani, Tumca analitikur bib-
215
liografiaSi ar aris miniSnebuli baironis avtoroba da aRniSnuli teqsti
didxans akakis originalur nawarmoebad iyo miCneuli. amis Taobaze givi
gaCeCilaZe SeniSnavs, rom `godeba ebraelTa~ `warmoadgens baironis <...>
leqsis sruliad Tavisufal Targmans“. Mmkvlevari mianiSnebs leqsis akaki-
seul laitmotivze da wers, rom qarTveli poetis mier am leqsis gamoqvey-
neba imave mizezebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, romliTac ilias zemoT aRniSnu-
li Targmanisa (gaCeCilaZe 1956a:N1-4). Ooriode wlis Semdeg, 1865 wels, akakim
Jurnal `ciskris“N me-11 nomerSi gamoaqveyna kidev erTi Targmani – ìef-
Tais asuli“ (baironiT), romelic, givi gaCeCilaZis marTebuli dakvirve-
biT, akakim sagangebod SearCia, vinaidan leqsis patriotuli paTosi zus-
tad Seesatyviseboda TergdaleulTa mxatvrul-esTetikur Sexedulebebs.
mkvlevari SeniSnavs, rom leqsi ar unda iyos inglisuridan Targmnili, ram-
denadac à. wereTelma inglisuri ena ar icoda“ da, savaraudod, rusuli
TargmaniT isargebla. amave werilSi givi gaCeCilaZe saubrobs anton fur-
celaZis mier Targmnili leqsis, `baironiT“, Sesaxeb, romelic Jurnal
`ciskris“ 1863 wlis martis nomerSia dabeWdili. aRniSnuli leqsi givi ga-
CeCilaZes baironis saerTo poeturi tendenciebis gamoxatulebad miaCnia,
magram ambobs, rom igi gadmokeTebulia: `baironis originalur lirikaSi
aseTi striqonebis Semcveli leqsi Cven ver vipoveT“ (gaCeCilaZe 1956a:N1-4).
`literaturuli gazeTis“ 1956 wlis me-3 nomerSi givi gaCeCilaZe agrZe-
lebs saubars aRniSnul sakiTxze. Aamjerad is aanalizebs ioseb baqraZis
(1850-1904) mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas.
ioseb baqraZe erTi im moRvaweTagania, romelic SeiZleba miviCnioT
baironis qarTul enaze yvelaze nayofier mTargmnelad me-19 saukuneSi.
rogorc misi Semoqmedebis mkvlevari Tamar miqaZe SeniSnavs, poetis mier
Targmnili masalis gamoqveyneba Zalze Wirda, radgan cenzura krZalavda
yvelafers, raSic erovnuli an socialuri protestis niSnebs xedavda. ioseb
baqraZem, rusulis garda, sxva ucxo ena ar icoda da amitom rusulis meS-
veobiT Targmnida inglisuri, franguli, amerikuli Tu somxuri mwerlobis
nimuSebs. mTargmnelisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo dasavleT evropuli mwer-
lobis saukeTeso nimuSebis qarTvel mkiTxvelamde mitana. rogorc Tamar
miqaZe aRniSnavs, ioseb baqraZe `TiTqmis arsad gvaZlevs sityvasityviT
Targmans. zog SemTxvevaSi igi iZleva Tavisufal Targmans, zogjer ki miyve-
ba dedans, magram Targmans aZlevs erovnul iers. poeti saTargmnad irCevs
iseT mxatvrul nawarmoebebs, romlebic axlosaa mis sulier samyarosTan,
mis ideur miswrafebebTan“ (miqaZe 2007: 6).
XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan moyolebuli ioseb baqraZes uTargmnia ba-
ironis ocdaaTamde leqsi, poemebi `don Juani“ da `Caild haroldi“. mis mier
Sesrulebulma Targmanebma Seadgina ucxoel avtorTa `mcire anTologia“,
romelSic baironis Semoqmedebac Sedioda.
216
ivane rostomaSvilis redaqciiT gamocemul `rusul-qarTul enciklo-
pediur leqsikonSi“, romelSic ioseb baqraZis biografiaa Setanili, vki-
TxulobT: `baqraZe ioseb zosimes Ze – Cveni drois cnobili mTargmneli
baironisa qarTulad...“, xolo baironisadmi miZRvnil statiaSi aRniSnulia:
`qarTuls enaze gadmoTargmnilia bevri Txzuleba baironisa, magram verc
erTi maTgani ver gadmogvcemes savsebiT baironiseburs kilos werisas, mis
SemoqmedebiTs poezias. CvenSi mis ukeTess mTargmnelad iTvleba ioseb baq-
raZe“ (salaro ... 1898: 211). leqsikonis Semdgeneli naTqvamis sailustra-
ciod imowmebs baironis `Caild haroldis“ mesame galobis baqraZiseul
Targmans.
gazeT `cnobis furcelSi“ vkiTxulobT, rom ioseb baqraZes gadawyveti-
li hqonia baironis TxzulebaTa Targmanebis wignad gamocema: `Cvens po-
ets ioseb baqraZes erTad Seukrebia yvela leqsebi, da maTs Soris, srulad
`Caild haroldi“ da ganzraxva aqvs mokle xanSi calke wignad dabeWdos.
wigns CarTuli eqmneba suraTi baironisa da misi biografiac, b-nis i. baqra-
Zis mier dawerili“ (cnobis furceli 1897: 2); miuxedavad avtoris ganzrax-
visa, mis sicocxleSi es Targmanebi calke wignad ar dabeWdila; mxolod 1938
wels gamoica baqraZis mier Targmnili leqsebis mcire nawili profesor
solomon yubaneiSvilis redaqciiT.
givi gaCeCilaZe mimoixilavs ioseb baqraZis sxva Targmanebsac da aRniS-
navs, rom iosebma, rusulis garda, sxva ucxo ena ar icoda, Sesabamisad, poema
`Caild-haroldis mogzaurobidan“ amoRebuli nawyveti – `Caild-haroldis
simRera“ (J. `mnaTobi“ 1871 w. Tebervali) dednidan Sesrulebulad ar miaC-
nia: `Targmanis Sesrulebis xarisxi dgas im doneze, romelsac Cven SeiZleba
im droisaTvis saSualo done vuwodoT. masSi moipoveba poeturi xarvezebi,
rogoricaa zedmeti marcvlebi, mouqneli inversiebi, dabalxarisxovani
riTmebi da sxv. dednis laitmotivi TargmanSi daculia uTuod im rusuli
Targmanis wyalobiT, romlidanacaa igi Sesrulebuli” (gaCeCilaZe 1956b:
3). Aamave werilSi ganxilulia baironis èbrauli melodiebis“ ciklis pat-
riotuli leqsi `Sen gaiare qveynis gza Zneli“ da dasabuTebulia, rom Tar-
gmani ì. baqraZes cnobili rusi mTargmnelis a. pleSCeevis Targmanidan unda
gaekeTebina~. Mmkvlevari akritikebs 1871 wlis Jurnal `mnaTobSi“ gamoqvey-
nebul ìefTais qalis“ baqraZiseul Targmans da aRniSnavs: `poeturi teqni-
kis TvalsazrisiT misi Targmani bevrad dauvardeba akakis Targmans da
akakis Targmanis Semdeg misi gamoqveyneba <...> ar Rirda“ (gaCeCilaZe 1956b: 3)
aseve uaryofiTad aris Sefasebuli `don-Juanis“ erT-erTi fragmentis
Targmani: ìgi teqnikurad naklovania – metad mZime da mouqneli, unda vi-
fiqroT, rom igi mainc Tavis droze aqtualurad JRerda: saerTod tirani-
is winaaRmdeg, sityvis Tavisuflebis dasacavad mimarTuli am nawyvetidan
cenzuras amougdia mTeli striqoni da mravlismetyveli wertilebiT
Seuvsia“ (gaCeCilaZe 1956b: 3)
217
givi gaCeCilaZe gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs originalis
teqstze, baironis didostatobaze, misTvis damaxasiaTebel lirikul ga-
daxvevebsa da msubuqi ironiiT Sesrulebul poetur remarkebze (gaCeCila-
Ze 1956b: 3). Targmanmcodne cdilobs, erTgvarad gaamarTlos baqraZise-
uli mTargmnelobiTi principi: `rogorc Cans, is cdilobda Tavisi rusu-
li modelis erTguli yofiliyo“, magram iqve dasZens, rom Tu Sinaarsis
gadmocemis TvalsazrisiT baqraZe garkveul warmatebas aRwevda da aZlie-
rebda mkiTxvelis interess, lirikuli xerxebis gamoyenebaSi aSkarad Sez-
Ruduli iyoo.
givi gaCeCilaZes miaCnia, rom qarTul TargmanSi poeti Cveulebriv mih-
yveba formulas: „aabbccdd an ababccdd“ da ramdenadac poema „don Juani“ ar iyo
Targmnili originalidan, es aZnelebda saleqso zomaTa urTierSefardebis
garkvevas.
ioseb baqraZes `Caild-haroldis“ Targmnis faqts givi gaCeCilaZes mTarg-
mnelis gabedulebad miiCnevs – ioseb baqraZemde xom veravin gabeda am
teqstis qarTul enaze gadmotana (Tumca mogvianebiT poemis nawyvetebi
uTargmniaT silovan xundaZesa da konstantine WiWinaZes), Tanac man ori-
ginalis `cxrastriqoniani spenseruli strofebi“ TargmanSi Secvala aT-
marcvliani, rvastriqoniani taepebiT, romlebic jvaredinad gariTma
(mxolod strofebis ori ukanaskneli striqoni iriTmeba mijriT) (gaCeCi-
laZe 1956b: 3).
werilis dasasruls givi gaCeCilaZe aRniSnavs, rom baironi is ingliseli
poeti iyo, romelic yvelaze met yuradRebas iqcevda mocemul periodSi,
magram raodenobrivad yvelaze meti misi nawarmoebi swored i. baqraZes
hqonda Targmnili (gaCeCilaZe 1956b: 3).
givi gaCeCilaZiseuli kvleva XIX saukunis baironis mTargmnelTa Rir-
seba-naklovanebaTa Sesaxeb sagulisxmoa Semdegi TvalsazrisiT:
1. miuxedavad imisa, rom XIX saukunis presaSi fragmentulad gaiel-
vebda SeniSvnebi baironis qarTvel mTargmnelebze, mecnieruli Seswavlis
sagnad maTi naRvawi maSin ver iqca;
2. baironis qarTul enaze Targmnis mecnieruli Seswavla XX saukuneSi
daiwyo; baironis qarTulad ametyvelebulma teqstebma swored gasuli
saukunis 30-ian wlebSi miiqcia axalgazrda mTargmnelisa da Targmanmcod-
nis, givi gaCeCilaZis yuradReba;
3. givi gaCeCilaZe XIX saukunis Targmanebs afasebs ilia WavWavaZis
mTargmnelobiTi principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac gulisxmobs Targmanis
formisa da Sinaarsis zedmiwevniT zustad gamocemas;
4. givi gaCeCilaZis azriT, baironis TxzulebaTa Targmnisas daSve-
buli xarvezebi da uzustobani gamowveulia ara imdenad Sualeduri eni-
dan Targmnis gamo, aramed Targmanis qarTul realobasTan misadagebis
surviliT.
218
damowmebani:
alibegaSvili... 2017: alibegaSvili, g. duRaSvili, e. mRebriSvili, T. Targmanis istoria.

Tbilisi: „qarTuli universiteti“, 2017.
gaCeCilaZe 1938: gaCeCilaZe, g. baironi. Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba,
1938.A
gaCeCilaZe 1966: gaCeCilaZe, g. Mmxatvruli Targmanis Teoriis Sesavali. Tbilisi:
„ganaTleba”, 1966.
gaCeCilaZe 1956a: gaCeCilaZe, g. ìnglisuri literaturis qarTul enaze Targmnis
sakiTxebi~. l
L iteraturuli gazeTi. 1956 w. 6 ianvari.
gaCeCilaZe 1956b: gaCeCilaZe, g. ìnglisuri literaturis qarTul enaze Targmnis
sakiTxebi~. l
L iteraturuli gazeTi. 1956 w. 20 ianvari.
kunZiCi 1968: Кундзич, О. Мастерство Перевода. Москва: “Советский писатель”, 1968.
rostomaSvili 1898: rostomaSvili, i. salaro codnisa. rusul-qarTuli enciklopediuri
leqsikoni, w. II. Tfilisi, 1898.
cnobis furceli 1897: àxali ambavi~. gaz. `cnobis furceli~. 1897 w. 4 oqtomberi.
Tinatin Sikharulidze
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
Givi Gachechiladze’s Theoretical Views on Georgian Translations of Byron’s

Poetry
Summary
Key words: Byron, Nineteenth-century Georgian translations, Givi Gachechiladze.
The term “Byronism” gave the Georgian translators opportunity to translate Byron’s works
into Georgian, even if it was necessary to use the other language as a “mediator” in their
translations. There were a few translations of Byron’s works (S. Aleksi- Meskhishvili, M.
Tumanishvili) in the nineteenth century till 1850. However, some of the Georgian translators
were able to translate Byron’s works into the Georgian language properly and effectively. Among
the principal Georgian translators of that period figure Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli,
Ioseb Bakradze, Mamia Gurieli and so on.
Ilia Chavchavadze made an attempt to develop the way of translation- what and how should
have been carried out in the translated form; moreover, there should have been kept the form
and content of the original thoroughly. Thus, his pieces of translations were praised as among
translators as well as in the literary society.
Famous Georgian translator and scholar, Givi Gachechiladze published the monograph
about Byron in 1938, where he tried to show an English poet’s life and creativity to the Georgian
219
reader; Givi Gachechiladze, as a translator and the outstanding theoretician made not only the
fundamental work entitled “Introduction to Artistic Translation”, but also even some publications
in which he gave a critical assessment of the translations created in the nineteenth century by
Georgian translators. In these publications (“Literaturuli Gazeti”, 1956 N1,3) G. Gachechiladze
emphasized the Leaders of literary movement, such as Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli.
Givi Gachechiladze highlighted one of the most prolific Georgian translators, Ioseb
Bakradze (1850-1904), who translated up to thirty verses of Byron, a satiric poem - “Don-Juan”
and a narrative poem – “Childe- Harold”. Ioseb Barkradze did not know any languages except
the Russian language; therefore, he translated Byron’s works through the Russian translations.
In Givi Gachechiladze’s opinion, Byron’s translations, which were created in the 19th cen-
tury, focused on the readers to draw their attention and arouse their interests in Byron. In this way
the Georgian readers acquainted with Byron’s works. However, all these translations inevitably
lack the power of the original in terms of literary translation.
Givi Gachechiladze was not only a poet, translator, but he was also a prominent Georgian
theoretician of literary translation, he was one of the first ones, who assessed nineteenth-century
Georgian translations.
220
Tanamedrove literaturuli procesebi
maia jaliaSvili
Tanamedrove qarTuli romanis narativi
Tanamedrove qarTuli romani mravalmxriv sagulisxmo ekleqturi fe-

nomenia. is Seicvala msoflio literaturaSi mimdinare procesebis ana-
logiurad, vgulisxmobT postmodernistul Ziebebs Txrobis struqturis,
ambebis gadmocemis, kompoziciis, personaJTa xatvis Taviseburebebisa da,
zogadad, saTqmelis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT. romanis Sesaxeb skeptikuri
prognozebis miuxedavad, rom man amowura Tavisi SesaZleblobani da kvde-
ba, igi gamZle da sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda, amas mowmobs is, rom DdResac
didi interesiT kiTxuloben didformian teqstebs. Janrebis erTgvari
aRreva, mozaikuroba, narativis mravalferovneba isedac ucxo ar iyo me-
oce saukunis literaturisTvis, magram ocdameerTe saukuneSi es ufro
gaRrmavda, TamaSis elementebis funqciuri mniSvnelobebi gaizarda da Ta-
namedrove kulturis sanaxaobriv, karnavalur warmodgenaSi, fleSmobebis
xanaSi, virtualur sivrceTa imperiebis Camoyalibebisa da ganmtkicebis
viTarebaSi damoukidebloba ar daukagavs. romani inarCunebs Tavis samefos
da erTgul raindebs, romlebic mkiTxvelebs izidaven ucnob egzotikur
Tu nacnob samyaroebSi samogzaurod. besik xaranauli, magaliTad, Tavis
originalur romanebs metaJanrebad Tu `roman-koncertebad~ miiCnevs. iq-
mneba axali literaturuli modelebi imis Sesabamisad, Tu rogor icvleba
epoqa, social-politikuri da kulturuli garemo. romanis avtorebi met-
naklebad iTvaliswineben Tanamedrove mkiTxvelis gemovnebasa da intere-
sebs. mTel msoflioSi sabazro ekonomikam, xelovnebis komercializaciam
literaturasac axali amocanebi dausaxa, Tumca mTavari darCa, adamianis
`gulis Widilis~ warmoCena, rogorc folkneri ityoda (folkneri 1999: 18).
Tanamedrove qarTul romanze STabeWdilebis Sesaqmnelad ocdameer-
Te saukunis 10-ian wlebSi daweril ramdenime romans mimovixilavT. be-
sik xaranaulis romanis `samoci jorze amxedrebuli raindi anu wigni hi-
perbolebisa da metaforebisa~ (xaranauli 2010) mTavari gmiri poetia, rome-
lic sakuTari sicocxlis sazriss ZiebaSi xedavs. igi zRapris gmiriviT ga-
dis `Sinidan~ da daexeteba usasrulo dro-sivrceSi mamis, bavSvobis, siyva-
rulis, sinaTlis, adamianobis mosaZebnad, Zveli faseulobebis gasaxseneb-
lad Tu axlis aRmosaCenad. es Zieba dausrulebelia sicocxlesaviT, radgan
221
am Ziebis procesSi is gadaiqceva simbolod. ase rom, TviTon Zieba, rogorc
romanis xerxemali, ganapirobebs teqstis kompoziciur fragmentulobas
da azrobriv siRrmeebs, mis filosofiur-religiur Seferilobas. TviTon
Zieba ki ìwereba~ wignad, romelic igive poeziaa da misi striqonebi araso-
des Sewydeba, radgan is mTavari wignis, `samyaros wignis~ nawilia. romanSi
`Svilic~ da `mamac~ mravalmniSvnelovani cnebebia. Svili gulisxmobs kon-
kretul dro-sivrceSi mcxovreb adamiansac, vTqvaT, TviTon mTxrobels,
zogadad, qarTvels da, imave dros, nebismier adamiansac. mamac – xorcieli
mSobelic aris, eTnosic, ufalic, zogadad, kacobriobac, poeziac. ase rom,
es mravalmniSvnelovneba romanSi qmnis erTmaneTze wafenil Sreebs, ro-
melTa konteqstSi es Tema sxvadasxvanairad gaiazreba. SeiZleba iTqvas, es
romani palimfsesturia. mwerali Txrobisas gadainacvlebs siRrmisken da
`kiTxulobs~ TiTqmis `gadaSlil~, e.i. daviwyebul teqstebs.
horizontalur WrilSi avtoris `xorcieli~ Tavgadasavali warmoCndeba,
vertikalurSi ki sulieri – am orives gadakveTis wertili ki mwerlis gu-
lia, mwerlisa, romelic, rogorc pol valeri wers: `Tavisive fiqrebis
jvarzea gakruli~. mraval mniSvnelovan saxeTagan romanSi gamorCeulia
ùZebni Svilis~ poeturi paradigma. Tu gavixsenebT imas, rom yoveli sity-
va `poeturi nawarmoebia~ (borxesi 2010: 23), es sintagma ùZebni Svili~
umaRlesi rangis poeziad warmoCndeba – gamoTqmis originalurobiT, xa-
tovanebiT, simbolurobiT, filosofiuri siRrmiT. poetis mier daweril
am ènciklopediur romanSi~, romelic `poeziisa da prozis pirSesayarzea~,
mwerali qarTvelTa eTnosis Zirebs Creks da aanalizebs. ram aqcia bibli-
uri ùZRebi Svili~ ùZebnad~? uZRebi Svilis paradigma xelovnebaSi da,
konkretulad, literaturaSi, Zalian mravalferovnad aris warmoCenili,
qarTul literaturaSi amis saukeTeso magaliTi guram doCanaSvilis
`samoseli pirvelia~. misi mTavari gmiri, domeniko, bolos da bolos, brun-
deba mamis saxlSi, radgan aseTia `RvTaebrivi kanonzomiereba~. besik xara-
naulis uZebni Svili exmianeba bibliur paradigmas da, ra Tqma unda, ime-
orebs nacnob gzas, magram aq siaxlea, uZRebi (Ze Secdomili) uZebnad iqceva.
es uZebni Svili mwerlis alter egoa, mwerlisa, romelic qarTvelTa eT-
nosis konkretul saxed warmoCndeba romanSi. is jer uZRebia, radgan `da-
viwyebuli~ aqvs `fesvebi~, magram iwyebs gaxsenebas, gaazrebas, Semecnebas
da, amgvarad, daadgeba gzas Sinisaken, magram aq axli dabrkoleba Cndeba, mas
aRar elis `mama~. is dakargulia, Tanac, nagavsayrelze. uxsovari droidan
Tvalmiuwvdomel mermisamde gaSlil dro-sivrceSi mogzaurobs besik xa-
ranauli nanax-gancdils da wakiTxul-warmodgenil STabeWdilebebs saocari
gznebiTa da vnebiT gadmogvcems. igi uamrav `med~ daSlili warmogvidgeba da
moxetiale mogzaurad zeistoriulsa Tu droul sanaxebSi – qarTveli ka-
cis kulturaSi; zepirsa Tu dawerilSi, zRapar-miTebSi, legendebSi, andre-
zebSi, wes-CveulebebSi, tradiciebsa da warmodgenebSi. mwerali cdilobs
222
yovelives, realursa da warmosaxuls, miswvdes da moixilos. amis saSuale-
bas mas sityva aZlevs – metaforebsa da hiperbolebSi gacocxlebuli. ami-
tom misi stili am romanSi xatovania, simboluri. es aris poetis dawerili
poeturi romani `poeziisa da prozis pirSesayarze~.
wignis saxelwodeba erTgvari saidumloa, romelic mkiTxvels amocno-
bisken ubiZgebs: `samoci jorze amxedrebuli raindi anu wigni hiperbole-
bisa da metaforebisa~. es ànu~ erTgvar sazRvars avlebs am or nawilian sa-
TaurSi. igi Tavidanve mianiSnebs, rom saTauris pirveli nawili parodi-
ulia, raindi da jori casa da dedamiwasaviT Seuferebelia, ricxvi samoci
ki wignis kiTxvisas àmoixsneba~. saTauris meore nawili ki mkiTxvelis gza-
mkvlevia – aq yvelaferi hiperbolebisa da metaforebis saSualebiT iqneba
warmoCenili, ufro zustad, TviTon hiperbolebi da metaforebi iqnebi-
an mTavari `gmirebi~, xan mTxrobelni, xan monawileni. ra Tqma unda, besik
xaranaulisTvisac yvelaze mTavari hiperbola, an metafora, TviTon samya-
roa, cxovreba da adamiania. TiToeuli ki uamravi hiperbolisa Tu metafo-
ris mravalferovani `nazavia~. romanis kompozicia nostalgiaa UuZvelesi
wignebisa (`gilgameSiani~, ìliada~ da òdisea~, `simRera nibelungebze~
da sxv.). SeiZleba am `simRerebiT~ mwerali mianiSnebs im drozec, rodesac
sityva ar iwereboda da mxolod warmoiTqmoda, an imRereboda da ase gada-
ecemoda Taobebs. es aris Janrulad ekleqturi nawarmoebi, romelSic Zieba
mravalmxriv aris gantotvili.
aseTive metaJanrulia besik xaranaulis romani `mTavari gamTamaSebeli~.
`ranairia wigni, romelic sul ikiTxeba da ikiTxeba? ar gasdis adamians
sulidan imis gemo da undeba kvlav da kvlav gadaSla da kiTxva da kiTxva...
radgan ar aSinebs, ar moZRvravs, ar irwmuneba, aramed, TiTqos sarkis Suqs
daatarebs imis sulis CrdilSi, rom saidumlo kunWulebi gaunaTos da Se-
axsenos Tavi, srul da SeubRalav simartoveSi~, – wers besik xaranauli da
TviTonve qmnis amgvar, metaJanrul wigns, `mTavar gamTamaSebels~, romelSic
àdamiani sul miedineba~. wigni daqselilia sivrculi da drouli badeebiT,
romlebic garkveul mxatvrul ganzomilebebs qmnian. cxadi, sizmari, miTi,
legenda, zRapari, warsuli, momavali – Tanabari intensivobiT SemoiWrebi-
an da erTmaneTs gamsWvalaven. realobisa da irealobis gadakveTis gzebze,
erTgvar gzajvaredinebze wamierad Seyovnebuli avtori erT romelime gzas
ki ar irCevs, erT romelime dro-sivrcul areals, aramed erTdroulad
ramdenimes. rogor axerxebs amas? poeti TviTonve cdilobs auxsnas mkiTx-
vels, Tu is iseTi erTguli aRmoCndeba, rom gauZlebs ganzomilebebSi
xetialis Tavbruxvevas da bolomde mihyveba. igi erTgan wers: `sizmarSi
mTxrobelis Semosvla mTeli am vizualuri scenebiT, ganzomilebebis TamaS-
sa hgavs~. misTvis, metaforulad, `sivrce sufraa, dro marilia~.
avtors awuxebs is, Tu `rogori mniSvnelovania yvelaferi sizmarSi da
rogori umniSvneloa qaRaldze~ da swored am winaaRmdegobas gadalaxavs am
223
teqstSi, dawerilSic inarCunebs sizmriseul nagrZnobs. `Zili niSnavs cota
xniT samyaros gatanas Seni cnobierebidan gareT~ (borxesi). poeti xiluli-
sa da uxilavis sivrceebSi erTdroulad ganacdevinebs Tavs mkiTxvels da
nacnob samyaros axlidan aRmoaCeninebs. es hgavs droSi xetialis marsel
prustiseul gamocdilebasac. isic dakargul dros daeZebda da amas ara-
tradiciuli da originaluri Txrobis stiliT axerxebda. besik xaranauls
surs Tavi daaRwios mkiTxvelisTvis Cveul, nacnob aTasgvar weris maneras
da erTgvar metaTxrobas miagnos, romelic ambis, SegrZnebis, nafiqris ub-
ralo gadmocemis miRmaa. amitomacaa, rom igi mkiTxvelTan sityviT ur-
TierTobis saocar xveulebs qmnis. am wignSi xSirad SexvdebiT kompozitebs,
romelTa SemadgenlobaSia sityva meta, meta-Janri, meta-wigni, meta-poezia,
meta-adamiani, meta-moralis... metafizikis analogiiT.
ra Janri gauZlebs metaTxrobas? – kiTxulobs avtori da TiTonve upasu-
xebs: `Janris ZiebaSi me TviTon davdgindi~. amitomacaa, rom am axali tipis
romanSi mkiTxveli Sexvdeba yvela JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebel elementebs,
erTgvar Janrul mozaikas. mTeli wigni `mes~ usasrulo da ucnob samyaroSi
xetialia. es me yovelwamierad gardaisaxeba sityvis ZaliT da cdilobs ucxo
niRabSi, ucxo tyavSi Casaxlebulma SegvagrZnobinos, rogoria sinamdvileSi
ca, dedamiwa, samoTxe Tu jojoxeTi. mTeli teqsti aris TamaSi sityvebiT,
frazebiT, SinaarsiT, mxatvruli saxeebiT, motivebiT, TemebiT, erTi sityviT,
yovelive imiT, rac warmosaxul, wignis samyaroSi xdeba. dawerili (an weris
dro, roca warmosaxuls sityviT axorcielebs) aris mwerlis materialur-
sulieri arsebobis mTavari sivrce. misTvis wignis wera aris TviTon si-
cocxle. sicocxle, romelic jer avtors aTavisuflebs yvelganmyofi da
yovlisgamsWvalavi mokvdavobisa da misi Tanmxlebi aTasgvari SiSisgan,
xolo Semdeg mkiTxvels, `Tanac, axla es Cemi wigni sxva enis xalxebsac rom
waakiTxa... igrZnoben, SiSis magivrad sixaruli CaudgaT gulSi~. ase rom, igi
adamianis xsnis misias akisrebs teqsts, romelsac SeuZlia mkiTxvels da-
exmaros, gulis kari gauRos siyvaruls (RmerTs). misTvis wera aris gamoc-
noba, Secnoba samyarosi da sakuTari Tavisa. orive erTmaneTs gamsWvalavs.
samyaro arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac misi Semcnobi, misi gadamweri, am
SemTxvevaSi, mwerali arsebobs. dekartiseuli, vfiqrob, maSasadame varse-
bob, avtorisTvis ase icvleba: vwer, e.i. varsebob. is ocnebobs iseT wignze,
romelsac arc dasawyisi eqneba da arc dasasruli RmerTiviT. borxesis
`qviSis wignic~ am ocnebis devnas gamoxatavs.
wignis saTauri – mTavari gamTamaSebeli – mravalmniSvnelovania. mTavari
gamTamaSebeli SeiZleba iyos yvelaferi: sulierica da usuloc. is icvleba
droisa da viTarebis Sesabamisad. SeiZleba erT wamSi sxva iyos, meoreSi sxva
da radgan erT wamSic ki SeiZleba yofna sxvadasxva ganzomilebaSi, mTavari
gamTamaSebelic am erT wamSi SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva. mwerlis safiqralia,
ra warmarTavs mis yovelwamier sulier mogzaurobas nacnobsa da ucnob
224
sivrceeebSi: TviTon, misi cnobiereba (suli, guli, goneba, grZnoba...) Tu sxva
ram garegani, misgan damoukidebeli. wignis wakiTxvis Semdeg ki mkiTxvels
mTavari gamTamaSeblisE erTi mniSvneloba, niRabi amaxsovrdeba: mTavari
gamTamaSebelia TviTon mwerali, Semoqmedi, romlis gareSe aranairi `Tama-
Si~, e. i. mxatvruli teqsti, ar Seiqmneba, Tundac mokarnaxe RmerTi iyos: `Cemi
Tavis Tema meqca jojoxeTad – Cems sakuTar Tavs me maTamaSeben~, `me movifiq-
re sizmridan cxadSi da saaqaodan saiqioSi gamavali fanjrebi. dabolos,
me movifiqre saiqios eposis fanjara~. es ukanaskneli dantes `RvTaebrivi
komediis~ aluziaa.
besik xaranaulis stili am wignSi erTgvari metastilia. igi gvagonebs
xan maxareblebis, xan nicSes èse ityoda zaratustras~ da xan lao Zis `dao
de Zinis~ weris maneras. am samivesTan akavSirebs: erTgvari zeSTagonebu-
loba da sisadave, ubraloeba, poeturoba, sibrZne, gulwrfeloba, Tanve
saocari mizidulobisa da datyvevebis Zala. mudmivi SegrZneba imisa, rom
mkiTxveli `ganZis maZiebelia~ da rac ufro Tavdauzogavi iqneba kiTxvisas,
miT ufro miuaxlovdeba sawadels. es sawadeli ki is saocari simSvidea,
romelsac sulisa da xorcis harmoniuli TanaarsebobiT miaRwevs kaci. amg-
vari simSvidis Zieba mxolod did brZolas, Widils gulisxmobs sakuTar
TavTan da mTel samyarosTan. es brZola arasodes mTavrdeba. wignis
mTavari mizani (Tu SeiZleba erTi romelime miznis gamoyofa), aris sakuTari
`Tavis Zleva~. amitomac xSirad aris erTgvari meditaciebi. poeziis gziT
mkiTxveli vardeba eqstazSi da sakuTar sulSi mogzaurobs. avtoris poetur-
filosofiuri msjelobani egzistencialur sakiTxebze mkiTxvels samya-
ros uxilavi ganzomilebebis Sesamecneblad ubiZgeben. besik xaranaulisT-
visac wignia kacobriobis gadamrCeni, amitom yvelaze mTavaria, adamianma
ar dakargos is madli, romelic axal wigns Seaqmnevinebs. wigni xom RvTis
saxliviTaa, masSi logosi (sityva) cocxlobs.
romani, rogorc umberto eko SeniSnavs `vardis saxelisTvis~ daweril
boloTqmaSi, variantebisa da interpretaciebis wyaroa. swored mkiTxve-
lebi aZleven sicocxles sityvebiT Seqmnil samyaroebs. ekos azriT, „avto-
ri unda mokvdes nawarmoebis dasrulebis Semdeg. teqstis svla rom ar
daabrkolos~ (eko 2016:720). arCil qiqoZis `samxreTuli spiloc~ wyaroa in-
terpretaciebisa, radgan fiqrisa da gansjis sababs aZlevs mkiTxvels. gza
am romanSic mTavari paradigmaa, romlis konteqstSic aRviqvamT warsulisa
da awmyos movlenebs. romanis mTavari personaJi erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi Ta-
namedrove Tbilisis quCebsa da sakuTar TavSi iseve daxetialobs, rogorc
joisis ùlises~ gmirebi dublinis quCebSi. Tavdapirvelad es xetiali
ufunqcioa, mxolod drois mosaklavad gamiznuli, Tumca Semdgom yvelaferi
icvleba da mniSvnelobas iZens. am romanSic iseTi zusti da cxadia persona-
Jis moZraobis grafiki, SeiZleba rukac daixatos, xolo romelime moclilma
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mkiTxvelma ara mxolod warmosaxviT, aramed Tavisi fexiT `gaimeoros~ es
gza, raTa wakiTxuli realuri SegrZnebebiT gaamdidros.
mwerali xatavs mTavari gmiris metamorfozas, Tu rogor miagnebs is Tavi-
si arsebobis azrsa da mizans. saxarebiseuli WeSmariteba: `giyvardes moyva-
si Seni, viTarca Tavi Tvisi~ romanSi Rirebulebas iZens da warmoCndeba, ro-
gorc adamianis TviTgadarCenis gza da saSualeba. personaJi erTdroulad
moZraobs realur drosa, awmyosa da warsulSi. drois vertikaluri da ho-
rizontaluri xazebi qmnian jvars da amgvari `jvarsaxovnebiT~ siRrmise-
ulad warmoCndeba misi Sinagani samyaro, is sirTuleebi, romlebsac cxov-
reba `cdunebebisa da iluziebis~ saxiT sTavazobs, rogorc dabrkolebebs
`mes~ Semecnebis gzaze.
arCil qiqoZes sjera adamianisa, amitomacaa, rom erTnairi STambeWda-
obiT xatavs dacemulsac da aRdgomilsac. demonuri Tu angelozuri
Tanabrad niSneulia misi personaJebisTvis, magram mainc siyvaruli da
Tanagancda Warbobs. romani savsea adamianuri ambebiTa da istoriebiT,
romlebic metyveleben imaze, rom mwerlisTvis yoveli adamiani, romelic
raime SemTxveviTi, absurduli Tu kanonzomieri mizeziT SemoiWreba misi
aRqmis orbitaze, mniSvnelobas iZens. epizodurad gaelvebul personaJeb-
sac TavianTi mSvidi Tu boboqari vnebebiT savse samyaroebi mohyvebaT,
isinic TavianT gzebs mihyvebian da drodadro sxvebs xvdebian, ase iqmneba
gzajvaredinebi, rogorc adgilebi, sadac yovelma maTganma arCevani unda
gaakeTos. masac sjera, rom àr arsebobs adamiani, romlis Sesaxebac romani
ar SeiZleba daiweros~ (mixeil javaxiSvili). yvela isini, TavianTi cxov-
rebiT, personaJTan siaxlovis masStabebis miuxedavad, Rrma kvals toveben
ara mxolod gmiris, aramed mkiTxvelis STabeWdilebaSi. `yvelaferi imis-
Tvis SeemTxveva kacs, rom sakuTar Tavsa da RmerTs miagnos~ (konstantine
gamsaxurdia).
romanis gmiri, sakuTar Tavsa da samyarosTan gaucxoebuli, Tavisi
tkiviliani fiqrebisave tyve, erT Cveulebriv dRes Sinidan gadis da mkiTx-
velis Tvalwin ixateba mxolod erTi realuri dRe, romelic wuTisofelze
ufro grZeli aRmoCndeba. es aris Tbilisuri odisea, gmiris Sinidan gas-
vliT, gzaSi Tavsgadamxdari faTerakebiTa da Sin dabrunebiT. rogorc
italo kalvino wers: èWvi araa, literatura ar iarsebebda, adamianTa nawi-
li gulCaxveuli da martosuli rom ar yofiliyo, garemomcveli samyaro-
Ti ukmayofilo, udrtvinvelad, dReobiT, TveobiT uxmod CaCerebuli munj
sityvaTa uZraobas~ (kalvino 1914: 41). gmiris gza realursa da warmosaxul
sivrceSi ar aris sworxazovani, is gamudmebiT gadauxvevs mTavari xazidan
da ase SemoiWreba romanSi sxvadasxva ambavi. amgvarad, erTgvarad iweleba
Txroba, Tumca sisxartes mainc ar kargavs. Sinidan gasvla TviTSemecnebis
safuZvelia. gmirisTvisac Sin mravalmniSvnelovan cnebad iqceva da gu-
lisxmobs ara mxolod fizikur-materialuri binidan, aramed sakuTari Ta-
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vidan gasvlasac. gza, romelsac gmiri adgeba, nacnobi da Cveulia, magram
mainc raRac saidumloebiT savse, radgan sagnebi TiTqos gansxvavebuli
rakursebiT SemoiWrebian da axal saxeebs aCveneben. qiaCelis quCidan va-
kis parkamde da mere isev qiaCelis quCaze dabrunebuli gmiri, dilidan sa-
Ramomde, TiTqos mTel cxovrebas gaivlis. misi aRqmis velSi da, Sesabamisad,
mkiTxvelis warmosaxvaSic SemoiWreba awmyosa da warsulis, saqarTvelos
social-politikuri movlenebi, maT Soris, sabWoTa epoqa, totalitaruli
reJimi, ideologiuri wnexi, berias msgavsi adamiani-urCxulebi Tu wamebu-
li mixeil javaxiSvili. aluziebi klasikuri da Tanamedrove literaturis,
kinos, musikis sferodan aRrmaveben da amravalferovneben mwerlis saT-
qmels. yovelive es qmnis im mxatvrul ganzomilebas, romelic atyvevebs
mkiTxvels da aRwerili movlenebisa da SegrZnebebis Tanamonawiled aqcevs.
romanis gmirisTvis Sinidan gasvlisTanave gza TiTqos orad iyofa – erT
gzas avsebs realur droSi nacnobsa Tu ucnob adamianebTan Sexvedrebi,
saubrebi, STabeWdilebebi, meore gza ki mexsierebis siRrmeebisken miimar-
Teba da mogonebebis saxiT SemoiWreba TxrobaSi. amgvarad iqmneba asociaci-
ebis mravalferovani jaWvi, romlis yvela rgoli logikuradaa dakavSire-
buli erTmaneTTan, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxveli ar ibneva da iolad mihyve-
ba mwerals.
Tavdapirvelad Sinidan mxolod banaluri mizeziT (megobarma sTxova bi-
na qalis misayvanad) gasuli gmiri aracnobierad grZnobs TiTqos, rom misi
arsebobis sazRvrebi unda gafarTovdes, ara im azriT, rom raRac gaakeTos,
aramed raRac aRmoaCinos, upirveles yovlisa, dakarguli sakuTari Tavi.
is, quCaSi gasuli rigiTi usaqmuri, cxovrebiseuli absurdiT gabezrebu-
li, yofili reJisori, yofili qmari, yofili sayvareli, moulodnelad, er-
Ti SexedviT, SemTxveviT garemoebaTa wyalobiT, carieli `yofilobidan~,
mxolod warsulis mogonebebiT rom sazrdoobs da awmyoSi pasiuri dam-
kvirveblis rols sjerdeba, uceb cxovrebis aqtiur monawiled iqceva. is
itanjeba SegrZnebiT: `klaustrofobiiT SepyrobiliviT jojoxeTad meqce-
va is sivrce, romelSic vimyofebi da gareT minda, magram ubralod gasvla ki
ara, garRveva mindeba, uceb miCndeba daundobeli survili, vlewo minebi da
fanjridan gavide~, `fanjrebs pirdapir SubliT minda vexeTqo~.
romani saTauridanve iqcevs yuradRebas. samxreTuli spilo im rigis
saTaurebs ganekuTvneba, romlebic egzotikurobiT izidaven mkiTxvels,
Tavisi mravalmniSvnelovnebiT erTgvari saidumloebis burusSi axveven
da gamocnobisken ubiZgeben. Tumca, romanis kiTxvisas saTauris gamocanas
iolad eZebneba gasaRebi, is bavSvobiseul `samoTxes~ ganasaxierebs. mTxrob-
lisTvis Zvirfas relikviad iqca foto, romelzec megobar TazosTan erTad
samxreTuli spilos ConCxis fonze aris gadaRebuli muzeumis ezoSi. es
foto drodadro amoyvinTavs romanSi, rogorc gadamrCeneli kunZuli,
romelic cxovrebis talRebSi CasaZiravad ganwirul gmirs, arafrobis,
227
sicarielis, amaoebis SegrZnebiT, daRlilsa da gamofituls, sasicocxlo
energias miawvdis. TviTon avtori erT interviuSi am saTaurTan dakavSire-
biT ambobs: `spilos preistoriuli ConCxi gamodga im qalaqis simbolod, ro-
melic aRarasodes iqneba iseTi, rogoric iyo, gindac adamianebis simbolod,
romlebic gadaSenebis gzaze dganan imitom ki ara, rom sxvebze ukeTesebi
arian, ubralod, qalaqTan erTad adamianebic icvlebian da aRarasodes iq-
nebian iseTebi, rogorebic konkretul epoqaSi iyvnen. imis Tqma minda, rom
wesierad arc vici, risi simboloa es spilo da modi amaze sxvam ifiqros~.
TxrobaSi bunebrivad SemoiWreba xseneba oTar ioselianis filmisa ìyo
SaSvi mgalobeli~. mkiTxvels uCndeba gancda, rom gmiris gulSi ibadeba
wyurvili, Tundac kedelze erTi lursmnis CarWobisa, romelzec viRaca ra-
imes Camokidebs. wyurvili radgan Cndeba, wyaroc gamoCndeba, radgan vinc
eZebs, is poulobs kidec. feisbuqis erTma fotom, romelzec megobar Tazos
Svilis, gios, SiSveli muSti iyo aRbeWdili, misi me SeZra da Cveuli, ruti-
nad qceuli erTferovani yofis mdinarebidan amoagdo da im gzaze daayena,
romelsac sinaTlisken unda waeyvana. masSi raRac axali, avTandiliseuli
Tavgametebis msgavsi, survili daibada, romelsac Cveuli melanqoliuri
gulgriloba veRar gadaeRobeboda. saRamos Sin dabrunebuli personaJi
Tazos eubneba, rom didi xania saxlidan ar gasula, DdRes ki uamravi xalxi naxa
da: àmden siarulSi erT raRacas mivxvdi, ki ar mivxvdi, vigrZeni... mgoni ar
aris es adgili cudi, Cvens sacxovrebel adgilze geubnebi, am qalaqze~. am
sityvebSi Cans TiTqos ara mxolod, zogadad, adamianuri samyaros, sicocx-
lis arsis, aramed, kerZod, misi sakuTari arsebobis gamarTlebac. goderZi
Coxelis finaluri fraza gvaxsendeba moTxroba `Tevzis werilebidan~:
adamianad yofna Rirs, da amas gaifiqrebs adamianebze xelCaqneuli perso-
naJi, roca maTs gaubedurebulsa da mowyenil saxeebze moyvasis gawirvis
gamo sinanuls SeniSnavs.
erTi Cveulebrivi dRis Tbilisuri odisea TviTSemecnebiT dasrulda,
personaJma amas erTi keTili saqmiT miaRwia, megobris Svili gadaarCina,
Tanac ise, rom sakuTari sicocxle dado sasworze, Tanac ise, rom es arc
Tazos da arc nanikos (gios mSoblebs) ar gaugiaT, erTi sityviT, keTili
samariteliviT moiqca, adamiani da, amgvarad, RmerTi kidev erT jvarcmas
gadaarCina. nebismieri codva xom jvarcmis misterias imeorebs. aman cxov-
rebasTan daabruna, bedniereba gaumravla: `samyaros kinod aRqma aRar unda
davuSalo sakuTar Tavs~.
romanis gmirmac Tavis mierve daSlil-datexili sakuTari cxovreba òq-
ros ZafebiT~ iseve Seaweba, rogorc iaponuri kincugos xelovnebis ostat-
ma, romelic ki ar malavda nawiburebs, aramed oqroTi aelvarebda. mTavari
gmiris aRmdgari mTlianobis oqros Zafebad, gamaerTianeblad sxva adami-
anebi iqcnen. xSirad Zalian mcire ram aris saWiro, rom adamianma sikeTesa
da borotebas, siyvarulsa da gulgrilobas Soris gaWimuli bewvis xidi
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gadaiaros – cremlis erTi wveTi, sxvisTvis uangariSod daRvrili,N dacemu-
lis wamosadgomad gawvdili xeli. mTavarma gmirma gaarRvia egos Caketili
sivrce da `mes~ wreSi `Sen~-is SemoyvaniT daZlia sxvaze mijaWvulobis SiSi,
radgan es sxvaze damokidebuleba miiCnia ara datyvevebad, aramed gaTa-
visuflebad. Tumca, misi megobari Tazo isev Caketil sivrceSia. man sakuTa-
ri gadarCenis gza TviTon unda moZebnos da arc mas ar gamoadgeba sxvisi
gamocdileba. amitomac ar eTanxmeba mTxrobels da etyvis, rom `qalaqi...
sazarelia~.
Tbilisi, xmaurian megapolisad qceuli qalaqi, Turquli restornebiT,
Cinuri maRaziebiT, sudaneli da sirieli ltolvilebiT, samxreTamerike-
lebiT, indoelebiT, aRmosavleTidan Tu dasavleTidan wamosuli turis-
tebiT, romanis personaJia, mravalsaxovani qalaqi, sxvadasxva niRabs rom
irgebs da adamianebs xan mfarvelad, xan ki borot dedinacvlad evlineba.
Tbilisia personaJTa drosivrculi asparezi, sadac TavianT vnebebs SiS-
vlad Tu SeniRbulad warmoaCenen. swored adamianTa, quCaTa, SenobaTa da
aTasi sxva msxvilman-wvrilman saganTa Tu movlenaTa erToblioba warmo-
aCens am qalaqis suls, romelic cal-calke yovel maTganSia. `Tavidanve vi-
codi, rom es unda yofiliyo urbanuli romani da wigni qalaqze, romelic Tan
miyvars da Tan mZuls. CemTvis Zalian bevri tkivilia am qalaqTan dakavSire-
buli... weris procesSi TiTqos Sevurigdi am qalaqs... ufro metad miyvarda,
vidre manamde~, – ambobs erT interviuSi mwerali.
romanis xibli isaa, rom mwerali Tavisi moTxrobili ambebiT mkiTxvels
imaSi ajerebs, rom samyaroSi sikeTe, sinaTle da siyvaruli gadaswonis sib-
neles, sisastikesa da borotebas. romanis erT-erT bolo epizodSi me-
gobar vidasis eleqtronuli werili amcnobs, rom vilniusis Tavze mfrinavi
buStebi isev gamoCnda. medikom da leom erTmaneTs miagnes. feisbuqis `CatSi~
qeTo `gamwvanda~. da roca gmiri `qiaCelis quCaze siCumes usmens~, is savsea
amgvari fiqrebiT: `ra unda iyos imaze kargi, vidre Sens megobars rom nanat-
ri sixaruli ewveva~.
`grZeli SabaTi dasrulda~, – romanis es frazac simbolur mniSvnelo-
bas iZens. RmerTmac xom SabaTs daasrula samyaros Seqmna. gmirmac daasrula
raRac etapi Tavis cxovrebaSi da axali daiwyo, manac Seqmna Tavisi axali
samyaro, romelSic is xvalidan sxvanairad gaagrZelebda cxovrebas da ar
aris gamoricxuli, SabaTis STabeWdilebebze filmsac gadaiRebda. mwerlisa
da mkiTxvelis urTierTobas, maT Soris dialogs xels uwyobs, upirveles
yovlisa, arCil qiqoZis, rogorc mTxroblis ostatoba. mis Txrobas saoca-
ri muxti da energia axlavs. ambebis Tanamimdevroba xorcieldeba garkveuli
ritmiT, romelic mkiTxvels ar adunebs. mas aqvs `stilis moxdenilobis-
Tvisac aucilebeli sityvis moqniloba, azris sisxarte~ (italo kalvino).
`srola kargad rom meswavla, bizonebs vxocavdi~, – UuTxra megobarma
cnobil avazaks bil harigans, romelmac mSvidad upasuxa: `me mag saqmisTvis
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adamianebs vesvri~. vkiTxulobT borxesis moTxrobaSi `gulgrili mkvleli
bil harigani~ wignidan `msoflio mzakvrobis istoria~ (borxesi 2014: 88).
aseTi istoria qarTveli gulgrili da mSvidi mkvlelebis ambebiTac SeiZle-
ba `gamdidrebuliyo~. maT Sorisaa dRemde gauxsneli saqme saqarTvelos ka-
Talikosis, kirion meorisa (eriskacobaSi giorgi saZagliSvilisa), romelic
damoukidebel saqarTveloSi, 1918 wlis 26 ivliss mokles martyofSi. Tumca,
maSindelma gamoZiebam TviTmkvlelobis versia aRiara, sazogadoebam ar da-
ijera. Tavzardamcem ambavs patriarqis aranairi sulieri aSliloba Tu ram
msgavsi mizezi ar uZRoda, rac eris sulier moZRvars am nabijisken ubiZgebda
an gaxdeboda sababi amgvari suliswarmwymedi moqmedebisa. gaTavisuflebel
saqarTveloSi is Tavis did saqmeebs aRasrulebda. mas mZime da Zneli gza
gamoevlo patriarqobamde, gadaelaxa uamravi dabrkoleba, xifaTi, gaeZlo
gadasaxlebisa da devnisTvis da axla, roca, mTelma erma udidesi ndoba
da siyvaruli gamoucxda, sruliad warmoudgeneli iyo, sicocxle am
gziT moeswrafa da RvTis nebas SewinaaRmdegeboda. rogorc aristotele
wers, istoria mxolod imas aRwers, rac moxda, xolo literatura imas, ra
SeiZleboda momxdariyo. msoflio literaturas ki aqvs araerTi magaliTi
imisa, rodesac literaturuli gamoZieba ufro axlos midis simarTlesTan,
is realobas aRemateba da momxdars warmosaxul ganzomilebaSi axali lo-
gikuri axsna da mniSvneloba eniWeba. amitomac mkiTxveli mwerals ufro
ujerebs, vidre istorikoss. cnobili ambavia, roca Tomas manma Tavis mdi-
vans dasrulebuli romani ìosebi da Zmani misni~ gadaabeWvdina, qalma
madlierebis grZnobiT, gaocebulma da aRtacebulma uTxra, Zlivs ar ga-
vige, sinamdvileSi ra moxdao. qarTul sinamdvileSi istoriis `carieli~
furclebis `Sevsebis~ warmatebuli magaliTia konstantine gamsaxurdias
`didostatis marjvena~, romelmac mkiTxveli daajera gamogonili ambis
realurobaSi. am SemTxvevaSic, Tumca, faqtobrivma gamoZiebam TviTmkvle-
loba daadgina, arsebuli saeWvo garemoebebi mowmobdnen, rom patriarqi
Tavs ver moiklavda. da roca realoba uZluria tragikuli gamocanebis
amosaxsnelad, maSin mSvelelad Cndeba romelime Serlok holmsi, yvelgan-
SemRwevi mzeriT, gamWriaxi gonebiT, ucnauri logikiTa da magiuri ana-
liziT, romelsac mkvlelobis saqmis gaxsnamde mivyavarT.
amgvar deteqtivad gvevlineba Tanamedrove mwerali laSa imedaSvili,
gamorCeuli xelwerisa da mxatvruli azrovnebis avtori, romlis Semoq-
medebac mkiTxvelis yuradRebas iqcevs ambavTa mravalferovnebiTa da
Txrobis ostatobiT. misi romanis, `patriarqis Semodgomis~, mTavari ambavic
esaa – gamoZieba da dadgena, vin, ratom, risTvis, ra motiviT Caidina mkvle-
loba. mwerali am romanSi qmnis axal mxatvrul ganzomilebas, romelSic
`peplis efeqtiT~, principiT, ra SeiZleba momxdariyo, dro rom ukan ga-
dagvexvia, arkvevs movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobis logikas. mas am saqmis didi
gamocdileba aqvs, amaze metyvelebs mis mier `gamoZiebuli~ imgvari cnobi-
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li, rezonansuli saqmeebi, rogorebicaa: macxovris jvarcma, ilia WavWavaZis,
vano maCablis da sxva msgavsi Tavzardamcemi mkvlelobebis literaturuli
gamoZieba.
amgvar SeWras realur istoriaSi mwerali postmodernistuli strate-
giebiT axorcielebs, misi amocanaa drois palimfsestis im Sremde miRweva,
romelsac mkvlelobaSi monawile pirovnebaTa kvali aSkarad atyvia. cnobil
deteqtiur romanTagan gansxvavebiT, roca ukve Cadenil danaSauls ikvlevs
romelime gonebamaxvili adamiani, am nawarmoebSi TviTon movlenebi da ambe-
bi ixateba, romlebic mkiTxvels mkvlelobis Tanadamswred da mayureblad
aqceven. mwerali SesaniSnavad xatavs epoqas. axali, rogorc robaqiZe ityo-
da, `demonokratiuli~ (robaqiZe 2009: 27) (da ara demokratiuli) bolSevikuri,
totalitaruli ideologiis damkvidrebas saqarTveloSi. marTalia, jer
1918 welia, magram ukve mzaddeba 1921 weli, roca wiTeli armia SemoiWra
qveyanaSi da qveyanas samwliani Tavisufleba xanmokle sizmrad uqcia.
marqsistul-leninuri antireligiuri propaganda amqveyniuri samoTxis
yalbi dapirebiT mrevls imravlebda. dgeboda komunisturi crurwmenebis
epoqa, romelsac adamianuri yofa absurdamde mihyavda. RvTisuaryofa da-
savlur samyaroSi TavisiT ikafavda gzas, iq mecnierul-teqnikuri progre-
si da axali filosofiuri mimdinareobani edo safuZvlad. nicSes zaratus-
tras naqadagevi RvTis sikvdilis ambavi mTel msoflios mosdeboda da ada-
mianuri gonebisTvis axali damabneveli gamocana mieca.
romanis saTauri, ra Tqma unda, asociaciur gadaZaxils iwvevs gabriel
garsia markesis `patriarqis SemodgomasTan~, Tumca es gadaZaxili mxolod
saTaurebis sibrtyeze rCeba da aranairi sxvagvari ganzomileba da siRrme
ar gaaCnia. markesi Zalauflebis fsiqologiur aspeqtebs warmoaCens maradi-
uli prezidentis, igive patriarqis saxiT, romelic yovelmxriv ebRauWeba
despotizmis saWes, raTa gaxdes ara mxolod sakuTari xalxis, aramed kosmi-
uri Zalebis mbrZanebeli. misTvis samSoblo `mxolod kargi gamogonebaa~,
raTa xalxi vaipatriotizmis yalbi sulikveTebiT daabrmavos, daimonos
da marTos. is Tavis SemosazRvrul teritoriaze cdilobs bunebis yoveli
sasicocxlo energia, crurwmenebi, tradiciad SeCeCebuli damaxinjebuli
dResaswaulebi (iseTive SeniRbuli, rogoric dedamisis feradebiT SeRebili
Citebi, raTa bazarSi myidveli WrelaWrula bumbuls miezida da gaesaRebi-
na) da uaxlesi teqnologiebi sakuTari ukvdavebisTvis gamoiyenos, Tumca
erTaderTi, rasac sabolood mainc ver imorCilebs, droa, romelic masac
iseve aqcevs mtvrad da nacrad, rogorc adamianuri modgmis yvela sxva
naSiers. is gamogonili, krebiTi saxea sulierad damaxinjebuli, martosu-
li da ganwiruli yvela diqtatorisa. misi Semodgoma lpobisa da sikvdilis
mauwyebelia.
laSa imedaSvilis patriarqi ki, kirion meore, istoriuli pirovneba, eris
namdvili sulieri winamZRolia. misi zafxuli ki ivlisSi mis mkvlelobas
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gulisxmobs. sagulisxmoa isic, rom saTauriT gamowveuli mkiTxvelis mo-
lodini ar marTldeba im mxriv, rom patriarqi am romanis mTavari gmiri ar
aris. Tumca yvela gza misken miimarTeba. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom romani
mkiTxvels aucileblad ubiZgebs gaecnos am SesaniSnavi patriarqis nawerebs,
misi cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis amsaxvel istoriul dokumentebs. arsebobs
fsiqologiuri kanoni, romlis mixedviTac, didsa da absurdul tyuilebs
adamianebis TvalSi meti damajerebloba eniWeba. amgvar tyuilad iqca
qristianuli samarTlianobis elferiT SeniRbuli marqsistul-leninuri
ideologia, romelic adamianuri Tanasworobis, samarTlianobis ideiT ban-
gavda da abruebda neofitebs, romelTac komunizmis idealebs religiuris
sanacvlod sTavazobda. es miT ufro iTqmis istoriis im gzajvaredinebis-
Tvis, romlebic ganapirobebdnen ara mxolod kerZo adamianebis, aramed
qveynebis arCevans. rac metia arCevani, miT metia dabneulobac. swored
amgvari politikur-socialuri Tu kulturuli winaaRmdegobebiT gamo-
irCeoda meoce saukunis pirveli meoTxedi, klasikosebTan (ilias, vaJa,
akaki) gamomSvidobebisa da axali esTetikis damkvidrebis qartexilebiT
(simbolizmi, eqspresionizmi, futurizmi da izmebis arnaxuli speqtri – (Ta-
visufali arCevnis uflebiT) xana.
literaturasa da istoriaSi cnobilia iseTi danaSaulobebi, rodesac
mkvlelobis STamagonebelni dausjelni rCebian. mamismkvlelobasac miTo-
logiuri Zirebi aqvs. eri Tu kerZo kaci klavs mamas, raTa misi adgili da-
ikavos. ilia mokles da saqarTvelos àsaoxreblad marqsizms gza gauxsnes~
(spiridon kedia). kirionic eris mama iyo, misi mkvlelobiT ers TiTqos
sulieri ganviTarebis gza gadauketes. es mkvleloba realurad win uZRoda
saqarTvelos mkvlelobasac, amgvari metaforiT SeiZleba gaviazroT 1921
wels saqarTvelos Zaladobrivi aneqsia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom asrulda
vaJa-fSavelas winaswarmetyevleba, ilias mkvlelobis gamo naTqvami: ìlias
mkvlelebs rom SeeZloT, saqarTvelosac moklavdnen~. vaJa ver moeswro
Tavisi winaswarmetyvelebis asrulebas, ilias mkvlelebma ki saqarTvelo
mokles da 70 wlis mkvdari, meoce saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, samyaros samar-
Tlinobis universaluri kanonis ZaliT, kvlav aRorZinda lazaresaviT.
laSa imedaSvilis romanis kiTxvisas mkiTxvels kafkaseuli absurdis
gancda gauCndeba, TiTqos avtori mas adamianis dabinduli cnobierebis la-
birinTebSi amogzaurebs, sadac sinaTlis raime nasaxi, azrovnebis saxiT,
arsad ar Cans, arc labirinTis bolos. Txroba ironiul-parodiulia, post-
modernistuli xrikebis TanxlebiT, rac farulsa da zedapirul ironi-
as, Zveli teqstebis gadaTamaSebas da am gziT miRweul artistulobas gu-
lisxmobs. laSa imedaSvilis mxatvruli ena mdidari da gamomsaxvelia. is
dasamaxsovrebel tipaJebs qmnis da, rac unda absurduli iyos mis mier
daxatuli ambavi, mkiTxvelze zemoqmedebis Zalas bzarebi ar uCndeba. mas
kargad exerxeba umciresi detalebis xatva, romlebic adamianis xasiaTis
232
ama Tu im Tvisebas siRrmiseulad gamokveTen. xandaxan erTi gonebamaxvi-
luri fraziTac ise STambeWdavad gamokveTs personaJis bunebas, sxvas
mTeli gverdebi rom dasWirdeboda aRsawerad da amgvari efeqtisTvis
mainc ver mieRwia. mwerals romanSi gamogonil personaJebTan erTad, re-
alurnic Semohyavs. maTi saxelebis xsenebiT aRweril ambavTa da movlenaTa
damajereblobis iluzias uqmnis mkiTxvels.
mTavari absurdi ki mkvlelobis motivia – erTi SexedviT, daujerebeli
da gamaognebeli, magram mxatvrulad damajerebeli da epoqis suliskveTe-
bis, raobisa da arsis saukeTesod gamomxatveli. yvelaferi ki iqidan Sem-
zadda, rom romanis erTma personaJma, medrove proletarma mweralma, arsen
saganeliZem, meores, gulubryvilo, gaunaTlebel leo kikabiZes, sufraze
daujerebeli saidumlo gaumxila, Turme saqarTvelos eklesia, misi mRvdel-
msaxurni, didni da mcireni, xalxs ar umxelen simarTles, rom adgili aRarc
samoTxeSi da aRarc jojoxeTSi aRar aris. gakvirvebisgan pirdaRebul leos
RmerTmebrZoli saganeliZe am da msgavs sisuleles uxvad sCris sulsa, gulsa
da gonebaSi. isic RrubeliviT yvela sityvas Seiwovs da gamxmari yamiriviT
iJRinTeba misi arseba antireligiuri suliskveTebiT. mainc ra argumentebi
aqvs saganeliZes? misi azriT, marTalia, mTavroba gamoicvala, qveyanam damo-
ukidebloba moipova da eklesiam – avtokefalia, ubralo xalxisTvis mainc
aravin aris – mas tyuilSi acxovreben da mTavari damnaSave eklesia da misi
saWeTmpyrobelia (am dros patriarqi kirion meorea, romelic aRsaydrda
1917 wlis 17 seqtembers). kirion meore didi qvelmoqmedi da erovnuli
moRvawe iyo, amitomac eklesiis SigniT Tu gareT mravali mowinaaRmdege
hyavda. saganeliZe ase abruebs leos: `suli rom samoTxes miakiTxavs da adgils
veRar ipovis, raRa unda qnas?! jojoxeTs miukakunebs, magram adgili aRarc
iq dauxvdeba. isRa darCeba, ukan dabrundes da adgilis Zebna bunebaSi da-
iwyos. binad yvelaferi gamodgeba: xe, cxoveli, wyali, sxva ram nivTi. Cveni
eklesia ki amas uarobs, hgonia, rom saidumlos gulmodgined inaxavs, dab-
rmavebul xalxs gonebas urevs da monobaSi amyofebs~. leosTvis saganeli-
Zis es logika rkinisaa, da Sesabamisad, daurRveveli. saganeliZis mizani
ara mxolod leos, aramed misTanebis, ese igi, xalxis eklesiis winaaRmdeg
amxedrebaa. leos kiTxvaze: `rom ar gamogyvnen, – romelsac, am SemTxvevaSi,
sakuTari bed-iRbali metad aRelvebda, vidre xalxisa~, saganeliZem qed-
mouxrelad upasuxa: `sxva ra gza eqnebaT, yvela gaiTeleba, vinc axal cxov-
rebas win gadaudgeba!~
amis Semdeg Zalian cota dro gava da moirRveva eklesiaTa saukuneebs
gadarCenili gumbaTebi, Camoixsneba jvrebi, gaiTeleba xatebi da sakur-
Txevlebis adgilas abanoebi, sportdarbazebi, pirutyvTa TavSesafrebi
moewyoba xalxis bednierebis saxeliT. axla ki jer isev leosa da saganeliZis
saubars vusmenT, leo ra, mxolod msmenelia, saganeliZea davardnili qada-
gad. man araerTi magaliTi mouyvana leos imis TvalsaCinod warmosadgenad,
233
Tu rogor itanjebian samoTxe-jojoxeTs gareT darCenili sulebi, rogor
daborialoben, daxetialoben da xan vis, Tu an ras Seesaxlebian. xolo
`volodarskis wigni~, romelSic es ambebia moTxrobili, eklesiam akrZala
da daarbia da Tu sadme mis wamkiTxvelsac miagno, Tav-beds awyevlinebs.
da am gaurkvevel viTarebaSi, romelic qveyanaSia Seqmnili, saganeliZem
leos, rogorc `religiis prokuroris~, daniSnuleba da misia gamokveTa.
romanis samoqmedo asparezze kidev erTi personaJi Cndeba, terorist-eqs-
popriatori, amJamad ki suliT avadmyofTa TavSesafris zedamxedveli,
irodion vaCiberiZe, metsaxelad axo, romelTan saubarSi mkvlelobis mTa-
vari gegma da mimarTuleba gamoikveTeba. saganeliZes sjeroda, rom leo ise
unda daemuSavebinaT, rom mas mkvleloba davalebiT ki ara, Tavisi Rrma
rwmeniT Caedina. paralelurad, TxrobaSi SemoiWreba istoriul-dokumen-
turi kadrebi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikisa. STambeWdavia so-
cial-demokrat karlo CxeiZis sajaro leqcia (man `marqsisa Tu marqsizmis
siyvarulis gamo naTlobis saxeli alesandre miiviwya da tyviasaviT mokle
`karlo~ dairqva~).
romanSi yelaferi isea, rogorc karg deteqtivSi. male leos mkvdars
ipovian. saganeliZe da misi megobrebi ise moawyoben saqmes, rom es mkvle-
loba siyvarulis niadagze TviTmkvlelobad gaasaRon. Tumca romanis
bolos mkiTxvels kidev erTi Secbuneba elis, rodesac leo, mkvdreTiT
aRmdgari, anaforaSi gamowyobili, martyofis monasterSi ber iobis saxiT
gamoecxadeba. gamomZiebelTan saubrSi is amayad ganacxadebs, rom qveyanas
wurbela moaSora (ra Tqma unda, yvelas gaaxsendeba berbiWaSvilis amgvarive
siamaye ilias mkvlelobisaTvis). imasac gaamxels, rom mokluli namdvili
mama iobi iyo, misda sabediswerod, garegnobiT leos msgavsi (mzakvrobis
arsic es iyo, Tavidanve, patriarqTan daaxloebuli, ber iobis msgavsi kaci
moZebnes da es leo aRmoCnda), misnairad SeniRbuli, raTa kvali Tu Tavgza
aeriaT yvelasTvis. leom ki, revoluciuri ideiT da xalxisa da kacobriobis
gabednierebis wyurviliT gulanTebulma, ber iobis samosiT, `gulgrilad~
gamoasalma sicocxles mwyemsi sruliad qarTvelTa dabneulTa cxvarTa.
`mihyevi qars da daxvdi ubedurebas, roca karze mogadgeba~, – ase fiq-
robs moxuci santiago, hemingueis gamorCeuli personaJi (`moxuci da zRva~)
(heminguei 2012: 25). ubedurebis daxvedra avlens adamianis xasiaTs, mis
arCevans. samwuxarod, ubedurebas, romelic aTasgvari saxiT, maT Soris,
yoveldRiuri rutinis, erTferovnebisa da sakuTari Tavis arafrobis mtan-
jveli SegrZnebiT, gvevlineba, yvela santiagosaviT simamaciT ver xvde-
ba, aramed garbis, garbis apdaikis hari engstromiviT (`baWia, gaiqeci~) da
maSin ekargeba namdvili saxe, xolo is niRabi, romelsac SiSisgan gaqceuli
moirgebs, iqneba misi sulieri damarcxebis mowme manam, sanam wyvdiadSi ar
CainTqmeba.
234
zurab samadaSvili romanSi `mosalodneli moulodnelobani~, erTi Se-
xedviT, martivi, sada da `mosalodneli~ cxovrebiseuli suraTebis daxat-
viT warmoaCens ufro Rrma, zedapiruli da daukvirvebeli mzerisTvis Se-
uniSnav yofierebis fundamentur kanonzomierebebs. am romanSi mTavaria
codva-madlis, siyvarulisa da siZulvilis, sikeTisa da borotebis, realo-
bisa da mistikuris ucnauri Tanaarseboba, iseve rogorc cxovrebaSi, rome-
lic aseTi nacnobi da ucnobia nebismieri adamianisTvis, vinc egzistenci-
alur problemebze dafiqrebula.
mwerali xatavs sakuTari egos CarCoebSi nebiTa Tu ZaladobiT datyve-
vebul adamianebs, romelTac ar hyofniT Zala sasicocxlo sivrcis gafar-
Toebisa da jansaRi, gardamqmneli haeris sunTqvisa, radgan `mes~ garda ar
sjeraT `sxvisi~ arsebobisa, im sxvisa, romelic aucilebelia sxeulebrivi
arsebobis Caketili wridan gasaRwevad da wminda, Seuryvneli, uangariSo
siyvarulisa da bednierebis gansacdelad.
zurab samadaSvilis romanSi klasikuri Txrobis strategiebia gamoye-
nebuli. mas moswons ambebis SeTxzva da gadmocema, amitomac iolad iyoli-
ebs mkiTxvels, romelic swored amgvari sada, gamWvirvale Txrobis stil-
saa Cveuli. zogadad, misi Semoqmedeba mravalferovania, radgan mwerali
cdilobs sxvadasxva Janris moSveliebiT gamoxatos, rogor gardatydeba
samyaro misi sulis prizmaSi. misi romanebi, moTxrobebi, leqsebi avlenen
avtoris swrafvas, warmoaCinos adamianuri yofis, rogorc zedapiruli,
iolad dasanaxav-aRsaqmeli, aseve, Sinagani, mxolod simbolur-alegori-
ulad misawvdomi Sreebi. mis am romanSic mkiTxveli Tanamedroveobis ma-
jiscemas SeigrZnobs. Sexvdeba personaJebs, romlebTanac bevr saerTos aR-
moaCens da gauCndeba sarkeSi nacnobi siluetebis danaxvis iluzia.
romanis fabula mozaikuradaa Sedgenili. ambebi patara Tavebadaa da-
yofili. yoveli Tavi dasaTaurebulia da amgvarad CarCoSi moqceuli. yo-
vel TavSi raRac iwyeba da mTavrdeba, Tumca raRac mTavari da arsebiTi
grZeldeba da viTardeba. saTaurebiT gamowveuli Seyovnebebi kargi xerxia
mkiTxvelis amosasunTqad da Semdgom ambebSi Sesatyueblad. es Txrobas
eqspresiulobas matebs. mkiTxveli iolad miiwevs win da lukmebad nTqavs
mwerlis SeTavazebul patara samyaroebs, romlebic mTlianobaSi erT saerTo
suraTs qmnian. ambebi drosa da sivrceSi tradiciuli TanamimdevrobiTaa
dawyobili, ise, rom mkiTxvels Tavgza ar ebneva, arc Txrobis labirinTSi
ikargeba da aranairi Tavsatexebisa da rebusebis amoxsna ar uwevs. ubra-
lod, rogorc klasikur realistur prozaSi, mwerali mkiTxvels win udgams
sarkes, ara mxolod sakuTari Tavisa da cxovrebis dasaTvaliereblad, ara-
med gonebis gasavarjiSeblad, danaxul movlenaTa gasaanalizeblad. msu-
buqi, sada Txrobis meSveobiT mkiTxveli Zaladautanebeli silaRiT gaivlis
gzas romanis dasawyisidan bolomde, ise, rom ar gauCndeba gverdze gadade-
bisa da mitovebis survili.
235
mwerali axerxebs imgvarad daainteresos mkiTxveli, rom misTvis mniS-
vnelovani gaxdes mTavar personaJTa bed-iRbali da amas yovelgvari zedme-
ti dramatizebis gareSe axerxebs. ra Tqma unda, es moCvenebiTi simsubuqea,
sinamdvileSi mkiTxveli bevr iseT detals amoikiTxavs, romlebic nacno-
bi movlenebisTvis gansxvavebulad Seaxedeben da daafiqreben. romanis
ritmi sakmaod Cqaria da ambebic kinokadrebiviT icvlebian. ase rom, Tu
romelime kargi reJisori xels mohkidebda, mSvenieri filmi Seiqmneboda.
Tanamedrove samyaroSi xom cnobili romanebis popularobas Zalian xSirad
maTi warmatebuli kinoekranizaciebi ganapirobebs. mwerali axerxebs ori-
ode StrixiT personaJTa garegnobisa Tu xasiaTis Tvisebebis warmoCenas.
Txrobis enac sadaa, TiTqmis moklebuli yovelgvar ornamentulobas. iS-
viaTad amoyvinTavs tropis iseTi saxe, rogoricaa Sedareba an metafora,
Tumca es daxatul suraTebs, movlenebsa da adamianebs, arafers aklebs.
romanis saTauri oqsimoronia, romelic Tavidanve ganawyobs mkiTxvels
cxovrebasTan Sesaxvedrad, romelic savsea winaaRmdegobebiT. yovelgva-
ri moulodneloba viRacisTvis ukve gamocdilebaa, es gamocdileba da-
leqilia kacobriobis zepirsa Tu werilobiT mexsierebaSi, naxatebsa
Tu musikaSi. albaT, veRaravin mohyveba ambavs, romelic sadRac ukve ar
momxdara, miuxedavad amisa, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi gacveTili Tav-
gadasavali adamianisTvis axalia, radgan sxvisi gamocdileba iSviaTad
gamodgeba xolme sawvrTnel gakveTilad. mosalodnel moulodnelobaSi
bediswerac igulisxmeba, romelic Tavis saTamaSoebad aqcevs adamianebs da
maTs yovelgvar, Rirebulsa Tu usazriso facifucs, zrunvas, miznebsa da
gadawyvetilebebs uwyalo amaoebad aqcevs. realurad, adamianebma ician, ra
aris mosalodneli, amas gansazRvravs maTi cxovrebis, saqcielis logika,
magram mainc ise iqcevian, TiTqos amaze warmodgenac ar hqondeT. imitom,
rom aseTia adamianis martivi da Tanve CaxlarTuli buneba. momxdaris
Semdeg ki yovelive aRiqmeba, rogor moulodneloba, raTa sakuTar Tavs
mouZebnon gamarTleba. romanis personaJebi Zaldautaneblad `SiSvlde-
bian~ da mkiTxveli maTi sulis ufskrulebs mimoixilavs, rasac, ra Tqma unda,
axlavs iq nanaxis Semzaraoba da zizRi. Tumca, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT,
mwerals amgvari fsiqologiuri mogzaurobisTvis ara aqvs mkiTxvelis-
Tvis SeTavazebuli sagangebod adamianuri sisastikis `RirSesaniSnaobani~.
cxovrebis mdinare am romanSi nacnobi mdore tempiTa da mRvrie elferiT
miedineba ise, rom ar akrTobs Zlieri miqceva-moqcevani.
romanis ambebi yovlismcodne mTxroblis TvaliTaa gadmocemuli, ese
igi, mesame pirSia moTxrobili, Tumca ramdenime ambavs TviTon gmirebic gvi-
yvebian. rogorc Cans, es is SemTxvevaa, roca Tavneba personaJebi xelidan
usxltebian mwerals. romanSi ramdenime ojaxis bedi da istoria warmoCndeba
awmyos garkveul monakveTSi. iSviaTia drouli CaRrmavebebi da vertikale-
bi, romlebsac erisa Tu adamianis mexsierebaSi gavyavarT. ZiriTadi drouli
236
CarCo erT weliwads ar aRemateba, Tumca warsulis mcire SemoWrebiT mkiTx-
velis Tvalwin cocxldeba periodi XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan XXI sauku-
nis pirvel aTeulamde. sivrciTi horizontalic saqarTvelos masStabiT
(Tbilisi-TeTriwyaroTi) Semoifargleba. mxolod erT epizodSi farTovdeba
sivrciTi areali, rodesac erTi personaJi cimbirSi midis almasebis Camosa-
tanad, Tumca mkiTxvelis warmosaxvaSi dro-sivrceca da personaJebic ganzo-
gadebul mniSvnelobebs iZenen da zedroul ganzomilebaSi gadanacvldebian.
romanSi ramdenime ojaxis cxovreba ixateba, romelTa fonze gamoikveTe-
ba qarTvelTa moralur-zneobrivi saxe da RirebulebaTa sistema. mwerali
warmoaCens mamaTa da SvilTa Taobas, maTs urTierTobebs, maTs Sexedule-
baTa da faseulobaTa msgavseba-gansxvavebebs. ZiriTadad, sami ojaxi ixa-
teba: daviTisa, misi biZaSvilisa, kote JorJolianisa da natas ojaxebi. ro-
manSi aris gulwrfeli da mliqvneluri, gulubryvilo da eSmakuri urTi-
erTobebica da siyvarulic, gatacebac, colqmruli Ralatic, eWvianobac
da yovelive is, rac Tanmdevia adamianebis cxovrebisa. mwerali mkiTxvels
eTamaSeba im TvalsazrisiT, rom ioli gamocnobis siamovneba ar moaklos,
Tumca bevri ram ormagad kodirebulicaa, romelTa gamocnoba SeiZleba
ufro rTuli iyos da gulisxmobdes mkiTxvelis gabedul interpretacias,
samagierod, amgvarad, romanis ambebisTvis meti siRrmisa da ganzogadebis
miniWebas. erT-erTi amgvari mxatvruli kodia romanis dasawyis epizodebSi-
ve daxatuli yanCa, romelsac gmirebi dainaxaven, rogor wvalobs nagavSi
gaxlarTuli: `dabla gauqmebuli arxis mSral kalapotSi Camdgara didi
TeTri yanCa da gaafTrebuli anabela napiridan uyefs. nanaxiT aRfrTova-
nebulebi yiJiniT amxneveben anabelas, magram yanCa kvlav gaunZrevlad dgas.
`ratom ar mifrinavs? – kiTxulobs nata. albaT, nagavSi gaixlarTa, – pasu-
xobs laSa. Aarxis fskeri, marTlac, aTasgvari xaraxuriT aris mofenili.
yanCa aravis uniskartebs, dgas boColasaviT, frTebs Slis uniaTod~. es yan-
Ca, realurad, im adamianebis simboloa, romlebic mixvdnen, rom cxovreba
nagavia, magram Tavi ver dauRweviaT. aseTia, magaliTad, kote jorJoliani,
romelic xSirad k. JorJolianadaa moxseniebuli. saxelis amgvari Semokleba
mkiTxvels uCens STabeWdilebas, rom is aris àdamiani-zero~ (irakli java-
xaZe), gaubedavi da yovelmxriv daCagruli bediswerisa Tu adamianebisagan.
is msxverplia, radgan ar SeuZlia, rom iyos jalaTi. cxovreba xom, samwuxa-
rod, xSirad sxvanair arCevans ar utovebs adamianebs. niWier magram gaWir-
vebul koteSi ucnauradaa Serwymuli yofiToba da romantikuloba. romanSi
uaxlesi warsulidan fonad SemoiWreba meoce saukunis 90-iani wlebi, ga-
Wirveba, samoqalaqo omi, ucxoeTSi gaqceva. kote JorJolianma yvelafers
gauZlo.
`yvelaze uaresi is ki ar aris, rom Cven irgvliv sul nagavia, aramed is,
rom Tavad Cvenc am nagvad viqeciT~ (Jan bodriari `qalaqi da siZulvili~).
realurad, romanSi warmodgenilia humanuri idealebis krizisi. Cveulebri-
237
vi adamianebi amas sxvadasxvanairad aRiqvamen. kote JorJolianma ver gauZ-
lo realobis Semotevas, mas veranairi niSnebis rwmena da gonebis sizustem
ver uSvela Tavi daeRwia wuTisoflis usamarTlobisagan, romelmac is
abuCad aigdo, miwasTan gaaswora. uazro avtokatastrofam (mwerali bo-
lomde arcerT versiaSi ar arwmunebs mkiTxvels, ram gamoiwvia avaria: la-
Sas daudevrobam Tu daviTis eWvianobis niadagze gasrolilma tyviam, Tu
ubralo mosrialebam), romelmac Seiwira misi col-Svili. sasowarkveTa ki
imiT gadalaxa kotem, rom bedisweris cinikur TamaSs sakuTari TamaSi da-
upirispira. mas stumrebi ahyavs agarakze, sadac viTom col-Svili hyavs,
romlebzec zrunavs. amgvarad gamostaca sakuTari Tavi tkivilsa da tanjvas
da Tavisi siyvarulic ojaxis mimarT ukvdavyo. es adamianebi daixocebodnen
mxolod maSin, roca TviTon kote Caabarebda Tavis suls ufals.
isini, romanis personaJebi, sawyali martosulebi arian. amitomac iolad
pouloben erTmaneTs, Tumca xanmokle urTierTobebi, Sekrebebi, or Wi-
qaze miwveva da sxva amgvarebi mxolod Tavis motyuebaa. maT ver upoviT
wamali martosulobis dasaZlevad. mwerali arc mkiTxvels ar mianiSnebs
aranair gamosavalze. yalbi didaqtika misi saqme ar aris. man mxolod Seg-
vaxeda movlenebs, romelTa ara mxolod gulgrili Tanamonawile, aramed
gulSematkivari damkvirvebelia.
`Tanamedrove samyaroSi xalxis masa martosulebis TavSeyraa da sxva
araferi“, – wers oqtavio pasi (pasi 2009: 63). codva, danaSauli, sasjeli,
SurisZieba, sindisis qenjna, sinanuli – msoflio literaturis yvelaze
nacnobi Temebia, Tumca arasodes gacvdeba, radgan mwerlis ostatobazea
damokidebuli, rogor siuJetur qargaze aasxams movlenebs, ragvar drama-
tul vels Seqmnis, mxatvruli dro-sivrcis ganzomilebaSi rogor Seiyvans
mkiTxvels da aRwerili ambebis Tanamonawiled aqcevs. zviad kvaracxelia,
Tanamedrove axalgazrda mwerali, amas axerxebs da misi romanis saxiT –
`forma #100“ – mkiTxveli eziareba tkivilian samyaros, romelic adamianuri
yofis tragikulobas gamoxatavs. `yvelaferi nebadarTulia CemTvis, magram
yvelaferi sasargeblo rodia. yvelaferi nebadarTulia CemTvis, magram me
veraferi damimonebs~, – wers pavle mociquli (I, korinTelTa mimarT), mag-
ram pavles àvisa da kargis ara mxolod garCeva, arCeva rom SeZleboda~ (je-
mal qarCxaZe), amisTvis RvTis daxmareba dasWirda, sulieri feriscvaleba,
meored dabadeba. zviad kvaracxelias romanSi warmoCenilia uneblie Tu wi-
naswarganzraxuli codvebi, romlebic adamianis bunebas, xasiaTs ayalibeben,
mis Sexedulebebs, Tvalsazrisebs, gadawyvetilebebs apirobeben da samya-
rosa Tu adamianebTan urTierTobas gansazRvraven. mwerali warmoaCens, ada-
mianis gulSi rogor devnis demonuri swrafvani angelozurs da cxovreba
`yrmaTa angelozur saxeebze sfinqsis Rimils~ (dostoevski) rogor aRbeWdavs.
romanis pirvelive epizodebidan ikvreba kvanZi, romelic Semdeg, Txro-
bisas, ixlarTeba, sxvadasxva siuJetur xazad iqceva, dedeqtiur simZafres
238
iZens da bolos mkiTxvelisTvis moulodnelad ixsneba. mTavari gmiri,
mTxrobeli zaza zandukeli, siymawvileSi jgufuri gaupatiurebis codvaSi
exveva. marTalia, mas monawileoba ar miuRia marTa filianze ZaladobaSi, igi
SemTxveviT aRmoCnda danaSaulis adgilze, magram Tavis megobrebTan erTad
iyo da protesti ar gamouxatavs, mxolod Zaladobis adgilis datovebis
Semdeg wascdeba umweobis cremlebi, romlebic masSi jer kidev Caukvlel
sindiss amxels. danaSaulis adgili, mitovebuli, dangreuli Senobis sar-
dafi, mtveri da nagavi, simbolurad, im Waobis msgavs dros warmoaCens, ro-
melmac angelozebi urCxulebad gadaaqcia da mTeli maTi Semdgomi codviT
dadaRuli, uidealebo, gzaabneuli, uzneo da uperspeqtivo cxovreba gan-
sazRvra. amitomac aris, rom zaza korinTels xSirad eufleba kamiuseuli
absurdis, gamouvalobis SegrZneba. `Cemiv TavisTvis da am samyarosTvis me
ucxo vrCebi – sakuTari Tavis uarmyofeli azris amara STenili da ra vuwo-
do am cxovrebas, sadac mSvidoba ver mipovia~ (alber kamiu, `sizifes miTi~).
romanSi ixateba sazogadoeba, romelSic `sakuTari Tavis povnaze aRaravin
cdeba, ara marto imitom, tkiviliani simarTlis rom eSinia, albaT imito-
mac, rom am saqveyno oromtrialSi `sakuTari Tavi~ didi xania ar arsebobs,
samagierod, arian `sxvebi~.
marjved mofiqrebuli saTauri romanis mTavar saTqmels exmianeba. gan-
sazRvravs Tu ara forma #100 adamianis janmrTelobas? jansaR sxeulSi xom
xSirad avadmyofi sulia, codvebiT damZimebuli, an – piriqiT. renesansuli
idealis formulaSi didi xania saswori jansaRi sxeulis sasargeblod ga-
daixara, aman suli adamianuri yofis periferiebze gandevna da ltolvilad
aqcia, rasac adamianis qvenabunebis, cxovelur samyarosTan rom aaxlo-
vebs da anaTesavebs, aRzeveba mohyva. adamiani xSirad ver acnobierebs, rom
sicocxleSi yvelaferi erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli da am yvelafer-
Si, xilulTan erTad, uxilavi, gonebisTvis Seucnobeli, aramaterialuri
ganzomilebebic igulisxmeba, swored is samyaroebi, romlebic mxolod
sulierad miiwvdomeba. Cakluli sulisTvis ki amgvari uxilavi sferoebi
iketeba da warmaval, xrwnad, xanmokle materialur samyaros mijaWvuli
adamiani gzadaabneul cxvars emsgavseba. mTavari gmiri zaza zandukeli,
romelic romanis ambebs hyveba, TviTonac xSirad nebiT Tu uneburad cod-
vaSi gaxveuli, dacemuli da wamomdgari, sakuTar Tavsa da samyaros sa-
marTlianoba-usamarTlobaze dafiqrebuli, scenars wers swored am saTa-
uriT `forma #100~, romelSic ara mxolod Tavisi Taobis, aramed drois, epo-
qis codva-madls gamoxatavs. `forma #100” aqaurobisTvis ar aris mogonili,
es ufro saiqios gzaze damdgari sulis qaRaldia. cocxalze metad mkvdars
sWirdeba janmrTelobis cnoba, romelsac mTavari eqimi ar gascems, Tu Cveni
avadmyofobis istoria ar gasca, cremliTa da gulidan amoxvelebuli sis-
xliT dawerili. ar ecodineba, sad da rodis moxda, – da am dros Cemi bagi-
dan, rogorc agurebi miwisZvriT dangreuli korpusebidan, cviva sityvebi,
239
– siZvai, mruSebai, ampartavnebai, zvaobai, fici, gmobai, uqmis metyvelebai,
uZRebebai, siZulvili, Suri, vercxlismoyvarebai, angarebai, Tavimoyvare-
bai, didebis moyvarebai, tacebai, usamarTlobai, saZaglis SeZinebai,
xdomai, wyevai, usjuloebai...~. romanSi swored es aris gadmocemuli, sulis
avadmyofobani, romelTa gankurnebaze an zrunavs adamiani, an arada, amis
mixedviT ganisjeba kidevac RvTis samsajavroze.
movlenebisa da ambebis fonad romanSi meoce saukunis 90-iani wlebia.
samoqalaqo omi, naRmze afeTqebuli bavSvebi, umuSevroba da sibnele. ro-
gorc TviTon zaza zandukeli zustad da xatovnad aRniSnavs: `dakarguli,
dawyevlili, gabrazebuli, SeSfoTebuli, gaWedili da kide ra vici, ram-
dennairi Taobaa wignsa da cxovrebaSi... CvenisTana mainc arc erTi ar
aris. Cven danaRmulebi varT, Signidan gvaqvs wamzomi CarTuli da kacma
ar icis, rodis avfeTqdebiT, rodis amovaRebinebT sisxls~. romanSi kar-
gad warmoCndeba, rom materialur gaWirvebas adamianebi sulieradac
gauRatakebia.
mwerali romanSi adamianis sulis ufskrulebs gvixatavs, rac misgan did
ostatobas moiTxovs, rom mkiTxvelma ar igrZnos siyalbe. ra Tqma unda,
igrZnoba, rom zviad kvaracxelia kargad icnobs klasikursa da Tanamedro-
ve literaturasac, Sesabamisad, iyenebs Txrobis nacnob teqnikas, Tumca
cdilobs eqsperimentsac mimarTos, oRond ise, rom azri ar gaabundova-
nos da enobrivi samyaro ar daazaralos. personaJTa qvecnobiers kargad
warmoaCens personaJTa sizmrebi, romlebic xan ganvlil ambebis danaleqebi
arian, xan ki samomavlod mosaxdens ireklaven.
Txrobis mTavar nakads, rogorc mTavar mdinares, romelsac zaza zan-
dukelis Tavgadasavali warmarTavs, patara nakadulebiviT uerTdebian sxva
adamianebi, TavianTi tkivilebiT, codvebiTa da sinanuliT. da ase iqmneba
sicocxliT savse erTiani samyaro, romlis yoveli epizodi damuxtulia
imgvari energiiT, mkiTxvelis SeZvrasa da kaTarziss rom iwvevs. mwerali
mTavar ambavs dastrialebs, adamianTa gulebSi mis gamoZaxilsa da eqoebs
aRwers. igi warmatebiT iyenebs `saspensis~, igive daZabuli molodinis teq-
nikas, romelic mkiTxvels garkveulobisa da gaurkvevlobis, gamocnobisa
da gamoucnobis zRvarze atarebs da cnobismoyvareobas ar unelebs, mag-
ram mxolod es daZabuloba ar aris mTavari, romelic gulisxmobs imgvar
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas, romlebic kiTxvisas Cndeba: ratom moikla marTam
Tavi? daisjebian Tu ara moZaladeebi? rogor warimarTeba zaza zanduke-
lisa da misi megobrebis bedi? (zazas gvaric mkiTxvels raRacis gamocno-
bis, saidumlos amoxsnis molodins uCens, radgan zanduki dafarulis, amo-
ucnobis gamocnobisa Tu axsnis survils iwvevs). amgvari daZabuli molo-
dinis kvaldakval romanSi axali personaJebi SemoiWrebian, romelTac
mohyvebaT TavianTi gansakuTrebuli ambebi. mwerali yoveli personaJis
240
ara mxolod garegnul, aramed fsiqologiur portretebsac qmnis, amgvarad
xdebian isini dasamaxsovrebelni da TavianTi ama Tu im nabijiT gamorCeulni.
avtori Txrobis sxvadasxva teqnikis, realisturi Tu postmodernistuli
strategiebis ostaturi monacvleobiT warmoaCens, patara moZalade biWebi
rogor daizardnen, yvelam Tavisi gza monaxa, magram codva yvelas fexdafex
sdevda. ako sakuTar saxlSi Cacxriles, oTo mama serapionad gardaiqmna,
Tumca masac dauxvdnen gzaze da Tavpiri daumtvries, Yyvela SemTxvevaSi,
veravin xvdeboda mizezs da aTasi Wori iTxzveboda. mxolod zazam icoda, rom
viRac SurismaZiebeli Tavis sastik, magram samarTlian saqmes aRasrulebda,
usamarTlobiT gulgatexili.
sxvadasxva ambavs eqspresiulad hyveba avtori romanis cxra TavSi, rom-
lebsac TavianTi saTaurebi aqvT, Sesabamisad, Tan calke mxatvrul gan-
zomilebas qmnian, Tan erTiani mxatvruli qsovilis mozaikuri nawilebi
arian. Txrobis dinamikas xels uwyobs mTxrobelTa monacvleoba. mTxrobeli
xan zaza zandukelia, romelic pirvel pirSi hyveba ambavs, xan avtori
mTxrobeli mesame pirSi gadmogvcems movlenebs. xan dRiuria CarTuli, xan
werili da amgvarad icvleba Txrobis ritmi, romelic arsad ar mdovrdeba
da maRali tempiT miedineba bolomde. erT epizodSi zaza korinTelis Sina-
gani areul-dareuli gancdebis gadmosacemad aseT eqsperiments mimarTavs
mwerali: `gadavwyvite, nebismieri uazroba, sisulele, enaze momdgari ci-
eb-cxeleba CameniSna da anbanze gamewyo~. ase daewyo anbanze misi fiqrebi,
warsulidan SemoWrili suraTebi, amgvarad, mkiTxveli zazas ufro axlos
ecnoba. anbanze dalagebuli sityvebi ki garkveuli Temaze improvizaciuli
msjelobis maprovocireblad iqca da mcire Canawerebis forma miiRo saer-
To ganwyobilebiT: variaciebi Temaze – `me~.
mwerali, rogorc aRvniSneT, Txrobis nairferovan teqnikas iyenebs
personaJTa sulis dasaxatavad. magaliTad, guga xidiSels misive dRiure-
biT vecnobiT. mwerali axerxebs, rom yvela personaJs Tavisi ena, grZnobaTa
da emociaTa gamoxatvis Taviseburi manera mounaxos. gugas dRiurebSi
kargad warmoCndeba yofis erTferovneba da rutina: `sasamarTloSi yvelas
gulisamrevi pewianobiT acvia~. am dRiurebSi drodadro amoyvinTaven
gamuqebuli SriftiT awyobili sityvebi, romlebic warmoaCenen im Ziri-
Tad moqmedebebs, romlebsac guga robotiviT asrulebs: viRviZeb, viban,
vicvam, vvarjiSob, vmsaxurob, viTvaliswineb, velaparakebi, vlamazdebi,
vumjobesdebi... es yovelive, Tavidan, mxolod mis materialur yofas aR-
wers, aTasgvari xifaTiT, kanoniTa Tu zneobiT akrZaluli yovelgvari
gamocdilebiT savses. Tumca Semdeg SemoiWreba filosofiuri da lirikuli
nakadebi, azri ritms mihyveba, TeTri leqsebic gamoCndebian da amgvarad
amxelen mis romantikosobas. mkiTxvelic xvdeba, rom guga sasowarkveTili
martosulia, romelsac sul erTi nabiji aSorebs TviTmkvlelobas. am
dRiurebSi is sakuTar TavSi mogzaurobs da mkiTxvelsac siyvarulisa da
241
siZulvilis labirinTebSi axetialebs gvirabis bolos gamomkrTali SuqiT,
romelic iSifreba, rogorc dRiuris bolo sityva `gardavicvale~. zviad
kvaracxelias es romani Zaladobisa da siZulvilis mxilebaa, maTi fesvebis
gaCxrekaa da mkiTxvelis waqezebaa gulSi im marcvlis moZebnad, saidanac
siyvaruli ibadeba.
amgvarad, ganxilul nawarmoebTa mixedviT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
Tanamedrove qarTuli romanisTvis damaxasiaTebelia igive tendenciebi,
romlebic niSneulia Tanamedrove msoflio literaturisTvisac:
1. Txrobis tradiciuli da novatoruli xerxebis gamoyeneba; Janruli
eqsperimentebi;
2. postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Txrobis teqnikis moxmoba;
ormagi kodireba, ironiul-parodiuli nakadebi, interteqstualoba.
3. refleqsiebi saqarTvelosa Tu msoflioSi mimdinare mwvave social-
politikur, kulturul da politikur movlenebze;
4. Zveli da uaxlesi istoriuli gamocdilebiT miRebuli travmebis,
gansakuTrebiT, sabWoTa epoqis, fsiqologiur-filosofiuri gadaazreba;
5. adamianis bedis, misi arCevnis, humanizmis krizisa da misi gadalaxvis
Temebi;
6. teqnologiuri progresisa da kulturis urTierTmimarTeba;
7. egzistencialur da ontologiur sakiTxebze aqcentireba.
damowmebani
axali aRTqma 1991: axali aRTqma. bibliis Targmnis instituti. stokholmi: 1991.
bodriari 2010: bodriari, J. qalaqi da siZulvili. http://lib.ge/body_text.php?319.
borxesi 2010: borxesi, x. l. msoflio mzakvrobis istoria, Tbilisi: ìnteleqti~, 2014.
borxesi 2010: borxesi, x. l. Jurn. `Cveni mwerloba~, №20, 2010.
eko 2016: eko, u. boloTqma `vardis saxelisTvis~. Tbilisi: `diogene~, 2016.
kalvino 1914: kalvino, i. siswrafe. Jurn. arili~, ivlisi, Tbilisi: 2014.
liosa 1914: liosa, m. v. samyaro romanebis gareSe. Jurn. àrili~, 16 noemberi, Tbilisi: 2014.
imedaSvili 2007: imedaSvili, l. patriarqis zafxuli. Tbilisi: bakur sulakauris
gamomcemloba, 2007.
kvaracxelia 2014: kvaracxelia, z. forma #100. Tbilisi: ìnteleqti~, 2014.
pasi 2009: pasi, o. `wmindanebisa da mkvdrebis dResaswauli~. kritika, #4, Tbilisi: 2009.
robaqiZe 2009: robaqiZe, gr. `mimarTva qarTvel xalxs~. wignSi: qarTveli mwerlebi
skolaSi. Tbilisi: `saqarTvelos macne~, 2009.
samadaSvili 2015: samadaSvili, z. mosalodneli moulodnelobani. Tbilisi: `sabas
wignebi“, 2015.
folkneri 1999: folkneri, u. `nobelis premiis miRebisas warmoTqmuli sityva~. wignSi:
saubrebi. Tbilisi: `lomisi~, 1999.
242
qiqoZe 2016: qiqoZe, a. samxreTuli spilo. Tbilisi: bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, 2016.
xaranauli 2010: xaranauli, b. samoci jorze amxedrebuli raindi anu wigni hiperbolebisa
da metaforebisa. Tbilisi: `sezani~, 2010.
xaranauli 2012: xaranauli, b. mTavari gamTamaSebeli. Tbilisi: ìnteleqti~, 2012.
heminguei 2012: heminguei, e. moxuci da zRva. Tbilisi: `sabas wignebi”, 2012.
Maia Jaliashvili
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
The Narrative of Contemporary Georgian Novel
Summary
Key words: Postmodernism, Georgian Literature, Novel, Narrative
The contemporary Georgian novel is a remarkable eclectic phenomenon in many ways. It has
changed in the same way as processes in world literature, we mean primarily postmodern searches.
Worldwide market economics, the commercialization of art have given literature new tasks. The
article shows an important tendencies on examples of novels by five Georgian authors (Besik
Kharanauli, Archil Kikodze, Lasha Imedashvili, Zurab Samadashvili, Zviad Kvaratskhelia).
Based on the analysis of the literature works under discussion, we can conclude that the modern
Georgian novel has the same characteristics as contemporary world literature. these are: 1.
Using traditional and innovative methods of narration; Genre experiments; 2. The application of
narrative techniques typical of postmodernism; 3. Reflections on acute socio-political, cultural
and political events taking place in Georgia or in the world; 4. Psychological-philosophical
reconsideration of traumas gained from ancient and recent historical experiences, especially
those of the Soviet era; 5. Themes of human destiny, its choices, the crisis of humanism and its
overcoming; 6. Interrelation of technological progress and culture; 7. Emphasis on existential and
ontological issues.
The article presents the narrative features of the contemporary Georgian novel, the structure
of the narrative, the storytelling style, the storytelling manner, the style of composition, and the
features of drawing the characters. The article analyzes the artistic principles of the modern
Georgian novel. Critics of the novel have long been skeptical that he has run out of power and is
dying. Nevertheless, it proved durable and viable. This is evidenced by the great interest in reading
large literature texts today. In the modern Georgian novel there is a mix of genres, mosaics,
diversity of narrative. In the twenty-first century, there are more game elements, intertextuality,
carnivalism in the novel. In a contemporary world full of difficulties and contradictions, in the age
of existential crisis, in the age of flashbacks, in the emergence and consolidation of virtual space
empires, the novel has not lost its independence as a genre. It is constantly being transformed. The
novel retains its role and function. It still offers loyal readers a new artistic dimension, inviting
travel to unfamiliar exotic or unfamiliar virtual art worlds.
243
literaturuli meridianebi
maka elbaqiZe
ser geveini da mwvane raindi
ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcem-

lobam 2018 wels qarTvel mkiTxvels SesTavaza
anonimi ingliseli avtoris rainduli romanis
ser geveini da mwvane raindi qarTuli Targmani
(Targmnes paata da rostom CxeiZeebma*). Txzule-
ba Tavisi naratiuli organizaciiT da personaJ-
Ta mxatvruli saxeebis unikaluri konstruire-
biT miCneulia „inglisuri literaturis marga-
litad“. es aris romani raindis umTavres Rirse-
baze – erTgulebaze – romelic gulisxmobs im
faseulobaTa ucilobel dacvas, romlebzec iyo
damyarebuli Suasaukuneebis feodaluri sazo-
gadoebis moralur-eTikuri sistema. Tu andrei
mixailovs davesesxebiT, yvela rainduli romanis
centrSi dgas „moraluri harmoniis maZiebeli axalgazrda GMgmiri“**, Sesabami-
sad, geveinis romanSic, Janris specifikidan gamomdinare, protagonisti
dgeba garkveuli moraluri dilemis winaSe, romlis gadalaxviTac xor-
cieldeba misi pirovnuli Rirsebis srulyofa.
siuJeti
romanis siuJeturi kvanZi ikvreba kamelotSi Sobis dResaswaulis aR-

niSvnisas***. mefe arturi ilxens dedofalTan, lordebTan da mrgvali magidis
raindebTan erTad. moulodnelad darbazSi gamoCndeba mwvaniT Semosili
raindi: „aRkazmuliyo erTian mwvaniT, mwvane emosa, mwvane qurTuki sxeulze
* Targmani Sesrulebulia jesi vestoniseuli prozauli versiis mixedviT.

** ix: mixailovi 1976: 117.
*** saSobao dResaswauli tradiciulad Tormeti dRe grZeldeboda – 25 dekembridan 6
ianvramde; arturis karze gamarTuli orkviriani zeimi gansakuTrebul fufunebaze
xazgasmad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
244
gars Semotmasnili“ (ser geveini 2018: 6)*. mwvane ferisa iyo ara mxolod misi
samosi, aramed kanic da Tmac. erT xelSi epyra alesili culi, meoreSi –
mwvane rto. uSiSrad da laRad is miiWra mefe arturTan da mrgvali magidis
raindTagan umamacesi orTabrZolaSi gamoiwvia: vinc am gamowvevas miiRebda,
pirvels unda daekra culi ucnobisTvis, erTi wlis Semdeg ki Rirseulad mi-
eRo mwvane raindis sapasuxo dartyma („me mis dartymas davelodebi, ise
xalvaTad, viT aqa vzivar... oRondac mere moviTxov, rom mec unda davkra,
unda icodes, erTi
wlis Tavze“ (11). uc-
nobis winadadebam Se-
aSfoTa mrgvali magi-
dis ordenis raindebi.
arturi iZulebuli
iyo, Tavad mieRo ga-
mowveva, Tumca ukanas-
knel wams ser geveini
miiWra mwvane raindTan
da culiT Tavi moh-
kveTa. Sekrebili sazo-
gadoebis gancvifre-
bas sazRvari ar hqonda,
roca TavmoWrili raindi „umal wamodga, myarad dadga mtkice fexebze/
mklavi gaiwvdina yvela kacis gaocebul TvalTa winaSe/ xelT aiRo koxta
Tavi, maRla aswia“ (16). man Tavisi vinaoba gaumxila iq myofT („mravalma icis
Cemi saxeli „raindi mwvane saydrisa“ (17)), ser geveins piroba Seaxsena („xom
daifice da gaigones aq raindebma... raTa ibruno dartyma, romelic aq da axla
momayene“ (17)) da gauCinarda.
erTi wlis Tavze sityvis erTguli ser geveini gaeSura mwvane raindTan
da sikvdilTan Sesaxvedrad. mis „gizgiza wiTelfer“ fars amkobda pentag-
rama**, romelsac faTerakebisgan unda daecva igi. bevri xetialis Semdeg,
* teqsts yvela SemTxvevaSi vimowmebT: ser geveini da mwvane raindi. ucnobi avtoris
Zveli inglisuri eposis jesi vestoniseuli Targmani. Targmnes paata da rostom Cxe-
iZeebma. Tbilisi: ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2018.
** pentagrama – e.w. usasrulo kvanZi, xuTqimiani varskvlavi, romlis gamosaxvac SesaZ-
lebelia kalmis auReblad. Tu mas gaSli, xelSi grZeli Zafi SegrCeba. swored „dauS-
lelobis“ gamo pentagrama simbolurad ganasaxierebs „mTlianobas“, „srulyofile-
bas“. es simbolo dasabams bibliuri mefis, solomonisgan iRebs – „Tavidan Turme
solomons dauxazavs es niSani simarTlis niSnad, rac aqamde SemorCenia“ (23). „solo-
monis kvanZi“ iyo farTod gamoyenebuli termini, romelic simbolurad „mWidrod Se-
kavSirebuls“ aRniSnavda. am terminis Tanamedrove gamoyeneba ukavSirdeba daviTis
varskvlavad wodebul eqvsqimian varskvlavs, romelic ori samkuTxedisgan Sedgeba.
maTematikuri TvalsazrisiT, is axlos dgas proporciasTan, romelsac „oqros kve-
Tis“ saxelwodebiT vicnobT. riT ukavSirdeba ser geveins pentagrama? avtoris TqmiT,
245
Soba dRes, igi uCveulo cixesimagres miadga. cixisTavma SeipatiJa stumari
da maspinZels, ser bertilaks, warudgina, romelmac didi pativiT miiRo,
cecxlTan moasvena, Zvirfasi vaxSmiT gaumaspinZlda da Sobis aRsaniSnavad
gamarTul nadimze Tavisi colis gverdiT dasva. mesame dRes, rodesac geveini
sxva stumrebTan erTad gamgzavrebis samzadiss Seudga, maspinZelma vinaoba
gamohkiTxa da rodesac misi mogzaurobis mizani Seityo, kidev sami dRiT
darCena SesTavaza, Tan axali gamowvevis winaSe daayena: Tavad sanadirod
wavida, stumari ki Tavis colTan datova da piroba CamoarTva: „rasac tye-
Si movinadireb, Sen mogeZRvneba, sanacvlod, rasac Sen moixelTeb, Cemi
iqneba“ (41).
ser geveins win didi gamocda
eloda, vinaidan cixesimagreSi mas-
Tan erTad darCenili maspinZlis
coli yvelanairad cdilobda mis
cdunebas, magram pasuxismgeblobi-
Ta da RirsebiT aRsavse raindi qals
mxolod erT kocnaze daTanxmda,
rac, pirobisamebr, nadirobidan dab-
runebul maspinZels miuZRvna. me-
ore dRes igive ganmeorda. geveinma
erTis nacvlad or kocna miiRo, xolo
mesame dRes, rodesac qalma Seityo
mosalodneli orTabrZolis Sesaxeb,
rainds samjer akoca, madlierebis
niSnad ki jadosnuri sartyeli uboZa, romelic „Tuki wels eqneboda
Semortymuli, jado Sehkravda, da vera kaci dedamiwaze ver SeZlebda mis
tkenasa Tu dazianebas, da vera moakvdinebda jadosi Tu Selocvis ZaliT“
(67). geveinma gaacnobiera ra momavali safrTxe, siamovnebiT miiRo qalis
saCuqari, Tumca nadirobidan dabrunebul mis qmars mxolod sami kocna
uZRvna, sartyelze ki sityva ar dauZravs.
meore dRes igi maspinZlis erT-erTi qveSevrdomis TanxlebiT gaemarTa
mwvane saydrisken. Tanmxlebma gaafrTxila igi mosalodneli safrTxis
Sesaxeb, magram geveins mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili pirobis Sesruleba.
is xuTgzis emsaxureba rainds („da amitomac atarebda samkerde niSans raindi qveli,
rom marTali iyo xuTgzis da xuTgzisac madliT fenili“ (24)). avtori gulisxmobs
adamianis xuT grZnobas: mxedvelobas, smenas, gemos, ynosvas, mgrZnobelobas; xuT
TiTs, romelTac raindisTvis arasodes uRalatniaT; raindis xuT umTavres Rirsebas:
keTilSobilebas, erTgulebas, patiosnebas, kurtuaziulobas, TanagrZnobis unars.
amavdroulad, avtori am simbolos religiur Seferilobasac aZlevs: pentagrama ga-
nasaxierebs qristes 5 Wrilobas (4 samsWvals kidurebze da SubiT ferdSi miyenebul
Wrilobas) da RvTismSoblis 5 sixaruls: xarebas, elisabedTan stumrobas, Sobas, taZ-
rad miyvanebas da taZarSi povnas (kuperi 1998: 97-98).
246
axla mas, pentagramis garda, sartyelic icavda. ukacriel adgilebSi didi
xnis xetialis Semdeg igi miadga mwvane saydars da moesma mwvane raindis xma:
„damelode da mswrafl mogarTmev dagpirdi rasac“ (81). pirveli dartymi-
sas geveini uneburad SekrTa, ris gamoc mwvane raindma simxdale daswama.
meore dartymas raindi mamacurad Sexvda, Tumc mwvane raindma culi manam
SeaCera, vidre mowinaaRmdeges Seexeboda. mesamed man msubuqad aRmarTa
iaraRi, culis basri piriT ser geveinis kisersac ki Seexo, Tumca mxolod
gakawra. ser geveinma dainaxa ra Tovlze daRvrili Tavisi sisxli, swrafad
iskupa, CaCqani Tavze daixura, fari da Subi moimarjva da mwvane rainds
mimarTa: „dartymac vigeme, ase SevficeT, me mgonia arturis darbazSi, da-
icavi axla ki Tavi!“ (85). sanacvlod mowinaaRmdegem mas Tavisi vinaoba ga-
umxila. igi geveinis maspinZeli, ser bertilaki aRmoCnda, romelic mwvane
raindad Turme feria morganam gadaaqcia, manve miavlina igi kamelotSi, raTa
simxdaleSi emxila mefe arturi da SeeSinebina dedofali ginevra, romelic
sastikad sZulda. ser bertilakis wamowyebuli TamaSi erTgvari gamocda iyo
raindis, rogorc stumris erTgulebisa. maspinZlisTvis sartyelis Cuqebis
ambavi rom ar daemala, geveini Rirseulad Caabarebda am gamocdas, Tavisi
dumiliT ki saSineli Secdoma dauSva. geveinma daitova sartyeli, niSnad
codvisa: „es abreSumi gamaxsenebs didebisken mimaval gzaze codvasa Cemsa“
(89). igi daemSvidoba mwvane rainds da kamelotSi dabrunda, Tan waiRo mwvane
sartyelic. rainds sixaruliT miegeba yvela, Tumca sircxvilma, moralur-
ma marcxma ar misca mas lxinis ufleba. geveinma mefes aCvena sartyeli,
rogorc mis kiserze aRbeWdili danaSaulis damRa. mefem xotba Seasxa rainds
sinanulisa da monaniebisTvis, mrgvali magidis raindebma da qalbatonebma
ki fici dades, rom amieridan yvela Semoirtyamda welze mwvane bafTas da
Rirsebad miiTvlida, „etarebina geveinis pativsacemad“.
avtori
ser geveini da mwvane raindi moRweulia erTaderTi xelnaweriT – MS Cotton

Nero A.x.*, romelic britaneTis muzeumSia daculi. garda geveinis romani-
sa, xelnaweri Seicavs kidev sam teqsts: Pearl (margaliti), PPatience (morCile-
ba), Purity (siwminde). oTxive maTgani Seqmnilia erTsa da imave periodSi, me-
14 saukunis bolos, erTsa da imave dialeqtur arealSi – samxreT aRmosav-
leT CeSirsa da Crdilo-dasavleT stafordSiris sazRvarze. Txzulebebi
gadawerilia araugvianes 1400 wlisa, ase rom, isini Seqmnili unda iyos da-
axl. 1350-1380 wlebSi. amaze metyvelebs teqstebSi warmodgenili tansac-
mlisa da arqiteqturis detalebi, romlebic im periodisTvis (riCard meoris
zeobis xana) iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
* xelnaweri atarebs me-17 saukunis antikvarisa da koleqcioneris, ser robert koto-

nis saxels.
247
cnobili medievistis, helen ku-
peris azriT, avtori am Txzule-
bebisa aris mamakaci, radgan igi
kargad icnobs laTinur biblias da
homiletikur mwerlobas, rac Sua
saukuneebSi mamakacTa prerogativa
iyo. vinaidan im periodSi ganaTleba
ganuyofeli iyo eklesiisgan, safi-
qrebelia, rom avtori iyo dabali
rangis sasuliero piri. isic Se-
saZlebelia, mas mieRo ganaTleba,
rogorc wvrili memamulis um-
cros vaJs, romelsac sasuliero
karierisTvis amzadebdnen, magram
maRali rangis wodebisTvis ver mi-
eRwia. isic araa gamoricxuli, is
saero piri yofiliyo, vinaidan sa-
Sualo klasis warmomadgenlisTvis
ganaTleba iyo gza ara marto ekle-
siis wiaRSi SesaRwevad, aramed ad-
ministraciuli an diplomatiuri
Tanamdebobis misaRebad, Tumca es
yovelive varaudebia, danamdvilebiT avtoris Sesaxeb sxva araferia cno-
bili (kuperi 1998: XI-XII).
Cans, rom poeti kargad icnobda frangul kurtuaziul literaturas,
aseve alegoriuli xasiaTis poemas romani vardze*. aucilebeli araa, rom
mas ganaTleba safrangeTSi mieRo. inglissa da safrangeTs Soris aswliani
omis periodSi arsebuli samxedro da administraciuli kontaqtebi, aseve
am qveynebs Soris ganviTarebuli savaWro urTierToba, udavod, miscemda
avtors franguli literaturis gacnobis SesaZleblobas.
cnobilia, rom Suasaukuneebis poezia, rogorc wesi, ar gamoxatavda av-
toris pirovnul „mes“. is iqmneboda sazogadoebis garkveuli privilegi-
rebuli jgufis gemovnebis Sesabamisad. safiqrebelia, rom geveinis roma-
nic daiwera wvivsakravis ordenis raindTaTvis (The Knight of the Garter)**. amas
* romani vardze (Roman de la Rose) – me-13 saukunis franguli alegoriuli poema. Sedge-
ba ori nawilisgan, romlebic dawerilia sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva avtoris mier.
22817 simReridan pirveli 4028 Seqmna giiom de lorisma 1225-1230 wlebSi, danarCenebi
ki daaxl. 1275 wels – Jan de mionma.
** wvivsakravis ordeni – umaRlesi rainduli ordeni did britaneTSi; erT-erTi uZve-
lesi msoflioSi. masSi gawevrianebulni arian samefo ojaxis wevrebi, maT Soris uel-
sis princic. Cvenamde moaRwia ramdenime legendam ordenis daarsebis Sesaxeb. pirveli
ukavSirdeba grafis meuRle solsberis, romelsac mejlisze mefe eduard III-sTan cek-
vis dros davardnia wvivsakravi, rasac garSemomyofTa sicili gamouwvevia. uxerxu-
lobis Tavidan asacileblad mefes TviTonve Semourtyams fexze partniori qalba-
248
gvafiqrebinebs rainduli institutisTvis damaxasiaTebeli principebi,
romlebic eduard III-m 1348 wels, ordenis Seqmnisas daakanona da mis
gerbze amotvifruli devizi, romelis Sesaxeb miniSnebac romanis finalur
nawilSi gvxvdeba: „daifica yvelam erTobliv, /qalbatonebma da batonebma
mrgvali magidis,/ rom saZmodan yvela moirgebda amis msgavs bafTas,/ welze
Semortymuls mwvane sartyelad/ da Rirsebad miiTvlidnen, etarebinaT
geveinis pativsacemad./ yvela raindma Rirseuli ficiT ifica, rom pativi
iqneboda yvelasaTvis, am sirmas vinc Semoirtyamda“ (92).
Txzulebis kompozicia
ser geveinsa da mwvane rainds, iseve

rogorc, sazogadod, yvela rainduli
romans, wriuli kompozicia aqvs, rac
gulisxmobs Txzulebis sawyisi da
saboloo wertilebis Tanxvedras.
moqmedeba iwyeba mefe arturis karze
nadimiT da sruldeba protagonistis
kamelotSi dabrunebiT. Tumca am ro-
mans ara aqvs JanrisTvis niSandob-
livi orsafexurovani sintagmaturi
struqtura*, vinaidan masSi ar gvxvde-
ba koliziuri uTanxmoeba siyvarul-
sa da raindobas Soris, Sesabamisad,
Txzuleba ar iyofa „mcire“ da „did“
romanebad**. misi siuJeti, romelic,
tradiciisamebr, dakargva-Zieba-pov-
nis motivzea agebuli, e.w. sarkiseb-
ri simetriis princips icavs*** da
tonis wvivsakravi da warmouTqvams sityvebi, romlebic SemdgomSi ordenis devizad

iqca: «Honi soit qui mal y pense» (Sercxvenil iyos is, vinc amaze cudi ram ifiqros!). arse-
bobs sxva versiac: TiTqos me-12 saukuneSi inglisis mefe riCard I-s jvarosnuli omis
dros gamoecxada wmida giorgi da mosTxova, Tavisi raindebisTvis fexze wvivsakrave-
bi miemagrebina.
* ix. meletinski 1983: 111.
** ix. mixailovi 1976: 118.
*** aTvlis sawyisi da saboloo wertilia kameloti, mefe arturis kari da iq gamarTuli
nadimi (Sobis dResaswauli/geveinis dabruneba). kulminaciuri scenebi: romanis da-
sawyisSi geveini culiT Tavs kveTs mwvane rainds / finalSi culi ukve mwvane rainds
upyria, geveini ki mis winaSe moCilad qedmodrekili dgas. igive SeiZleba iTqvas gevein-
is mogzaurobazec: pirveli mogzauroba, romelic ufro gamowvevas hgavs, bertilakis
saxlSi sruldeba, meore mogzaurobisas ki gmiri miemarTeba mwvane saydrisken, sadac
geveinis Rirsebisa da moralis gamocda unda moxdes. sarkisebr simetrias eqvemde-
249
linearulad viTardeba erTi centraluri konfliqtis (mwvane raindis
gamoCena da misi ucnauri gamowveva) garSemo. helen kuperis azriT, am si-
metriis centria e.w. „cdunebis epizodebi“, vinaidan intriga, romlis piris-
pir mkiTxveli am scenebis kiTxvisas moulodnelad aRmoCndeba, mTlianad
gadafaravs romanis ZiriTad konfliqts – mwvane raindis ambavs (kuperi 1998:
xxiii).
mogzaurobis linearul modelSi dasaSvebia e.w. „gadaxvevebi“ savali
gzidan (Sdr. qlaiv sTeiflz luisis Semotanili termini „polifoniuri
narativi)*. bevr frangul raindul romanSi, romlebsac, Cans, icnobda geve-
inis avtori, es linearuli struqtura kompleqsur xasiaTs atarebs, radgan
moTxrobili Tavgadasavlebi erT konkretul personaJs ki ar ukavSirdeba,
aramed – ramdenimes. yvela am romanSi arsebobs garkveuli „winaTgrZnoba“
dasasrulisa, radgan kvanZis gaxsna, romliskenac protagonists Tanmimdev-
rulad mihyavs mkiTxveli, TavisTavad amowuravs Ziebis (xetialis) saWiro-
ebas da raindi, sabolood, brundeba iq, saidanac daiwyo mogzauroba – ar-
turis samefo karze. Tumca adreuli periodis romanebidan moyolebuli
mis renesansul versiebamde es gadaxvevebi xandaxan ufro mniSvnelovnadaa
miCneuli, vidre ZiriTadi Txroba, Senakaduri ambebi ki ufro sainteresoa,
vidre ZiriTadi siuJeturi xazi.
am TvalsazrisiT ser geveini radikalurad gansxvavebuli romania. is
iwyeba arturis ciklis bevri nimuSis msgavsad – nadimis SewyvetiT ucnobis
gamoCenis gamo, romelsac Tavgadasavlamde (Ziebamde) mivyavarT. arturis
Cveuleba – lxinze uaris Tqma, vidre saintereso ambavs ar mouTxroben an
raime ucnauri ar moxdeba – erTgvarad xazs usvams personaJis da avtoris
„usityvo SeTanxmebas“ Txzulebis konstruirebisas. SeiZleba vifiqroT,
rom arturi da misi raindebi zog scenaSi ise iqcevian, TiTqos ician, rom
romanis personaJebi arian. rodesac geveini iRebs mwvane raindis winadade-
bas, mkiTxvelma winaswar icis, rom is cocxali gadarCeba (ara marto imi-
tom, rom es romanebi, sazogadod, kargad mTavrdeba, aramed imitom, rom
sxva romanebSi geveinis sxva Tavgadasavlebicaa aRwerili), magram Tavad
geveinma – ara. swored aq aris Zalze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba geveinis
bareba romanis sawyis da saboloo scenebSi personaJTa SerCevac: romanis dasawyisSi

moqmedeba koncentrirdeba mefe arturis, geveinis biZis garSemo, finalSi ki – feria
morganasi, romelic arturis da, Sesabamisad ki, geveinis deidaa (kuperi 1998: xxiv).
* termini gulisxmobs, rom polifoniuri musikis msgavsad romanis narativSi CarTu-
li arian gansxvavebuli personaJebi da epizodebi, romlebic, marTalia, TavisTavado-
bas inarCuneben, Tumca imavdroulad erTmaneTSi arian gadaxlarTulni, raTa Seadgi-
non kongruentuli mTlianoba. moqmedeba aris CaxlarTuli, xSirad ukiduresadac
ki, magram polifoniuri forma gulisxmobs SegrZnebebze damyarebul daZabulobas
(naTeli ferebi, bgerebi, scenebis swrafi cvla, momxibvleli qalebi, arqiteqturul
ZeglTa Tu CuqurTmaTa skrupulozuri aRwera da a.S). iSviaTad es aris siuJetis kul-
minaciuri daZabuloba. sakvanZo epizodebi gadmocemulia imave naratiuli toniT,
romliTac peizaJis aRwera (biari 1970: 20-21).
250
cnobierebasa da mkiTxvelis mier situaciis Sefasebas Soris (kuperi 1988:
xxiii). kamelotidan gamgzavrebis Semdgom mkiTxveli ukve geveinis „gzas“
mihyveba. am SemTxvevaSi avtori imave sivrcul diqotomias mimarTavs,
romelsac, sazogadod, avantiuruli romanebis avtorebi. aqac mkafiodaa
gamoxatuli is mxatvrul-struqturuli opozicia, romelic arsebobs
sakaro civilizacias (cixesimagre) da e.w. `velur bunebas~ (cixesimagris
miRma arsebuli samyaro) Soris. arturis kari, e.w. sakuTari sivrce, sadac
gamefebulia kurtuaziuli morali da samarTlianoba, keTilganwyobilia
gmirisadmi. aq igi Tavs komfortulad da usafrTxod grZnobs. sakmarisia, igi
moSordes Tavis Cveul lokals, maSinve neitralur da mis mimarT mtrulad
ganyobil garemoSi aRmoCndeba („yoveli da yvela misda samtrod mimarTu-
liyo, /yvela mxridan Tavs esxmodnen daundobelni, ibrZoda igic“ (27)).
Sesabamisad, is indiferentuli, pirquSi dekori, romliTac protagonisti
mogzaurobisas aris garSemortymuli, antiTeturia im daxvewili kultu-
risa, romlis mimdevradac igi gvevlineba („wyevlasaviT esxmoda cidan
wvima civi da gamToSavi, /yinva Tan sdevda xriok velebze momakvdinebi;/
RamiT SiSvel miwaze, kldeebSi eZina... da yinulis loluebi Tavs acvioda~
(27)). moraluri TvalsazrisiTac es aris `negatiuri~, `miusafari~ sivrce –
bunebrivi pirobebi aq Tanxvdeba da Seesabameba moralurs, vinaidan sxvis
sivrceSi gamefebulia ukanonoba, usamarTloba, motyueba da Ralati.
aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom sxvisi sivrcis aRwerisas yovelTvis (Tundac
impliciturad) myofobs sakuTari sivrcis Sefaseba. sxvisi Sefasebulia
Tavisis meSveobiT, rogorc sruli antipodi sakuTarisa (kargi-cudi, mad-
liani-madlmoklebuli, lamazi-maxinji, keTilganwyobili-mtruli, mSvidi-
saxifaTo, saimedo-arasaimedo, usafrTxo-saxifaTo da a.S) (mixailovi 1976:
181-182).
mwvane raindis saZebnelad gamgzavrebuli geveinis garemomcveli samya-
ros dasaxasiaTeblad avtori subordinaciis princips irCevs. bunebis pe-
izaJs igi uqvemdebarebs Tavis mxatvrul dizains da ara piriqiT. rasak-
virvelia, rogorc „sxvisi“, ise „sakuTari“ sivrcis aRwerisas mkiTxveli
ar unda elodos realisturobas an naturalizms. konkretuli interier-
eqsterieris Tu geografiuli arealis detalebic ar aris mimeturi. isini
gansazRvrulia rogorc sakuTriv narativis Sinagani logikiT, ise peizaJis
aRweris xangrZlivi literaturuli tradiciiT (puteri 1995: 12-13). geve-
inis mogzauroba logris miwaze (ase uwodebdnen maSin ingliss), udavod,
maxlobeli unda yofiliyo poetis Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisTvis, vinaidan
es iyo gza, romelic mefe riCard II-m gaiara irlandiis eqspediciisas, Tum-
ca poetis xelSi man sakmaod ucnauri elferi miiRo, rac gvavaraudebinebs,
rom am SemTxvevaSi avtoris xedva ufro individualuria, vidre tradi-
ciiT ganpirobebuli. romanSi dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili veluri buneba, da-
saxlebuli gareuli cxovelebiT, goliaTebiT da im naxevradfantastikuri
251
arsebebiT, romlebic Casafrebulni elian TavianT msxverpls („xan mwerT
ebrZoda, xanac mglebi emterebodnen;/ tyis kacsac ki Seerkina, kldeTa
binadars – xarebs da daTvebs, taxebs gareulT xocda odes Tavs daesxmod-
nen;/ goliaTebic daamarcxa Waobis mkvidrni“ (27)). civilizaciis centrebs
moSorebuli tye ukideganoa da usasrulo da, rogorc Hartmann von Aue mi-
uTiTebs, is ar aZlevs rainds, am SemTxvevaSi geveins, araviTar „gasaRebs
imisa“, Tu sad aris, saiT miemarTeba an sadamde gastans misi mogzauroba
(„uRranSi miikvlevda gza-biliks da Rrmad miiwevda ucxo mxareSi; /oriv mxa-
res maRali mTebi aRmarTuliyvnen, win ki tyexSiri,/muxnari didi, aswlovani
da gayinuli; Txilnari sqeli, gauvali, /eWidebodnen kunlis eklebi, fxaW-
nidnen, glejdnen, xavss daefara irgvliv yoveli“ (28), Tanac is martosulia
da euli, Tanamgzavrad marto Tavisi cxeni hyavs („aravin hyavda megobari,
Tvinier mernis“), „Tanamosaubred“ ki – RmerTi („vervis veras gaagonebda,
garda TviT RvTisa“).
rodesac xetialiT gatanjuli raindi qalaqs/cixesimagres miadgeba,
peizaJi meyseulad icvleba – aRarc garemomcveli sivrce da arc bunebis
Zalebi esoden sastikni da mtrulad ganwyobilni aRar arian. ed puteri
Suasaukuneebis narativis mniSvnelovan siaxled miiCnevs im faqts, rom
es àxali~ peizaJi danaxulia raindis, anu personaJis TvalTaxedviT, Ta-
nac siaxle gamoixateba ara mxolod im zmnebiT, romlebic Wvretis aqts
aRweren, aramed im detalebiT, romlebic mkiTxvelis gonebisTvisac advi-
lad misawvdomia („tyeSi Senoba rom ixila, miwayrilze wamomarTuli, /
TxrilSemortymuli, garSemo xeebCarigebuli, idga mdeloze cixesimagre;
sasaxle sxvaTa umjobesi, mZlavri da gorozi patronisa“ (29)). am romanSic,
iseve rogorc Suasaukuneebis romanTa umravlesobaSi, personaJi xedavs
cixesimagres jer Sori manZilidan, saidanac yvela detalis garCeva Wirs,
anu xedavs im lokals, romelSic aRmarTulia es cixesimagre („SoriT umzer-
da ser geveini am samosaxlos,/ kedlebi bzinavdnen, anaTebdnen muxis totebs
Soris“ (29)). naTeli, romelic am axali peizaJidan gamosWvivis, absolutu-
rad korelaturia im siuxvisa da baraqisa, romelsac ase moklebulia per-
sonaJi sibneliT mocul uRran tyeSi. cixesimagris danaxvisas raindi
rwmundeba, rom yvela sirTule, romlis gadalaxvac mas xetialisas mouxda,
ukan darCa da axla is guliTadi maspinZlis winaSe dgas, romlis saxlic masSi
sakuTari sivrcis asociacias aRZravs („moewona raind geveins palatebi,
sad TavSesafris povnas imedovnebda, vidre pur-marils miirTmevda, daisve-
nebda“ (30)). ceremoniali, romelic aregulirebs urTierTobebs stumarsa
da maspinZels Soris, imavdroulad warmoaCens sasaxlis kars, rogorc
usafrTxo garemos, sakuTar sivrces, gansxvavebuls veluri tyisgan, rom-
lis wiaRSic raindis umTavresi Tavgadasavlebi viTardeba. tyeSi xetialiT
moRlili gmiri, romelic droebiT kvlav civilizebul samyaros ubrundeba,
252
Tavs gacilebiT daculad grZnobs da siamovnebiT CaerTveba kurtuaziuli
sazogadoebis ritualur samyaroSi, Tumca sivrcis linearulobis darRve-
va gmirisTvis xSirad did xifaTs moaswavebs. Sesabamisad, stumarmaspinZlo-
bis protokolis kodifikaciam rogorc stumars, ise maspinZels yuradReba
ar unda moadunebinos im safrTxeebze, romlebic maT emuqreba. mosulic
da damxvdomic erTmaneTisTvis sruliad ucxo adamianebi arian, amitom
stumarmaspinZlobis ritualis aRsrulebis nebismier etapze SesaZloa
potenciuri konfliqtis monawileni aRmoCndnen. SemTxveviTi araa, rom
laTinuri sityva hospes niSnavs rogorc `stumarsa da maspinZels~, aseve
ùcnobs~ (sityva momdinareobs hostis-isgan, rac mters niSnavs), ase rom, is
Tavis TavSi moicavs garkveul dramatul potencials, romelic stumar-
maspinZlis urTierTobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Sesabamisad, yvela maRal-
gaviTarebulma kulturam moZebna sagangebo protokolis SemuSavebis gzebi,
raTa minimumamde daeyvana koliziaTa riski. magaliTad, Facetus cum nihil uti-
lius afrTxilebs stumars: misvlisTanave nu gadauxdi madlobas maspinZels,
radgan ar ici, vin SeiZleba gamodges igi. mxolod meore diliT, rodesac
dasamSvidobeblad xels gauwvdi, SegiZlia gansazRvro, rogori ganwyobiT
datovo misi saxli – mxiarulma Tu sevdianma (puteri 1995: 94). Tavis mxriv,
maspinZelic sakmao riskze midis, roca saxlis kars ucnob adamians uRebs,
Tumca imis gamocnoba, samtrod aris mosuli ucnobi Tu samoyvrod, stumris
mier sayovelTaod miRebuli etiketis Sesruleba/darRvevis mixedviTaa
SesaZlebeli (mag. mwvane raindis Semosvla kamelotSi*). Tumca maSinac ki, ro-
desac daculia stumarmaspinZlobis etiketis yoveli detali rogorc erTi,
ise meore mxridan (Tavaziani misalmeba, ZRvenis mirTmeva, vaxSamze miwveva,
saubriT Seqceva, rogorc es xdeba ser bertilakisa da geveinis SemTxveva-
Si), araiSviaTad stumarmaspinZlobis motivi gadaizrdeba an orTabrZolis
scenebSi, an sasiyvarulo TavgadasavlebSi (e.w. cdunebis scenebi geveinis
romanSi). ase rom, stumarmaspinZlobis motivi aris narativis ganviTare-
bis saSualeba, romelic xorcieldeba axali Tavgadasavlis (avantiuris)
SemotaniT. Tumca zogierTi protagonisti winaswarvea Semzadebuli im
faTerakisTvis, romelsac mas gzidan gadaxveva da cixesimagris zRudesTan
pirispir Seyra uqadis, Sesabamisad, romanis e.w. avantiurul struqturaSi
axali sivrcis – cixesimagris – Semotana narativis ganviTarebis erT-erTi
xerxia, romelic xorcieldeba an romantikuli, an heroikuli elementis
CarTviT (puteri 1995: 41).
* „darbazis karSi SemoiWra falavani, ulmobeli da Semzaravi.../vrceli darbazis kar-

Si idga axovani da moxdenili,/uSiSrad da laRad imzerda, gamoemarTa. /aravin arad
Caugdia“ (ser geveini 2018: 8-9).
253
romanis wyaroebi. personaJebi
Suasaukuneebis inglisuri romanebis umravlesoba gadmoRebuli iyo

franguli an anglo-normanuli enebidan. geveinis romanis siuJeturi mo-
tivebis umravlesobis wyaroc, udavod, arturis ciklis franguli roma-
nebia, Tumca aq gvaqvs ramdenime motivi, romelTa wyaros daZebna saerTod
SeuZlebelia (mag. raindi, romelic ara marto mwvane tanisamoss atarebs,
aramed misi kanic da Tmac mwvanea), samagierod, mowinaaRmdegisTvis Tavis
moWris motivi, romelsac sapasuxo dartyma mosdevs, mTel rig teqstebSi
gvxvdeba da fesvebi irlandiur legendebSi aqvs gadgmuli. yvelaze cnobili
versia, romelsac, udavod, icnobda Cveni avtori, aris kretien de truas
persevalis, anu graalis raindis pirvel gagrZelebaSi CarTuli karadogis
cxovreba (Livre de Caradoc)*, romlis avtoric ucnobia**.
romanis protagonisti, ser geveini, pirvelad gamoCndeba Jofrei monmo-
utelis britaneTis mefeTa istoriaSi (me-12 s.) (Historia Regum Britanniae), sa-
dac is gvevlineba arturis dis, anasa da misi meuRlis, mefe lotis vaJad,
saxelovani biZis, artu-
ris, TanamebrZolad da
uSiSar meomrad. geveini
figurirebs veisis ro-
manSi brutusze (me-12 s),
rogorc erTgvari sim-
bolo raindobisa, Tum-
ca gansakuTrebul po-
pularobas moipovebs
kretien de truas roma-
nebis wyalobiT, miuxe-
davad imisa, rom xuTive
maTganSi meorexarisxovan personaJad gvevlineba. kretien de truasTan
geveins eniWeba mTavari gmiris mowinaaRmdegis funqcia, vinaidan swored
masTan orTabrZoliT vlindeba romanis protagonistis upiratesoba.
graalis raindSi is saero raindobis saxea, sapirispirod persevalisa,
romelic raindis religizirebuli modelis gansaxierebaa. graalis ra-
indidan da misi gagrZelebebidan moyolebuli, erTguli da Tavdadebuli
pirovnebis imijTan erTad ser geveini iTavsebs qalTa gulTampyroblis
* karadogi – (me-6 s) – britebis mTavarsardali da saxelmwifo moRvawe. arturis cik-
lis romanebSi is figurirebs, rogorc mrgvali magidis ordenis erT-erTi raindi,
ser karadogi (zedwodebebi: „msxvili xeli“, „gamxmari xeli“, „mokle xeli“).
** es motivi gvxvdeba, aseve, me-12 saukunis avtoris, paien de mezieris raindul roman-
Si ulagamo jori (Mule sans frein, romlis mTavari personaJic geveinia da Tavis moWra-
sac swored mas upireben), me-13 saukunis arturis ciklis romanSi hanbauti (Hunbaut) da
me-13 saukunis anonimi frangi avtoris TxzulebaSi didi wigni graalze (Le Haut Livre
du Grail), oRond aq personaJi, romelsac Tavi unda moWran, lanselotia.
254
funqciasac. rogorc inglisuri, ise franguli tradiciiT es personaJi
asocirdeba kurtuaziulobasTan, oRond Tu frangul romanebSi is samij-
nuro mWevrmetyvelebaSia daxelovnebuli, inglisuri tradicia mis kur-
tuaziulobas ufro farTo gasaqans aZlevs – ser geveinis mxatvrul saxe-
Si gaerTianebulia guladi, uSiSari meomari da socialur urTierTobeb-
Si gawafuli pirovneba. cxadia, geveinis romanis avtori kargad icnobda
rogorc inglisur, ise frangul tradicias, amitom e.w. cdunebis scenebSi
man dinamikurad, Tumca, amasTanave, odnav komikuradac ki warmogvidgina es
opozicia.
feria morganas mxatvruli saxe pirvelad Jofrei monmoutelis merli-
nis cxovrebaSi (Vita Merlini) gvxvdeba, sadac morgana mkurnalobaSi daxelov-
nebuli jadoqaria. kretien de truasTan igi ukve arturis dad, Sesabamisad
ki, ser geveinis deidad gvevlineba. prozauli romanebi morganas moiaz-
reben borot jadoqrad, romelsac dedofali ginevras mimarT siZulvili
amoZravebs. Cveni avtoris TxzulebaSi mas umniSvnelo roli ganekuTvneba –
ufro sworad, morgana, rogorc personaJi, arc ki figurirebs romanSi, Tu
ar CavTvliT mis qmedebas – ser bertilakis mojadoebas da mis mwvane rain-
dad gadaqcevas. dominirebad pozicias morgana mxolod me-15 saukuneSi, ser
Tomas meloris vulgatas ciklis romanebis adaptaciaSi daikavebs. rogorc
meloris mkvlevari, merilin sauli miuTiTebs, arturis sikvdilSi (me-15 s.)
is ganasaxierebs ukontrolo qaluri impulsebiT Sepyrobil pirovnebas,
romlis yvela Canafiqri da qmedeba garSemomyofTaTvis safrTxis Semcvelia,
Tumca, rac ar unda moulodneli iyos, igi iSviaTad Tu aRwevs warmatebas
(sauli 2010).
yvelaze uCveulo personaJi romanisa, bunebrivia, aris mwvane raindi.
unda iTqvas, rom rogorc frangul, ise inglisur kurtuaziul romanebSi
meorexarisxovan personaJebad arcTu iSviaTad gvevlinebian mwvane ra-
indebi (iseve rogorc wiTeli an Savi), Tumca maT zedwodebaSi ZiriTadad aq-
centirebulia samosis, samSvenisebisa da cxenis aRkazmulobis Seferiloba
da ara sakuTriv raindis romelime garegnuli niSan-Tviseba. rac Seexeba ge-
veinis romanis personaJs, igi sruliad gansxvavebuli fenomenia, vinaidan
mwvane feris cxenze amxedrebuli mwvane adamiani, SeiZleba iTqvas, unikalu-
ri movlenaa rainduli romanebis feeriuli samyarosTvisac ki. udavoa,
rom mwvane raindis garegnoba mis zebunebriv da avismomaswavebel Tvisebebs
gamokveTs, misi Cacmuloba da aRkazmuloba ki xazs usvams kurtuaziulobas
– mxiarulebas, udardelobas, axalgazrdobas. am ukanasknelTan harmoniaSi
modis mwvane toti, romelic rainds xelSi upyria (samSvidobo misiis sim-
bolo), Tumca totis kontrastia uzarmazari culi, romelic mas amayad
SeumarTavs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mwvane rainds cal xelSi omi uWiravs,
meoreSi – mSvidoba (barou 1965: 14-17).
255
risi simbolo SeiZleba iyos mwvane raindi? – am sakiTxis garSemo ori
urTierTgamomricxavi mosazreba arsebobs. 1. mwvane raindi sikvdilis per-
sonifikaciaa (Sdr. Zveli kelturi da irlandiuri baladebi), sikvdilisa,
romelic cxovrebis gzaze odesme yovel mokvdavs Seeyreba. amis gamomxatve-
lia ser geveinisadmi mimarTuli mwvane raindis sityvebi, rom daTqmul dros
maTi paemani aucileblad Sedgeba da romanis kidev erTi personaJis, megzu-
ris mier warmoTqmuli fraza, rom verc erTi adamiani, romel sazogadoebriv
fenasac ar unda ekuTvnodes igi, mwvane rainds cocxali ver gadaurCeba.
Tumca Tavad is faqti, rom romanis bolos ser geveini uvneblad daaRwevs
Tavs am gansacdels, gvavaraudebinebs, rom simbolos amgvari interpreta-
cia ar unda iyos swori. 2. arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebac, rom mwvave
raindi sicocxlis simboloa da rom mTeli romani Tavisi wyaroebiTa da
fesvebiT warmarTul warmodgenebs ukavSirdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom mwva-
ne fers SuasaukuneebSi ukavSirdeboda Zalze bevri negatiuri asociacia
(sikvdili, eSmaki, feriebi, eWvianoba, orguloba, pirumtkicoba), xSirad mwva-
ne feriT simbolizirdeboda sicocxle, rac, imavdroulad, moralurobaze
miniSnebasac Seicavda (kuperi 1998: 28).
oriode sityviT SevexoT am personaJis (ser bertilaki/mwvane raindi)
modificirebis mizezsac. rogorc geveinis romanidan irkveva, ser berti-
lakis garegnuli transformacia feria morganas da mis magiur unars
ukavSirdeba. jadoqrobaSi daxelovnebuli morgana sagangebod ucvlis ra-
inds garegnobas da arturis karze wargzavnis, raTa Tavad darwmundes
mrgvali magidis ordenis raindTa siqvelesa da keTilSobilebaSi. Tu ima-
sac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom morgana, legendaruli mefe arturis da, grZne-
ulebaSi jadoqarma merlinma ganswavla (aRaras vambobT romanis feeriuli
dekoris iseT atributebze, rogorebicaa ser geveinis ucnauri megzuri,
mwvane samlocvelosken mimavali ukacrieli gza, TviT es samlocvelo –
pirdaRebuli samarxebiT da akldamebiT – romlis pirquS kedlebSi aRmo-
Cenil ser geveins ZarRvebSi sisxli eyineba; uzarmazari salesi qva, ro-
melzec mis mosaklavad gamiznuli culi ileseba da a.S), cxadi xdeba, rom
mwvane feri Cvens avtorTan magias, jadoqrobas, miRma samyaros ukavSirdeba
(miT ufro, rom uZveles inglisur baladebSi mwvane aris jadoqrobis,
grZneulebis feri, romelic, umravles SemTxvevaSi, dakavSirebulia magi-
ur ZalebTan da miRma (micvalebulTa) samyarosTan. albaT aqedanve mom-
dinareobs crurwmena, rom mwvane feri ubedurebis momtania (uimberli
1928: 175-178)).
risi simboloc ar unda iyos mwvane raindi, nawarmoebis bolos is erT-
gvar moralistad gvevlineba. Sekrebili sazogadoebis winaSe igi amxels
geveins, romelmac daarRvia rainduli eTikis normebi – damala maspinZlis
colis mier misTvis sartylis Cuqebis faqti, Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom
nawarmoebis ZiriTadi konfliqtis gadaWraSi am sartyels araviTari roli
256
ar ganekuTvneba. geveins Tan miaqvs
es sartyeli ufro imedis, vidre
rwmenis gamo (egeb am sartyelma sik-
vdilisgan ixsnas). sartyels aravi-
Tari funqciuri datvirTva ar aqvs
arc im epizodSi, rodesac geveini
culiani kacis winaSe wardgeba –
rainds aRarc ki axsovs es sartyeli,
vidre masze saubars TviT mwvane
raindi ar wamoiwyebs. am ukanasknelis
mier sartyelsa da mis funqciaze
miniSneba erTgvarad „kravs“ romans,
mkafiod gamokveTs mis CarCoebs. ama-
ve epizodSi erTmaneTs ukavSirde-
ba „Ziebisa“ da „cdunebis“ motivebi
(mwvane raindis, igive ser bertilakis coli geveinis sawol oTaxSi qmris
davalebiT Sedis da sartyelsac qmris davalebiT Cuqnis). Sesabamisad, aq
araviTari miniSneba araa imaze, rom geveinis moraluri marcxi SeiZleba
religiuri iyos, iseve rogorc warmoudgenelia, cdunebis scenaSi arsebob-
des raime saWiroeba celibatis siwmindis dacvisa. kiserze miyenebuli Wri-
lobac colée-s erTgvari variacia, anu raindad kurTxevis ritualis re-
konstruqciaa. marTalia, ser geveini xSirad mimarTavs ufals an RvTismSo-
bels, magram nawarmoebSi yvelgan xazgasmulia is faqti, rom igi ufro Tavis
xorcze zrunavs, vidre sulze (Tumca saxifaTo gzaze mavali RmerTs eved-
reba, iseT adgilas mimiyvane, saSobao mesaze daswreba rom SevZloo). xorcze
zrunvaSi, rasakvirvelia, sicocxlis gadarCenisTvis zrunvas vgulisxmobT...
Tumc arc avtori da arc misi personaJi namdvilad ar fiqroben, rom
sicocxlis gadasarCenad zrunva cudia. Sesabamisad, nawarmoebis „Tavazi-
anad damcinavi“ toni, gansakuTrebiT ki cdunebis scenebi, gvafiqrebinebs,
rom es romani Janris satira ufroa, vidre Janris WeSmariti magaliTi.
am varauds is garemoebac amyarebs, rom, tradiciulad, arturis ciklis
romanebSi raindebi, ZiriTadad, brZolis velze gamoicdebian da ara sa-
wolSi, rasac ver vityviT geveinis romanze. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom
am epizodSi protagonisti icavs kurtuaziuli sasiyvarulo kodeqsis
yvela muxls: 1. geveini ufrTxildeba qalbatonis reputaciasa da saxels,
cdilobs, misgan Sors daiWiros Tavi (miT ufro, rom es qalbatoni misi
maspinZlis meuRlea), Tumca Tavazianobis farglebSi bolomde xels ver
hkravs „moZalades“ da kocnaze mainc Tanxmdeba („WeSmaritad, Tu ase gnebavs,
geamborebi Tu mibrZaneb, rainds viT Sehfers, Txovna visac erideba, uarisa
radgan ekrZalvis“ (48); 2. igi mzadyofnas acxadebs qalbatonisadmi sam-
saxurze („Cemi ufali brZandebi da me ki msaxuri, WeSmaritad, Sens raindad
maRiare da gakurTxos qristem amisTvis“ (47)); 3. vinaidan qalbatonisa
257
da geveinis flirti dafaruli da ucxo Tvalisgan SeumCnevelia, raindis
mier sartylis Cuqebis damalvac swored am kodeqsis erT-erTi muxlis,
dumilisa da moTminebis aSkara gamoxatulebaa. miuxedavad amisa, ser geveini
da mwvane raindi mainc ar aris tipuri kurtuaziuli romani, vinaidan aq arc
JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebel ucilobel opozicias vawydebiT (raindoba/
siyvaruli), arc im tipis trfobas, romelic Suasaukuneebis evropul li-
teraturaSi jer trubadurTa, Semdeg ki truverTa poeziaSi gamoCnda da
male socialuri institutis statusi SeiZina (geveinis „satrfialo“ epizodi
xom mxolod ser bertilakis mier dadgmuli TamaSia da Cveni protagonistic
uneblieT aris „CaTreuli“ am avantiuraSi). magram, unda gvaxsovdes, rom
literaturuli Janrebi ar aris fiqsirebuli taqsonomiuri kategoriebi.
isini konstruirebulia konvenciuri cnebebiT (terminebiT), romelTa
meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia maTi amocnoba. magaliTad, roca wigni iwyeba
fraziT Once upon a time (erTxel...), Cven SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom es aris
zRapari; Tu piesa dasruldeba mTavari gmiris sikvdiliT, vxvdebiT, rom esaa
tragedia. rac Seexeba sityva Romance-s, mas gacilebiT farTo mniSvneloba
hqonda SuasaukuneebSi, vidre dRes. Janris TavisTavadoba, misi Secnobadoba
maSin da axla momdinareobs misi konvveciebis msgavsebidan – sivrcisa da
drois („Sors, didi xnis win“, „troaSi“ an „kamelotSi“), personaJTa (mefeebi,
raindebi, qalbatonebi), struqturis (romelic xetialis, Ziebis motivzea
agebuli) Tu eTikuri Taviseburebisgan, rac idealis Ziebasa da boroteba-
ze sikeTis gamarjvebaSi gamoixateba. rainduli romani aris Janri, romel-
Sic win aris wamoweuli raindobis saero idealebi da naCvenebia, Tu rogor
da ra gziT aRwevs romanis gmiri am idealebs (am romanis protagonistisTvis
bunerivia, rom Tavisi „gzis“ dasawyisSi dauSvas raRac Secdoma, Semdeg
ki moinanios da ecados mis gamosworebas), Sesabamisad, es Janri moiTxovs
mkiTxvelisagan, irwmunos adamianis srulyofileba, borotebis uarsoba
da sikeTis yovlisSemZleoba. geveinis avtoric Janris specifikis Sesabami-
sad agebs Tavis Txzulebas – arturis ciklis romanebidan iRebs saWiro
„ingredientebs“ (xetiali, Zieba, zebunebrivi Tvisebebis mqone antagonis-
tTan Serkineba da a.S) da maTgan qmnis produqts, romelic ganaxlebuli
konstruqciiT, daxvewili mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiTa Tu
naraciis plastikurobiT Janris gradaciis sruliad axal safexurad Se-
iZleba miviCnioT.
damowmebani:
barou 1965: Burrow, J.A. A Reading of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. London: Routledge and Kegan
Paul,1965.
biari 1970: Beer, G, The Romance. Methuen and Co Ltd, 1970.
kuperi1998: Cooper, H. Introduction to the “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”. Oxford University Press:
1998.
258
meletinski 1983: Мелетинский, Е. Средневековый роман. Происхождение и классические формы,
Москва: “Наука”, 1983.
mixailovi 1976: Михайлов, А. Французский рыцарский роман и вопросы типологии жанра в
средневековой литературе. Москва: “Наука”, 1967.
ser geveini... 2018: ser geveini da mwvane raindi. ucnobi avtoris Zveli inglisuri eposis
jesi vestoniseuli Targmanidan. Targmnes paata da rostom CxeiZeebma. Tbilisi: ilias
saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2018.
puteri 1995: Putter, A. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and French Arthurian Romance, Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1995.
sauli 2010: Saul, M. Malory’s Morgan le Fay: The Danger of Unrestrained Feminine Power. Worcester State
College, 2010.
uimberli 1928: Wimberly, L.C. Folklore in the English and Scottish Ballads. The University of Chicago
Press, Chicago, Illinois: 1928.
Maka Elbakidze
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Summary
Key words: Sir Gawain, Green Knight, Arthurian Romance.
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is one of the best Arthurian romances. It tells of how, one
New Year’s Day at the court of King Arthur, a huge green stranger disrupts the feast to offer a
bizarre challenge, which only the king’s nephew, Sir Gawain, has the courage to take up.
Nothing is known of the Gawain-poet other than what can be deduced from the poem
itself. The single manuscript in which it preserved contains three other poems: Pearl, Patience,
Purity. They all are written in long-line alliterative verse, like Gawain itself. There are various
hypothetical biographies of the Gawain-poet: he could have received an education as the younger
son of a gentry family, perhaps destined for the Church but never taking orders. Alternatively an
education would be a way of opening up the worlds of the Church, administration, and diplo-
macy to the son of an aspiring middle-class family. It is generally agreed that the manuscript was
copied no later than 1400, and the poems were composed some time before that – 1350-1380s.
The structural and compositional organization of the Gawain romance – the cyclization
of its composition, the artistic function of wandering/quest motive, social and ideological
background – Arthur’s court, social environment and the circle of characters – chivalry society
display enough resemblance with the French Arthurian Romances (though it is unusual in not
having any one single source), but it is not a typical specimen of medieval romance of chivalry
(or, moreover, of courteous literature). In the so-called “transitional time” it must be considered
as a new stage of the genre’s gradation, its highly-developed form of renewed construction, with
more developed expressive forms, plasticity of narrative and versatility.
259
teqstologiuri kvlevani
Textual Researhes
maia arvelaZe
elisabed zardiaSvili
bolo Strixebi baraTaSvilis portretis

dasrulebisTvis
XIX saukuneSi dabadebul qarTvel mwerlebs genetikur kodad uiRblo-

ba ebedebodaT. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis nikoloz baraTaSvilze, romel-
sac bedma dabadebidanve yvelaferi uboZa: keTilSobili warmomavloba,
simdidre, daudegari, mizanswrafuli da mtkice xasiaTi, garegnoba da, rac
mTavaria, ukidegano niWi... mowifulobaSi Sesuls ki isev bedma es yvelaferi
erTbaSad waarTva da suliT oblobisTvis da, rogorc al. orbeliani ityo-
da, `sinaRvlisTvis~ gaimeta. Tavisi sicocxlis bolo periodi ki, miuxeda-
vad Tavisi warmomavlobisa, ukidures gaWirvebaSi gaatara.
Tumca am xanmokle sicocxlis miuxedavad, poetma moaswro iseTi Se-
moqmedebis datoveba, romelmac is erT-erT upirveles poetad aqcia...
nikoloz baraTaSviliT mecnierTa mravali Taoba dainteresda. XIX-XX
saukuneebSi gamovlinda poetis bevri ucnobi Txzuleba. maT Sesaxeb Seiq-
mna uamravi naSromi da gamokvleva, ganxorcielda aTze meti mniSvnelovani
gamocema, magram miuxedavad amisa, `dReisaTvis ar arsebobs baraTaSvilis
Semoqmedebis srulyofili, Tanamedrove standartebis Sesatyvisi gamoce-
ma. maSin, roca aRiarebulia, rom misi gamoCeniT qarTul literaturaSi
axali era daiwyo. igi evropuli romantizmis tradiciebis gamgrZelebeli
da filosofiuri poeziis fuZemdebelia. is tols ar udebs msoflio ro-
mantikos poetebs; bairons, lermontovs, hiugos. baraTaSvili iTvleba
axali qarTuli poeziis reformatorad~ (gaboZe 2018: 40). unda vaRiaroT,
rom interesi poetis mimarT dRemde ar ganelebula. miuxedavad aseTi
skrupulozuri kvlevisa, mis biografiasa Tu Semoqmedebaze muSaobisas ki-
dev SeiZleba siurprizebs gadavawydeT.
grigol abaSiZe werda: àxla baraTaSvilis wignebisTvis raime ucnobisa
da axlis mimatebis imedi naklebad aris, radganac is kerebi, sadac misi
avtografebis arseboba iyo safiqrebeli, ukve aRar arseboben~ (lolaSvili
2005: 10).
260
am mosazrebas safuZvels aclis klasikosTa akademiuri gamocemebis
praqtika. iseT mweralTa Semoqmedeba, rogorebic arian ilia, akaki, vaJa,
yazbegi da a.S., dResac mdidrdeba sxvadasxva Janris TxzulebebiT. mokled
aRvniSnavT, rom ilias akademiur aTtomeuls daemata kidev aTi tomi da
gamovida TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. akakis TxuTmettomeuli
gaizarda oc tomamde. aseve vaJas Semoqmedebas daemata uamravi nawarmoebi.
arqivSi inaxeba da jerac ar gamoqveynebula al. yazbegis bevri Txzuleba
da sxv. ver vityviT, rom Cven mier CamoTvlili masalebi ar ibeWdeboda
maTi mdare xasiaTis gamo da isini mxolod moculobiT avrcoben aRniSnul
mweralTa gamocemebs. sabednierod Tu samwuxarod, am axlad mikvleul ma-
salebSi urevia sxvadasxva Janris Sedevrebi (leqsebi, poemebi, moTxrobebi,
publicisturi werilebi).
swored es gamocdileba gvafiqrebinebs teqstologebs, rom arqivebis
guldasmiT Seswavlas aucileblad unda mohyves Sedegi...
iona meunargias mcdelobas n. baraTaSvilis Sesaxeb cnobebis mosag-
roveblad da misi arqivis Sesaswavlad, rac 1884 wels misi ganjaSi gam-
gzavrebiT gamoixata, uSedegod ar Cauvlia. is arqivSi ar SeuSviaT Sinagan
saqmeTa ministris nebarTvis gareSe da rac yvelaze mTavaria, meunargias
cnobiT `mazris arqivi guberniaSi gadautaniaT~ (meunargia 1968: 43). es fra-
za mravlismetyvelia, radgan ganjis mazra maSin erevnis guberniaSi Sedioda.
dReisaTvis mecnierTa gamokvlevebSi kargad aris asaxuli, Tu n. bara-
TaSvilis leqsebisa da piradi werilebis romeli avtografebi da nusxebi
arsebobs arqivebSi da romlebi iTvleba dakargulad (ìverielni~, às-
tra~, ìulius taranteli~, rusuli statiebi, yrmobisdroindeli epig-
ramebi, 1844-1845 wlebis nawerebi, levan meliqiSvilis naqoni leqsebi da
sxva masalebi, al. Ciqovanis mier gadawerili leqsebi, pl. ioselianisTvis
gadacemuli saistorio xasiaTis naSromi, zogierTi Txzulebis avtografi
da a.S.). sagangebod unda aRiniSnos naSromi Salva Cxetiasi, romelmac
didxans ùkirkita~ saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis fondebs da miakvlia
mdidar masalas poetis cxovrebis Sesaxeb. magram, miuxedavad amisa, ar
aris gamoricxuli, rom mkvlevarTa gulmodgine muSaobis Sedegad kidev
gamovlindes ucnobi masalebi poetis Sesaxeb, Tundac imave fondebSi, rad-
gan drois gasvlis Semdeg aRuwereli fondebidan xSirad emateba axali
ukve arsebulsa da gamoqveynebuls.
Tumca raime axali detalis mikvlevamdec saqarTvelos erovnul ar-
qivSi daculi biografiis amsaxveli ukve gamovlenili masalebic mraval
saintereso cnobas gvawvdis poetis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.
ilia WavWavaZis, ivane gomarTelis, daviT kariWaSvilis gamokvlevaTa
mixedviT Sedgenil wignSi (WavWavaZe... 1910), aseve iona meunargias (meunar-
gia 1968), konstantine mamacaSvilis cnobebis (mamacaSvili 1881) mixedviT,
nikoloz baraTaSvilis dabadebis TariRad 1816 wlis 22 noemberia miCne-
261
uli. dabadebis es TariRi hqonia, agreTve, didubeSi baraTaSvilis Zeglsac,
romelic 1905 wels aRumarTavT. pavle ingoroyva (ingoroyva 1966: 23) da
bevri sxva mkvlevari ki poetis dabadebis TariRad 1817 wlis 22 noembers
miiCneven; 1945 wlis gamocemaSi ki p. ingoroyva 15 dekembersac uTiTebs.
(ingoroyva 1945: 18).
saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi dacul sabuTebSi inaxeba mTeli rigi do-
kumentebisa, romlebic nikoloz baraTaSvilis dabadebis mowmobis (e.w.
`metrikis~) gasacemad Sedgenil kiTxvarebs warmoadgens. isini 1835 wlis
oqtomber-noembriT aris daTariRebuli. kiTxvarebi Sedgenilia nikolo-
zis mamis, melitonis, saqarTvelos egzarqosis, evgenis, daviT baraTaS-
vilis, kolegiis mrCevlis (`koleJski sovetniki~) luarsab sumbaTaSvilis,
titulovani mrCevlis meliqzade bebuTovis Cvenebebis mixedviT. isini
aRniSnavdnen, rom nikolozi dabadebula 1817 wlis 15 dekembers, xolo imave
wlis 20 dekembers mounaTlavT anCisxatis eklesiaSi (f. 138, s. 4953, furc.
3-4, 8-14; f. 117, s. 2029, furc. 18). aRniSnul dokumentebs Tan axlavs daviT
baraTaSvilis, luarsab sumbaTaSvilis, efrem mRvdlis, meliqzade bebuTo-
vis ficiTi aRTqmebi, romlebic maT CamoarTves n. baraTaSvilis `metriku-
li~ mowmobisTvis saWiro cnobebis dasadastureblad (iqve). 1835 wlis 13
dekembers saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodalurma kantoram miiRo dadgenileba
meliton baraTaSvilisTvis misi Svilis, nikolozis, „metrikuli~ mowmobis
micemis Sesaxeb, romelSic poetis dabadebis TariRad aRniSnulia 1817 wlis
15 dekemberi (f. 138, s. 4953, furc. 15-18). 1835 wlis 24 dekembers melitoni
ukve xelze iRebs dabadebis cnobas, romelSic dabadebis TariRTan erTad
tatos monaTvlis TariRic aris miTiTebuli (f. 138, s. 4953, furc. 19). miuxe-
davad imisa, rom dabadebis mowmobasTan dakavSirebuli yvela sabuTi 1940
wels J. `Cvens TaobaSi~ (№4, gv. 57-63) daibeWda, gvainteresebs, ratom aris
kiTxvebi dabadebis TariRTan dakavSirebiT?
dabadebis mowmobis aRebis TariRi emTxveva n. baraTaSvilis `samsaxureb-
rivi movaleobis Sesrulebis~ dawyebis periods. saqarTvelos erovnuli
arqivis dokumentebidan irkveva, rom `metrikulis~ gacemidan ramdenime
dReSi – 1836 wlis 3 ianvars – saqarTvelos umaRlesi mTavrobis sasamarT-
lo eqspedicia mimarTavs aRmasrulebel eqspedicias n. baraTaSvilis sam-
saxurSi miRebis moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze (f. 156, s. 7294, furc. 2). zemo-
aRniSnuli sabuTis mixedviT Cven SegviZlia, gavaqarwyloT aleqsandre
siguas mosazreba, TiTqos n. baraTaSvils gimnazia 1836 wels daumTavrebia
(sigua 1989: 25). iona meunargiac (meunargia 1968: 18) da sxva mkvlevrebi gim-
naziis damTavrebis TariRad 1835 wels miiCneven, rasac zemoT aRniSnuli
dokumentebi adasturebs.
saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi daculi sabuTebi bevr saintereso cnobas
gvawvdis poetis cxovrebaze. erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo, biurokratiuli
262
xasiaTis dokumentSic ki SeiZleba iseTi niuansi aRmoCndes, romelic kidev
ufro met sinaTles mohfens poetis biografias.
aseT, TiTqosda, umniSvnelo sabuTTagans warmoadgens me-19 saukunis
dasawyisSi mefis ruseTis mier dawesebuli umaRlesi mTavrobis sasamar-
Tlo eqspediciis kancelariis moxeleTa mier permanentulad Sesavsebi e.w.
formularuli siebi, romlebic dRevandeli CV-is identuria. Semonaxulia
n. baraTaSvilis mier Sevsebuli 4 formularuli sia, romelTa mixedviTac
dawvrilebiT SegviZlia aRvadginoT misi cxovrebis mZime dReebi.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, 1836 wlis 3 ianvars umaRlesi mTavrobis sasa-
marTlo eqspediciam baraTaSvilis samsaxurSi miRebis moTxovnis dasak-
mayofileblad mimarTa aRmasrulebel eqspedicias. erT-erT e.w. formular-
Si, romelic 1837 wels aris Sevsebuli, kiTxvaze, rodis Seudga samuSaos n.
baraTaSvili, pasuxi Semdegia: Tbilisis gimnaziis saswavlo kursis warCi-
nebiT damTavrebisas n. baraTaSvili 1835 wlis 6 noembers samsaxurs iwyebs
umaRles qarTul mTavrobaSi sasamarTlosa da ganCinebis eqspediciaSi. is
moxseniebulia sakancelario moxeleTa siaSi. 1836 wlis 18 ianvars nikolozs
kancelariis TanamSromlis wodeba mieniWa (f. 3, s. 5001, furc. 65-66).
1839 wels Sevsebul formularSi imave kiTxvaze n. baraTaSvilis samsa-
xurebriv biografias emateba Semdegi: 1838 wels samTavrobo senatis №5947
gadawyvetilebiT igi miiRes kolegiis ufrosi registratoris Tanamdebo-
baze (1838 wlis 6 noembers), xolo 1839 wlis 12 ivliss daniSnes magidis
ufrosad saTavadaznauro saqmeebis ganxriT (f. 156, s. 5988, furc. 19).
1840 wlis 16 oqtombriT daTariRebul formularSi isev imave kiTxvaze
gacemuli pasuxiT vigebT, rom 1836 wlis 18 ianvars dajildoebis Semdeg
tato glexTa saqmeebis mwerlad gadaiyvanes (f. 156, s. 446, furc. 82). amis Sem-
deg, 1839 wlis 15 dekembers, nikolozi daniSnes magidis ufrosad saapela-
cio ganxriT. 1840 wlis 21 marts ki sakuTari Txovnis, anu gancxadebis sa-
fuZvelze, janmrTelobis gauaresebis (по болезненному здоровью) gamo gaTa-
visuflda dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan da is datoves mxolod sakancelario
moxeleTa ricxvSi. 1840 wlis 5 seqtembers n. baraTaSvili daniSnes meore
ganyofilebis meoTxe magidis mwerlad (iqve).
bolo formulari, romelic centralur arqivSi inaxeba, daTariRebu-
lia 1843 wlis 13 agvistoTi (f. 156, s. 254, furc. 53-57). samsaxurebrivi
gamocdilebis Sesaxeb dasmul kiTxvaze samuSao biografias aseTi fraza
emateba: 1838 wlis 3 Tebervals sisxlisa da samoqalaqo sasamarTlos pala-
taSi momxdari xanZris dros n. baraTaSvils Tavi gamouCenia, risTvisac
imave wlis 1-l agvistos mas sayovelTao aRiareba da madloba gamoucxades.
rac Seexeba meore ganyofilebis meoTxe magidis mwerlad daniSvnis TariRs,
aRniSnul formularSi miTiTebulia 1840 wlis 27 noemberi da ara 5 seqtem-
beri, rogorc es wina formularSi amovikiTxeT. isev saarqivo masalebidan
varkvevT, rom 27 noembers baraTaSvili am Tanamdebobaze oficialurad
263
dainiSna, mxolod 1841 wlis 1 ianvridan saqmianobisTvis Sedgomis pirobiT
(f. 173, s. 20742, furc. 1). 1843 wlis 13 agvistos formulari Semdegnairad
mTavrdeba: 1843 wlis 26 ianvris №1223 dadgenilebiT samTavrobo senatma n. ba-
raTaSvili guberniis ufros mdivnad daniSna.
formularebis garda saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi n. baraTaSvilis
samsaxurebrivi saqmianobis damadasturebeli 50-ze meti sabuTi da do-
kumentia. am dokumentebidan poetis `Cinovnikur-biurokratiul~ samsa-
xurSi daxarjuli Zvirfasi drois dawvrilebiTi suraTi ixateba. aTze
meti sabuTi mxolod tatos mier Sedgenili samsaxurebrivi patakebia, rom-
lebic moqalaqeTa daWerebs, mkvlelobebis aRweras, valebis gagrZelebis
Txovnebs, mwyemsTa problemebs, duqnebis gaqiravebebsa da sxva saqmianobas
asaxavs. cxadia, es dokumentebi poeturi Semoqmedebisa Tu romantikuli
ganwyobisaTvis metad uintereso, Seusabamo da fuW Sinaarss Seicavs.
zogierTi maTgani ocamde gverdis odenobisac kia.
samaxurebriv sabuTebSi erT-erTi, 1845 wlis 25 seqtembriT daTariRe-
buli, n. baraTaSvilis mier Sedgenili patakia (f. 10, s. 4211, furc. 127),
romelic tatos mier xelmoweril bolo sabuTs warmoadgens. amis Semdgom,
amave wlis 4 oqtombriT daTariRebul sabuTs xels ukve sevarsamiZe awers
(iqve).
centralur arqivSi daculi 1845 wlis 30 oqtombriT daTariRebuli
dokumenti amierkavkasiis samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis ufrosis general
ladinskisa da direqtoris movaleobis Semsruleblis, yifianis (rogorc
paata guguSvili (guguSvili 1937: 137) da Salva Cxetia (Cxetia 1945: 348)
varaudoben, es dimitri yifiani unda iyos) mier. mefisnacvlis, m. voron-
covisadmi dawerili moxseneba exeba gardacvlili n. baraTaSvilis oja-
xisTvis erTdrouli daxmarebis gacemas (f. 30, s. 14412, furc. 1). es pirveli
sabuTia poetis Sesaxeb misi gardacvalebis Semdeg. sabuTis mixedviT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom dambladacemuli Tavadi meliton baraTaSvili Tavad
varSavskis SuamdgomlobiT wliurad 900 vercxlis maneTs iRebda, misi oja-
xis materialuri mdgomareoba imdenad mZime iyo, rom melitonis xangrZli-
vi avadmyofobis gamo ojaxs es Tanxa arc binis qiris gadasaxdelad da arc
gamosakvebad ar hyofnida. garda amisa, mZime materialuri mdgomareoba
nikolozis mSoblebs wesisamebr samgloviaro samosis SeZenis saSualebasac
ar aZlevda. ganmcxadeblebi iTxovdnen, pirvelad daxmarebad ojaxisTvis
50 Cervoneci (=150 man.) da gardacvlili nikolozis erTi wlis xelfasi, 750
maneTi, gadaecaT.
tatos gardacvalebis Semdgom misi saxelis irgvliv biurokratiuli
sabuTebis Seqmna garkveuli xani kidev grZeldeboda, sanam mefisnacvali
1845 wlis 11 dekembers n. baraTaSvilis ojaxisTvis erTdrouli daxmare-
bis gacemis Sesaxeb №3838 gankargulebas moawerda xels (f. 30, s. 14412, furc.
2). arsebobs ori sabuTi, romlebic 1844 wlis nomberSi n. baraTaSvilisTvis
264
samivlinebod gacemuli 22 maneTisa da 74 kapikis (vercxliT) beds poetis
gardacvalebis mere arkvevdnen. savaraudoa, rom daxmarebis Tanxis ga-
cemamde unda daemtkicebinaT poetis mier samivlinebo fulis kanonieri
gaxarjva, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi dasaxmarebeli Tanxidan garkveuli
raodenoba daqviTuliyo. saqme is aris, rom 1844 wlis 25 noembers baraTaS-
vili daniSnes naxiWevanis mazris mmarTvelis meliqiSvilis TanaSemwed.
samivlinebod naxiWevanidan TbilisSi gasamgzavreblad nikolozis saxelze
gasces 22 maneTi da 74 kapiki vercxliT. fuli gaica mazris saStato Tanxi-
dan. naxiWevanis mazris mmarTveli meliqiSvili maleve moxsnes Tanamdebo-
bidan da baraTaSvili mis moadgiled aRar daamtkices. iona meunargias
cnobiT, meliqiSvili dabrunda TbilisSi da nikolozic Tan gamoiyola,
radgan mas naxiWevanSi `kartSi~ fuli hqonda wagebuli (200 maneTi) da valebs
gamoarida (meunargia 1968: 39). baraTaSvilis `kartSi~ wagebuli valebis
Sesaxeb jer-jerobiT moZiebuli saarqivo masalebi arafers gveubneba,
samagierod cnobilia sxva valebis Sesaxeb. swored aqedan iRebs saTaves
Wori valebis Sesaxeb. guberniis mmarTvelobam nikolozis mivlineba ar
gaauqma, amitom kanonis Tanaxmad tatos SeeZlo Tanxis daxarjva Tbilisidan
naxiWevanSi dasabruneblad. nikolozma es SesaZlebloba ar gamoiyena.
TanxasTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli gaugebroba gamoiwvia fulis araswor-
ma gacemam. is ara mazris saStato Tanxidan, aramed mazris xazinidan unda
gacemuliyo (f. 9, s. 3770, furc. 25-27).
aRniSnuli Zieba 1845 wels 5 noembridan 28 noembramde gagrZelda. 28
noembers m. voroncovma saqarTvelo-imereTis sagubernio sammarTvelos
gaugzavna miweriloba №3463 nikoloz baraTaSvilisTvis naxiWevanis mazris
sammarTvelodan gacemuli gzis fulis (22 man. 74 kapiki vercxliT) dabrune-
bis Sesaxeb (iqve, furc. 28).
amis Semdeg, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, 11 dekembers voroncovma gardac-
vlili poetis ojaxisTvis daxmarebis gacemis gankargulebas moawera xeli.
Tumca, 1846 wlis 28 Tebervals nikolozis mama melitoni mefisnacvlis
kancelariis direqtoris saxelze wers werils erTdrouli daxmarebidan
darCenili Tanxis gacemis Sesaxeb (f. 30, s. 14412, furc. 3, 4). werilis pir-
veli gverdis marcxena arSiaze miwerilia Semdegi rezolucia: `mieces 50
Cervoneci (=150 maneTi) Rarib moxeleTa Semweobis Tanxidan~. rogorc ir-
kveva, erTdrouli daxmareba ojaxisTvis srulad mainc ar miuciaT. amis
mizezi isev zemoT moyvanil saqmeSi (f. 30, s. 14412) unda veZioT, romlis
saTauris meore nawili ase ikiTxeba: àqve, guberniis Tavmjdomaris mier
Tavad baraTaSvilisTvis 245 vercxlis maneTis odenobis valis patieba~.
n. baraTaSvilis es vali ki isev 1844 wlis noembris 25 ricxvTan gvabrunebs,
rodesac tato naxiWevanis mazris mmarTvelis meliqiSvilis TanaSemwed
daniSnes. nikolozisTvis saxazino palatas xelfasis saxiT 245 vercxlis
maneTi gamouyvia. rogorc viciT, am Tanamdebobaze nikolozs ar umuSavia
265
(ara Tavisi mizeziT). es Tanxa mas sikvdilis merec valad edo. 1849 wlis 20
dekembers samoqalaqo nawilis ufrosis general-leitenant bebuTovis
mefisnacvlisadmi mimarTuli moxsenebidan vigebT, rom elizavetopolis
mazris ufross podpolkovnik orbelianovs (mamuka orbelians), 1845 wlis
dekemberSi wyalobiTi SuamdgomlobiT miumarTavs general-leitenant
ladinskisTvis, raTa zemoaRniSnuli 245 vercxlis maneTi, rogorc vali,
nikoloz baraTaSvilisTvis moexsnaT, magram am Suamdgomlobas 1849 wlamde
aravin gamoxmaurebia. amitom n. baraTaSvilis saxelze arsebuli vali kvlav
iricxeboda da misi gadaxda, melitonis avadmyofobis gamo, gardacvlilis
dedas – efemias ekisreboda. 1849 wlis 20 dekembers ki bebuTovi, icnobda ra
piradad melitons da, albaT, iTvaliswinebda colis (efemias) gardacvale-
biT (gardaicvala 1849 wlis 4 Tebervals) gamowveul ojaxur mdgomareoba-
sac, xels awers aRniSnuli valis gauqmebis brZanebas (f. 30, s. 14412, furc.
11-14). es gadawyvetileba sabolood 1849 wlis 31 dekembers daadastura m.
voroncovma, xazi gausva ra, rom aRniSnuli valis xazinaSi Setanis aranairi
imedi da SesaZlebloba ar arsebobda (iqve, furc. 15).
gardacvlil baraTaSvils gaubaTilda xazinis valebi, magram valebi
darCa melitons, romelsac gardacvalebamde, 1850 wlamde, yovel oTx Tve-
Si 100 vercxlis maneTi eqviTeboda varSavskis SuamdgomlobiT daniSnuli
wliuri 900 vercxlis maneTidan (f. 30, s. 289, furc. 3).
Cven mier ganxiluli faqtebi nikoloz baraTaSvilis biografiis sul
ramdenime Strixia im masalebidan, romlebic arqivSi inaxeba poetis Sesaxeb,
magram es saarqivo masalebi poetis arc erT krebulSi Setanili ar aris
da arc biografiuli detalebia Sevsebuli aseTi detalebiT, rac Zalian
samwuxaroa, radgan msgavs faqtebs bevri saintereso Strixis Semateba SeuZ-
lia poetis isedac mravalwaxnagovani portretisTvis. biografiuli deta-
lebi ki aucilebeli faqtoria poetis Semoqmedebis Sesaswavlad. rogorc
giorgi leoniZe aRniSnavda, adamianis piradi cxovreba aris safuZveli mi-
si Semoqmedebisao. am azrs mravali mkvlevari eTanxmeba. iakob fancxava
aleqsandre WavWavaZis srulyofili biografiis uqonlobis gamo wuxda da
aRniSnavda: àris erTgvari mimarTuleba kritikaSi, romelic avtoris bi-
ografias did mniSvnelobas aZlevs, ara mcired adgils aniWebs, raTa am av-
toris sulieri madlis siRrme, sidiade zedmiwevniT Seignos da Seiswavlos.
kacma rom Tqvas, es mimarTuleba sruliad samarTliania... avtoris Seswavlas
calkerZooba daemCneva, Tu martooden misi TxzulebiT vixelmZRvaneleT.
Rirs ki kvlevad da Ziebad, rom SevignoT, SeviswavloT sulis sidiade iseTi
kacisa, iseTi adamianisa, romelic uzenaesi madliT, SemoqmedebiTi niWiT
da aRmafreniT aris aRbeWdili! an ra Seedreba am yovlad uangaro Ziebas?~
(fancxava 1980: 9).
nikoloz baraTaSvili swored im uzenaesi madliT dajildoebuli Se-
moqmedia, romlis biografiac imsaxurebs ùangaro Ziebas~, raTa aRvadginoT
266
didi poetis cxovrebis ara TiToeuli weli, Tve an dRe, aramed TiToeuli
wuTi da wamic ki, raTa STamomavlobam icodes, Tu ra mZime pirobebSi iq-
mneboda is Semoqmedeba, romliTac ase vamayobT da romelic saqarTvelos
fasdaudebel sulier simadidres warmoadgens.
n. baraTaSvilis moRvaweobis bolo wlebis namuSevrebi dakargulad
iTvleba (imedia, ganadgurebuli ar aris) da bednieri iqneba is mkvlevari,
romelic maT miagnebs da dRis sinaTleze gamoitans. manamde ki unda iTarg-
mnos ukve arsebuli saarqivo dokumentebi, poetis biografia Seivsos maT-
Si daculi saintereso faqtebiT, raTa Seiqmnas misi dasrulebuli biogra-
fiuli portreti mainc.
damowmebani:
baraTaSvili 1966: baraTaSvili, n. Txzulebani. Tbilisi: 1966.

gaboZe 2018: gaboZe, j. nikoloz baraTaSvilis TxzulebaTa akademiuri gamocemisTvis.
xaSuris samecniero konferenciis masalebi. xaSuri: 2018.
guguSvili 1937: guguSvili, p. nikoloz baraTaSvilis biografiisTvis, axali masalebi. J.
`mnaTobi~, №4, 1937.
ingoroyva 1966: ingoroyva, p. nikoloz baraTaSvili, Txzulebani. Tbilisi: 1966.
lolaSvili 2005: lolaSvili, i. nikoloz baraTaSvili. Txz. sr. krebuli (l. TaqTaqiSvilis
saerTo redaqciiT). Tbilisi: 2005.
mamacaSvili 1881: mamacaSvili, k. `nikoloz baraTaSvili~. gaz. `droeba~, №26, 1881.
meunargia 1968: meunargia, i. cxovreba da poezia nikoloz baraTaSvilisa. Tbilisi: 1968.
sigua 1989: sigua, a. minda mze viyo. Tbilisi: 1989.
fancxava 1980: fancxava, i. rCeuli nawerebi. Tbilisi: 1980.
Cxetia 1948: Cxetia, S. nikoloz baraTaSvili. masalebi nikoloz baraTaSvilis Sesaxeb. t.
I. Tbilisi:1945.
WavWavaZe ... 1910: WavWavaZe, i, gomarTeli, i, kariWaSvili, d. n. baraTaSvilis leqsebi da
werilebi. Tfilisi: 1910.
267
Maia Arveladze
Elisabed Zardiashvili
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
The Final Touches to Complete the Portrait of Baratashvili
Summary
Key Words: Baratashvili’s unknown works, details of the poet’s biography, archival
documents.
In XIX-XX centuries many of Nikoloz Baratashvili’s unknown works were discovered,

multiple studies highlighting them were conducted, dozens of important publications came out.
However, none of the editions includes the documentary materials preserved at the National
Archives of Georgia. These materials contain hitherto unknown details of the poet’s biography
such as: questionnaires for issuing N. Baratashvili’s birth certificate and date of issue; protocols
on the commencement of “official duties” and holding of various positions; official lists that are
identical to today’s CV; acknowledgement for courage; papers reflecting precious time wasted on
“bureaucratic” officialdom activities, etc.
It is high time to prepare a scholarly edition of the works of the poet-romanticist, a founder
of a new era in Georgian literature who is recognized on a par with Byron and Hugo, which
meets the modern standards and encompasses in it the archival documents. This can add many
interesting details to the unusual portrait of the poet.
268
recenzia
lia kariWaSvili
`robai sulis mkurnalia ...~

(elguja marRias `pikareskuli Jamis robaiebi~)
iqneb logikuricaa, rom Tanamedrove poetma saTqmelis gadmosacemad

robai airCios. es sparsuli saleqso forma, yvelasaTvis rom omar xaiamis
saxelTan asocirdeba, sul oTx taeps moicavs. roca dro ase „Zviria“,
optimaluria aseTi lakonizmi, magram am viwro kalapotma unda daitios az-
ris siRrmec da mZafri emociac, yofierebis tragizmic da misgan TavdaR-
wevis gzebic. klasikuri robais stili, Tavisi specifikidan gamomdinare,
aforistulia, es ki sibrZnisa da silamazis erTdroulad moxelTebas aval-
debulebs poets.
elguja marRias warmatebuli cdebi robais JanrSi kargad warmoaCens av-
toris profils: fiqrians, sityvaZvirs, Rrmad moazrovnes, esTets ...
misi tkivili, upirvelesad, samSobloa. mxolod istoriul mexsierebas
Semounaxavs gamarjvebisa da Zlierebis epizodebi, awmyo ki mZimea: ekliani
mavTulxlarTebiT danawevrebuli mamuli ... simdidresa da keTildReobas
daxarbebuli „yorRanaSvilebi“ ... gaufasurebuli Rirebulebebi, saxeda-
karguli, gulanSaros damsgavsebuli Tbilisi. iberia iluziis tyveobaSi
brwyinavs, realurad ki awmyoc da momavalic burusiTaa moculi. am fonze
marTlac saocaria simtkice im gmirebisa, romlebic ver gatexa mterma.
erovnuli safiqraliTaa aRbeWdili „paradoqsis robai“, „droSis robai“,
„qeduxrelobis robai“, „Savlegos robai“, „qarTuli taZrebis robai“, „da-
karguli Sansis ori robai“ da sxva.
kvlavac cocxalia iliaseuli saxe macxovariviT jvarze gakruli qvey-
nisa, romlis gulidan zecisken mimarTuli xma „dedamiwis sagaloblad“
iqca:
macxovariviT tanjulo da jvarze gakrulo,
Cemo qveyanav! – labirinTSi gzadakargulo...
kacobriobas cas unaTeb kosmosisaken
da dedamiwis sagalobels mReris „Cakrulo...“
(„Cakrulos“ robai)
269
elguja marRiasTvis erovnuli gamijnuli ar aris zneobrivisgan, iseve
rogorc im did SemoqmedTa (daviT guramiSvili, sulxan-saba ...) naazrevSi,
romlebmac qveynis dacema-ganadgureba adamianis zneobriv degradacias
daukavSires.
TavaSvebuloba Tavisuflebis saxeliT, Suri, mtroba, Ralati, si-
Zulvili, usamarTloba, dakarguli Rirseba, gamqrali siyvaruli, kintos
xibli ... kvlav warmoSobs uamrav kvaWs, yvaryvaresa da tartiufs, „molieri“
ki ar Cans, romelic am farisevlobas fardas axdis. am yovelives Sedegia,
rom „vdgavarT ufskrulTan... uzneobis moCans qarafi“.
araerTi naklis miuxedavad, poets qarTvelTa Tvisebad „avTandilobac“
miaCnia. rusTavelis personaJi, misive alter ego, erTgulebis, moyvasis-
Tvis Tavganwirvis, Rirsebisa da gonierebis simbolo, yovelTvis iyo qar-
Tveli kacis zneobrivi orientiri („avTandilobis robai“). maSasadame,
gadarCenis gza altruizmia; gadarCenis imedia maTxovris saxeSi macxovris
danaxvis unaric da madlic, amSenebeli, zecadamyvanebeli, erTaderTi Semwe,
„rodesac suli ganimqvreva Rrubel-nislebad“ .
am amorful sivrceSi, sadac „cxovreba mohgavs Tandayolil avadmyo-
fobas da es msoflioc ukeTurTa sagiJeTia“ („avadmyofobis robai“),
poets, galaktionis msgavsad, Svebas hgvris fiqri moxuc mamaze, romelic
zeciuri mamis simboluri xatebaa, simSvide, siTbo da naTeli rom Semoaqvs
cnobierebaSi:
vzivar da vfiqrob, mec WaRara, moxuc mamaze,

vinc Cems cxovrebas, bavSvobidan, kvlav alamazebs...
mSoblis xateba, Tbili mzera, guls mimziurebs, –
rogorc dilis mze, Cabnelebul cixe-darbazebs...
visTvisac samSoblo xatia, sakraluria im did SemoqmedTa saxelebic,

romelTa Rvawli eris winaSe ganuzomelia. maTgan erTi uTvalsaCinoesi,
cxadia, rusTavelia. SoTa rusTavelis robai STagonebulia romSi, vila-
borgezes baRSi, poetis monumentis xilviT. aq msoflios cnobil moRvawe-
Ta qandakebebia ganTavsebuli. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom robais epigrafad
wamZRvarebuli aqvs aleqsandre orbelianis striqonebi:
rusTavel!
yovlis zeciuris madliT gabrwyinebulo!
aleqsandre orbelianis leqsi „rusTavel!“ 1852 wels Seqmnili, rusTa-

velis Semoqmedebis Sefasebis erT-erTi pirveli cdaa. moniSnulia poemis
umTavresi motivebi da xazgasmulia, rom rusTaveli msoflios upirvelesi
poetia:
270
ai, axla mesmis mTeli qveynis leqs-mgosnebis RaRadeba,
magram rusTavelis xmovaneba ufro aRmatebulia da satrfialo imaze!
am suliskveTebas exmianeba elguja marRias robaic:
petrarkam, tasom gvirgvinebi unda dayaron,

yovlis uxilav SemoqmedTan mzewilnayaro...
samSoblosaviT pataraa Seni biusti, -
samyarosaviT usamano-Seni samyaro...
(`SoTa rusTvelis robai~)
sityviTa da saqmiT damaSvrali samSoblosaTvis – aseTad aRibeWda

sulxan-saba orbelianis saxe eris cnobierebaSi. awmyoTi gulmokluli
momavals imedovnebda: „Cems ukan, RmerTman qmnas, rom Cems qveyanaSi ukeTe-
soba Seiqnas“. swored es fraza waumZRvara poetma „sulxan-sabas robais“ da
Tavisi guliTadi damokidebuleba akaki gawerelias sityvebiT gamoxata:
„sulze utkbesi saba“ .
„xmatkbili nakadulis mRera-rakrakiviT“ JRers akakis poeturi tembri,
xolo saTqmeli misi Semoqmedebis dedaazrsac axmovanebs da Tanamedrove
safrTxesac:
Tuki davkargeT deda ena, rwmena, mamuli, –

sxva ra dagvrCeba, samyaroSi, Cven dasakargi?!
(àkakis robai~)
„robaiebi mefes!“ galaktionis sulieri portretis Seqmnis cdaa. 37 ro-

bai STagonebulia galaktionis cxovrebiTa da SemoqmedebiT. poetebis me-
fis Sinagani cxovrebis dinamika, tanjvisa Tu aRfrTovanebis, tkivilisa Tu
sixarulis, rwmenisa Tu imedgacruebis patar-patara naJurebi, mis poezi-
aSi rom mimobneula, aq Tavmoyrila da erTian nakadad qceula. lirikuli
gmiri galaktionia.
„vdgavar xatebTan namTvralevi, RamenaTevi...“. is martosulia, TviT-
mkvlelobis, „udabnodan“ gaRwevis dauZleveli surviliT Sepyrobili: „Se-
kazmuli myavs boboqari, lurja cxenebi“. aq SuRlia, mtroba, araRiareba
– „verdanaxva“, usamarTloba, uzneoba, imedgacrueba ... „nuTu es aris
saqarTvelo?! – dakarguls vdardob“. irgvliv sibnele da umecrebaa.
Tavisuflebas mowyurebuli, usaxur brbos ganridebuli, martosuli poeti
don kixotad qceula, Tbilisi ki – lamanCad; enatreba bavSvobis silaRe
da sicili, yelTan „awmyos bawars“ grZnobs da saSvels eZebs. tkivilis
gasayuCeblad SeiZleba samikitnoc gamodges.
galaktionis erTaderTi imedi Zvirfasi oliaa, meuRle da megobari. Za-
las aZlevs poeturi aRmafrena da rwmena momavlisa:
271
gerqvas mwerali, CvenSi niSnavs Tavis gawirvas,
grZnobde epoqis majiscemas, iqce arwivad...
salami, Cemo momavalo, gabrwyinebulo, –
ukeTurebam veRar SesZlo Cemi CaZirva.
misi araerTi ocneba da Canafiqri realobad aqcia momavalma da Tval-

saCinod gamokveTa is xelTuqmneli Zeglic, romelic galaktionma Tavisi
SemoqmedebiT aigo, msgavsad yvela didi xelovanisa:
samaradiso, saocari, uzarmazari,

tanjva-wamebis xelTuqmneli davdgi taZari...
elguja marRias es poeturi metamorfoza galaktionis fenomenis siR-

rmiseuli wvdomis, Tayvaniscemisa da Tanagancdis nayofia.
***
sami robai qmnis sityvier xats didmowame barbaresi, romelmac miwier
simdidresa da keTildReobas zeciuri gvirgvini arCia. misi mowameobrivi
Rvawli saukuno xsovnaa imisa, rom
warmavalia miwieri keTildReoba, –

urwmuno gvamic – usicocxlo aris fituli...
miZRvniTi xasiaTis robaiebidan ramdenimes Sesandobars uwodebs poeti.

aseTia Sesandobari zviad gamsaxurdiasi, romlis aRsasruli wiwamuris
tragediis gameorebad aris miCneuli da amiT yvelaferia naTqvami:
kaci, romelsac ar hqonia sxva ram mizani

mamulis garda, samSobloSi gaxda xizani...
ver SevicaniT, wiwamuri aris xibulac ...
(`rekviemis robai~)
`Coxis robai“, Coxis miRma udides tkivils rom malavs, qaixosro Co-
loyaSvilis Sesandobaria. gmiris Coxa samSoblos ubrundeba, magram ara-
vinaa, vinc mas moirgebs.
„ar kvdeba igi, visi erTi simRerac rCeba“, – es gio xuciSvilis Sesandobaria.
wignSi Sesulia ramdenime robai, romlebic poeturi refleqsia im sam-
wuxaro faqtebze, Tanamedrove sazogadoeba rom SeZra. „katastrofis ori
robai“ (tragikulad daRupuli meSaxteebis Sesandobari), realuri Sem-
TxveviTaa STagonebuli, Tumca aq Saxta gaazrebulia metaforad samSob-
272
losi, romelic „gaxda saSiSi, wamxdaric da ufrore waxda“. usamarTlobam
da uRmerTobam imZlavra, amitomac „meSaxtea“ poetic, yvela rigiTi qar-
TveliviT daucveli: „ar vici, rodis gamwiravs da Camylapavs Saxta“.
„maTes robai“ patara sanTelia, danTebuli 18 wlis maTe kvaracxelias-
Tvis, romelmac „dadgenili sqemiT“ ver icxovra da ar isurva gamxdariyo
„mofusfuse WianWvelebidan“ erT-erTi.
„lianebiviT gulsmodebuli dardi“ („elegiis robai“) elguja marRias
poeziis binadaria.
***
sulis moTqmas hgavs bunebaSi ganmartoeba ...
aq arian zamTris susxiT SemkrTali beRurebi, gazafxulis maxarobeli

titebi, gamxmari wifeli, romelic erT dros amayad Srialebda. Zvelis ax-
liT Canacvleba bunebis maradganaxlebisa da TaobaTa cvlis kanonzmomieri
procesia, rusTvelurad ase rom gamoiTqva: „ra vardman misi yvavili gaax-
mos, daamWnarosa, igi wava da sxva mova turfasa sabaRnarosa“.
burianuli marti Tavisi moulodneli, xraSuna TovliT, poetis TvaliT,
mxatvris Sedevria, yovlisSemoqmedisa, romlis garda am samyaroSi yvela-
fers aqvs xiluli zRvari.
Tovlis simsubuqe da siwminde sakuTari nabijebis simZimes agrZnobinebs
poets da mSfoTvare fiqrebiT daRlils simSvides moanatrebs:
Tovli grZnobs Cemi nabijebis namdvil simZimes,

TvaliT vkref Tovlze mokamkame cicqna mzis mZivebs...
daRlili tvini, netav iyos mSvidi bunagic,-
mSfoTvare fiqri, daTviviT rom gamoiZinebs...
(`daRlilobis robai~)
Tovli wrfel fiqrebs aRZravs, yofis naTeli sawyisisken miyavxar, da

Tundac siyrmes aTeulobiT weli gaSorebdes, mainc SeiZleba sakuTar TavSi
bavSvis aRmoCena. es „gadarCenis robaia“.
„silamazis robai“ qalbatonebs eZRvneba, romelTa mier siyvaruliT dar-
gulma titebma burianis baRi da es striqonebi erTnairad daamSvena:
gazafxulis maxaroblad momevline, Cemo titav,

amoenTe iagundad, amobrwyindi margalitad.
samyaroSi yvaviliviT fermkrTaldeba silamazec,
magram cocxlobs samudamod RvTaebrivi serafita.
273
***
Semoqmedeba RvTaebrivia. is miwasa da zecas aerTianebs: „miwazec dgas da
im dalocvils caSic aqvs fesvi“. leqsi epoqis guliscemaa, dro-Jamis sar-
kea. poeziis amgvari aRqma tradiciulia Cvens klasikur mwerlobaSi. sama-
gierod, originaluria leqsis warmosaxva wuTisoflis tal-kvesad („tal-
kvesis robai“). tal-kvesiT cecxli inTeba, iseve rogorc leqsiT. tal-kvesi
mSvelels, mxsnelsac niSnavs, arsebiTad, poeziis misiac es aris. zogadad,
xelovnebaa dedamiwis xsna da amave dros „tkbili sasjeli“.
ukeT vin giTxras saTqmeli da vin dagajeros,

vidre rusTvelma, dantem, vaJam, miqelanjelom...
o, xelovnebav! – sulis Svebav, xorcis mkurnalo, -
xsnav dedamiwis da RvTiuro tkbilo sasjelo...
(`xelovnebis robai~)
robai, rogorc poeturi azrovnebis forma, elguja marRias „sulis

Svebaa“. amitomac Cndeba mistikuri siaxlovis SegrZneba im didostatebTan,
romelTagan saukuneebi aSorebs. Tu erT-erT adrindel robaiSi igi omar
xaiams mimarTavs: „omar xaiam Seiwyale Cemi robai, mec Seni erTi Segirdi
var da megobari“ („cremlis robai“), amjerad baba Taheris saxebas ixmobs,
X-XI saukuneebis sparsuli poeziis legendas, romelic dubeiTebiT,
oTxstriqoniani leqsebiT, iyo cnobili:
ar vici, Cemze, ras ityoda Taheri baba.
erTi ki SeiZleba iTqvas, elguja marRias robais qarTuli suli udgas,

erovnuli iarebiT aRbeWdili, amaRlebisken mswrafveli. xalasi metafo-
ruli saxeebi ornamentebad gasdevs miniaturebs. grZnob am esTetikis
xibls, mis salbunur efeqts da gjera:
robai sulis mkurnalia, viTarca balba.
274
Lia Karichashvili
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
“Rubai is the Healer of Soul…”

(Elguja Marghia’s “Rubais of Picaresque Age”)
Summary
Key words: Rubai; national, social, ethical issues.
The work provides discussion of Elguja Marghia’s “Rubais of Picaresque Age”. Rubai,
form of Persian verse includes only four lines. When time is so “expensive”, such laconism is
optimal but these narrow scopes should include the depth of the thought and dramatic emotions,
tragedy of life and ways of escape. Style of the classical rubai, regarding its specific nature, is
epigrammatic and this obligates the poet to capture both, wisdom and beauty.
Elguja Marghia’s successful attempts in the genre of rubais, clearly demonstrates the
author’s profile: reflective, chary of words, deeply thinking, aesthete…
Main things he desired to say were about the national, social, ethical issues.
Poet’s pain, primarily, is the native land. Only historical memory has maintained the
episodes of victory and power while the present is severe: native land fragmented with the
barbed wire… faded values…
For Elguja Marghia the nation is not divided from the moral, like in the ideas of the great
artists (David Guramishvili, Sulkhan-Saba…), who have associated ruining and devastation of
the country with the moral degradation of people.
Irrespective of numerous weaknesses, poet regards that one of the features of Georgians was
“being Avtadil”. Rustaveli’s character, his alter ego, the symbol of fidelity, self-sacrifice, dignity
and reasonability, have always been the moral lodestar of Georgian men (“Rubai of Avtandil”).
The poet creates the portraits of the figures sacral for Georgian nation, among them: Shota
Rustaveli, Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, Akaki Tsereteli, Galaktioni, as well as Zviad Gamsakhurdia
and Kaikhosro Cholokashvili.
Poet paints the pictures of nature in very refined, impressive context: “Being along in the
nature is like unburdening one’s heat…”
Rubais by Elguja Marghia have Georgian soul, marked with the wounds of the nation,
striving to heaven. Pure, metaphoric images are like the ornaments in his miniatures. The
reader feels the charm of this esthetics, its soothing effect and believes: “Rubai is a healer of
soul, like mallow”.
275
salome kenWoSvili
luiji magarotos monografiuli naSromi

kavkasiis dapyroba XIX saukunis rusul literaturaSi.
puSkini, lermontovi, tolstoi*
veneciis universitetis profesoris, slavis-
tisa da qarTvelologis luiji magarotos mo-
nografiuli naSromi `kavkasiis dapyroba XIX
saukunis rusul literaturaSi. puSkini, ler-
montovi, tolstoi~ eZRvneba ruseTis mier kav-
kasiis dapyrobis asaxvasa da am movlenis mimarT
damokidebulebis gamovlinebas aleqsandre puS-
kinis, mixeil lermontovisa da lev tolstois
SemoqmedebaSi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom rusi mkvlevarebi aRniS-
nuli sakiTxis safuZvlian Seswavlas, rogorc we-
si, Tavs arideben, rac imiT aixsneba, rom amgvari
problematikis mimarT ruseTis inteleqtualTa
udidesi nawili tradiciulad `nacionalizmis demonis tyveobaSi imyofe-
ba~ (gv. 12) da, Sesabamisad, rusul literaturaTmcodneobaSi arsebiTad
ucvleli rCeba is Tvalsazrisi, rom rusi mwerlebis mier teritoriebis
dapyrobis xotba-dideba dRemde patriotizmis gamovlinebad miiCneva
da es midgoma diskusias ar eqvemdebareba. rac Seexeba dasavleTs, iq ru-
sul literaturaSi kavkasiis dapyrobis asaxvis Sesaxeb am bolo dros
araerTi gamokvleva Seiqmna, romlebSic sakiTxi mravali Tvalsazri-siT
ganixileba. am mxriv luiji magarotos gamokvlevis mniSvnelovan siaxles
ramdenime garemoeba ganapirobebs. kerZod, kavkasiur Temas aleqsandre
puSkinis, mixeil lermontovisa da lev tolstois SemoqmedebaSi yuradReba
eTmoba rogorc ideuri, aseve mxatvruli specifikis TvalsazrisiT. naS-
romis avtori ayalibebs im debulebas, rom kavkasiis Temisadmi yuradReba
rusul literaturaSi aRmosavluri Temebisa da motivebis specifikurad
aTvisebis, romantikuli orientalizmis Casaxvis process ukavSirdeba, rac
ganpirobebuli iyo im drois evropul da rusul kulturul cnobiere-
baSi gabatonebuli TvalsazrisiT, romlis Tanaxmad, kavkasia, maT Soris
saqarTvelo, aRmosavleTis geografiul da kulturul sivrceSi moiaz-
reboda. àmitomac rusi romantikosebisaTvis aRmosavleTi samxreTSi iwyeba~
(gv. 17).
* Luigi Magarotto: La conquista del Caucaso nella letteratura russa dell’Ottocento. Puškin, Lermontov,
Tolstoj. Firenze: University Press, 2015.
276
luiji magarotos naSromis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani siaxle isaa, rom
avtori did yuradRebas uTmobs saqarTvelosa da qarTuli kulturis
rols rusul literaturaSi kavkasiuri Temis damkvidrebis TvalsazrisiT.
naSromSi naCvenebia, rom moskovisa da peterburgis qarTuli saTvistomo-
ebi, erovnebiT qarTveli moRvaweebi (mag. petre Salikovi (SalikaSvili)) da
ruseTSi damkvidrebuli qarTvelebi (Zmebi Cilaevebi (WilaSvilebi)) xels
uwyobdnen rusi mwerlebis, maT Soris axalgazrda puSkinis dainteresebas
qarTul-kavkasiuri da aRmosavluri TemebiT.
naSromis pirvelive winadadebaSi kargad Cans magarotos gamorCeuli
interesi qarTuli sinamdvilis mimarT: `1801 wels ruseTma ZaliT moaxdina
saqarTvelos (qarTl-kaxeTis) aneqsia, rac 1864 wels xangrZlivi da sisxlis-
mRvreli omis Semdeg kavkasiis sruli dapyrobiT dasrulda~ (gv. 9).
italieli mecnieri sagangebo yuradRebas uTmobs im faqts, rom rusi
istorikosebi ìstoriis gayalbebas~ (gv. 87) mimarTaven, rodesac acxade-
ben, rom saqarTvelos aneqsia mSvidobianad da Tavad mefe giorgi XII-is
Txovnis safuZvelze moxda. sinamdvileSi, – aRniSnavs l. magaroto, – 1800
wels peterburgSi eqvsTviani molaparakebis Sedegad ruseT-saqarTvelos
Soris Tavis droze safavidebis sparseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris arsebu-
lis msgavsi urTierTobebi unda damyarebuliyo, anu bagrationTa dinastia
vasalis pirobiT samefo taxtsa da mmarTvelobis garkveul avtonomiuro-
bas inarCunebda.
naSromSi gatarebulia is azri, rom ivane III-is droidan moyolebuli ru-
seTis yvela fenis warmomadgenelTaTvis (xalxi, aristokratia, inteligen-
cia) damaxasiaTebelia patriotizmisa da nacionalizmis SeTavseba ìm eqs-
pansiur sagareo politikis dacvasTan, romelsac jer mefe, Semdeg komu-
nisturi reJimi eweoda da amJamad egreT wodebuli avtoritaruli de-
mokratiuli xelisufleba axorcielebs~ (gv. 11). is, rom ruseTis imperi-
alistur miznebs am qveynis liberaluri wreebic ki uWerdnen mxars, cxad-
yofs is faqti, rom TviT `dekabristebi, romlebic mzad iyvnen Tavi gaewi-
raT TavianTi qveynisaTvis liberaluri da demokratiuli xelisuflebisa
da konstituciis misaRebad, TavianT programebSi sulac ar apirebdnen
uari eTqvaT imperiul politikaze, piriqiT, miaCndaT, rom saWiro iyo aseTi
politikis gaZliereba, raTa dapyrobili teritoriebis meSveobiT ruse-
Tis garSemo erTgvari buferuli zona SeeqmnaT qveynis sazRvrebis usafr-
Txoebis uzrunvelsayofad~ (gv.11). ruseTis eqspansionisturi politikis
damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba iyo xelisuflebis gancxadebebi, romelTa
mixedviT, `ruseTis jarebi iseTi keTilSobiluri miznisaTvis ibrZodnen,
rogoricaa barbaros da aramSvidobismoyvare xalxebSi civilizaciis Se-
tana~ (gv.10).
naSromSi vrclad da mravalmxriv aris ganxiluli puSkinis mier kavkasiaSi
gadasaxlebis dros Seqmnil nawarmoebTa ideur-mxatvruli Taviseburebani;
277
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba poemas `kavkasiis tyve~, romelmac ru-
sul literaturaSi saTave daudo axali toposis aTvisebas; aseve samogza-
uro Canawerebs “mgzavroba arzrumSi~. magaroto aRniSnavs, rom a. puSkini,
romelic upirispirdeboda imperator aleqsandre I-is araliberalur po-
litikas da TanaugrZnobda cimbirSi gadasaxlebul dekabristebs, mxars
uWerda ruseTis eqspansionistur politikas. poemaSi `kavkasiis tyve~ po-
eti qeba-didebiT moixseniebs kavkasiis dampyrob rus generlebs.
l. magaroto yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom puSkinisaTvis ruseTis
sazRvrebi ara statikuri mocemuloba, aramed dampyroblur politikasTan
dakavSirebuli uwyveti procesia da yoveli dapyrobili mxare misi samSob-
los nawilia. somxeTSi giumriSi yofnisas (`mogzauroba arzrumSi~) igi
acxadebs: ès napiri ukve dapyrobilia: me jer kidev ruseTSi vimyofebi~.
rodesac CerqezebTan dakavSirebiT igi svams kiTxvas, `ra unda vuyoT aseT
xalxs~, igi fiqrobs ara imaze, rom ruseTma xeli aiRos maT damorCilebaze,
aramed imaze, Tu rogor unda moxdes maTi rusifikacia.
is, Tu raoden mravalmxrivia sakiTxTa wre, romelic puSkinis Tundac
erTi nawarmoebis, poema `kavkasieli tyvisadmi~ miZRvnil monakveTSia
ganxiluli, es wignis qvesaTaurebidanac Cans: `poemis wyaroebi~, `rusos
moZRvreba~, `xetialis wyurvili~, `tyvis egotizmi~, `protagonistis realu-
ri modeli~, àxalgazrda Cerqezi asulis vnebani~, `sisxliani epilogi“,
`mzerisa da Jestis poetika~, `mogzaurobis saWiroeba romantizmSi”,
àxalgazrda poeti da ucxos problema~, `puSkini imperiis mexotbea?~ da sxv.
miuxedavad imisa, rom lermontovi, romelsac xiblavda kavkasia da zog-
jer Tavis nawerebSi rus dampyrobTa sisastikesac aCvenebda, mainc `rusi
grandis poziciidan zemodan uyurebs adgilobriv mosaxleobas da xSirad
dascinis da masxrad igdebs adgilobrivTa damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebs~
(gv.11). marTalia, romanSi `Cveni drois gmiri~ lermontovi pativiscemas
gamoxatavs CeCnebisa da yabardoelebis mimarT maTi simamacis gamo, magram
iqve is daufaravad dascinis kavkasielTa wes-Cveulebebs da Rrmad swams,
rom saWiroa maTi damorCileba da moTviniereba.
poema `mwiris~ sawyisi taepebis ganxilvisas, romelTa Tanaxmad, qar-
TvelTa mefem Tavisi eris bedi ruseTs miando, l. magaroto SeniSnavs, rom
es poema im dros iqmneba, rodesac saqarTveloSi mwvaved ganixileboda
erekles mier ruseTTan megobrobisa da mfarvelobis Ziebis marTebuloba.
Aam sakiTxis Sesaxeb n. baraTaSvili poemaSi `bedi qarTlisa~ or sapirispiro
Tvalsazriss warmogvidgens, Tumca Tavis pozicias Riad ar gamoxatavs. rac
Seexeba leqss `saflavi mefis iraklisa~, igi TiTqosda dadebiTad afasebs
erekles politikas, magram mesame strofSi gamoTqvams survils, rom ru-
seT-saqarTvelos kavSiri politikuri ki ara, kulturuli iyos. amasTanave,
baraTaSvilis sxva leqsebSi igrZnoba poetis wuxili ìmis gamo, Tu rogor
kargavs fers misi samSoblo rusebis batonobis pirobebSi~ (gv. 197).
278
`mwiris~ Janrul da poetikur TaviseburebaTa ganxilvis konteqstSi
l. magaroto cxadyofs, rom poemaSi Cans vefxvisa da moymis Serkinebis qar-
Tuli folklorisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli motivis gamoZaxili.
naSromSi naCvenebia, rom kavkasiisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobisadmi
damokidebulebam lev tolstois SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani evolucia
ganicada. adrindel nawarmoebebSi tolstoi kavkasiis mimarT tradiciul
damokidebulebas amJRavnebda. 1851 wels Tbilisidan gagzavnil werilSi
tolstoi acxadebda, rom Sexvda erT-erT batoniSvils (bagrations), rome-
lic `rogorc yvela qarTveli, ar gamoirCeva didi gonierebiT~. sakmarisi
iqneboda, – aRniSnavs l. magaroto, – tolstoi Tundac zedapirulad gas-
cnoboda saqarTvelos kulturis istorias, rom àm qveynisa da misi xalxis
sidiadeze~ Seqmnoda warmodgena, magram `diadi rusuli suliskveTebis
Sesabamisad Seqmnili warmodgenebi ar dauSvebda imis aRiarebas, rom pata-
ra qarTvel ers rame inteleqtualuri Rirseba hqonoda~ (gv. 235). 1850-iani
wlebis kavkasiur moTxrobebSi (`TareSi~ da sxv.) tolstoi, marTalia, ar
Cqmalavs im Tavzardamcem sisastikes, romelic ruseTis yvela samxedro
operacias Tan sdevda, magram yovelive amis mimarT avtori araviTar emoci-
ur damokidebulebas ar amJRavnebs; misi yuradReba, upirvelesad, sikvdi-
lis pirispir mdgomi pirovnebis simamacezea koncentrirebuli; amasTanave,
tolstoi xotbas asxams ruseTis jaris miznebs.
gviandeli tolstoi, Tavisi religiur-eTikuri `moqcevis~ Semdeg, roca
misi msoflmxedvelobis amosaval wertilad Zaladobis, maT Soris omebisa
da imperiuli kampaniebis uaryofa iqca, kavkasiur Temas ukve humanizmis
poziciebidan ganixilavs, ramac gamoxatuleba pova mis moTxrobaSi `haji
murati~.
luiji magarotos gamokvleva mniSvnelovanwilad afarToebs Cvens
warmodgenas XIX saukunis rusul literaturaSi kavkasiis Temis Tavisebu-
rebaTa Sesaxeb. amasTanave, komparativistuli aspeqti misi kvlevisa, romel-
Sic didi adgili ukavia ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiisa da qarTul-
rusuli literaturuli urTierTobis sakiTxebs, am naSroms sayuradRebos
xdis qarTvelologebisa da kavkasiologebisaTvis.
279
Salome Kenchoshvili
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
Luigi Magarotto’s Monograph

The Conquest of the Caucasus in Nineteenth-century Russian Literature.
Pushkin, Lermontov, Tolstoy
Summary
Key words: Pushkin, Lermontov, Tolstoy, Russia, Caucasus, Romantic Oreintalism.
Luigi Magarotto’s monograph devoted to the study of ideological and artistic features of
reflection of the theme of the conquest of the Caucasus by Russia in the works of Alexander
Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov and Lev Tolstoy is deeply engaged in its subject in the literary,
political social and cultural situation of the XIX century Russia. The study is based on the
idea that the origin of the interest of Russian writers to the Caucasus is rooted in the Romantic
orientalism and the assumption characteristic for Russian Romantics that the southern
territories, including Georgia, belong to the East. It is argued that the attitude of the Russian
writers to the Caucasus was closely connected with a specific kind of patriotism and an ideology
that Russian empire was doing a favor to peoples brought into the empire against their will. The
advantage of this study is the involvement of different kinds of metatexts and its multilateral
comparative aspect, including the Russian-Georgian literary relations and a number of typolo-
gical parallels. All this expands our understanding of the nature and evolution of the theme
of the conquest of the Caucasus in the works of the three greatest Russian writers of the 19th
century.
280
arqividan
merab RaRaniZe
vladimir beneSeviCi –
ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis rwmunebuli tfilisSi
2006 wels SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis yo-

velwliuri samecniero Jurnalis – „literaturuli Ziebanis“ – 27-e gamoS-
vebaSi gamoqveynda avtoris narkvevi „vladimir beneSeviCis sammagi trage-
dia“ [RaRaniZe 2006: 220-228], sadac, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, oriod gverdi
daeTmo beneSeviCis saeklesio-samoxeleo saqmianobas saqarTveloSi 1917
wlis gazafxulze.
narkvevis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, 2013 wels, ruseTSi, sanqtpeterburgis
saxelmwifo ermitaJis Sromebis morig gamoSvebaSi daibeWda am dawesebule-
bis TanamSromlis a. sokolovis sagangebo naSromi [sokolovi 2013: 238-260],
romelSic manamde ucnobi saarqivo masalebis safuZvelze Seswavlilia
vladimir beneSeviCis muSaoba 1917 wlis maisidan ivnisamde, roca igi ruse-
Tis droebiTma mTavrobam Tavis rwmunebulad gamogzavna tfilisSi, –
imJamindeli daZabuli da rTuli saeklesio sakiTxebis mosagvareblad.
imave 2013 wels qarTuli literaturis saxelmwifo muzeumma gamosca
dekanoz nikita TalaqvaZis piradi Canawerebis wigni „moqalaqe-mRvdlis
dRiuridan“ [TalaqvaZe 2013], sadac Tanamedrovis mwvave mgznebarebiTa da
pirovnuli mourideblobiT aRwerilia meoce saukunis pirvel mesamedis
saqarTvelos saeklesio cxovrebis mniSvnelovani Tu naklebad mniSvnelo-
vani movlenebi (amasTanave, naCvenebia, – Tumca nawilobriv, magram mainc
siRrmiseulad, – am movlenaTa saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri garemoc). raki
Tavad TalaqvaZe qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis mopovebisaTvis brZolis
SuagulSi trialebda, bunebrivia, Tavis monaTxrobSi igi araerTgzis exeba
beneSeviCis, rogorc ruseTis samTavrobo warmomadgenlis, Camosvlasa da
samoxeleo saqmianobas tfilisSi 1917 wels.
es sabuTebi, werilebi, Canawerebi, romlebic aqamde gamouqveynebeli iyo,
yuradRebas ipyrobs araerTi iseTi faqtis warmoCeniT, romlebic ufro
azustebs momxdar ambavTa Tanmimdevrobas, maTs istoriul garemoebebsa Tu
adamianur motivebs, kidev, amowmebs da adasturebs im cnobaTa gadmocemis
281
sandoobas, romelTa sinamdvileSi yovelTvis SesaZlebeli iyo eWvis Setana
aRmwerTa pirovnuli ganwyobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
sxvaTa Soris, raki arc vladimir beneSeviCis werilebi da arc nikita
TalaqvaZis Canawerebi aranairad ar iwereboda sajaro mkiTxvelisaTvis,
amdenad, kidev ufro TvalSisacemia, rom maTi Sinaarsi, – roca isini erTsa
da imave movlenebs aRnusxaven, – savsebiT emTxveva da adasturebs erTma-
neTs. TavisTavad, monacemTa sandoobis dadgena miT umetes mniSvnelovani da
Rirebulia, roca saqme Seexeba, zogadad, TalaqvaZis uzarmazari moculo-
bis Canawerebs, romelTa sinamdvilis Semowmebis saSualeba sxva SemTxvevaSi
saerTod ar arsebobs da swored es gadmocema rCeba ambavTa aRweris erTad-
erT wyarod.
ruseTis eklesiis saqarTvelos saeqsarqosos qarTveli samRvdeloebis
mier mcxeTaSi, sveticxovlis taZarSi, 1917 wlis 12 marts saqarTvelos ek-
lesiis avtokefaliis gamocxadeba, ra Tqma unda, namdvilad Sedegi iyo ru-
seTis imperatoris ramdenime dRiT adre gadadgomisa (1917 wlis 2 marts) da
monarqiis dacemisa1, magram qarTvel sasuliero pirTa am meyseul gadawy-
vetilebas saeklesio-samarTlebriv sayrdenad daedo ramdenime TviT adre,
anu jer kidev 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciamde miRebuli sami dadgeni-
leba, – gansakuTrebiT, mesame.
pirveli: 1916 wlis 17 Tebervals Catarda guria-samegrelos eparqiis
kreba, romelmac saswrafod ganixila presaSi gamkrTali cnoba, rom ru-
seTis eklesiis sinodi apirebda saqarTvelos saeqsarqosos gauqmebas da
mis gardaqmnas kavkasiis samitropolito olqad, riTac, saerTod, unda
Sewyvetiliyo avtokefaliis sakiTxis ganxilva; am krebis saxeliT, guria-
samegrelos episkoposma leonide oqropiriZem mimarTa saqarTvelos eq-
sarqoss, qarTl-kaxeTis mTavarepiskoposs, platon roJdestvenskis, raTa
mas yurad eyo „gulamoskvnili qarTveli samwysos“ vedreba da eTxova iq,
sadac saWiro iyo, an ecnoT qarTuli avtokefalia, an xeluxleblad mainc
daetovebinaT imJamindeli saeklesio struqtura (anu saeqsarqoso) ruseTis
momavali saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebamde am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
saTqmelia, rom saeqsarqosos arsebobis ganmavlobaSi saeklesio struq-
tura saqarTveloSi – Tavisi oTxi saepiskoposoTi (qarTl-kaxeTisa, ime-
reTisa, guria-samegrelosi, soxumisa) – mainc erT mTlianobad aRiqmebo-
da, Tundac saeqsarqosos calkeul episkoposebs, zogadad, imaze naklebi
saqmianobis Tavisufleba da uflebebi hqonodaT, vidre Sida ruseTSi
moRvawe episkoposebs hqondaT miniWebuli. magram Tu sinodi kavkasiis sa-
mitropolitos SeqmniT, erTi SexedviT, afarToebda mRvdelmTavarTa – maT
Soris, qarTvel mRvdelmTavarTa – uflebamosilebebs (raki eqsarqosis
garda, mmarTveli Tu damxmare episkoposebi saqarTvelos rogorc aR-
mosavleTis, ise dasavleTis regionebSi erovnebiT qarTvelebi iyvnen), me-
ore mxriv, am saerTokavkasiur saeklesio sivrceSi ukargavda an safuZvels
282
aclida saqarTveloSi myof eklesias – Tundac saeqsarqosos saxiT – te-
ritoriul-erovnuli erTianobis gancdasa da aRqmas.
meore: 1916 wlis seqtembris pirvel ricxvebSi tfilisSi Tavi moiya-
res sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi da partiuli jgufebis warmomadgenlebma,
romelTac moiTxoves avtokefaliis aRiareba. maTi es moTxovna ecnoba
kavkasiis mefisnacvlis TanaSemwes, Tavad vladimir orlovs.
sxvaTa Soris, avtokefaliisaTvis mebrZolTa saqmianobas imTaviTve (1905
wlis revoluciuri gamosvlebis agizgizebidan, – gansakuTrebiT, dasav-
leT saqarTvelos glexTa mRelvarebis dReebidanve)2 Tavs sdevda im eWvis
Crdili, rom isini radikalur partiaTa gavleniT moqmedebdnen da swored
maTgan iRebdnen Sesabamis dros Sesabamis biZgs [verTi 2012: 77-78].
mesame: erTi Tvis Semdeg, imave 1916 wlis 14 oqtombers avtokefaliis
momxreni, profesor aleqsandre cagarlis meTaurobiT, isev Sekrebilan da
ganucxadebiaT, rom Tu ruseTis mTavroba ar cnobs saqarTvelos eklesiis
avtokefalias, maSin ruseTis sinods ar eqneba ufleba, ganixilos es sakiTxi.
amgvar SemTxvevaSi, mTeli qarTveli samRvdeloeba Seikribeba qarTveli
episkoposebis meTaurobiT, gamoacxadebs avtokefalias da gawyvets yo-
velgvar kavSirs ruseTis eklesiis sinodTan (samive am Tavyrilobis do-
kumenturi miTiTebani: [sokolovi 2013: 239-240]).
rogorc Cans, met-naklebad swored am deklaraciamac moamzada – Tun-
dac ganwyobis garemos Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT – kanonikuradac sakmaod myi-
fe gadawyvetileba, romelic naxevari wlis Semdeg, 1917 wlis 12 marts (axa-
li stiliT – 25 marts), sveticxovelSi miiRes: avtokefaliis gamocxadeba,
sakaTolikosos aRdgena da kaTolikosis mosaydris (episkopos leonide
oqropiriZis) arCeva3.
isic saTqmelia, rom 12 martis es radikaluri dadgenileba, saero-
iuridiuladac imJamad naklebad gamyarebuli, qarTveli samRvdeloebis
warmomadgenlebma – arcTu gacxadebulad, magram mainc – qarTveli po-
litikuri liderebis ara marto mxardaWeriT, aramed maTi mkafio waqeze-
biTac SeimuSaves4.
rogorc ki saqarTvelos saeklesio cxovrebaSi momxdarma ambebma ru-
seTis dedaqalaqs, petrograds, miaRwia, droebiTi mTavrobis wevri, ru-
seTis sinodis oberprokurori, vladimir lvovi, – romelic liberaluri
SexedulebebiT, avtoritaruli mmarTvelobiTa da eqscentrikuli Cveve-
biT gamoirCeoda, – umal daeTanxma mcxeTaSi miRebul gadawyvetilebas
avtokefaliis gamo. ruseTis eklesiis sinodis daukiTxavad, igi moeTaTbira
mxolod sakuTar moadgiles anton kartaSovs, episkopos andrei uxtomskis
da profesorebs: niko mars, aleksandr briliantovsa da vladimir beneSe-
viCs, ris Sedegadac dadginda, rom, raki saqarTvelos eklesiis ruseTis
eklesiisaTvis mierTeba Tavis dros, 1811 wels, gadawyda uzenaesi saero
xelisuflis mier – imperator aleqsandre pirveli nebiT, Sesabamisad, misi
283
gamoyofa axlac SeiZleba gadawyvitos isev uzenaesma saero xelisuflebam
– imJamindelma droebiTma mTavrobam. ruseTis sinodis oberprokurori-
saTvis sinodis wevri umaRlesi samRvdeloebis azri umniSvnelo iyo da,
amdenad, maTTvis arc araferi ukiTxavT („es sakiTxi sinods sulac ar
exeba da me mas axlosac ar gavakareb am saqmes“, uTqvams lvovs – [sokolovi
2013: 242]). mTavrobis iuristebi ar uWerdnen mxars sakiTxis ganxilvis ase
swrafad damTavrebas, magram samTavrobo ganCineba piradad auRia sakuTar
Tavze „reformatoruli suliskveTebiT ganmsWvalul“ da sinodTan mwvaved
dapirispirebul mis oberprokurors, romelzec, rogorc sabuTebidan Cans,
zemoqmedeba mouxdeniaT imperiis dedaqalaqel, politikurad gavlenian
qarTvelebs.
27 marts ruseTis droebiTma mTavrobam, oberprokuroris wardgenis
safuZvelze, gamosca sagangebo aqti: „im samarTlebriv SedegTa dadgeni-
saTvis, romlebic ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos Zveli marTlmadidebeli ek-
lesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenas mcxeTis kaTolikosis meTaurobiT“. am aq-
tiT mTavrobam cno qarTuli eklesiis damoukidebloba, romelic unda
Semofargluliyo mxolod erovnuli niSniT, magram misi iurisdiqcia ar
unda gamxdariyo geografiul-teritoriuli, raki saqarTveloSi rCeboda,
agreTve, rusuli eklesia (swored am aqtSi pirvelad Cndeba gansazRvreba
„rusuli“ da ara „ruseTis“), samitropolitos saxiT, romlis wevrad miCne-
va Tu masSi gadasvla – Tundac samRvdeloTaTvis, Tundac saeroTaTvis –
nebayoflobiTi unda yofiliyo. mainc saqarTveloSi da, farTod, kavkasiaSi
saeklesio sakiTxis saboloo ganxilva unda mihndoboda, erTi mxriv, ruse-
Tis momaval saeklesio krebas da, meore mxriv, ruseTis momaval damfuZ-
nebel krebas. cota mogvianebiT vladimir lvovi dahpirda ruseTis ekle-
siis sinods, rom droebiTi mTavroba kategoriulad ar miscemda nebas
saqarTvelos eklesias, ganexorcielebina teritoriuli avtokefalia.
mokled, qarTuli saeklesio xedva iyo, aRiarebuliyo saqarTvelos
eklesiis avtokefalia, romelsac unda moecva saqarTvelos saeqsarqosos
mTeli teritoria (xolo masSi Sedioda ar marto mTeli imJamindeli saqar-
Tvelo, aramed, faqtobrivad, mTeli amierkavkasia), magram sakaToliko-
sos farglebSi da kaTolikosis kanonikuri mmarTvelobis qveS unda da-
wesebuliyo avtonomiuri rusi episkoposis instituti kavkasiis rusuli
(da, aseve, ararusi da araqarTveli) mrevlisaTvis; rusuli samTavrobo
xedviT, aRiarebuli unda yofiliyo saqarTvelos eklesiis (sakaTolikosos)
avtokefalia, mcxeTis kaTolikosis meTaurobiT, romlis mrevli iqneboda
marTlmadidebeli qarTveloba, magram, amave dros, unda Seqmniliyo ruse-
Tis eklesiis kavkasiis samitropolito, kaTedriT tfilisSi, marTlmadi-
debluri aRmsareblobis araqarTvelTaTvis; ruseTis sinods uWirda mka-
fio xedvis SemuSaveba saeklesio krebis Catarebamde, magram Tu Tavda-
pirvelad isini, saerTod, miuReblad miiCnevdnen qarTul avtokefalias,
284
Semdgom – movlenaTa moubrunebeli ganviTarebis Sedegad – Tanxmobas
acxadebdnen, Camoyalibebuliyo ori paraleluri saeklesio struqtura,
romlebic erTmaneTisagan gamijnavda saqarTveloSi mcxovreb qarTvel da
araqarTvel marTlmadideblebs.
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom rogorc ruseTSi, ise saqarTveloSi saqar-
Tvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gamocxadeba cxadad aRiqmeboda, ro-
gorc mniSvnelovani nabiji, gadadgmuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobisaken.
samTavrobo aqtis gamocemis meore dResve ruseTis droebiTi mTavro-
bis sagangebo rwmunebulad – saeklesio sakiTxebis adgilze gasarkvevad
da gadasawyvetad – dainiSna profesori vladimir beneSeviCi, romelsac am
saqmisaTvis didZali Tanxa gamoeyo: rva aTasi rubli. igi tfilisSi 1917
wlis 11 aprils Camovida.
rogorc Cans, qarTvelebi Tavdapirvelad mas aRtacebiT Sexvdnen,
Tumca TandaTanobiT mis mimarT uaryofiTad ganewyvnen. Tavad beneSeviCma
mxolod tfilisSi aRmoaCina, rom qarTuli eklesiis saqmeTa mosagvareb-
lad oberprokurorma mas ruseTidan jer episkoposi kirion saZagliSvi-
li gamoadevna, Semdeg ki – arqimandriti ambrosi xelaia da mRvdeli ioseb
CijavaZe, ramac profesoris ganrisxeba gamoiwvia. rogorc gairkva, vladi-
mir lvovs didi imedi hqonda, rom swored kirioni moaxerxebda, „moeToka“
saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTi mmarTveloba, romelsac guria-samegre-
los episkoposi leonide oqropiriZe xelmZRvanelobda. qarTveli samR-
vdeloebis nawilma maSinve usargeblod miiCnia kirionis gamogzavna sa-
qarTveloSi5 da maT pirdapir uTxres beneSeviCs, rom ruseTidan gamogzav-
nil qarTvel episkoposs araviTari gavlena ara aqvs irgvliv da rom isini
beneSeviCs ufro endobian, vidre kirions6. savaraudoa, rom am dReTa da-
pirispirebamac sastikad gaamwvava SemdgomSi tragikulad ganviTarebuli
urTierTobani mcxeTis mTavarepiskopos, sruliad saqarTvelos kaToli-
kos-patriarq kirionsa da tfilel mitropolit leonides Soris7.
sxva mxriv, beneSeviCis Tavdapirveli SiSi qarTvel da rus samRvdelo-
ebas Soris Camovardnili uaRresi daZabulobis gamo TiTqos gaqarwylda,
roca man pirvelive dRes sakuTari TvaliT naxa, rom sastumrodan gamosu-
li kaTolikosis mosaydre leonide oqropiriZe da eqsarqosi pavle roJdes-
tvenski masTan Sexvedris Semdeg – megobrobis niSnad – demonstraciulad
erTi etliT gaemgzavrnen, miuxedavad imisa, rom leonides iqve sakuTari
etli elodeboda. Tumca SemdgomSi am „megobrobas“ igi gaTamaSebulad
miiCnevda da ar ijerebda, rom mRvdelmTavrebs Soris keTilganwyoba su-
fevda [sokolovi 2013: 245].
beneSeviCi yoveldRiurad muSaobda rogorc qarTvel, ise rus samRvde-
loebasTan samarTlebrivi Tu ekonomikuri sakiTxebis mosagvareblad da
Sesabamisi sabuTebis Camosayalibeblad. raki gadawyvetilebaTa miReba sul
285
ufro rTuli xdeboda, man am saqmeSi Tavis momxred kirioni daigula da misi
daxmarebis imedi gauCnda, Tumca kirioni saerTod ar eswreboda sxdomebs.
kirionis saqcieliT ukmayofilo iyo mTavrobis sagangebo rwmunebulic
da qarTveli samRvdeloebis sxvadasxva frTac, da aramarto leonides
momxreebi8.
kidev erTi mosagvarebeli sakiTxi iyo, rom saqarTvelos seqsarqosos
mrevls, qarTvelebisa da rusebis garda, sxvebic ekuTvnodnen. mas Semdeg,
rac daiZaba urTierTobebi sxvadasxva erovnebis samRvdeloebas Soris,
gamosavlis mosaZebnad, anu taZar-sakrebuloTa gasamijnavad beneSeviCma
Seqmna SemTanxmebeli komisia, romelSic monawileobdnen qarTuli, rusuli,
berZnuli da osuri samrevloebis warmomadgenlebi, magram sxdomebi me-
tad SeSfoTebul, damuxtul garemoSi mimdinareobda. magaliTad, erTxel
beneSeviCma werilobiT SesCivla episkopos leonides, rom mRvdeli qris-
tefore cicqiSvili (momavali kaTolikos-patriarqi qristefore mesame)
udierad iqceoda da arRvevda sxdomis wesrigs, ris sapasuxodac leonide
aseve werilobiT dahpirda rwmunebuls, rom man Caagona qristefores,
SemdgomSi „kargad moqceuliyo“ [sokolovi 2013: 248].
profesori xandaxan moTminebsac ki kargavda: man ramdenjerme gadawy-
vita, guda-nabadi aekriba da tfilisi daetovebina, Tumca adgilobrivi
saxelmwifo mmarTveloba mas darCenas sTxovda da daxmareba-Tanadgomas
hpirdeboda.
maSin, roca beneSeviCma SeniSna, rom qarTveli samRvdeloeba cdilobda,
xelSi Caegdo saeqsarqosos Senoba, igi gadasaxlda eqsarqosTan, riTac
SeuZlebeli gaxada nagebobis dakaveba qarTvelebis mier, magram rasac
qarTuli mxaris mkveTri gaRizianeba da misi miukerZoeblobis mimarT
sruli undobloba mohyva9. qarTvelebma umal depeSa afrines petrograds
da mTavrobas mosTxoves, rwmunebuli gaewviaT, xolo, mis magivrad, sxva
moxele gamoegzavnaT, raki beneSeviCis cxovreba eqsarqosis sasaxleSi
„gamoricxavda masTan Semdgomi muSaobis SesaZleblobas“ [sokolovi 2013:
246].
Tavis mxriv, ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis rwmunebulic, romelsac qar-
Tvelebma „saeklesio saqmeTa komisari“ Searqves [TalaqvaZe 2013: 19], fri-
ad uaryofiTad ganewyo rogorc qarTveli samRvdeloebis, ise, zogadad,
saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis ganxorcielebis mimarTac. petrog-
rads gagzavnili misi imdroindeli werilebi cxadliv asaxavs misi damoki-
debulebis cvlilebas:
21 aprils: „CemTvis savsebiT cxadia, rom avtokefalistebis grova, Sej-
gufebuli droebiTi mmarTvelobis saxiT, romlis avtoriteti friad saeW-
voa, cdilobs ainazRuros ZiriTadi danakargi – teritoriuli avtokefa-
lia“ [sokolovi 2013: 248].
286
imave 21 aprils: „CemSi, zogadad, mtkicdeba rwmena, rom saqarTvelos
eklesiis namdvil, anu WeSmarit avtokefalias araferi aqvs saerTo imasTan,
rasac Cven vxedavT; amdenad, umjobesi iqneboda, rom jerjerobiT wamo-
wyebuli saqmianoba Sewyvetiliyo, xolo saqarTvelos Seeqmna kulturuli
niadagi Tavisi eklesiisaTvis, da ar eocneba dromoWmuli weswyobilebis
ubralo aRdgenaze“ [sokolovi 2013: 248].
2 maiss: „isev guliT vusurveb saqarTvelos eklesias avtokefaliis
ganxorcielebas, magram sulac ar msurs, rom amis neba davrTo sxva erov-
nebaTa, – upirveles yovlisa, rusebis – xarjze. ver vizam, rom es saqme gan-
xorcieldes rogorc fexmZime qalis da daTrgunuli umankoebis axireba.
axla Cems winaSe Caiara eklesiaTa mTelma wyebam da cxadad davinaxe, rogori
uzarmazari religiur-saganmanaTleblo muSaoba gaswia TviT ruseTis si-
nodis mmarTvelobam mTeli kavkasiis da, gansakuTrebiT, saqarTvelos sa-
sargeblod. mtkiced mjera, rom ganaxlebuli rusuli eklesia aq, SesaZle-
belia, TiTqmis saswaulebsac ki moaxdens“ [sokolovi 2013: 250].
(imave 2 maiss nikita TalaqvaZe Tavis dRiurSi wers: „iq dagvixvda bene-
SeviCis oficialuri qaRaldi, romelic Tavxedurad uars hyofs Cvens
episkopozebs, Cvens avtokefalias da 12 martis aqtsac! vin moiwvia da ra
wesiT 12 martis krebao?! apirebT Tu ara uwm. sinodTan kavSiris aRdgenaso?!
iTxovs pasuxs dauyovnebliv!..“ [TalaqvaZe 2013: 28]).
20 maiss: „Znelia saqmis daWera qarTvelebTan, gansakuTrebiT imitomac,
rom maTi xeli uWiravs akaki Cxenkels, romelic warmarTavs mTels ami-
erkavkasiis komitets. axla ise gamodis, rom me warvmarTav saqmes, xolo
me qarTvelebi warmmarTaven. did sibrZnes aqedan ar veli, da amitomac arc
araferi gamovida aqamde“ [sokolovi 2013: 251].
Tumca bevri cnoba metyvelebs, rom qarTveli samRvdeloeba imJamad,
im garemoSi sagangebo rwmunebulTan urTierTobis mkveTr gamwvavebas ar
eswrafvoda, xolo TavianT moTxovnaTa dasakmayofileblad maT umetesad
samTavrobo „qarTuli mxardaWeris“ (irakli wereTeli, karlo CxeiZe, akaki
Cxenkeli, zurab avaliSvili) imedi hqondaT.
25 maiss tfilisSi – rus samRvdelo da saero pirTa xelmZRvanelobiT
– Catarda amierkavkasiis saeklesio kreba, romelmac gadawyvita, rom ru-
suli eklesia amierkavkasiaSi damoukidebeli darCeboda saqarTvelos
sakaTolikososagan da SeinarCunebda erTianobas ruseTis eklesiis mTli-
anobasTan rogorc misi erTi Semadgeneli nawili. maleve gaimarTa osTa da
afxazTa saeklesio krebebic, romelTac aseve gadawyvites, darCeniliyvnen
ruseTis eklesiis wiaRSi.
3 ivniss SemTanxmebeli komisiis saboloo sxdomaze beneSeviCs mouwia,
moesmina ganawyenebuli qarTvelebis araerTi sayveduri misi saqmianobis
gamo. episkoposma antoni giorgaZem da dekanozma korneli kekeliZem, tfi-
lisis sasuliero seminariis reqtorma, rwmunebuls gamoucxades, rom gaw-
287
bilebuli arian misi muSaobiT da rom man ver SeZlo gadasawyveti sakiTxe-
bis „verc win waweva da verc garkveva“, rasac sergi gorgaZem daamata, rom es
„mTeli qarTveli xalxis Tvalsazrisia“. beneSeviCma am samduravebs upasuxa,
rom „qarTvelTa imedebi ar gacruvdeba“ da rom, „rogorc mecnieri, igi iyo
qarTuli eklesiis avtokefliis damcveli da aseTadve darCeba“. Tavis mxriv,
komisiis rusma wevrebma madloba gamoucxades petrogradidan movlenil
moxeles „saqmeTa obieqturi da yuradRebiani warmarTvisaTvis“ [sokolovi
2013: 252].
meore dRes, 4 ivniss, vladimir beneSeviCma datova tfilisi. ramdenime
dRis Semdeg igi ukve petrogradSi iyo. daTqmuli dapirebis miuxedavad,
mas aRar moswevia saqarTveloSi dabruneba („v. beneSeviCi [...] petrogradSi
gaemgzavra ojaxis saqmeebze (misi bina pirwmindad gaeZarcvaT) da dagvpir-
da, male Camovalo. [...] amasobaSi cnobili gaxda, rom beneSeviCi TbilisSi
dabrunebas aRar fiqrobda“ [cincaZe 2001: 187]; Sdr. [cincaZe 2010g: 412]).
beneSeviCis kvaldakval yofili imperiis dedaqalaqSi maleve Cavidnen
rogorc qarTuli, ise rusuli saeklesio sakrebuloebis warmomadgenlebi.
ivnisis Sua ricxvebidan iq imyofeboda qarTvel samRvdelo pirTa dele-
gaciac (episkopos antoni giorgaZis, arqimandrit ambrosi xelaiasa da de-
kanoz kalistrate cincaZis SemadgenlobiT), romelic sagangebod gagzav-
na petrograds saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTma mmarTvelobam, magram
am jgufis saqmianoba, – Sexvedra-molaparakebebi ruseTis mTavrobisa da
sinodis xelmZRvanelebTan, wevrebTan Tu sxva moxeleebTan, – faqtobri-
vad, uSedegod dasrulda.
28 ivniss beneSeviCma vrceli angariSi warudgina sinods, romelmac mTav-
robis rwmunebulis tfilisuri misia warumateblad da uSedegod Seafasa.
ukmayofileba ar daumalavs sinodis oberprokuroris moadgiles anton
kartaSovsac (romelic ivlisis miwuruls ruseTis sinodis oberprokuro-
ri, – istoriulad bolo oberprokurori, – gaxda, xolo aTi dRis Semdgom ki,
agvistos dasawyisSi, am Tanmdebobis gauqmebisTanave, droebiTi mTavrobis
aRmsareblobaTa pirvel – da ukanasknel – ministrad dainiSna). kalistrate
cincaZis mogonebiT, kartaSovma ase ganucxada petrogradSi Casul qar-
Tvelebs mTavrobis rwunebulis Sesaxeb: „igi erovnuli avtokefaliis mom-
xrea, magram aramc da aramc teritoriulisa, Tumca TbilisSi SegpirdaT
kidevac, petrogradSi teritoriul avtokefalias davuWer mxarso. imis
winaaRmdegic kia, kaTalikoss „da Tbilisis“ mTavarepiskoposis tituli
hqondes, Tumca TbilisSi es SesaZleblad miaCnda“ [cincaZe 2001: 192]; Sdr.
[cincaZe 2010g: 417]. kalistrate cincaZe kartaSovis im naTqvamsac ixsenebs,
rom beneSeviCis moxseneba, wardgenili sinodisaTvis, „ise araxelsayreli
iyo qarTvelTaTvis, oberprokurorma beneSeviCs ar acala da kabinetidan
„gamoagdo“. aqedan naTelia, ra moxseneba warudgina sinods“ ([cincaZe 2001:
288
197]; Sdr. [cincaZe 2010g: 423]), – askvnis am sityvebis gulisyuriT momsmeni
da saRad Camwvdomi dekanozi, momavali kaTolikos-patriarqi.
moulodneli iyo, rom ruseTis sinodis saero xelmZRvanelebi – vladi-
mir lvovic, anton kartaSovic – ufro keTilganwyobilebi aRmoCndnen qar-
Tveli sasuliero pirebis moTxovnaTa mimarT, vidre mTavrobis rwmunebu-
lad daniSnuli kanonikuri samarTlis profesori vladimir beneSeviCi,
romelic mSvenivrad icnobda qarTul saeklesio-kulturul tradicias,
flobda qarTul enas, magram qarTvelebis avtokefaliur miswrafebebs me-
tad gulgrilad – da mogvianebiT gaRizianebiTac ki – moekida. savaraudod,
tfilisSi misma yofnam, qarTvel Tu rus saeklesio wreebTan urTierTobam,
sadavo sakiTxebisa da saqmeebis safuZvlianad gacnobam beneSeviCis simpa-
Tiebi mTlianad gadaxara TanamemamuleTa mxares.
rac Seexeba sinodis meTaurTa imJamindel ganwyobebs, SemarTuls revo-
luciur-reformistul talRaze10, isini metad enaTesaveboda avtokefali-
isaTvis qarTvel mebrZolTa suliskveTebas, raki orive mxares mkafiod
aerTianebda rusuli imperiul-monarqistuli eklesiis miuRebloba da ram-
denadme gaRizianebac saeklesio mmarTvelobis warsuli yalibebis mimarT,
Tanac, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom qarTveli samRvdeloebis qmedebaTa
mxardamWerebad rusuli revoluciis qarTveli beladebic igulisxmeboda,
rac aravisTvis iyo saidumlo.
droebiTi mTavrobis axalma komisiam, romelsac – Tundac ramdenime xniT
– unda moegvarebina saeklesio sakiTxebi saqarTveloSi da romlis muSa-
obaSic yovelTvis CarTuli iyo vladimir beneSeviCi, ivlisis ganmavloba-
Si kidev miiRo ramdenime dadgenileba, magram maTSi ukve SeimCneoda Tan-
daTanobiTi ukandaxeva qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliasTan dakavSirebiT.
Camoyalibebul daskvnebSi aRiarebuli iyo saqarTvelos sakaTolikosos
arseboba, magram naTqvami iyo, rom ruseTis adgilobrivi saeklesio krebis
gareSe – da manamde – misi kanonikurobis safuZvlianoba ver gadawydeboda.
gamwvavda, agreTve, dapirispireba qarTuli eklesiis meTauris titu-
lis gamo: qarTveli samRvdeloebis delegacia iTxovda, kaTolikoss
hrqmeoda „mcxeTa-tfilisis mTavarepiskoposi“ (da ara mxolod „mcxeTis
mTavarepiskoposi“), xolo mTavroba da sinodi amas ar sTanxmdeboda, raki
tfilisis Setana kaTolikosis titulSi aRar iZleoda saSualebas, kavkasi-
is rusuli saeqsarqosos meTauris tituli – rogorc igegmeboda – gamxda-
riyo „tfilisis mitropoliti“. amis sapasuxod, qarTveli samRvdeloeba
imuqreboda, rom Tu kaTolikosi Tavis titulSi mxolod mcxeTis mTa-
varepiskoposobas unda dasjerebuliyo, maSin iZulebuli iqnebodnen, tfi-
lisSi sakuTari, qarTveli mitropoliti daeniSnaT, ris Sedegadac erT
qalaqSi sami episkoposi aRmoCndeboda [sokolovi 2013: 255], rac, saeklesio
samarTliT, sruliad miuRebeli iyo11.
289
amave dros, tfilisidan petrograds daJinebiT midioda cnobebi, rom
urTierToba or saeklesio mmarTvelobas – qarTulsa da rusuls – Soris
yoveldRiurad iZabeboda.
ruseTis droebiTma mTavrobam, yofil imperiaSi gamefebuli qaosis
pirobebSi, bolos da bolos mainc moicala saqarTveloSi saeklesio saki-
Txebis mosagvareblad da 1917 wlis 25 ivliss gamosca „droebiTi wesebi
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb ruseTis
saxelmwifoSi“12. Tumca gadawyvetilebis gamoqveynebis Sedegad aRmoCnda,
rom movlenebi qarTvelTaTvis mTlad sasurvelad ar warmarTuliyo. xe-
lisuflebam xelaxla aRiara saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia, romel-
sac unda gaeerTianebina qarTuli warmoSobis yvela marTlmadidebeli,
vinc ruseTis saxelmwifos farglebSi cxovrobda, xolo eklesiis meTa-
urs mieniWa yovelTa qarTvelTa kaTolikos-patriarqisa da mcxeTis mTa-
varepiskoposis tituli, Tumca misi rezidencia ganlagdeboda tfilisSi;
am Tanamdebobaze arCevis Semdeg mas daamtkicebda ruseTis xelisufleba;
saqarTvelos sakaTolikosos da, Sesabamisad, aseve, qarTveli samRvdelo-
ebis saqmianobas finansurad uzrunvelyofda ruseTis saxelmwifo; saqar-
Tvelos sakaTolikosos saRmrTismsaxuro, sakancelario da saswavlo
ena iqneboda qarTuli. magram, amave dros, saqarTvelos miwaze arsebobas
agrZelebda rusuli eklesiac kavkasiis saeqsarqosos saxiT, tfilisis
mitropolitis meTaurobiT, romlis rezidenciac, Sesabamisad, isev tfi-
lisSi unda darCeniliyo; saeqsarqosos mrevls Seadgenda rogorc rusi, ise
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi sxva araqarTveli marTlmadideblebi.
petrogradSi qarTuli delegaciis erT-erTi wevris, kalistrate cin-
caZis sityvebiT, „mmarTebeli sinodis da droebiTi mmarTvelobis komisa-
ris v. beneSeviCis cdiT, saqarTvelos eklesiis delegaciis (episkopozi
antoni, arqimandriti ambrosi, dek. k. cincaZe) Svamdgomloba saqarTvelos
eklesiis damoukideblobis teritorialurad cnobisaTvis droebiTma
(kerenskis) mTavrobam ar Seiwynara da ivlisis 25 daadastura Tavisi martis
27 dadgenileba mcireodeni cvlilebebiT“ [cincaZe 2010b: 347]. gairkva, rom
beneSeviCi araTu daexmara saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis srulad
xorcSesxmas, aramed – Tavisi Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareobis saSualebiT –
man xeli SeuSala kidec am Cafiqris mTlianad aRsrulebas.
ramdenime dRis Semdeg, 29 ivliss vladimir beneSeviCi gaTavisuflda
droebiTi mTavrobis sagangebo rwmunebulis movaleobisagan.
miuxedavad sinodis saero xelmZRvanelobis gancxadebisa, rom droebiTi
mTavroba arafriT ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalias
da rom is faqtobrivad ukve arsebobs, rac ruseTis eklesiis sinodma unda
gaiTvaliswinos, mainc sinodis sxdomaze, romelic 2 agvistos gaimarTa da
romelsac mTavarepiskoposi sergi starogorodski (moskovisa da sruli-
ad ruseTis momavali patriarqi) warmarTavda, qarTveli samRvdeloebis
290
Tvalsazriss usurvilod da ugulisyurod mousmines13. Seqmnili mdgo-
mareobis Sesaxeb Tavis gancxadebaSi sinodma saerTod ar Seitana sityva
„avtokefaliuri“, roca axsenebda saqarTvelos eklesias, xolo sakiTxis
saboloo da arsebiTi ganxilva ruseTis momaval saeklesio krebas miando.
15 agvistos moskovSi daiwyo ruseTis eklesiis adgilobrivi kreba, rom-
lis muSaobaSic qmediTad iyo CarTuli profesori beneSeviCi, rogorc
krebis mdivnis TanaSemwe, Tumca masSi araviTari monawileoba ar miuRiaT
qarTveli samRvdeloebis warmomadgenlebs. sxvaTa Soris, kreba ise dam-
Tavrda, rom man ar cno saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia, magram arc rame
sagangebo gancxadeba gaukeTebia an dadgenileba miuRia am sakiTxis gamo.
erT-erTi gawyvetilebiT, romelic 21 oqtombers miiRes, beneSeviCi kre-
bam – da amjerad ara droebiTma mTavrobam – daniSna qarTvelTa da rus-
Ta sakamaTo saeklesio sakiTxebis „gammijnavi“ komisiis Tavmjdomared
[sokolovi 2013: 256], magram sul ramdenime dReSi bolSevikuri gadatri-
alebis Sedegad Seqmnilma mdgomareobam saqarTveloc da ruseTic sruliad
axal kalapotSi gadaisrola, Tundac politikurad, Tundac eklesiurad...
mxolod mogvianebiT, 1917 wlis 29 dekembers moskovisa da ruseTis
axalarCeulma patriarqma tiqon belavinma sagangebo epistoleTi mimarTa
qarTvel mRvdelmTavrebs da mosTxova maT, damorCilebodnen kanonikur
wesrigs, uari eTqvaT TviTgamocxadebul avtokefaliaze da moepovebinaT
is mxolod ruseTis eklesiis adgilobrivi krebis farglebSi. am mimarTva-
Si gamoTqmuli iyo sayveduri, rom rusuli saeklesio mmarTvelobisagan
gandgomilma qarTvelma episkoposebma „gamostyues“ avtokafaliis aRiareba
droebiT mTavrobas, magram misi pirobebic ki ar Seasrules da CaSales qar-
Tuli da rusuli sakrebuloebis gamijvna, rac „saeklesio mSvidobisa da
siyvarulis suliskveTebiT“ unda momxdariyo14.
magram manamde, jer kidev krebis dawyebamde, 13 agvistos, qarTl-kaxe-
Tis mTavarepiskoposs, saqarTvelos eqsarqoss, platon roJdestvenskis
tituli Seecvala, – mas ewoda tfilisisa da baqos mitropoliti, kavkasiis
eqsarqosi (kavkasiis saeqsarqoso samarTlebrivad 1920 wlis aprilamde
agrZelebda arsebobas).
imave 13 agvistos saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTma mmarTvelobam
aRadgina ruseTis eklesiis mier saukuniT adre gauqmebuli tfileli mit-
ropolitis kaTedra, xolo kaTedris mmarTvelad airCia guria-samegrelos
episkoposi leonide oqropiriZe15. es arCeva sazeimod gamocxadda tfilisis
sionis taZarSi ori dRis Semdeg, 15 agvistos. 23 agvistos qarTvelma
samRvdeloebam, tfileli mitropolitis leonides meTaurobiT, qarTuli
miliciis xelSewyobiT, daikava eqsarqosis sasaxle16.
sul cota xnis Semdeg, 1917 wlis 17 seqtembers saqarTvelos avtokefa-
liuri eklesiis pirvel adgilobriv krebaze mcxeTis mTavarepiskoposad
291
da sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad – bevrisaTvis sruliad
moulodnelad – airCies imJamad ueparqio episkoposi kirion saZagliSvili17.
Tumca saeklesio cxovrebaSi simSvides ar dausadgurebia. TiTqmis
sayovelTaod igrZnoboda saSiSroebis moaxloebis Tu ukve Camodgomis
gancda, – rogorc Tavad eklesiaSi arsebuli mdgomareobis gamo, ise saxel-
mwifoebriv-politikuri mizezebis gaTvaliswinebiTac: qveyanas imJamad
socialisturi mTavroba marTavda, romelic mkveTrad aTeistur, mkafiod
antisaeklesio ganwyobebs gamoxatavda, magram win iyo komunisturi
diqtatura, romelic saqarTvelos eloda bolSevikuri ruseTis mxriv
okupaciis Sedegad da romelsac arasodes daufaravs uaxloes momavalSi
yovelgvari religiisa Tu yovelgvari saeklesio cxovrebis ganadgurebis
survili.
sakaTolikoso arCevnebidan sami dRis Semdeg, 1917 wlis 20 seqtembers,
dekanozi nikita TalaqvaZe winaswarmetyvelebda: „SeiZleba uaresi gviZevs
win... devna, yvedreba, aTasi gaWirveba, wamebaca da sikvdilic... yovelive
es mosdevs revoliucias!.. vin icis, ra saxes miiRebs CvenSi revoliucia!..
ufro ki mosalodnelia socialuri revoliucia, romelic mospobas uqadis
eklesias da sarwmunoebasac saerTod!.. amaze aravin hfiqrobs dRes CvenSi!..
grZeldeba avtokefalur eklesiis zeimi!.. rodemdis?!. didi xniT?.. vnaxoT!..“
[TalaqvaZe 2013: 53].
magram saqarTvelos eklesias safrTxe emuqreboda ara mxolod garedan,
gamomdinare politikuri viTarebidan, aramed Signidanac, raki eklesiaSi
ukiduresi daZabuloba Camovardniliyo, ris safuZvladac igive TalaqvaZe
zneobriv sakiTxTa simwvave-mougvareblobas miiCnevda. Tavis am SeZrwu-
nebasa Tu SeSfoTebas igi bibliuri winaswarmetyveluri mgznebarebiTa
da pirdapirobiT gamoxatavda: „didi gaxrwnileba, daundoblobaa Cvens
wreSi! gana es „eklesiaa“? gana Cven qristes moZRvrebis mociqulebi varT?!.
vai, vai!. meSinia... ro davfiqrdebi, lamis aris gavgiJde! eg ra vyofilvarT
qarTvelebi?! aRviraxsnili monebi!.. Tavisuflebas Cven ver SeviSnobT!..
dekanozis vostorgovis demoniuri xiTxiTi magondeba: „...дадим грузинам авт-
окефалию, но мне их жаль! Они на следующий же день перегрызут друг друга“-o!..
[„mivcemT qarTvelebs avtokefalias, magram mecodebian isini! isini meore
dResve daWamen erTmaneTs“] Wkuiani iyo eg Savrazmeli xucesi! misxlobiT
vyavdiT awonil-dawonili!.. „mene-tekel-peres“ [TalaqvaZe 2013: 53],18 –
daniel winaswarmetyvelis wignidan moxmobili am Semzaravi sityvebiT am-
Tavrebs Tavis godebas dekanozi nikita TalaqvaZe19.
Tumca misi mRelvare damokidebuleba arc Semdgom iSriteba, rasac
metad TvalsaCinod asaxavs araerTi gverdi „moqalaqe-mRvdlis dRiuri-
dan“, sadac saqarTvelos eklesiis erT-erTi gamorCeuli mRvdelmsaxuris
mZafrad tragikuli ganwyobani gamoxatula. maT Sorisaa erTi monakveTic,
dawerili 1921 wlis agvistoSi, jer kidev manam, sanam nikita TalaqvaZe
292
anaforas sabolood gaixdida, mRvdlobidan moqalaqeobisaken gadadgamda
mkafio nabijs, jer kidev manam, sanam sulac ar iyo cxadi bolSevizmis
sazareli momavali saqarTveloSi: „gadaveCvieT aqtiobas, Taosnobas, Cvens
saqmeze da movaleobis asrulebaze mizanSewonilad da uangarod zrunvas
saqveynod – eklesiur damoukideblobis aRdgenaze ara erTxel moviTxo-
veT kidevac es, magram, rogorc exla irkveva, es ar yofila namdvilad
gancdili da mofiqrebuli saqme, aravis ar ufiqria, rogor da ra saxiT
SevZlebT eklesiur gemis mesaWeobas am mSfoTvare cxovrebis zRvaSi, ara-
vin ar emzadeboda Turme saamisod, yovelive dawerili Tu naTqvami am
Taobaze yofila lamazi sityvebi, mosarTav-mosakazmavi da sxva araferi.
marTlac, yvelani didis aRfrTovanebiT da imedebiT mivegebeniT Cveni
eklesiis avtokefalobis aRdgenas 1917 wlis 12 martis aqtiT, sul yvelani
wum-wumasaviT avenTeniT, avpilpildiT, xolo rodesac saqme saqmezed midga,
rodesac darRveul eklesiur cxovrebaSi saaRmSeneblo moqmedebas unda
SevsdgomodiT, ai, maSin aRmoCnda, Tu ra uenergio, uilajo da urwmuno
xalxs gvikisria es didi da mZime saSviliSvilo istoriuli saqme. arc
erTi wre Cveni erovnuli cxovrebisa ar yofila im zomad ganadgurebu-
li da dabeCavebuli sinodalur-cezaro-papizmisagan, rogorc qarTveli
samRvdeloeba“ [TalaqvaZe 2013: 815].
RirsSesaniSnavia, rom qarTveli samRvdeloebis imdroindeli zneobri-
vi mdgomareoba araerTgzis gamxdara mwvaved samsjelo sagani ara marto
calkeul sasuliero pirTa mxriv, aramed saqarTvelos sakaTolikosos
mmarTvelobaSic20, rac imas metyvelebs, rom imJamad aranairad ar uWirdaT
arc sasuliero da arc saero pirebs (rac araerTgzis dadasturebula epo-
qiseul mxatvrul Tu publicistur nawarmoebebSi), Tvali gaesworebinaT
eklesiis msaxurTa zneobriv mankierebaTaTvis.
qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliisaTvis brZola, wamowyebuli mecxramete
da meoce saukuneebis mijnaze, metad dramatulad mimdinareobda (ramden-
jerme is sisxliani msxverpliTac aRibeWda), sxvadasxva etapze gansxva-
vebul mimarTulebas iZenda da xSirad moulodneli xdeboda Tavisi ar-
siT, ganviTarebis xveulebiT, SedegebiT. Tavdapirvelad, 1900-ian wlebSi,
avtokefaliis moTxovnas ruseTis imperiis farglebSi uwinaresad erov-
nuli interesebi ganapirobebda, xolo mosapovebel miznad qarTveli
samRvdeloeba erT saxelmwifoSi bizantiur-marTlmadidebluri tradici-
is ori eklesiis arsebobas isaxavda, romlebic erTmaneTisagan mxolod
erovnuli niSniT iqneboda gamijnuli. amgvari swrafvebi ki – erovnebisa da
eklesiis Serwyma, erovnuli vinaobis gaigiveba adgilobriv eklesiasTan –
cxadliv amJRavnebda midrekilebas egreT wodebuli „filetizmisadmi“21
(rac 1872 wlis konstantinopolis adgilobrivi saeklesio krebis mier
eresad, anu mwvaleblobad iyo gamocxadebuli22). Tumca Semdgom, momdevno
aTwleulSi, – roca 1917 wlis revolucias mohyva imperiis jer dacema da mer-
293
me daSla, – TandaTanobiT, qarTuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis kvaldakval
(da xan winswrebiTac!), avtokefaliisaTvis mebrZolni Tavad moiTxovdnen
erT saxelmwifoSi swored erTi da mTliani eklesiis arsebobas: ra Tqma unda,
isev igulisxmeboda bizantur-marTlmadidebluri tradiciis saeklesio or-
ganizacia, Tumca es am SemTxvevaSi, 1917 wlis gazafxulidan, iyo saqarTve-
los sakaTolikoso eklesia. qarTveli samRvdeloeba avtokefaliis gamo-
cxadebis umal daupirispirda filetizmis safrTxes da es ganucxades kidev
saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTi mmarTvelobis saxeliT droebiTi mTav-
robis rwmunebuls vladimir beneSeviCs jer kidev tfilisSi misi yofnisas23.
magram am mwvave dogamatur-kanonikur sakiTxs ver Wridnen rusuli ekle-
siis warmoadgenlebi: maT ar surdaT, pasuxi gascemoda – an ver upasuxeb-
dnen – dekanoz kalistrate cincaZis, saqarTvelos momavali kaTolikos-
patriarqis, SekiTxvas, romelic man mTavarepiskopos sergi stragorodskis,
ruseTis momaval patriarqs, dausva 1917 wlis zafxuls: „Tbilisis rusuli
mrevlni ratom ar unda daeqvemdebaron kaTolikos-patriarqs?“ [cincaZe
2001: 203]; Sdr. [cincaZe 2010g: 429]. (istoriis ironiuli paradoqsi iyo, rom
meoTxedi saukunis Semdeg, sruliad gansxvavebul istoriul-politikur
garemoSi, stalinuri sabWoTa saxelmwifos farglebSi, swored ruseTis pat-
riarq sergis mouwia, eTxova saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq kalistra-
tesaTvis, „Tavis samamamTavro sulier mzrunvelobaSi mieRo“ is rusuli
sakrebuloebi, romlebic sabWoTa saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa somxeTSi im-
yofeboda, – mas Semdeg, rac 1943 wlis Semodgomaze rusulma eklesiam cno
saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia [cincaZe 2010a: 186]; [sokolovi 2013: 257]).
Tu imperiis dros filetizmis safrTxe qarTveli samRvdeloebidan
modioda, imperiis dacemis Semdeg filetizmis namdvili ganxorcielebis
gzas daadga ruseTis eklesiis mmarTveloba, romelic SesaZleblad miiC-
nevda erT miwaze, erTmaneTis gverdiT bizantiur-marTlmadidebluri tra-
diciis ori eklesiis arsebobas, radgan isini erovnulad – mxolod da mxo-
lod erovnulad – gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan.
magram Tavad vladimir beneSeviCi kanonikuri samarTlis (gansakuTrebiT
– aRmosavluri saeklesio samarTlis) erT-erTi yvelaze sando da yvelaze
aRiarebuli mcodne iyo. amitomac igi, SesaZloa, sxvebze mZafrad xedavda
avtokefaliisaTvis brZolis kanonikur Tu istoriul dramatizms. am
dramatizmis saTaves, sawyiss warmoadgens bizantiur-marTlmadidebluri
tradiciis qristianobis mudmivad mwvave sakiTxi: erTi mxriv, eklesiisa da
saxelmwifos ganuyofloba, anu egreT wodebuli „simfonia“, xolo, meore
mxriv, eklesiisa da erovnebis gaumijnaoba, rasac SemdgomSi „filetizmi“
an „eTnofiletimzi“ daerqva24. istoriuli konteqstidan gamomdinare, jer
ruseTis imperia icavda saxelmwifoSi erTaderTi eklesiis arsebobis pi-
robebs, xolo Semdgom – saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika (romelmac
1920 wlis 21 Tebervlis dadgenilebiT gaauqma rusuli eklesia saqarTve-
294
loSi), Tumca pirvel SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo mxars uWerda imperiuli ek-
lesiis interesebs (xSirad maTi interesebi ormxrivi da ganuyofeli iyo),
xolo meore SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos sruliadac ar amoZravebda aranairi
eklesiis dacvis mizani. maSin, roca naTeli gaxda, rom saxelmwifom Sewyvi-
ta eklesiis guSagoba da mis saWiroebaTa uzrunvelyofa, umalve gawyda maT
Soris damkvidrebuli kavSiri.
Sesabamisad, xelaxla Sobili qarTuli eklesiis mmarTvelobam, obieqtu-
ri Tu subieqturi mizezebiT, imxanad daZlia mravalsaukunovani „bizanti-
uri memkvidreoba“ da scada, erTmaneTisaTvis ar Seerwya arc eklesia da
saxelmwifo, arc eklesia da erovneba, – faqtobrivad, Zala ar dazoga, mkafio
zRvari gaetarebina maT Soris. sxvaTa Soris, kanonzomieri iyo, rom swored
am dros gaCnda eklesiaSi ganaxleba-reformirmebis sakmaod SesamCnevi su-
liskveTeba, romelic rogorc gare, ise Sida biZgebiTac iyo ganpirobebuli.
cxadad Cans, rom avtokefaliis mopovebis pirvel wlebSi qarTveli samR-
vdelo pirebi sakmaod mtkivneulad ganicdidnen zneobriv mdgomareobas
eklesiis SigniT; amave dros, maT kanonikurad swori damokidebuleba gamo-
xates filetizmis mimarT, adgilobrivi eklesia ar gauTanabres erovnebas
da mtkiced uaryves is, rogorc eklesiisaTvis miuRebeli weswyobileba;
xolo politikurad isini gamocalkevdnen saxelmwifosagan (Tumca avto-
kefaliis gamocxadebas Tavidanve mxars uWerdnen da aqezebdnen qarTveli
politikuri liderebi), raki sxva SesaZlebloba arc Canda: saqarTvelos
demokratiul respublikas socialist-menSevikebi marTavdnen, saqarTvelos
sabWoTa socialistur respublikas ki – komunist-bolSevikebi, romlebic,
oriveni, faqtobrivad, eklesiis gauqmebas isaxavnen saboloo miznad (Tu
pirvelTaTvis es mizani mainc Soreuli iyo, meoreTaTvis – metad axlobeli,
uaxloesi ocwleulis TvalsawierSi!).
sxvagvari aRmoCnda am movlenaTa msvlelobisas vladimir beneSeviCis
pirovnuli arCevani: misi saqmianobisas ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis
rwmunebulad, romelsac qarTuli da rusuli eklesiebis saWirboroto
sakiTxebi unda moegvarebina 1917 wlis revoluciur ryevaTa Jams, man,
rogorc qristianma, yuradRebis miRma datova samRvdeloebis zneobrivi
cxovrebis simwvave (yovel SemTxvevaSi, aranairi amgvari yuradReba arsad
gamomJRavnebula mis tfilisur angariSebSi); rogorc kanonikuri samarT-
lis mcodnem, man Tvali mouxuWa kanonikur usamarTlobas, roca erT miwa-
ze ori eklesiis arsebobas da erT qalaqSi ori episkoposis yofnas dasTan-
xmda; xolo rogorc ruseTis saxelmwifos moqalaqem, man upiratesoba mi-
aniWa rusuli eklesiisa da rusuli sakrebuloebis moTxovnebs saqarTve-
loSi, – qveyanaSi, romelTanac mas ara marto kerZo profesiuli miswra-
feba, aramed mravalmxrivi adamianuri urTierTobebic akavSirebda.
295
SeniSvnebi:
1. amgvarad aRiqvamdnen am movlenis monawilenic, meTvalyurenic, aRmwernic, –

magaliTad: „Tebervlis revoluciam saSualeba misca saqarTvelos samRvdeloebasac
Tavisi didi xnis miswrafeba eklesiis damoukideblobis aRdgenis ganxorcieleba
[sic!]. 12 marts 1917 w. mcxeTis Zveli sveticxovlis taZarSi qarTvel mRvdelTmTavar-
Ta da eparqiebis warmomadgenelTa TandaswrebiT gamocxadebul iqna saqarTvelos
eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena“ [kakabaZe 1997: 248].
2. zogadad, miCneulia, rom avtokefaliisaTvis brZola swored 1900-iani wlebis
revoluciur garemoSi daiwyo, Tumca Tavad avtokefaliis sakiTxis wamoWras – Tun-
dac Tavadapirvelad kvleviT-akademiur ganzomilebaSi – kaTolikos-patriarqi ka-
listrate cincaZe imgvar sakuTar wamowyebad miiwerda, romelic bevrad uswrebda
win am movlenebs: „mrTeli saukunis manZilze [...] saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis
aRdgenis Sesaxeb sityva ar daZrula, – am sityvis warmoTqmas gaurbodnen qarTvelebic
da rusebic, – Turme saSiSi iyo. [...] swored naxevari saukunis win, 1894 welSi, dekanoz-
ma daviT RambaSiZem dastamba Tavis orkvireul Пастырь-Si axalgazrduli kadniere-
biT gatacebuli mRvdlis k. cincaZis mecnierulad damuSavebuli werili „Автокефалия
Грузинской Церкви (1905 wels es werili gamocemuli iyo calke wignakad)“, werda 1944
wels kalistrate cincaZe [cincaZe 2010a: 184]; yovel SemTxvevaSi, roca episkoposma
kirion saZagliSvilma, momavalma kaTolikos-patriarqma, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
ruseTTan SeerTebis asi wlisTavis gamo sagangebo, TiTqmis oTxasgverdiani wigni
gamosca saeklesio cxovrebis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi mecxramete saukunis ganmavlo-
baSi, mas Tavis am naSromSi umciresi daeWvebac ki ar gamouTqvams rusuli xelisuf-
lebis mier saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebis kanonierebis mimarT
[kirioni 1901: 18-19]. sagulisxmoa, rom qarTveli samRvdeloebis avtokefaliur
swrafvaTa sawinaaRmdegod, ukve avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg, 1917 wlis miwu-
ruls, es argumentic – ruseTis eklesiis saqarTveloSi saqmianobis sasargeblo ke-
Tilqmedebad warmoCena Tavad kirionis wignSi – moixmo ruseTis patriarqma tiqon
belavinma [tiqoni 1994: 71].
3. rusuli gviandeli mogonebis Tanaxmad, avtokefaliis gamocxadebas ewinaaR-
mdegeboda sami qarTveli mRvdelmTavari: dimitri abaSiZe, antoni giorgaZe, na-
zari leJava [verbini 2017: 190], Tumca nazari leJava mRvdelmTavrad (quTaTel
mitropolitad) xeldasxmuli iqna mogvianebiT – mxolod 1918 wlis noemberSi.
4. [avtokefaliis gamocxadebis] „am „aqtis mogvareba gansakuTrebiT damuSavda
dek. TalaqvaZis binaze, sadac 8 marts mowveul iqna TaTbirze noe Jordania – is
moiyvana sosiko merkvilaZem; [...] am mcire krebaze miviReT n. Jordaniasagan politi-
kuri direqtivebi eklesiis damoukideblobis gamocxadebis saqmeSi“ [TalaqvaZe 2013:
73-74]; „miviReT saWiro politikuri direqtivebi noe Jordanisgan da movawyveT 12
martis aqti“ [TalaqvaZe 2013: 97]; „(Jordania) 1917 wlis 8 marts Cem ojaxSi myavda da
misgniT miviReT politikuri direqtivebi mcxeTaSi 12 martis aqtis gamocxadebaze“
[TalaqvaZe 2013: 343].
296
5. „saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiT mmarTvelobaSi saqmis viTareba ise daxates,
TiTqos episkoposi kirioni ruseTis eklesiis oberprokurors gaurigda saqarTve-
los eklesiis sazianod“ [vardosaniZe 2017: 20-21].
6. „episkoposi kirioni CemTan ar yofila da misi gavlena araferSi da arsad Cans;
[saqarTvelos eklesiis] droebiTi mmarTvelobis calkeuli wevrebi meubnebodnen
kidec, rom misi Camosvla zedmeti iyo, radgan me TiTqos ufro mendobian, vidre mas.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, igi me ar mexmareba, xolo ras akeTebs misi amala, araferi vici“,
werda beneSeviCi lvovs [sokolovi 2017: 244]. imaves adasturebs TalaqvaZec: „Semdeg
beneSeviCma sTqva, „kirioni modiso... davucadoT imas Tu Se[v]udgeT muSaobaso[?]“.
dek. kekeliZem upasuxa: „amaze movilaparakebT komisiaSio“... gorgaZem dasZina: „is xom
sxva eklesiis episkoposiao“!.. (ai, SfoTis Tavebi... agentebi platon-davidovisa da
leonidisa!)“ [TalaqvaZe 2017: 20].
7. nikita TalaqvaZe am daZabulobis erT-erT adreul mizezad miiCnevs droebiT
mmarTvelobasa da sakaTolikoso sabWoSi uaRresad gavleniani daviT daviTaS-
vil-davidovis (romlis gavlenis gamosaxatavad mas ironiulad qarTvel „ober-
prokurorsac“ ki uwodebdnen) pirad damokidebulebas kirionis mimarT. gavrcele-
buli azriT, swored daviTaSvils (romelic, rogorc Cans, did zemoqmedebas axdenda
leonideze) hbraldeboda kirionis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebisa da misi mkvlelobis
mowyoba. TalaqvaZe ixsenebs, rom didi xniT adre, daviT daviTaSvilis Zma, zaqaria,
rusulis maswavlebelad msaxurobda goris sasuliero saswavlebelSi, romlis
inspeqtori kirioni yofila maSin, roca inspeqtors imjerad veRar daufaravs
maswavleblis farTod gaxmaurebuli sqesobrivi skandali iqaur ymawvil mowafesTan.
„ai, aqedan momdinareobda saZagelovsa [– kirion saZagliSvilsa] da daviTaSvilebs
Soris Se-unelebeli mtroba-SurisZieba“, miiCnevs TalaqvaZe [TalaqvaZe 2017: 46].
umwvaves mtroba-dapirispirebas umaRles samRvdeloebaSi adasturebs movlenaTa
Tanadrouli istorikosic: „amas Tan daerTo samRvdeloebis maRal wreebSi da-
budebuli erTmaneTis gautanloba da sisxliani SurisZieba. mitropolit leonidis
momxrem 1918 w. 27 ivniss mokla kaTalikozi kirioni. amis Semdeg mokles kidev ori
mRvdeli. amgvarad eklesiis sakiTxebSi fexi moikida terorma“ [kakabaZe 1997: 248].
8. „etyoba, kirioni ukve Cafiqrebulia... bevri utaqtoba Caidina tfilisSi... mainc
gaiZaxis – waval da davjdebi ruseTSio!.. mec vamxile kirionis qarTluri gauTle-
loba da ukmexoba! ar unda agemxedrebia eg amodena xalxi Tqvens winaaRmdeg! sababi ar
unda migecaT Tqo!..“, wers TalaqvaZe [TalaqvaZe 2017: 24].
9. „[beneSeviCi] TbilisSi Camovida da „muxranis nomrebSi“ dabinavda. vidre
iq cxovrobda, kanonebis enaze gvelaparakeboda, magram rogorc ki egzarqosis
samyofelSi gadabargda, kanonebi gadaiviwya“ [cincaZe 2001: 186], Sdr. [cincaZe 2010g:
411]; „beneSeviCi platonis binaze gadavida, Causaxlda platons (jer is ar wasula
ruseTSi) da gadagvidga, gadavida maTken!“ [TalaqvaZe 2013: 24].
10. igulisxmeba, kerZod, sinodis saero meTaurebi, Tumca swored am dros sinodis
sasuliero xelmZRvaneladac – „pirvelmjdomelad“, anu Tavmjdomared – saqar-
Tvelos eqsarqosi platon roJdestvenski dainiSna, romelsac, zogadad, liberali
297
mRvdelmTavris saxeli hqonda: „imave dros moxda sinodis reorganizacia da saTave-
Si Cauyenes „misi yvelaze liberali wevri“... mTavarepiskoposi platoni“ [cincaZe
2001: 187]; Sdr. [cincaZe 2010g: 412]; sayuradReboa, rom cota mogvianebiT, 1917 wlis
1 agvistos mTavarepiskoposi sergi stragorodski (SemdgomSi moskovisa da sruliad
ruseTis patriarqi) ase mimarTavs petrogradSi myof qarTvelebs: „marTalia, meufe
platoni mtrad migaCniaT, magram sinamdvileSi Tqveni megobari da keTilmosurnea.
mxolod teritoriuli avtokefaliis mowinaaRmdegea, rogorc profesori beneSe-
viCi“ [cincaZe 2001: 202]; Sdr. [cincaZe 2010g: 428].
11. nikeis pirveli msoflio krebis kanonTa merve muxlis mixedviT, „ara orni
episkoposni iyvnes erTsa qalaqsa Sina“ [sjuliskanoni 1975: 233].
12. „wesebis“ qarTuli Targmani ix. [cincaZe 2001: 200-201]; Sdr. [cincaZe 2010g:
425-427].
13. sxdomisa da misi winamorbedi Sexvedrebis Sesaxeb ix. [cincaZe 2001: 202-205];
Sdr. [cincaZe 2010g: 428-431].
14. tiqonis epistolis sruli teqsti ix. [tiqoni 1994: 71-75]; mogvianebiT, saka-
Talikoso sabWos dadgenilebiT, kaTolikos-patriarq leonides saxeliT gamoqvey-
nda sapasuxo epistolec patriarq tiqonis mimarT [leonide 1920].
15. am arCevnebis mimarT Tavis mkveTrad uaryofiT damokidebulebas ar malavs
Sekrebis monawile, dekanozi nikita TalaqvaZe: „igriala brbom – aqsios-aqsioso,
leonidi mitropolitio! da gaTavda arCevnebi! eg namdvili yaCaRuri kreba Caatara
agre sxartulad daTikom [davidov-daviTaSvilma] da leonidma... xma ar amouRia ep.
kirions, is adga da wavida Tavis binaze... aRarc me amomiRia xma!.. vinRa galaparakeb-
da! morCa da gaTavda! – aqsioso – iRriala winaswar momzadebulma brbom. ai, am 13
agvistodan Caisaxa Cveni axlad aRdgenili eklesiis traRedia! tfileli, mcxeTeli
– orTaveni erTad unda damsxdariyvnen... tfilisSi! es ori yoCisTavi, romelic jer
kidev saq. mefeebis drosac ki erT qvabSi ar eteoda! Caisaxa SfoTi“ [TalaqvaZe
2013: 48].
16. sasaxleSi SeWras ironiulad aRwers qarTuli mxridan nikita TalaqvaZe:
„daviufleT arqielis Senoba revoliucionurad. didi miTqma-moTqma Seiqna! dabi-
navda am „sasaxleSi“ leonidi! didad farTi-furTobda „daTiko“ [davidov-davi-
TaSvili], TiTqos pirvelxarisxovani cixe-simagre dagveWiros! gamovrekeT am „sa-
saxlidan“ mTvrali rusis berebi da sxvadasxva „rusisave“ qalTa monastrebidan aq
Semokrebili moloznebi (mamkoda, bodbis podvoriedan da sxva), romelnic metad did
gancxromaSi yofilan aq erTad!.. eg raRac garyvnilebis budeT iyo qceuli“ [Talaq-
vaZe 2013: 49]; sasaxlis dakaveba, danaxuli rusuli eklesis Tvalsawieridan, aRweri-
li – SesamCnevad sarkastulad – TviTmxilvelis mier (Tumca mogvianebiT, gviandeli
xsovniT) ix. [verbini 2017: 190-191], – aRmweris damokidebulebis saCveneblad sakma-
risia mxolod es sityvebic: „pirispir, derefnis miRma, mRvdelmTavris mosasveneblis
qvemoT, mdebareobda „safari“, romelic dRisiT kaTalikosis dacvas emsaxureboda,
Ram-RamobiT ki – orgiebsa da deboSebs, zurnasa da srolas oTaxebSi“.
298
17. avtors saSualeba hqonda, gamoexata Tavisi Tvalsazrisi kirionis saqmianobis
saeklesio-erovnuli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb [RaRaniZe 2003: 9-17].
18. gamocemiseuli koreqturuli Secdoma gasworebulia.
19. es ebrauli sityvebi damowmebaa bibliuri danielis wignidan, roca Tavad
winaswarmetyveli ganumartavs mefe balTazars idumali xeliT kedelze gamosaxuli
warweris Sinaarss, rac momakvdinebeli momavlis Tavzardamcemi uwyeba aRmoCndeba
(danieli 5:25-28).
20. kaTolikos-patriarq kalistrate cincaZes magaliTad mohyavs da imowmebs
mozrdil monakveTs sagangebo sabuTidan „proeqti instruqciisa sasuliero wodebis
uRirs pirTagan ganwmendis Sesaxeb“, romelic SeimuSava sakaTolikoso sabWos ko-
misiam „1921 wlis dekembris 29, e. i. k.-patriarq ambrosis moRvaweobis dasawyisSi:
„istoriis mexsierebaSi arasodes ar hqonia adgili Cvens samRvdeloebaSi imden uz-
rdelobas, utaqtobas, wvrilman qiSpobas, daudevrobas, loTobas, urCobas, uf-
lebis gadaWarbebas, movaleobis da pasuxismgeblobis uaryofas, sxvadasxva juris
garyvnilobas da mraval saZraxis saqciels, ramdensac vgrZnobT da vxedavT dRes
samRvdeloebaSi soflad da qalaqad, wera-kiTxvis uxeirod mcodnisagan moyolebuli
ganaTlebis cenziT Semkulamde. didi nawili samRvdeloebisa dRes xelmZRvanelobs
da win uZRvis ersa swored uaryofiTi gziT, rom sakuTar magaliTiT da uzneobiT
miiyvanos igi srul zneobriv gakotrebamde. friad savalaloa, magram metad cxadi
sinamdvilea“ [cincaZe 2010b: 475].
21. filetizmis, anu eklesiisa da erovnebis gaerTianebis safrTxis Sesaxeb, rac
qarTvel avtokefalistTa moZraobaSi warmoiSva ruseTis imperiisa da imperiuli
eklesiis arsebobis pirobebSi ix. amerikeli mkvlevris Tvalsazrisi: „qarTvelTa
swrafva avtokefliis mimarT nawilobriv unda ganvixiloT rogorc imdroindeli
erovnuli cnobierebis gamovlineba“ [verTi 2012: 91] ix. agreTve: [verTi 2006: 74-100].
22. filetizmis Sesaxeb, zogadad, da, agreTve, kerZod, qarTuli eklesiis av-
tokefaliis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, aseve, episkopos kirion saZagliSvilis Sexe-
dulebaTa gamo am TvalsazrisiT ix. [pavlenko 1999: 17-24].
23. saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTi mmarTvelobis ganacxadebiT, is „yovelgvar
pasuxismgeblobas ixsnis Tavidan istoriis samsjavrosa da msoflio krebis winaSe
antisamarTlebrivi principebis damkvidrebisaTvis, principisa, romelic [...] san-
qcias aZlevs marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier dagmobil filetizms“ [cincaZe 2001:
187]; Sdr. [cincaZe 2010g: 411].
24. am sakiTxebis uaxlesi kvlevani Tanamedrove aqtualurobis Tvalsawieridan,
retrospeqtiuli xedvis mkafio gaTvaliswinebiT ix. [demakopulosi, papanikolau
2017]; diskusiuri msjelobani am Temebze, warmoCenili da Camoyalibebuli qarTul
garemoSi ix. [kiknaZe, RaRaniZe 2014].
299
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aswlovani matiane (1917-2017 w.w.), Tb.: qarTuli universiteti, 2017.
verbini 2017: (verbini), arqimandriti serafime, „rusi mRvdelmowameni da mowameni
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verTi 2006: Werth P. “Georgian Authocephaly and the Ethnic Fragmentation of Orthodoxdy”, Acta Slavica
Iaponica, Sapporo (Japan), 2006, Vol. 23, p. 74-100.
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saba orbelianis saswavlo un-is gam-ba, 2014.
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sokolovi 2013: Соколов А. “Византинист В. Н. Бенешевич – уполномоченный Временного прави-
тельства по делам Грузинской православной церкви”, Труды Государственного Эрмитажа, [T.] 69: Византия
в контексте мировой культуры: Сборник научных трудов, посвященный памяти Алисы Владимировны
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2010.
300
Merab Ghaghanidze
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
Vladimir Beneshevich –
a Commissioner of Russian Provisional Government in Tbilisi
Key words: Church, Catholicos, Synod, Exarchate, autocephaly
On March 12, 1917, some days after the retirement of the Russian Emperor, the Georgian
clergy declared the autocephaly of the Georgian Church, i.e. the independence of the Georgian
Church from the Russian Church. At the beginning, the Russian Provisional Government
supported this decision, but the the Synod of the Russian Church firmly opposed it.
The Georgian Church viewed this process as follows: the autocephaly of the Georgian
Church, which was to cover all the territory of the Exarchate of Georgia (which incorporated
not only then-time Georgia, but the whole Trans-Caucasia) was to recognize, but on the other
hand, an institute of an autonomous Russian bishop was to establish for the Russian (as well as
non-Russian and non-Georgian) perish of the Caucasus within the limits of the Catholicosate
and under the canonical polity of the Catholicos. The Russian Government considered that the
autocephaly of the Georgian Church (Georgian Catholicosate) was to restore under the leader-
ship of the Cathilocos of Mtskheta, whose perish would be the Georgian Orthodox Christians, but
at the same time, a Caucasian Metropolitanate of the Russian Church with its chair in Tbilisi was
to establish for non-Georgian Orthodox Christians. The Russian Holy Synod found it difficult
to develop any clear view before the Council was held, but if they considered the Georgian
autocephaly absolutely inadmissible at the outset, later, owing to the irreversible course of
events, they agreed to the establishment of two parallel Church structures, for Georgian and
non-Georgian Orthodox Christians living in Georgia, respectively.
In its attempt to solve the issue, the Russian government sent Professor Vladimir Beneshe-
vich, a scholar in Byzantine and Georgian Canon Laws to Tbilisi, as its Commissioner, who,
to a certain extent, personally, represented the position of the Russian Church as well. If, at the
beginning, Beneshevich supported the position of the Georgian clergy, gradually, he appeared a
defender the Russian interests to the opposing parties.
Now a good opportunity to describe and understand then-time tense situation is given by
the archive materials, which were first published only recently, such as the memories by Kalis-
trate Tsintsadze, diaries by Nikita Talakvadze and reports submitted to the Russian Government
by Vladimir Beneshevich, which he used to send from Tbilisi to Petersburg.
301
Memoria
2019 wlis 5 dekembers Sesrulda 20 weli didi qarTveli publicistisa da

sazogado moRvawis – akaki baqraZis gardacvalebidan. amitomac, amave wlis
seqtemberSi dagegmili XIII saerTSoriso samecniero simpoziumis progra-
maSi gaviTvaliswineT literaturis institutSi akaki baqraZis publicis-
turi memkvidreobisadmi miZRvnili `mrgvali magidis~ Catareba. Cveni Jur-
nalis winamdebare nomerSi gTavazobT zaza abzianiZis swored am `mrgval
magidaze~ wakiTxuli moxsenebis saJurnalo versias da Cveni ìliauneli~
kolegis – gia joxaZis gamosvlis teqsts, romelSic Sejamda akaki baqraZi-
sadmi miZRvnili uaRresad saintereso diskusiis suliskveTeba.
zaza abzianiZe
qarTuli erovnuli identobis akaki baqraZiseuli

koncefcia
qarTuli identobisa da eTnoportretis maradiuli kiTxvebi gasdevda

akaki baqraZis mTel biografias. logikuri iqneba, mis saxelTan da Rvawl-
Tan mibruneba am, sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani koncefciis TvalmidevnebiT
daviwyoT. aq Cveni yuradRebis pirveli obieqti iqneba esse `daviwyebuli
idea~ (1987), romelSic akaki baqraZem, pirvelma qarTul saazrovno sivrceSi,
mkafiod Camoayaliba qarTuli mesianisturi ideis postulatebi. esseistis
azriT, XII-XIII s.s. mijniT daTariRebul TxzulebaSi ìstoriani da azmani
SaravandedTani~ Tamaris karze moRvawe CvenTvis ucnobi avtoris mier
`Tamaris samebis meoTxe wevrad gamocxadeba da Cvili laSa-giorgis ieso
qristesTan misworeba nawilia qarTuli mesianisturi ideisa~. qarTul me-
sianistur ideas, – gviyveba akaki baqraZe, – oTxi tradiciuli wyaro asaz-
rdoebs: `p i r v e l i: cnobili himniT – qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai~
– qarTuli ena gamocxadebulia qristes enad. [.....];
m e o r e: qristes kvarTi saqarTveloSi, mcxeTaSia dasaflavebuli.
dakrZalvis adgils agebula sveticxoveli. [.....];
m e s a m e: saqarTvelo RvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveyanaa;
m e o T x e: bagrationTa dinastia aris iesian-daviTian-solomoniani. [.....]
302
qarTveli bagrationebi ebrael mefeTa STamomavlad Tvlidnen Tavs. [.....]
iesec, Zec misi daviT, solomonic Ze daviTisi saxarebaSi moxseniebulni
arian qristes winaparTa Soris. maSasadame, qarTveli bagrationebi da
qriste naTesavebi arian. amasTan erTad, garkveul periodSi qarTveli mefe-
ebi `mesiis maxvilad~ iwodebian. isini damcvelic arian da gamavrcelebelic
qristes moZRvrebisa.
qarTul mesianistur ideas ayalibebs qarTuli saeklesio mwerloba. misi
azri mkafioa: Tuki saqarTvelo RvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveyanaa, qarTu-
li ena qristes enaa, romliTac unda elaparakos ufali kacobriobas meored
mosvlis Jams, bagrationebi ki qristes naTesavebi arian, cxadia, qarTveli
xalxi sagangebo, gansakuTrebuli misiis matarebelia. igi movalea es misia
aRasrulos. qarTuli eklesia, istoriis asparezze, am ideiT warmarTavs da
amoqmedebs qarTvel xalxs~ (baqraZe 2004: 49-52).
vai, rom gangebas Tavisi scenari hqonda da mesianisturi ideebi, romlebic
saqarTvelos samefos zeobis periodSi iSva, imav XIII saukuneSi monRolebis
gamoCena-gabatonebam istoriuli asparezidan miTologiurSi gadaanacvla
– mijaWvul amiranTan, grZneul xogais mindiasTan, bazaleTis tbis ZirSi
Camalul oqros akvanSi mZinare CvilTan Tu suramis cixis kedelSi Catane-
bul WabukTan – da yovelive es qarTuli identobis ganuyofel nawilad aqcia.
akaki baqraZe Tvlida, rom amgvari simboluri Rirebulebani qmnian ilu-
zorul sinamdviles Tavisi unikaluri funqciiT. es unikaluroba ki erT
antinomiazea damyarebuli: rac ufro `damiwebulia~, dacilebulia ideals
eTnosisa da adamianis cxovreba, miT ufro zeaweulisa da keTilSobilisaken
iswrafvis warmosaxva!
istoriul retrospeqtivaSi ganixilavs akaki baqraZe qarTuli erovnu-
li xasiaTisa da eTnokulturuli konstantebis erTobliobas Tavis `mkvaxe
SeZaxilSi~ (alm. `kritika~ №4, 1983). es gaxmaurebuli polemikuri werili
konceptualurad upirispirdeboda misive literaturuli Taobis gamor-
Ceuli warmomadgenlis – guram asaTianis vrcel eqskurss eTnofsiqolo-
giis sferoSi – `saTaveebTan~ (1980), romelSic misma oponentma erTgvari
èrovnuli narcisizmi~ dainaxa.
erovnuli TviTmyofadobis ideis warmosaxvisas guram asaTianma erT
efeqtur metaforas vivekanandasTan miagno: `yovel ers, iseve, rogorc yo-
vel calkeul adamians, sicocxlis safuZvlad udevs erTaderTi Tema, cen-
traluri bgera, romlis garSemo harmoniis yvela danarCeni bgera ikribeba...
Tuki eri mas ukuagdebs, Tuki igi ukuagdebs sakuTari cxovelmyofelobis
princips, saukuneTa mier gadmocemul gezs, es eri kvdeba~ (asaTiani 1982: 13).
guram asaTiani TviTonve aRniSnavda, rom am `centraluri bgeris~ mo-
saxelTeblad umTavresad literaturas eyrdnoboda (`dasayrdeni Sedare-
biT viwroa, magram erTob sando~, – werda igi). swored am `sandoobaSi~
Seitana eWvi akaki baqraZem (ganaTlebiT istorikosma) da `saTaveebTan~ mox-
303
mobili `literaturuli siqveleni~ istoriuli qronikebidan amokrefili
`sigveleniT~ gaawonaswora – daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis TviTgvema
iqneboda es (`naTesavi qarTvelTa orgul buneba ars...~), Tu nawyveti iakob
mansvetaSvilis mogonebebidan.
yvela im konceptualur asaTianiseul Tezas, romelSic ki zedmeti
TviTtkboba igrZnoboda, akaki baqraZem Tavisi antiTeza daupirispira.
magaliTad, rodesac guram asaTiani laparakobs, rom SurismaZiebloba ar
aris damaxasiaTebeli qarTveli kacis bunebisaTvis, akaki baqraZes moh-
yavs istoriul pirTa mTeli nusxa (maTive msxverplTa miTiTebiT), ro-
melTa biografiebSic verc erTma biografosma ver amoSala sastiki Su-
rismaZieblobis magaliTebi: bagrat mesame, giorgi brwyinvale, qsnis eris-
Tavebi, solomon pirveli, levan meore dadiani, Teimuraz pirvelis asuli
darejani da Tavad Teimuraz pirveli, givi amilaxvari da `sxvani, romelnic
Surismgeblis dauokebeli vnebiT arian Sepyrobilni. isini xom qarTvelebi
arian da qarTul sulsa da xasiaTs avlenen.
maSasadame, qarTvelma icis SurisZieba da Tan sastiki. es literaturi-
Tac dasturdeba da istoriiTac. amitom, nu SevecdebiT piri moviwmindoT da
gulmowyalisa da mimteveblis niRabi avifaroT. ar aris es saWiro~ (baqraZe
2006a: 606).
qarTul xasiaTs SemorCa iseTi Tvisebanic, romelnic imdenad mkafio
da `reliefuria~, rom arc literaturuli da arc istoriuli `dasturi~
ar esaWiroeba. anu – sakamaToc araferia. magram, sakamaTo mainc moiZebna
da kamaTis sagani amjerad `mkafio suraTis~ interpretacia iyo. guram
asaTianis azriT, erT-erTi aseT TvisebaTagan – qarTveli kacis bunebrivi
artistizmidan gamomdinare, mudmivi pozaa, yuradRebis centSi yofnis
survili. vfiqrob, es poza qarTulive ampartavnobidan ufro gamomdinare-
obs, vinem artistizmidan, Tumc guram asaTianis lmobierma Tvalma, raRa
Tqma unda, airida es `genetika~: `qarTveli kaci mudam scenaze gZnobs Tavs.
martod darCenilsac ki viRacis mouSorebeli mzera elandeba da yovel
Tavis moZraobaSi am uxilav TvalTa dainteresebul yuradRebas iTva-
liswinebs...~ (asaTiani 1982: 56).
am teqstis wamkiTxveli akaki baqraZe SeSfoTebuli ekiTxeba avtors: ès
xom umZimesi mdgomareobaa – mTeli sicocxle scenaze grZnobde Tavs. sul
viRacas atyuebde da, rac mTavaria, upirvelesad sakuTar Tavs, arasodes
iyo is, rac namdvilad xar?!~ (baqraZe 2004a: 617).
TiTqmis ormoci weli gavida `romantikosisa~ da `realistis~ im lite-
raturuli `duelidan~, magram ufrosi Taobis mexsierebam Semoinaxa, rogori
interesiTa da aRtacebiT gadadioda xelidan xelSi `saTaveebTan~ (`ciska-
ri~, 1980 w., №№5,6,7), ra malamod edeboda fexdabijebul erovnul Tavmoyva-
reobas znesruli qarTveli raindis xateba; rogor atkbobda yurTasmenas
droulad moxmobili giorgi mTawmindelis sityvebi `qarTvelTa wrfeli da
304
umanko~ bunebis Sesaxeb da, amis sapirispirod, ra gamaRizianeblad JRerda
akaki baqraZis statiis finalSi gatanili lakoniuri da piruTvneli rezi-
ume: `Cveni av-kargiT iseTiveni varT, rogorc yvela xalxi amqveynad. kacob-
riobis TanavarskvlavedSi uzenaesis mier Cvenze dakisrebul movaleobasac
pirnaTlad SevasrulebT da Tavisuflad visargeblebT yvela im uflebiT,
rac bunebiT gvaqvs moniWebuli~ (baqraZe 2004a: 627).
(Sic: ra sainteresoa da ramdens gveubneba avtorze, rom baqraZiseuli
kategoriulobis fonze, mis TxzulebaTa VIII tomSi gamoqveynebul `qarTuli
literaturis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis proeqtSi~ klasgareSe sakiTxa-
vi literaturis nusxaSi Setanilia `saTaveebTan~!).
aranaklebi sicxariT epaeqreboda akaki baqraZe Tavis `warsuliT winas-
warmetyvelebaSi~ (1984) saqarTvelos beletrizebuli (da didad popula-
ruli!) istoriuli narkvevebis – ùqarqaSo xmlebis~ (1976-1981) avtors
– levan sanikiZes. erTi citata am polemikur esseSi henri Tomas boklis
ìnglisis civilizaciis istoriidan~ mkafiod gamoxatavda akaki baqraZis,
rogorc istorikosis, `kredos~: `WeSmaritebis warmosaxviT damaxinjebis
sxvadasxva saxeobaTa Soris arc erTs ar ZaluZs imdeni zianis motana, ramde-
nic gardasuli droisadmi gadaWarbebul pativiscemas~ (baqraZe 2005: 554).
Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom akaki baqraZis umTavresi pretenziebi ùqarqa-
So xmlebis~ avtorisadmi ara èmociuri Txrobaa~, an calkeuli istori-
uli koliziebisa da personaJebis mikerZoebuli aRwera, aramed, sazogadod,
istoriis zneobrivi aspeqtis gauTvaliswinebloba: `...ra gvaswavla isto-
riam ufro metad – suldidoba Tu sulmokleoba, vaJkacoba Tu silaCre,
gulwrfeloba Tu gaiZveroba, ubraloeba Tu cudmedidoba, simarTlis
siyvaruli Tu tyuilis trfoba, Sromismoyvareoba Tu kvaWuri gaqniloba...~
– es kiTxvebi Tanamedrove qarTveli kacis eTnoportretis warmosaxvisas
mkvlevarisaTvis asmagad ufro aqtualuria, vidre nebismieri konkretu-
li istoriuli kolizia an misi protagonistebi. dabolos, akaki baqraZe
gvekiTxeba: `ra aris saqarTvelos istoriaSi is, rac eTikurad gvamaRlebs
da ra aris is, rac eTikurad gvamcirebs? es gasarkvevia, gulwrfelad da
xmamaRlaa saTqmeli. uamisod istoria an kvexnaa an glova~ (baqraZe 2005:
554-555).
`warsuliT winaswarmetyvelebis~ finalSi gaJRerebuli am umniSvnelo-
vanesi kiTxvis adresati, raRa Tqma unda, mxolod levan sanikiZe ar gaxl-
daT, – mTeli qarTuli sazogadoeba iyo. da, saerTodac, es Tematika ukve
gascda sakuTriv istoriis sferos. akaki baqraZes `providencialuri al-
Ro~ karnaxobda, rom gangeba dausjelad ar tovebs mTvlemare sulierebis
kerebs da pasuxis arqona umTavres zneobriv kiTxvebze mis Tvistomebs Zvi-
rad daujdebodaT. asec moxda...
am konteqstSi ar minda gamogvrCes akaki baqraZis statia – `ra aris
TaTqariZeoba?~. es pamfleti 1974 wels gamoqveynda Jurnal `ciskarSi~
305
– TviTkmayofili nayrovanebis zeobisas, rac avtorisaTvis, misi didi wi-
naprebis msgavsad, erovnuli energiis dacxromis utyuari maniSnebeli iyo.
`ra aris TaTqariZeoba?~ – Txrobaa adamanTa erTobaze, romelic Caketil
sivrceSi cxovrobs Tavisi dakninebuli miznebiTa da miswrafebebiT. Tu
medicinaSi aris cneba `sicocxlesTan SeuTavsebeli travmebisa~, kultu-
ris anTropologiaSic SexvdebiT eTnikuri organizmis zneobrivi arsebo-
bisaTvis fatalurad saSiS simptomebs. avtori dauzareblad, saoperaciod
gamzadebul avadmyofTan Tavsmdgomi qirurgis kategoriulobiT CamoTvlis
qarTuli organizmidan amosakveT rudimentebs: `Tviseba pirveli: sizarma-
ce, meore Tviseba – TviTkmayofileba da kvexna. [amas emateba] cruaqtiuro-
ba, matyuaroba, pirferoba, TvalTmaqcoba, Rormuceloba da unayofoba...~
(baqraZe 1977: 42-50).
bunebrivia aq es ritorikuli kiTxvac: `[aseT] atmosferoSi ra unda
akeTos adamianma? Wamos. sxva aRaraferi darCenia mas~ (baqraZe 1977: 49).
raRa Tqma unda, asea da gasakviri araa, Tu aq rables TvalTmaqci mama-
oebi gagvaxsendeba: `...rameTu unda vuwyodeT, rom berni imad ki ara Wamen,
vicocxloTo, aramed imad cocxloben, vWamoTo...~ (rable 2013: 366).
`gardamavali epoqis~ erTi, bevrismTqmeli Tanxvedrac ar minda gamog-
vrCes: `TaTqariZeobis~ eqo akaki baqraZis pamfletis gamoqveynebidan
karga xnis Semdegac gaiJRerebs. 1990 wels damoukideblobis moTxovniT
mitingebze aboboqrebuli qarTvelobis danaxvisas, merab mamardaSvili
erT-erT interviuSi ùcnaurad~ damoZRvravs Tanamemamuleebs: `saWiroa
mTeli nacionaluri cxovreba... warimarTos erTi movlenis kvldakval –
es aris Tavisufali Sroma. es imasac gulisxmobs, rom unda viswavloT
muSaoba, Sroma modernuli, anu Tanamedrove msoflios doneze~ – es mo-
mitinge qarTvelebis gasagonad; da imav interviuSi, axla ukve rusebis ga-
sagonad ityvis: `...aris erTi ram, rac rusebma uTuod unda gaigon da Tanac
Seeguon: qarTvelebs surT damoukidebloba. qarTvels, rogorc qarTvels,
SeuZlebelia, ar surdes Tavisi qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba
da Tavisufleba... es aris istoriuli ltolva, romelic Zalze Soridan mo-
dis, romelic Zevs genetikaSi da Seuqcevadia~ (mamardaSvili: 2011: 264-
266). es fraza iseTive energetikiTaa damuxtuli da iseTive kategoriulia,
rogoric didi filosofosis rwmena, rom Tavisufali qveyana ver Sedgeba
Tavisufali Sromis kultis gareSe.
akaki baqraZes davubrundeT. qarTuli xasiaTis niSandobliv Tvisebebze
dakvirvebisas igi xSirad mimarTavda literaturul analogiebs: `mamelu-
kuri cnobiereba~ (1996), `tarigi RmrTisai~ (1975), `vasaluri azrovneba~
(1997) da a.S. mwerloba mas, sazogadod, qarTuli sociokulturuli erTobi-
sa da pirovnuli/erovnuli Rirsebis SenarCunebis erT-erT garantad miaC-
nda, amitomac xSirad Seaxsenebda mkiTxvels literaturis gansakuTrebuli
306
misiis Sesaxeb. am TvalsazrisiT, XX saukunis qarTvel mweralTa Soris igi
pirvelobas mixeil javaxiSvils aniWebda.
da marTlac, Tu sizantisa da nayrovanebis klasikur nimuSs qarTveli
mkiTxvelisaTvis luarsab TaTqariZe warmoadgenda, mixeil javaxiSvilma
aranakleb tipuri, ori `matyuaris~ portreti gamoZerwa: pirveli – tris-
teris folkloruli arqetipis moSveliebiT – cruaqtiuri kvaWi kvaWan-
tiraZisa (`qalaqeli aferistis~ erTgvari `SarmiT~, romelic xan Tomas
manis feliqs kruls gvagonebs da xan ilfisa da petrovis ostap benders)
da meore – znedacemuli sofleli moqeife uqnara òqropiris~, metsaxelad
`dampatiJesi~.
`geSeftmaxeri~kvaWi (akaki baqraZis epiTetia) imiT gansxvavdeba Tavisi
rus-evropieli `kolegebisagan~, rom am fsiqotipisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
cinizms aq erovnuli nihilizmic emateba. Tavis konceptualer esseSi
`vasaluri azrovneba~ (1996), romlis pirvel nimuSsac avtori leonti mro-
velTan naxulobs, ukanasknels kvaWi kvaWantiraZis ànderZSi~ xedavs: `ras
CaacivdiT erT mtkavel saqarTvelos, erT muWa xalxs!.. gadahxedeT did
ruseTs, msoflios meeqvsedia, oras milionamde xalxi hyavs! Tu Sno, unari
da xalisi gaqvT, frTebi gaSaleT da am ulevel sivrceSi inavardeT~ (baqraZe
2005a: 685). RmerTo, ramdenma Cvenma Tanamememulem aRasrula es anderZi ise,
rom mixeil javaxiSvilis erTi striqonic ki ar waukiTxavs...
Cveni mwerlobis damsaxurebad miaCnda akaki baqraZes istoriuli Znel-
bedobiT qarTul xasiaTSi erTi specifikuri Tvisebis `gamomzeureba~, ro-
melsac igi `mamelukuri cnobiebebis~ fenomenad monaTlavs. saxeldeba, raRa
Tqma unda, kondrate TaTariSvilis (ùiaraRos~) yavlgausvleli romaniT
(`mameluki~, 1912) iyo inspirirebuli, magram sailustraciod moxmobili,
ZiriTadad, istoriuli wyaroebidan amokrefili koliziebia.
`mamelukuri cnobierebis~ gansjisas avtoris verdiqti mkacri da pi-
ruTvnelia: ùcnauria, Tu qarTuli aristokratia tradiciulad meomro-
biT ikvexnida da Tavi moswonda, Tavad Cveni xalxi samxedro samsaxuris
didi moyvaruli, rogorc Cans, arasodes yofila. ufro swori iqneboda Tu
vityodi – guneba-ganwyobilebis mixedviT epyroboda samxedro samsaxurs. Tu
guneba-ganwyobileba hqonda, iomebda da mere rogor – sanimuSod. ar hqon-
da da daixuravda quds Tavze, brZolis vels miatovebda da Sin wavidoda, an
saojaxo saqmeebis mosagvareblad an mosalxenad. magram igi ase iqceoda ma-
Sin, roca sakuTar qarTul armiaSi msaxurobda. Tu ucxo qveyanaSi moRvawe-
obda, igi erTgulebis, disciplinis, Tavdadebis nimuSi iyo. albaT, imitom
xdeboda, rom saqarTvelos qarTveli ar uyurebda (dResac ar uyurebs),
rogorc saxelmwifos, romelsac Tavisi mizani da misia aqvs. is saqarTvelos
yovelTvis romelime didi saxelmwifos nawilad Tvlida.
...emsaxuro sxvas da an ar ifiqro an naklebad ifiqro sakuTar samSoblo-
ze – gaxlavT swored mamelukuri cnobiereba~ (baqraZe 2005a: 661) – ase
307
Camoayalibebs akaki baqraZe Tavisi esses mTavar Tezas, romelic, DdRevan-
deli gadasaxedidan, vgoneb, erTgvar koreqcias saWiroebs.
erTi SexedviT, `mameluki~, rogorc konceptualuri metafora, zustadaa
mignebuli, Tumca mamelukTa istoriis gulmodgine mkvlevari goCa jafari-
Ze amtkicebs, rom mamelukTan, rogorc realur istoriul personaJTan,
dRevandel qarTvelobas veranairi zneobrivi pretenzia ver eqneba: `mamluq-
Ta Tema friad popularulia saqarTveloSi, – wers igi, – magram zogjer
mainc kbils gahkraven xolme maT qarTul poeziasa („magram nu CavTvliT maT
Cvens Tvistomad, vinc Seagina Tvisi bavSvoba, mamelukoba vinc TviT indoma
da TviT arCia yizilbaSoba“) da publicistikaSi. iyo mcdeloba mamluqizmis
da Sinauri mamluqobis cnebebis damkvidrebisa aTasi juris kondotierisa
da qveynis moZuleTa mimarT. mravali codva miaweres daumsaxureblad –
imis magivrad, rom patieba gveTxova saukuneTa manZilze saqarTvelodan
iZulebiT gayvanili da ucxo miwaze samudamod darCenili uricxvi qarTve-
lis sulTaTvis~ (jafariZe 2016: 259)
`mamelukoba vinc TviT indoma~ – grigol abaSiZis leqsidanaa. poetebs
emarTebaT xolme – jer weren da mere fiqroben. aba, miTxariT, vin indo-
mebs, Tavisi soflidan gaitacon da mTeli danarCeni cxovreba ucxo cis qveS
gaataros?! gindac martyofidan iyos gatacebuli, gindac – lamisyanidan...
akaki baqraZis mier moxmobili istoriul-literaturuli magaliTe-
bidan `mamelukuri cnobierebis~ miseul gagebas klasikurad miesadageba
peterburgSi, saimperatoro amalaSi (`Конвой)~ Caricxuli qarTveloba. aq
publicists ilias sityvebi axsendeba: `Seni raa rom amSveneb Sens damRupvel
osmaleTsa?~ da dasZens: `mkvlevarebi amboben, rom xelnawerSi òsmaleTis~
nacvlad `CrdiloeTsa~ ewera, xolo leqss ìaniCaris~ magier `kanvoieli~
erqvao~ (baqraZe 2005a: 664). namdvilad ase iyo (ix. ìaniCaris~ komentarebi
ilias TxzulebaTa aTtomeulis I t-Si. gv. 386).
`mamelukuri cnobierebis~ cnebis relatiuroba mkafiod ikveTeba
`landsknextis~ meomrul kodeqsTan Sedarebisas: Tomas karleili Tavis
`safrangeTis revoluciaSi~ hyveba Sveicariel gvardielebze, romlebmac
1793 wlis agvistoSi, tiuilris sasaxlis dacvisas, mefis jariskacTagan
gansxvavebiT, ar Seatoves ludoviko XVI-is samefo ojaxi gaafTrebul
brbos da Tavi Seakles parizSi amboxebulT. meore mxriv, cnobilia isic, rom
SeeZloT brZolis veli daetovebinaT, Tuki damqiravebeli gasamrjelos
aRar uxdida. landsknextisaTvis omi – esaa saqmiani garigeba/kontraqti,
romelsac igi sicocxlis fasadac ki ar arRvevs (am Temis gaSla ixileT
maqs veberis cnobil wignSi protestantuli eTikis Sesaxeb). erTi SexedviT,
`samSoblos faqtori~, rogorc motivacia, amgvar situaciaSi saerTod ar
monawileobs. miuxedavad amisa, SveicariaSi CaTvales, rom Tavdadebulma
gvardielebma swored samSoblo asaxeles da maTi daRupvidan 30 wlis Sem-
308
deg liucernis warmtaci tbis piras kldeSi didebuli simboluri memoriali
(`momakvdavi lomi~) gamoukveTes.
akaki baqraZe qarTul erovnul Rirebulebebze fiqrobda da werda maSi-
nac, rodesac misi kolegebis umetesobas afrTxobda `feTqebadi Tema~ da
maSinac, rodesac `patriotizmi~ profesiad gadaiqca, xolo èrovnuli Ri-
rebulebani~ – publicistikis `sajildao qvad~. yvela waepotina, visac ki ar
ezareboda...
dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom akaki baqraZis Tanamedrove arcerT
publicists ase organulad ar gauTavisebia ilias `bednieri eris~ mamxile-
beli paTosi. mas eyo zneobrivi simtkice da moqalaqeobrivi gabeduleba
(ZvelberZnulSi am cnebis aRsaniSnavi calke sityvac ki yofila – Àrete~,
romelsac baCana bregvaZem qarTuli Sesatyvisi dauZebna – `siqvele~)
TvistomTaTvis piruTvnelad eTqva yovelive is, rasac fiqrobda Cvens
warsulsa Tu awindel mankierebebze. misi Rrma rwmeniT, qarTvel kacs Za-
lian gauWirdeba Tavisi Rirseuli adgilis dakaveba civilizebul erTa
TanamegobrobaSi, Tu stumarTa eTnografiul aRtacebaTa da TviTtkbobis
eiforiaSi igi Tvals aaridebs `bednieri eris~ ulmobel sarkes.
akaki baqraZis publicistika, raRa Tqma unda, asaxavs avtoris ambivalen-
tur grZnobaTa Widilsac: dReniadag katonis daJinebiT Seaxsenebs igi
TvistomT zneobrivi katastrofis safrTxes; magram zogjer, swored imi-
tom, rom es Tvistomni oTaraanT qvrivis siyvaruliT uyvars, `mkvaxe Se-
Zaxilis~ nacvlad moundeba maT is Rirsebanic Seaxsenos, romlebic amden
ZnelbedobaSi SerCaT da romlebmac maTi mouTvinierebeli buneba asazr-
dova: `...saqarTveloSi araferi momxdara iseTi, rac sxva qveyanaSi (yvelaze
ufro civilizebulSic ki) ar momxdara... roca Cven mivxvdebiT, davijerebT,
rom qarTvelic iseTive Cveulebrivi adamiania, rogoric yvela sxva qveynis
Svili, rom qarTvelisTvisac araferi adamianuri, arc kargi da arc avi,
ucxo ar aris, maSin saqarTveloSi momxdar yvela movlenas fxizeli gonebiT,
gamWriaxi TvaliT da gagebiT SevxvdebiT. arc usafuZvlo sasowarkveTi-
leba dagveufleba da arc usafuZvlo aRtacebas mivecemiT.... ...Cven, luar-
sab TaTqariZis garda, amiranic gvyavs, Teimuraz xevisTavis garda – av-
Tandilic, kvaWi kvaWantiraZisa da yvaryvare TuTaberis garda – mindiac.
qarTvelis sulSi am ori sawyisis brZolaa. Cven dRemde imitom movediT
da momavalSic imitom viqnebiT, rom am brZolaSi yovelTvis amiranis,
avTandilisa da mindias sawyisi imarjvebda~ (baqraZe 2005a: 515).
akaki baqraZem erT-erTi Tavisi werili ase daamTavra: `...naklis damalva
SeuZlebelia. miCqmalviT da wayruebiT xarvezi ar gaswordeba. arc is unda
daviviwyoT, rom ramdenic unda vmaloT, ramdenic unda vCqmaloT, bolos
mainc mova patara, gabeduli biWi da xmamaRla, daufaravad ityvis – xelmwi-
fe SiSveliao~ (baqraZe 2005a: 634).
309
dRes, akaki baqraZis gardacvalebidan oci wlis Semdeg, SeuZlebelia ar
gaifiqroT, rogori momxiblavi uSualobiT gamoTqva didma publicistma
Tavisi `mouTvinierebeli~ cxovrebis kredoc da mizanic.
damowmebani:
asaTiani 1982: asaTiani g. saTaveebTan. Tbilisi: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1982.
baqraZe 1977: baqraZe a. kritikuli gulani. Tbilisi: `merani~, 1977.
baqraZe 2004: baqraZe a. Txzulebani. t. II. Tbilisi: `merani~, lomisi~, 2004.
baqraZe 2004a: baqraZe a. Txzulebani. t. III. Tbilisi: `nekeri~, lomisi~, 2004.
baqraZe 2005: baqraZe a. Txzulebani. t. V. Tbilisi: `nekeri~, lomisi~, 2005.
baqraZe 2005a: baqraZe a. Txzulebani. t.VI. Tbilisi: `nekeri~, lomisi~, 2005.
baqraZe 2006: baqraZe a. Txzulebani. t.VIII. Tbilisi: `nekeri~, lomisi~, 2006.
mamardaSvili 2011: mamardaSvili m. cnobierebis tipologia. Tbilisi: `qarTuli
biografiuli centri~, 2011.
rable 366: rable fr. gargantua da pantagrueli. Targmani guram gogiaSvilisa.
Tbilisi: `bakmi~, 2013.
jafariZe 259: jafariZe g. saqarTvelo da egviptis mamluqebi. Tbilisi: `kolori~, 2016.
Zaza Abzianidze
(Georgia, Tbilisi)
Conception of Georgian National Identity by Akaki Bakradze
Summary
Key words: Akaki Bakradze, georgian identity, ethnic self-portrait.
The painful problems of Georgian identity and ethno-portrait run through the entire
biography of Akaki Bakradze – this outstanding publicist and public figure of the second part
of the XX century. So as to make Akaki Bakradze’s aforementioned national conception easily
accessible to the reader, we shall try to point out a few major aspects in a historical retrospective.
In accordance with this principle, the first concept will be “Georgian messianic idea,” which is
laid out in an article by Akaki Bakradze, “A Forgotten Idea” (1987). It is precisely in the histori-
cal retrospective that Akaki Bakradze presents an ensemble of constants of Georgian national
character and ethnoculture in his polemical text, “An Acerb Exclamation” (1983).
310
gia joxaZe
aTvlis wertili
viRacisgan msmenia, sayvareli adamianisadmi mikerZoeba dasaZraxi sulac

ar aris: araobieqturobis gamovlena erTaderTia, ris gakeTebac erTmaneTis-
Tvis SegviZliao. Tundac es beletristuli mosazreba gamoviyenoT am mTa-
vari gancxadebis saZirkvlad: karga xania, obieqturad ver vismen zaza ab-
zianiZis gamosvlebs verc aq, verc saerTaSoriso forumebze, da ara mxolod
imitom, rom mxiblavs misi kerpi, uperformanso esTetika, metic: stilistu-
rad veTanxmebi mis literaturul strategias. uwinaresad imitom, rom
didxniani megobroba TvaldaxuWulsac ki gamaTvaliswinebinebs misi aT-
vlis wertils, misi Sefasebis skalas, misi SemoqmedebiTi `gaRizianebis“
Tavwyarosa da motivs: arc daweros da arc Tqvas is, rac ewinaaRmdegeba
mis SemoqmedebiT principebs, romlebic xandaxan moralur principebadac
gadaeqceva xolme (Tumca amas sagangebod uaryofs!). amitomac upirobod
vende mis arCevans, swored dRes, sadReiso istoriuli konteqstiT mozRu-
duls, esaubra akaki baqraZis naazrevze da ecada, daverwmunebineT, rom
droiTi distanciisa da sapolemiko TemaTa da saWiroebaTa, erTi SexedviT,
anaqronistulobis miuxedavad, akaki baqraZis pozicia, arsebiTad, dResac
gamowvevaa.
pirvel yovlisa, iolad yurs nu SevaCvevT imas, rom qarTveli litera-
torebi identobis markerebs eZeben da eTnoportretis Seqmnas lamoben
meoce saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, da es mxolod misTvis iqneba umniSvnelo
informacia, visac sabWoTa kavSirSi ar ucxovria, an ucxovria, magram sab-
Wouri awmyo imdenad xiblavda da akmayofilebda, istoriuli warsulis
analizi zedmet da, metic, mavneblur saqmianobad miaCnda. iyvnen mesamenic,
romelTaTvisac kiTxva, rogorc aseTi, ucxo ram aqtivoba iyo.
inteleqtualTa meoTxe kategorias, miuxedavad SemaZrwuneblad didi
erudiciisa da fukos qanqaraseuli saazrovno amplitudisa, egona, rom
sabWour konteqstSic SeiZleboda sakuTar teritoriaze Tavisuflebis Se-
narCuneba, da saamisod inteleqtualuri varjiSebic kmaroda.
Cveni drois yvelaze didi optimistebic ki ar daijereben, rom damo-
ukidebeli saqarTvelos ideis saqadageblad ideologiuri postulatebis
moZiebisa da popularizebisTvis 1987 wlis saqarTvelo xelsayreli qro-
notoposi iyo!
xandaxan mgonia, rom akaki baqraZe `daviwyebuli ideis“ gaxsenebisaken
somxebis istoriuli azris Seswavlam midrika: im eris inteleqtualuri
Zalebi, romelsac saxelmwifoebrioba jer kidev me-11 s.-Si daekarga, mainc
TavianTi naciis istoriul legitimaciaze fiqrobdnen da saamisod yvelaze
311
avtoritetul teqsts – biblias iyenebdnen, agrZelebdnen `Zveli aRTqmis“
miTs: jer kidev Zv.w. me-16 s.-Si bibliuri araratis mTa, anu adgili, sadac
noes kidobani gaCerda, somxeTia; noem darCenili cxovreba iq gaatara, iq
iswavla somxuri, naxWevanSia misi da misi colis saflavebi, da a.S. maS, es
aqtivoba manam xorcieldeba, sanam saxelmwifo xelmeored dafuZndeba;
sasowarmkveTia awmyo, magram damaimedebelia momavali: es iluzia uamravi
qartexilis, devnisa da sisxlisRvrisagan mogvril apaTiaze Zlieri aRmoC-
nda – salegitimacio teqstebis gaCenam uwinamZRvra saxelmwifos aRdgenas,
da es somxuri istoriografiis yvelaze didi gamarjvebaa! somxebs Tavian-
Ti idea bizantiur TviTmpyrobelobasTan sapaeqrod sWirdebodaT, qarTve-
lebs ki, rogorc bizantiis politikuri pretenziebis aRsakveTad, ise som-
xuri saeklesio ideologiis Sesaferxeblad.
viTareba, samwuxarod, permanentuli da lamis stabiluria: dainterese-
bul kacs arc Zvel personaJTa axliT Canacvleba moeCveneba rTul amocanad!
magram, rac metia dabrkoleba, miT metia xolme Setoqebis wyurvili! moxda
ki ase? ityvis ki vinme uTuod da uTumcaod, ramdenad da ramdenjer SeZlo
qarTulma saxelmwifom am barierTa gadalaxva?!
kacma rom Tqvas, TavisTavad sagulisxmebeli rodia, rad Seexo akaki
baqraZe e.w. mesianistur ideas. ra aris da rodis Cndeba xolme mesianisturi
gulisTqmani?
uwinaresad, es im saRvTo legatis molodinia, romelmac mSvidoba da
samarTlianoba unda daamkvidros; aseT sakralur wyurvils ki uaRresad
profanuli viTareba warmoSobs xolme: socialur sakiTxTa mougvareblo-
ba, saxelisuflebo krizisi, momavlis SiSi da apaTia, da a.S. saqme is aris,
amgvar ideaTa pedalireba saxelmwifos mTavarma Zravam – xalxma pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT ki ar gaigos, xorcSesxmuli mesiis mosvlas ki ar daelodos,
egocentruli JiniT yoveliveze pasuxismgebloba mas ki ar daakisros, ki
ar modundes da gamconardes, aramed es sulieri Zalebis Sesafxizlebad
gamoiyenos.
akaki baqraZis meore werili `mkvaxe SeZaxili“ ufro adre, 1980 wels
gamoqveynda guram asaTianis `saTaveebTan“ sapasuxod. zaza abzianiZem amas
`romantikosisa“ da `realistis“ literaturuli `dueli“ uwoda. am paeqro-
bas mesame `Zalosan“ zviad gamsaxurdias rezonansic mohyva – vgulisxmob
mis werils `mkvaxe SeZaxilis“ eqo“. amTaviTve aRsaniSnia, rogor endoba, ra-
odeni mowiwebiT exmianeba da, ZiriTadad, eTanxmeba akaki baqraZis mosazre-
bebs avtori, romelic ukve sargeblobda yovlismcodne da daundobeli
polemistis reputaciiT. akaki baqraZis Sefasebas, rom nacarqeqia – es
mistificirebuli Serekili – sinamdvileSi Wkuis, gamWriaxobis, moqnilo-
bis, sazrianobis gansaxierebaa, zviad gamsaxurdia iziarebda, imasac eTan-
xmeboda, rom nacarqeqiasa da devis urTierToba saqarTvelos istoriul
cxovrebas ireklavda da, rasakvirvelia, cxarobda, sabWoTa imperia ra-
312
tom gamotoveT saqarTvelos mterTa siidano; nacarqeqia meditaciuri
mWvretelicaa da universaluri borotebis sulieri opoziciao; da kidev:
qarTul literaturaSi nacarqeqias zRapruli personaJis SeniRbul meb-
rZolad interpretirebis pirveloba kote mayaSvils ekuTvniso. maxsendeba
misi leqsis bolo ori striqoni: `qajebo, devebo, farad me nacarqeqia myavs!“
akaki baqraZe britaneli filosofosis, robin jorj kolingvudis naaz-
revs interpretirebda da werilSi `sevda istoriisa“ (1981) gamoTqvamda
debulebas, rom elinizmis gabatonebul tendencias – berZnulis meSveobiT
araberZenTa elinizacias farnavazi marTlac farad dauxvda da daupiris-
pira qarTuli enis gavrceleba da qarTuli mwignobrobis Seqmna. aRar
maxsovs, TviTon ase moixseniebda Tu ara, me ki amas maSinve àqtiuri Tavdac-
vis koncefcia“ vuwode.
da Tu is koncefciad jer ar qceula, dasakargi dro aRar aris. madloba
baton akakisac da baton zazasac, rom es sxvadasxva dros (da yovelTvis
droulad!) Segvaxsenes.
313
zaza abzianiZe
cxovreba, rogorc laSqroba

(igor bogomolovi)
onomastikiT daviwyeb: cota meguleba dRe-

vandeli qarTveli mkiTxveli, romelsac „igo-
ris“ gagonebaze „ambavi igoris laSqrobisa“ ga-
axsendes... ai, gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebis
universiteteli filologis mexsierebaSi ki
mkvidrad CarCa XII saukunis kievis ruseTis erT-
erTi mTavris – igor sviatoslavis Zis „yivCaRu-
ri odiseis“ epizodebi da saerTo STabeWdile-
ba mTeli am anonimuri istoriuli naratividan,
romelsac lakoniurad ase ganvazogadebdi –
„cxovreba, rogorc laSqroba“.
SesaZloa, qvecnobieradac am onomastikurma faqtormac „imuSava“,
rom amdeni wlis Semdeg, dRes, igor bogomolovis 70-wliani biografiis
Tvalmidevnebisas, maincadamainc is studentobisdroindeli aluzia amo-
tivtivebuliyo da, yvela garegani komponentis mixedviT, es klasikurad
akademiuri, warmatebuli (rogorc sabWour, ise – postsabWoTa periodSi)
samecniero da sazogadoebrivi kariera aRmeqva erT, gamarjveba-damarcxe-
baTa monacvleobiT SeduRabebul laSqrobad utopiuri miznisaken.
studentobis periodi SemTxveviT ar gamxsenebia – igor bogomolovi im
droidan maxsovs: igi Cemi mSoblebis – ana nikolaZisa da giorgi abzianiZis
yofili studenti gaxldaT. maT Semdgom damegobrebas imanac Seuwyo xeli,
rom dedaCemi rusul-qarTul literaturul urTierTobaTa sakiTxebs
ikvlevda, xolo mama iyo „cocxali enciklopedia“ swored im XIX saukunis
qarTuli istoriul-literaturuli realiebisa (Sesatyvis ganyofileba-
sac xelmZRvanelobda literaturis institutSi), rac ase ainteresebda im
epoqiT esoden gatacebul, cnobiswadilian, momaval mecniers.
batoni igoris sakandidato naSromi da pirveli monografia kidev ufro
akonkretebda am istoriul segments: XIX saukunis 40-iani wlebi da „qarTu-
li Tema“ gamoCenili rusi poetis – iakob polonskis SemoqmedebaSi.
Semdgom, wlidan wlamde, wignidan wignamde (igor bogomolovi 22 wigni-
sa da 350 statiis avtori gaxldaT), ganuzomlad gafarTovdeba es „istori-
uli segmentic“ da es „geografiac“: igor bogomolovis interesebis Tval-
sawierSi aRmoCndebian ukraineli klasikosebic da Tanamedrovenic (taras
314
SevCenko, mikola baJani, oleqsa novicki); germaneli artur laistic da
latvieli ian rainisic; azerbaijaneli mirza-faTali axundovic da osi kos-
ta xeTagurovic; somexi avetik isaakiani; TiTqmis mTeli rusuli „areopagi“:
puSkini da lermontovi, griboedovi da nekrasovi, tolstoi da Cexovi,
maiakovski da esenini... calke monografias miuZRvnis igi pavle antokolskis,
rogorc qarTuli poeziis mTargmnels...
batoni igoris naRvawSi, sabolood, yvelaferi, raRa Tqma unda, qarTuli
literaturisa da misi popularizaciis garSemo trialebs: rusuli „rus-
Tveliana“; vaxtang orbelianis ucnobi werilebi da akakis naklebad cno-
bili komedia; vaJa da lev tolstoi; ilias prozis praqtikulad ucnobi,
pirveli rusuli Targmanebi (msiamovnebs, gavixseno, rom iliasadmi miZR-
vnil saiubileo rusulenovan krebulSi, romelSic es didad saintereso
masala gamoqveynda, „vmezoblobdi“ baton igorTan)...
aq CamoTvlil gamokvlevaTa umniSvnelovanesi nawili Sevida igor bo-
gomolovis or rusulenovan krebulSi: `Брат, ты братом силен~ („Zmao, ZmiTa
xar Zlieri“ – literaturul urTierobaTa narkvevebi) – es wigni moskovis
erT-erTma yvelaze avtoritetulma gamomcemlobam, `Советский писатель~-ma
gamosca 1985 wels, xolo ori wlis Semdeg, 1987-Si, axla ukve Cveni „meranis“
rusuli redaqcia uSvebs aseTive STambeWdav krebuls `Спаяны дружбой~ –
rac, mogexsenebaT, „megobrobiT SeduRabebuls“ niSnavs...
orive es wigni erTgvari piki iyo im sabWoTa mecnierisaTvis, romlis
statiebic sistematurad ibeWdeboda iseT avtoritetul literaturaT-
mcodnebiT JurnalSi, rogoricaa maSindeli `Вопросы литературы~; romlis
saxelsac (mis Tanaavtor roman miminoSvilTan erTad) yvela imdroindel
sabWoTa respublikaSi icnobdnen (maT sagangebod Seiswavles erovnul
literaturaTa istoriuli kavSirebi qarTul kulturasTan. rogorc max-
sovs, telegadacemac mihyavdaT am Temaze).
„piki“ vaxsene. marTlac ase iqneboda, kalendari rom ara! 1985-Si jer
kidev mxolod miwisqveSa biZgebia, Tumca – didi teqtonikuri Zvrebis
momaswavebeli, xolo 1987-Si, ukve namdvilad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom im – „me-
gobrobiT SeduRabebul“ sivrces, romlis Seswavlasa da msaxurebasac ba-
tonma igorma mTeli cxovreba Sealia, saZirkveli Seerya. ase, erT dReSi
gadaiqca misi yvelaze didi gamarjveba – yvelaze did marcxad: gaufasur-
da misi ideologemebi; ganifanta misi iluziebi, rom did literaturas
SeuZlia sinamdvile Secvalos da sxvadasxva erovnebis adamianebi iseT
Tanasworuflebian saZmod gaaerTianos, romelSic yvela inarCunebs Tavis
identobas da, amasTanave, erTmaneTs Tavis unikalur kulturul saganZurs
uziareben (erTgvari nagvianevi gamoZaxili dostoevskiseuli devizisa:
`Красота спасет мир!~).
kargad unda icnobdeT adamianis im fsiqotips, romelsac batoni igori
ganasaxierebda, raTa warmoidginoT misi dramis masStabi: araCveulebrivad
315
pozitiuri energetikiT, fizikuri da sulieri sijansaRiT es brge vaJkaci
Tavad hgavda rusul folklorul gmirebs. mas aseTi mravlismetyveli fra-
za aqvs naTqvami: „me rusi var erovnebiT, magram Cemi samSoblo saqarTveloa!“.
axla warmoidgineT: mTeli cxovreba Tqveni „rusoba“ sworedac rom
Tqveni qarTuli samSoblos kulturis warmoCenas SealieT da romeliRac
wams igrZeniT, rom sabediswero konfliqtis urTiergametebis buRSi is
Tqveni wlobiT gamotarebuli (aw – gamotirebuli!) „urRvevi Zmobis“ paTosi
(„politikuri romantizmi“ davarqvaT) aqac gamaRizianeblad JRers da iqac
– ruseTSi...
sul ar gamkvirvebia, rom gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan igor bo-
gomolovma radikalurad Secvala literaturuli Janri da axla publi-
cistikis saSualebiT cdilobda, raRacnairad daeSoSminebina samkvdro-
sasicocxlod gadakidebul „TanamemamuleTa“ orive mxare... arc is mikvirs,
politikaSi rom CaerTo: im Tavis mozRvavebul „molaSqris“ energetikas,
rogorc Cans, raRac asparezi namdvilad esaWiroeboda – saxelmwifo sabWo
iqneboda es, parlamenti, Tu kidev raRac uricxvi komisiebi, asociaciebi,
sabWoebi, asambleebi, sadac miaCndaT, rom swored igor bogomolovis unari
da gamocdileba uSvelida maT saqmes...
1996 wels, Jurnal „Литературная Грузия~-s redaqtoroba rom Cavibare,
drodadro sazogadoebriv „RonisZiebebze“ miwevda daswreba. iq vxvdebodi
xolme baton igors da erTxel, Cems morig Txovnaze, rame daewera Jur-
nalisaTvis, raRac tkiviliani gulwrfelobiT (`По старой памяти~ – rogorc
TviTon uyvarda Tqma) mipasuxa: `Кому всё это нужно?!~. ise mgonia, rom swo-
red am tkivilma mouswrafa sicocxle, da Zalian menaneba...
316
Игорь Богомолов
«За гранью дружеских штыков»
О пребывании Лермонтова на Северном Кавказе и в Грузии написано немало. Иссле-

дованы его связи с ссыльными декабристами и с представителями грузинской интеллиген-
ции, определена роль кавказской природы, грузинского фольклора в творчестве русского
поэта, проанализированы его стихотворения, поэмы, проза, драматургия, живописные ра-
боты, переводы Лермонтова на грузинский язык, отклики на его творчество в грузинской
прессе и литературной критике, вопросы влияния, параллелей, реминисценций и мн. др.*
Однако остается один важный, можно сказать, ключевой вопрос, без объективного
решения которого мы не сможем правильно осмыслить всю глобальность проблемы в
целом. Это вопрос об отношении Лермонтова к самодержавно-колониальной политике
России на Кавказе.
На протяжении многих десятилетий при обсуждении этого вопроса не раз «ломались
копья», были высказаны высокопарные суждения о той «божьей благодати», которая
«сошла на Грузию», «расцветшую» «за гранью дружеских штыков» России, прозвучали
резкие выражения по поводу лермонтовского выражения «бежали робкие грузины» и т.д.
Для того чтобы объективно разобраться в этих вопросах, необходимо прежде всего хотя
бы в общих чертах выяснить отношение великого русского писателя к такому эпохальному
историческому явлению, как Кавказская война. Именно она является той «лакмусовой
бумажкой», которая позволяет осмыслить интересующие нас вопросы.
Будучи сыном своей эпохи, Лермонтов, как и Пушкин, был сторонником присоедине-
ния Кавказа к России. Более того, он, хотя и не по своей воле и убеждениям, был непосред-
ственным участником Кавказской войны. Но вот что парадоксально: Лермонтов не просто
осуждал жесточайшие имперско-колониальные методы ее ведения, он вообще считал эту
войну бессмысленной, безнравственной, чреватой тяжелыми последствиями для всех ее
участников, предлагая вслед за Пушкиным социально-экономические и культурно-прос-
ветительские пути сближения кавказских народов с русским.
Вполне естественно, что во время кровопролитной Кавказской войны вся имперская
идеология и пропаганда работали на то, чтобы создать жестокий «образ врага». В романах,
повестях, стихах, поэмах, газетных и журнальных статьях, написанных официальными,
верноподданническими писателями, горцы изображались как «дикие», «кровожадные»
«хищники».
* Подробнее см.: Андроников И. Лермонтов в Грузии в 1837 году, М., 1955; его же: Лермонтов.
Исследования и находки, М., 1968; Шадури В. «За хребтом Кавказа», Тб., 1977; его же: Декабристская
литература и грузинская общественность. Тб., 1958; Ениколопов И.К. Лермонтов на Кавказе. Тб.,
1940; Талиашвили Г.А. Русско-грузинские литературные взаимоотношения, Тб., 1967; Николадзе
А.К. Русско-грузинскме литературные связи, Тб., 1965; Барамидзе М.Г. Лермонтов в грузинской
литературной критике, Тб., 1967 и др. (Здесь и в дальнейшем сноски приводятся в авторской редакции
И.Богомолова – И.М.).
317
В корне противоположную позицию занял Лермонтов, который, развивая традиции
Пушкина, осмыслил Кавказскую войну как борьбу народов за свою независимость. При-
чем Лермонтов решал эти вопросы более радикально и многосторонне, с большим знанием
дела, поскольку знал эту войну не по наслышке и не по рассказам других лиц, а был
непосредственным ее участником.
Отмечается еще одна особенность: если Пушкин уделил большое внимание противо-
поставлению Кавказской войне своих миротворческих «рецептов», то Лермонтов весь
свой гневный пафос направил на осуждение кровопролития и человекоистребления. Ис-
ходя из своих общих радикальных настроений, поэт воспринимал Кавказскую войну одно-
значно – как тему свободолюбия, борьбы с самовластьем, с попранием прав человека и
народов, проживавших в удивительной стране:
Прекрасен ты, суровый край свободы...

(«Измаил-бей»)
Тему Кавказской войны Лермонтов затронул не только в стихотворениях «Кинжал»,

«Казачья колыбельная песня», «Дары Терека», «Завещание», «Валерик», «Утес», «Спор»,
«Черкешенка», «Утро на Кавказе», но и в таких эпических произведениях как, «Черкесы»,
«Кавказский пленник», «Измаил-бей», «Беглец», «Хаджи-Абрек», «Мцыри», «Герой на-
шего времени», «Кавказец» и другие.
В произведениях Лермонтова удивительным образом переплетаются умонастроения
его передовых русских современников со всем тем, что происходит на Кавказе. Ведь
для его кавказских героев, как и для прогрессивных русских современников, Российс-
кая империя олицетворяла «тюрьму», подавляющую не только человеческое, но и наци-
ональное достоинство. Поэтому единственное, что движет его кавказскими героями –
это стремление к «вольности», которой реально угрожает и даже пытается уничтожить
имперско-колониальный режим:
И страх насильства, и могилы

Не мог бы из родных степей
Их удалить; - позор цепей
Несли к ним вражеские силы!
Мила черкесу тишина,
Мила родная старина,
Но вольность, вольность для героя
Милей отчизны и покоя...
Все произведения Лермонтова, в которых затрагивается тема Кавказской войны,

характеризуются политической окраской: сочувствием к борьбе кавказцев с имперско-
колониальной политикой самодержавия.
В поэме «Беглец», как и в гениальном «Мцыри», проповедуется излюбленная для
Лермонтова идея: родина и свобода дороже собственной жизни.
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Конечно же, Лермонтов, руководствуясь своим кредо, в определенной мере иде-
ализировал Кавказскую войну, заостряя внимание только на одной из ее сторон. Но это
отвечало всей установке его творчества, с одной стороны, а с другой – не было лишено
глубинных исторических, реальных оснований.
С литературной точки зрения такой подход был связан с важными новациями, ибо у
Лермонтова в противоположность разочарованному герою-индивидуалисту из южных
поэм Пушкина появляются новые герои – горцы, у которых на первом плане выступают
страстность, сила устремлений, решительность, волевая настойчивость. Контрастом
социальному одиночеству героя-отщепенца служит связь лермонтовских горцев со своим
народом.
В своих кавказских произведениях Лермонтов противопоставляет безвольным и бес-
сильным современникам смелых и свободолюбивых людей, жертвующих всем ради
свободы.
Тема Кавказской войны перерастает в творчестве Лермонтова в противопоставление
Востока Западу, т.е. «развращенным» европейцам (русским) противостоят «дикие» (т.е.
«естественные»), не извращенные цивилизацией народы и герои*.
В творчестве Лермонтова наблюдается и прямая полемика с теми реакционными
писателями, которые трактовали Кавказскую войну с самодержавно-шовинистических
позиций. Так, например, поэт И. Шидловский, затронув эту тему в поэме «Гребенской
казак» (1831), писал о воевавших с русскими войсками кавказцах:
Порывов пламенных, свободных

Сынам Кавказа не дано...
И далее: Душа хладней утесов снежных,
В них сердце камнем создано...
Ответ на эти, оскорбительные для народов Кавказа «пассажи», Лермонтов дал в поэме
«Измаил-бей» (1831):
Пусть будет это серце камень –

Им пробужденный адский пламень
И камень углем раскалит!
Кавказ как место действия своих героев Лермонтов избирает и по политическим

соображениям: там шла национально-освободительная война. Лермонтов сочувствовал
вольнолюбивым кавказцам, которые сражались за свободу. Поэтому его героями движет
одно высокое чувство - ответственность за родину. Верные этой высокой цели бытия, они
отвергают во имя свободолюбивых устремлений даже такие всеобъемлющие чувства, как
любовь к сыну, к другу, к девушке.
* Напомним, что в пушкинско-лермонтовские времена слово «дикий» употребляли в смысле «в

природном виде состоящий», не обработанный человеком, невозделанный, природный, естественный,
необразованный» (Даль В. Толковый словарь живого великорусского языка, т.I, 1978, с. 436).
319
С особой силой зазвучал этот мотив в одном из вершинных произведений Лермонтова
– поэме «Мцыри» (1839), в которой воссоздан образ современного героя, одушевленного
идеей свободы и мужественно боровшегося за осуществление своего идеала. Это – не
традиционный романтический герой, т.е. сильная титаническая личность, находящаяся в
конфликте с обществом, презирающая и ненавидящая окружавших ее людей, бегущая из
своей страны и практически бездеятельная.
Всего этого нет в поэме, ибо сюжет ее мотивирован реальной судьбой Мцыри. Этот
мальчик – «пленник», и образ его верен действительности. Известно, что в ходе Кавказской
войны Главноуправляющий в Грузии, командующий Отдельным Кавказским корпусом
генерал А.П. Ермолов, чтобы устрашить непокорные народы, ввел систему аманатов – из
горских селений насильно уводили детей, держали их в плену, как заложников, в очень
плохих условиях. Еще Пушкин обратил внимание на эту вопиющую антигуманность.
В «Путешествии в Арзрум», описывая Владикавказскую крепость, он, как мы помним,
подчеркнул: «В крепости видел я черкесских аманатов, резвых и красивых мальчиков.
Они поминутно проказят и бегают из крепости. Их держат в жалком положении. Они
ходят в лохмотьях, полунагие и в отвратительной нечистоте. На иных видел я деревянные
колодки».
Аманаты – маленькие заложники самодержавного режима, не смирялись с жуткой
неволей и пытались бежать в родные края, за что на них надевали «деревянные колодки»*.
Естественно, что как и эти мальчики, Мцыри пытается убежать на родину, к своим родным.
Лермонтов выражает глубокое убеждение в непоколебимости духа борцов за
национальную свободу. Ведь в слабом мальчике таится грозная мятежная сила, питаемая
свободой и ненавистью к русскому самодержавию, в частности к Николаю I, о чем
свидетельствуют строки, изъятые из поэмы «Мцыри» цензурой:
Я слезы горькие глотал,

И детский голос мой дрожал,
Когда я пел хвалу тому,
Кто на земле мне одному
Дал вместо родины тюрьму...**
Протест юноши-горца приобретает здесь историческую и конкретно-политическую

целенаправленность, ибо личная трагедия Мцыри перерастает в национально-поли-
тическую – в столкновение свободолюбивых, национально-освободительных идей с
николаевско-бенкердорфовским режимом.
Основная мысль поэмы: лучше смерть, чем рабство, лучше несколько дней свободы,
нежели годы угнетения и унижения.
Но Лермонтов хорошо понимал и то, что в современных ему реальных условиях
протест против национального и социального угнетения не может привести к победе;
* Надо ли удивляться тому, что и горцы на пушкинского пленника, как и толстовского Жилина и
Костылина, одели такие же колодки? – И.Б.
** Лермонтов М.Ю. Собр. соч. в четырех томах, т. 2, М., 1986, с. 502.
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он неизбежно будет безрезультатным, поскольку силы империи столь велики, что
противостоять им просто невозможно. Эту свою концепцию Лермонтов, на наш взгляд,
обосновал в стихотворении «Спор», которое в недавнем прошлом трактовалось однознач-
но: «Важнейшие и волнующие вопросы русско-грузинских отношений затрагиваются
поэтом в «Споре» и «Мцыри». Сочувствуя «угрюмому Казбеку», олицетворяющему
борьбу «горных орлов» с царизмом, Лермонтов оправдывает продвижение России на юг,
ибо считает, что для Кавказа выгоднее присоединиться не «к дряхлому Востоку», а к более
развитой в промышленном и культурном отношении северной державе («Спор»)»*.
Тот, кто внимательно прочитает это стихотворение, полагаем, убедится в том, что
здесь речь идет не об «оправдании» Лермонтовым «продвижения России на юг», а о
неизбежности, предрешенности исхода войны на Кавказе. В «недоумении» «кидает взоры»
«угрюмый Казбек» на «север темный» (именно «темный»!) и видит страшные силы,
которые «шумны как поток», «страшно медленны, как тучи», текут «прямо на Восток»
(невольно эта картина напоминает нашествие ордынских завоевателей). «Их ведет, грозя
очами, // Генерал седой», за которым легко угадывается А.П. Ермолов, выступающий здесь
как символ покорения Кавказа. И Казбеку ничего не остается, как покорится несчетной
«темной» «вражеской» силе:
И томим зловещей думой, Грустным взором он окинул

Полный черных снов, Племя гор своих,
Стал считать Казбек угрюмый – Шапку** на брови надвинул
И не счел врагов. И навек затих.
Как видим, ни о какой «выгоде» Лермонтов не говорит. Более того, весь этот финал
стихотворения «Спор» выдержан не в мажорных, а в минорных тонах. «Угрюмый Казбек»,
обуреваемый «зловещей думой» и «черными снами», «грустным взором» окидывает свои
племена и «навек затихает», покоренный «врагами». Это больше похоже на смерть, нежели
на движение к новому, «выгодному» будущему.
Поражение терпит и Мцыри, вновь оказавшийся у стен монастыря-тюрьмы. Верный
правде жизни, Лермонтов не может скрыть пессимистического вывода об исходе Кавказ-
ской войны:
Прошло два года, все кипит война;
Бесплодного Кавказа племена
Пытаются разбоем и обманом...
Философская позиция Лермонтова сводится к тому, что в современных ему реальных

условиях борьба против национального угнетения не может привести к победе, она
неизбежно будет безрезультатной, но не бессмысленной. Мцыри исполнен гордости
* «За хребтом Кавказа», Тб., 1977, с. 50-51 (сост. В.Шадури).

** Горцы называют шапкою облака, постоянно лежащие на вершине Казбека (Прим. М.Ю.Лермонтова).
321
за совершенное им, он счастлив, что выдержал испытание, что оказался способным
бесстрашно вступить на путь больбы. Недаром он говорит старому монаху:
Давным-давно задумал я
Взглянуть не дальние поля,
Узнать, прекрасна ли земля,
Узнать, для воли иль тюрьмы
На белый свет родимся мы...
В словах Мцыри – поэтический пафос поэмы. Это итог эволюции Лермонтова и

пересмотра поэтического идеала протестующего героя, обобщение исторического опыта
тех декабристов, которые хотя и потерпели поражение, но выступили не бессмысленно и
своей гибелью призывали к борьбе за высокие идеалы.
Но кто же покушается на свободу горских народов, кто пытается надеть на них
колониальное ярмо? В своем творчестве Лермонтов дал четкие ответы на эти вопросы.
Так, к примеру, в «Герое нашего времени» он показал русских участников Кавказской
войны, правда, не в «деле», а на излечении от полученных ран, на побывке, в т.н. «би-
вачном» быту. Как отличаются от героев, скажем, лермонтовского «Бородина» все эти
драгунские капитаны и прочие офицеры, проводящие свой отпуск «на водах». Это – мелкие
интриганы, трусы, завистники, карьеристы, волокиты, обжоры, пьяницы, в которых нет
ничего благородного, а тем более героического. Сам Печорин «сослан на Кавказ», и о том,
как он там себя чувствует и ведет, можно судить хотя бы по «Бэле». Раненный в боях с
горцами Грушницкий является олицетворением глупости и напыщенности, самолюбия и
слабости, граничащей с подлостью. Максим Максимыч – превосходной души человек, но
по сути дела прозябает в глуши. Мечется «в тоске бесконечной» страстный картежник,
заигрывающий с судьбой Вулич, который даже на передовой, во время боевой тревоги
доигрывает карточную партию в цепи, а, атакуя чеченцев, только и думает о том, как бы
скорее рассчитаться с партнером. Подстать Вуличу не только окружающие его офицеры, но
также и такие рядовые казаки, как, скажем, Ефимыч, который, напившись, жаждет только
крови и для которого все равно, кого зарубить, свинью или Вулича.
Конечно же, это не героическое воинство, и прежде всего потому, что в отличие от
истинных героев «Бородина», они преследуют в Кавказской войне либо корыстные цели,
либо просто не знают, за что и во имя чего они воюют.
Лермонтов хорошо понимал это. Говоря о русских, служащих на Кавказе, он в своем
очерке «Кавказец» разделил их на две категории: на тех, кто «прослужив там несколько
лет […], обыкновенно возвращается в Россию с чином и красным носом», и на тех, кого
отправляли в армию «на казенный счет с большими надеждами и маленькими чемоданами».
О первых Лермонтов достаточно много говорил в романе «Герой нашего времени»*. Что
* Тут же уместно вспомнить и некоего Трущева из лермонтовского «Маскарада», который «Семь лет
в Грузии служил //Иль послан был каким-то генералом//, Из-за угла кого-то там хватил, //Пять лет
сидел он под началом // И крест на шею получил”.
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же касается вторых, то через некоторое время, как утверждал великий русский писатель
в очерке «Кавказец», они напрочь лишались романтических и псевдоромантических
иллюзий, начинали понимать истинный характер Кавказской войны и в них рождалась
большая симпатия и даже любовь к «противнику», ко всему кавказскому: «Чуждый
утонченности светской и городской жизни, он полюбил жизнь простую и дикую: не зная
истории России и европейской политики, он пристрастился к поэтическим преданиям
народа воинственного. Он понял вполне нравы и обычаи горцев, узнал по имени их
богатырей, запомнил родословные главных семейств».
Проходит время, и у этого простого небогатого офицера, к которому «чины нейдут»,
вырабатывается свой менталитет, побуждающий его отказаться от участия в чуждой для
него войне. Но как выйти в отставку, не имея средств к существованию? И тогда этот,
по словам Лермонтова, уже «грузинский кавказец» прибегает к оригинальному способу
«заработать» отставку с пенсией: он «во время перестрелки кладет голову за камень, а
ноги выставляет на пенсион: это выражение там освящено обычаем. Благодетельная пуля
попадает в ногу, и он счастлив. Отставка с пенсионом выходит, и он покупает тележку,
запрягает в нее пару верховых кляч и помаленьку пробирается на родину». И тут невольно
на память приходят слова Пушкина из «Путешествия в Арзрум»: «Русские не считают
себя здешними жителями. Военные, повинуясь долгу, живут в Грузии потому, что так им
велено. Молодые титулярные советники приезжают сюда за чином асессорским, толико
вожделенным. Те и другие смотрят на Грузию как на изгнание».
Следует обратить внимание на то, что лермонтовский «Кавказец» не художественное
произведение, а очерк. Лермонтов зафиксировал в нем то, что видел и испытал сам.
Характерно, что русский поэт, сам не желая более участвовать в Кавказской войне,
подумывал о выходе в отставку, прибегнув к испытанному методу – «легкому ранению»
(разумеется не тем способом, который он описал в «Кавказце»). В письме к С.Н. Карамзи-
ной из Ставрополя, датированном 16 мая 1841 года, он прямо писал: «Пожелайте мне
счастья и легкого ранения, это самое лучшее, что можно мне пожелать».*
Таким образом, как показал Лермонтов, уже само пребывание честных и благородных
людей на Кавказе зачастую радикально меняло их психологию и даже в определеннй мере
ассимилировало их, зарождая любовь к этому героическому и свободолюбивому краю, к
народам его населяющим, к их истории и культуре.
Военные произведения Лермонтова, сумевшего преодолеть традиционные каноны
романтической баталистики, - этап и одновременно вершина военно-художественной
литературы того времени. «Вот, кого жаль, что так рано умер! – говорил Л.Н. Толстой в
1883 году. – Какие силы были у этого человека! Что бы сделать он мог! Он начал сразу, как
власть имеющий, […] каждое его слово было словом человека, власть имеющего»**.
«Словом человека», имеющего «силу» и «власть» сказать правду о Кавказской войне,
была опубликованная посмертно лермонтовская поэма «Валерик». Когда заходит речь об
* Лермонтов М.Ю. Собр. соч. в четырех томах, т. 4, М., 1986, с. 424.

** Русанов Г.А. Поездка в Ясную поляну 24-25 августа 1883. В кн. Толстовский ежегодник, 1912, М.,
с.69.
323
отношении автора к этой войне, обычно цитируются знаменательные строки о беспрестан-
ной и напрасной вражде жалкого человека под неизмеримо высоким и прекрасным небом,
под которым «места много всем». При этом утверждается, что многозначительный вопрос
«зачем?» был впервые поставлен Лермонтовым. Это не соответствует истине. Ведь
вопрос этот ставили многие, и прежде всего Пушкин. И в то же время именно Лермонтов
оказался ближайшим, прямым и непосредственным предтечей великого Л.Толстого,
а его поэма «Валерик» – важнейшим этапом на этом пути и вершиной его сложной и
стремительной эволюции к антивоенной позиции.
В поэме «Валерик» нет ни одной романтической нотки. Произведение с предельной
точностью фиксирует малейшие перипетии боя. И это неудивительно, ибо автор был
очевидцем и участником этого сражения. В составе отряда генерала А.Ф. Галафеева
Лермонтов сражался на реке Валерик, выполняя ответственные и опасные задания.
«Валерик» – решительный отход от образцов классицистической и романтической
батальной лирики. Походный и бивачный быт войск изображен в аспекте основополага-
ющих принципов «натуральной школы». Автор изображает преисполненных взаимной
вражды горцев и русских, называя сражение между ними «резней», которая завершается
кровью, текущей по скалам, наполняющей тяжелыми испарениями воздух. Все детали
поэмы реалтистичны: на ружья опершись, над умирающим командиром стоят седые во-
ины, убитых в бою оттаскивают за ноги в сторону, к раненым зовут лекарей. Картины
сражения и смерти противопоставлены в поэме «забавам света», которому «смешны
тревоги дикие войны».
Протест против варварских методов ведения Кавказской войны, подлинно гуманис-
тическое начало занимало все большее место в идейно-творческой эволюции Лермон-
това. Как и Пушкин, Лермонтов в своих духовно-нравственных исканиях, по словам
Ф.М. Достоевского, находил исход «в преклонении перед народной правдой»*. Это
тяготение к «народной правде», к народному идеалу выявилось в факте неуклонного и
твердого отхода Лермонтова от традиционной двойственности в изображении войны, ко-
торой он не находил оправдания. И эта активная позиция очевидца и участника многих
сражений воина-поэта, долгие годы своей недолгой жизни не снимавшего с плеча воен-
ного мундира и боевого оружия, - убедительна, последовательна и радикальна.
Все, что было сказано выше, разумеется, не случайно, ибо только с учетом всего, а
именно отношения Лермонтова к самодержавно-колониальной политике царской России
на Кавказе вообще, следует, на наш взгляд, рассматривать вопрос о «божьей благодати»,
принесенной в Грузию «дружескими штыками». Напомню бравурные слова из первой
строфы «Мцыри»:
И божья благодать сошла
На Грузию! Она цвела
С тех пор в тени своих садов,
Не опасаяся врагов,
За гранью дружеских щтыков.
* Достоевский Ф.М. Полн. Собр. соч., т.12, СПб, 1883, с.397.
324
В советском литературоведении эти строки интерпретировались в различном словес-
ном обрамлении, смысл которого, однако, был однозначен и сводился к следующему:
«В поэме «Мцыри» присоединение Грузии к России расценивается как безусловно
прогрессивный акт, поскольку после этого многострадальная, истерзанная персидско-
турецкими захватчиками Грузия получила возможность мирного развития, «не опасаяся
врагов, за гранью дружеских штыков»*.
Такова была оценка, данная официальной советской историографией (равно как и
литературоведением) эпохальному явлению 1801 года, которое квалифицируется се-
годня не как «безусловно прогрессивный акт», а как аннексия. Естественно, что при
первой же возможности (в том числе и формальной) любые высказывания (в том числе
и лермонтовское) вырывались из контекста и «пристегивались» к узаконенной тогда
официальной версии. Правомочно ли это? Мог ли мыслить Лермонтов в 30-х гг. XIX
века советскими стандартами? Разумееется, нет. Еще И. Андроников поставил резонный
вопрос: «Как возникли в поэме эти строки, в которых утверждаются выгоды присоеди-
нения Грузии к России? Ведь о сочувственном отношении Лермонтова к борьбе народов
Кавказа против власти российского самодержавия мы знаем не только с юношеских
стихотворений и юношеской поэмы «Измаил-Бей»; лучшее тому доказательство именно
«Мцыри». Об этом ребенке, взятом в горах и обретшем в грузинском монастыре тюрьму
вместо родины, Лермонтов говорит с любовью и состраданием; поэма исполнена пафоса
свободы. Так, почему же, сочувствуя пленному горцу, он полагает, что на Грузию после
ее присоединения к России должна была сойти «божья благодать»? Нет ли противоречия
между этими строчками о Грузии и остальным текстом поэмы»**. Удивительно, что ска-
завши «а», известный лермонтовед И. Андроников «споткнулся» на «б», заявив в духе
времени, что все дело в том, что Лермонтов «отличал Россию – великую страну от Рос-
сийской империи» и «царских колонизаторов»***. Отличать он, конечно же, отличал, но
не применительно к интересующему нас вопросу. Ведь сам Лермонтов ни в одном из
«кавказских» произведений не упоминает об означенном «отличии», о «двух Россиях»,
о том «двойственном» подходе к историческому явлению 1801 года, о котором говорил
И. Андроников, а вслед за ним повторяли многие литературоведы. Дело в том, что все
творчество Лермонтова, в том числе и поэма «Мцыри», выдержаны в едином идейном
русле откровенного сочувствия, как констатировал сам И. Андроников, «к борьбе народов
Кавказа против власти российского самодержавия». Поэтому и создается впечатление о
«случайности» интересующих нас «одических» строк. «Как возникли в поэме эти строки?»
- спрашивает И. Андроников. Попытаемся сформулировать свою версию ответа на этот
немаловажный вопрос, не вырывая лермонтовских строк из контекста всего его творчества
и прежде всего из самой поэмы «Мцыри». О контексте всего остального творчества
великого русского поэта мы уже говорили. Теперь обратимся к «Мцыри».
* «За хребтом Кавказа», Тб., 1977, с. 51 (сост. В.Шадури). То же самое повторяется в кн.: «Сквозь
столетия», Тб., 1983, с. 218 (сост. В.Шадури).
** Андроников И. Лермонтов в Грузии в 1837 году, М., 1955, с. 50.
*** Там же.
325
Известно, что Лермонтов много работал над своей поэмой, в том числе и над первой
строфой. В одном из ранних вариантов встречаются такие строки:
Тогда уж Грузия была

Под властью русских, но цвела...» *
Уже этот вариант с употреблением противопоставительного союза «но» свидетельс-

твует об откровенно ироническом характере описания: Грузия находится под властью
чуждых сил, но тем не менее... цветет. В дальнейшем Лермонтов углубит этот худо-
жественный прием, доведя его до свойственного поэту убийственного сарказма. Прежде,
чем определить, как он это делает, обратимся ко всему тексту первой строфы поэмы:
Немного лет тому назад Теперь один старик седой,

Там, где сливаяся шумят, Развалин страж полуживой,
Обнявшись будто две сестры, Людьми и смертию забыт,
Струи Арагвы и Куры, Сметает пыль с могильных плит,
Был монастырь. Из-за горы Которых надпись говорит
И ныне видит пешеход О славе прошлой – и о том,
Столбы обрушенных ворот, Как удручен своим венцом,
И башни, и церковный свод; Такой-то царь, в такой-то год,
Но не курится уж над ним Вручал России свой народ.
Кадильниц благовонный дым,
Не слышно пенье в поздний час
Молящих иноков за нас.
Анализируя эту первую часть строфы «Мцыри», исследователи определили, что речь
здесь идет о Мцхета, что Лермонтов в «своем описании слил два мцхетских храма» -
Джвари и Светицховели, что он «избрал Мцхет потому, что городок у слияния Куры и
Арагвы давал ему возможность связать свой замысел не только с природой Грузии, но и с
ее историей – с памятниками ее старины, с размышлениями о судьбе ее народа»**.
Все это правильно, но все это позднейшие рассуждения. Читатели «Мцыри» -
современники поэта - всего этого знать не могли, да это для них было не столь важно.
Ведь Лермонтов преследовал иную цель. Что же хотел сказать поэт читателям хотя бы
первой строфой, являющейся экспозицией, своеобразным «запевом» к поэме, придающем
ей определенную тональность и идейную направленность? Что они могли задолго до
И. Андроникова и многих других почерпнуть из поэмы? Прежде всего то, что действие
происходит в Грузии (неизвестно для них, в каком ее уголке) – стране древнейшей куль-
туры и славного прошлого. Недаром в том месте рукописи, где речь идет о могильных
плитах:
* Лермонтов М.Ю. Полн. собр. соч. в пяти томах, т. 3, М.-Л., 1935, с. 620.
** Андроников И. Лермонтов в Грузии в 1837 году, М., 1955, с. 49.
326
Которых надпись говорит
О славных битвах, -
Лермонтов тут же переправил и написал:
Которых надпись говорит

О славе прошлой...
Переправил, «ибо прошлая слава Грузии – страны древнейшей культуры, страны

Рставели - была в его глазах, конечно, несравненно больше, чем одни славные битвы, в
которых побеждал своих врагов грузинский народ»*.
Как же, по Лермонтову, сложилась судьба этой древнейшей и славной страны после
того, как ее царь, «удрученный своим венцом», «вручил России свой народ»? Лермонтов
не описывает всей Грузии, он избирает иной, удивительный по своему философскому
осмыслению ракурс. В центре его повествования – святыня, которую, как зеницу ока,
оберегал и лелеял грузинский народ, принявший православие еще в IV веке (Лермонтов
посещал и хорошо знал, что представляют для грузин такие святыни, как Джвари,
Светицховели, Алаверди, Сиони т др.). Для грузин не было ничего дороже храмов, церквей
и монастырей – подлинных очагов культуры, опоры жизнестойкости и менталитета народа.
Именно собирательный образ такой святыни и воссоздает в «запеве» поэмы Лермонтов,
который ничего не говорит об историчееских перипетиях, а как бы воспроизводит ту
действительность, которая явилась результатом вручения грузинским царем своего на-
рода России. И это художественная объективность, ибо читатель – современник поэта –
воспринимал картину такой, какой рисовал ее автор. Святыни этой больше нет, остались
лишь «Столбы обрушенных ворот», «И башни, и церковный свод». Один лишь «старик
седой» бродит в жутких развалинах, сметая пыль с остатков былой славы. Всюду
запустенье, прах, руины. Парадоксально, но «божья благодать» напрочь отсутствует в этом
божьем храме. Так автор подводит читателя к выводу: если в таком плачевном состоянии
находится самое дорогое – святыня, в каком же положении должна быть вся остальная
страна? Повторяем, мы не сравниваем лермонтовские описания с реалиями, ибо речь идет
о художественном произведении, о том настроении и впечатлении, которые хотел внушить
читателю автор, об отношении поэта к современности, к Кавказской войне, к судьбам
сво-его поколения. И вот тут, на фоне страшной разрухи и упадка вдруг звучат бравурные
строки о «божьей благодати» и «процветании» Грузии. Можно ли воспринимать эти слова
серьезно на фоне «штыков» (пусть и «дружеских», но все же «штыков»), в контексте
всей первой строфы? Не надо обладать особой проницательностью, чтобы увидеть в
них не просто иронию, но, как отмечалось, убийственный сарказм. И это своеобразный
художественный прием, к которому часто прибегал Лермонтов в подцензурных условиях.
О какой «божьей благодати» может идти речь, когда все самое святое превращено в прах?
* Там же.
327
Тут, пожалуй, уместно напомнить о той оценке, которую дал Пушкин русско-гру-
зинским историческим отношениям. Со свойственным ему лаконизмом, за которым
кроется очень многое, он писал в «Путешествии в Арзрум»: «Грузия прибегнула под
покровительство России в 1783 году, что не помешало славному Аге-Мухамеду взять и
разорить Тифлис и 20000 жителей увести в плен (1795 г.). Грузия перешла под скипетр
императора Александра в 1802 году».
Здесь ироничность, присущая «Путешествию в Арзрум» вообще, также переходит в
сарказм. И дело не в том, что Пушкин назвал «свирепого евнуха» - Ага-Магомед-хана
«славным» (это ирония, ибо слава может быть и дурной). Вся «соль», если так можно
выразиться, заключается в словах «не помешало». В подцензурных условиях Пушкин сумел-
таки выразить свою мысль: да, «Грузия прибегнула под покровительство России», но это
«не помешало» ее разорению. Следовательно, «покровительство» на деле не сработало и
имперский «гарант» безопасности грузинского государства фактически не выполнил своих
обязательств по Георгиевскому трактату. Характерно, что Пушкин утверждал, что Грузия в
1802 году не присоединилась к своему соседу (тогда иначе он сказать не мог), а «перешла
под скипетр императора Александра» (конечно же, слова «скипетр» и «император» вместо
Россия употреблены здесь не случайно). Пушкин считал, что именно империя , император,
завладели Грузией. Что произошло дальше показал Лермонтов. Но для нас важно
констатировать определенное единогласие и единомыслие (как и аналогичность формы
их выражения) в трактовке Пушкиным и Лермонтовым интересующих нас исторических
явлений.
Но вернемся к «божьей благодати», которой заканчивается первая строфа «Мцыри».
Вслед за этим идет начало второй строфы, которая вновь возвращает читателя к крайне
неприглядной негативной картине:
Однажды русский генерал

Из гор к Тифлису проезжал;
Ребенка пленного он вез,
Тот занемог, не перенес
Трудов далекого пути... и т.д.
Что это, тоже «благодать», тоже «процветание»? Нет, все далеко не так. «За гранью
дружеских штыков» страна лишилась прошлого, не имеет настоящего, а, следовательно, и
будущего. К такому выводу подводил читателя Лермонтов.
Обратим внимание на то, что «ребенка пленного» везет в Тифлис «русский генерал»,
образ которого невольно ассоциируется с А.П. Ермоловым, применившим, как уже
отмечалось, жестокую систему аманатов, т.е. заложников. Пленный мальчик, безусловно,
является аманатом – сыном горского князя. В его воспоминаниях отец предстает с «гор-
дым непреклонным взором» в «звоне кольчуги» и с «блеском ружья»; у «крыльца» его
дома собираются «смуглые старики» – аксакалы, которые с «важностью лица» обсуждают
текущие вопросы и т.д. Об обращении «русского генерала» с этим родовитым мальчиком
328
свидетельствует хотя бы тот факт, что в пути он «занемог» «мучительным недугом»
и в итоге был оставлен (вернее брошен) в древней столице Грузии, где его из жалости
«призрел» «один монах», взяв в монастырь (кстати, в лермонтовские времена в Мцхета
не было мужского монастыря, но, повторяем, мы имеем дело не с этнико-географическим
описанием, а с художественным произведением). Итак, он попадает в монастырь, но это
уже не святыня, а «тюрьма». Обратим внимание на то,что Лермонтов всюду именует
мальчика «пленником», «рабом» (хотя стариков, женщин и детей в плен не принято было
брать). Мцыри же «пленник», причем «пленник» не кого-нибудь, а русского генерала. На
первый взгляд звучит нелепо: «русский генерал» конвоирует мальчика-горца, взятого в
«плен». Под пером же Лермонтова это описание перерастает в зловещий символ: «генерал»
олицетворяет самодержавие, молодой горец является «пленником» жестокого имперско-
колониального режима, поэтому и монастырь, в который он попадает, воспринимается
Мцыри, как «тюрьма», как «кельи душные», «мрака кельи», как «сумрачные стены» и т.д.
Мцыри кажется, что здесь даже «изображения святых», как сказано в одном из вариантов
поэмы, «следят» за ним «с угрозой мрачной и немой»*. Для свободолюбивого юноши
подлинной святырей является не сей мрачный монастырь, а «горные хребты», которые
в «час утренней зари» «курилися как алтари», а в «небесном своде» «прилежный взор
следить бы мог «ангелов полет». Характерно, что сам Лермонтов испытывал такие же
чувства. В дневниковой записи, датированной 8 июля 1830 года, он прямо говорил: «Горы
Кавказские для меня священны»**.
В заключение коснемся еще одного немаловажного вопроса, который можно
сформулировать так: горцы и христианство. В «Путешествии в Арзрум» Пушкин, как уже
отмечалось, писал, касаясь факторов, могущих, по его мнению, способствовать сближе-
нию кавказских народов с русским: «Есть средство более сильное, более нравственное,
более сообразное с просвещением нашего века: проповедание Евангелия. Черкесы очень
недавно приняли магометанскую веру. Они были увлечены деятельным фанатизмом
апостолов Корана […]. Кавказ ожидает христианских миссионеров. Но легче для нашей
ленности в замену слова живого выливать мертвые буквы и посылать немые книги людям,
не знающим грамоты».
Столкновение новой христианской морали с суровым бытом и понятиями горцев
Пушкин, как уже отмечалось, показал в поэме «Тазит», молодой герой которой,
будучи воспитан в духе христианства, вступил, по словам В.Г. Белинского, в борьбу с
«общественным варварством»*** своих соплеменников. Пушкин ярко показал столкновение
двух моралей, двух мироощущений, противоположность подходов к определению
человеческой морали, истинно духовных, по его мнению, ценностей.
Лермонтов тоже касается этой проблемы в поэме «Мцыри», герой которой провел го-
ды в христианской обители. И это оказало влияние на молодого героя. Он стал «понимать
чужой язык», «был окрещен святым отцом» и уже хотел «изречь монашеский обет».
* Лермонтов М.Ю. Собр. соч. в пяти томах, т. 3, М.-Л., 1935, с. 624.
** Лермонтов М.Ю. Собр. соч. в четырех томах, т. 4, М., 1986, с. 363.
*** Белинский В.Г. Собр. соч. в трех томах, т.3, М., 1948, с. 612.
329
Речь лермонтовского героя оснащена библейской терминологией, он по-христиански
благообразен, далек от «варварства», не совершает противоугодных Богу поступков. В
одном из вариантов поэмы сам Мцыри говорит:
И если б мог я эту грудь перед тобою распахнуть,

Ты не нашел бы в ней следов
Пороков низких и грехов...*
В принципе Мцыри духовно близок своему сверстнику Тазиту. Но есть важнейшая

разница: Тазит свободен, он поступает согласно своей христианской морали на воле,
где может противопоставить ее мировоззрению соплеменников. Мцыри же «пленник»,
заключенный в «тюрьму». Поэтому, главное и единственное, что движет им – это стрем-
ление к свободе, на которую он готов даже «рай и вечность променять». Кто знает, если бы
Мцыри достиг желаемого, т.е. свободы, не поступал бы он у себя на родине, как и Тазит,
согласно христианской морали? Так или иначе, но совершенно очевидно, что Мцыри,
как и пушкинский Тазит, духовно радикально переменился под влиянием христианского
воспитания, которое, кстати, не запрещало человеку стремиться к духовной и физической
свободе.
Все сказанное выше позволяет заключить, что ничего случайного в трактовке русско-
кавказских отношений у Лермонтова нет, что все здесь закономерно и развивается в
едином потоке, имеющем немало общего с интерпретацией тех же вопросов, которая была
характерна для Пушкина.
2002 г.
отрывок из книги «Игорь Богомолов. Грузия стала традицией для всей

русской поэзии» (Тбилиси: изд-во Тбилисского госуд. ун-та, 2002, стр. 230-249)
К публикации подготовила Иринэ Модебадзе
(gamosaqveyneblad moamzada irine modebaZem).
* Лермонтов М.Ю. Полн. собр. соч. в пяти томах, т. 3, М.-Л., 1935, с. 622.
330
axali wignebi
korneli kekeliZe
aTi statia presisTvis
wigni Seadgina, bibliografiuli cnobebi da saZieblebi
daurTo darejan menabdem.
redaqtori: darejan menabde
Tbilisi: Tsu gamomcemloba, 2019
2019 wels Sesrulda 140 weli didi qarTveli mecnieris, korneli kekeli-
Zis (1879-1962), dabadebidan. am TariRis aRsaniSnavad SoTa rusTavelis
saxelobis qarTuli literaturis institutSi gaimarTa samecniero kon-
ferencia da daibeWda wigni `korneli kekeliZe. aTi statia presisTvis~.
wignSi Tavmoyrilia korneli kekeliZis 10 statia, romlebic 1915-1917
wlebSi gazeT `saqarTvelosa~ da sruliad saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso sab-
Wos Jurnal `sveticxovelSi~ gamoqveynda. aRniSnuli teqstebi (`rogor
aumjobeseben saqarTvelos eklesiis mdgomareobas~, àxali siurprizi [so-
xumis eparqiis gamoyofis sakiTxi]~, provokacia Tu sibece? (al. remizovi da
somxebis `surfsarqisi~) da sxv.) imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi da saekle-
sio cxovrebis problemebs exeba da pirvelnabeWdebis Semdeg aRarsad
dabeWdila, savaraudod, sabWouri epoqis mTel rig garemoebaTa gamo.
am statiebSi mkafiod Cans korneli kekeliZis patriotizmi, erovnul-
saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba da moqalaqeobrivi pozicia.
nacnobi da ucnobi yazbegi

Semdgenlebi: elisabed zardiaSvili, nana lataria.
redaqtori: irma ratiani
Tbilisi: `kolori~, 2019
331
aleqsandre yazbegis TxzulebaTa erTtomeulSi Tavmoyrilia mwerlis
rogorc ucnobi, ise miviwyebuli Txzulebebi – moTxrobebi, piesebi, leq-
sebi, zRaprebi, gamocanebi, Canawerebi, piradi werilebi da avtobiografi-
uli cnobebi. krebulSi Sesuli masala adasturebs, rom yazbegi aris ara
marto SesaniSnavi beletristi, aramed misi Semoqmedeba Janrobrivi mra-
valferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. Sesabamisad, am wignis gacnobisas qarTvel
mkiTxvels saSualeba miecema xelaxla aRmoaCinos aleqsandre yazbegi. wigni
gaformebulia ilustraciebiT.
wigi gamoica saqarTvelos ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, kulturisa da spor-
tis saministros xelSewyobiT.
vaxtang RambaSiZis albomi

teqsti gamosacemad moamzades, komentarebi
da pirTa saZieblebi daurTes julieta gaboZem
da rusudan kobaxiZem.
redaqtorebi: paata nacvliSvili, goCa javaxiSvili
Tbilisi: bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, 2019
winamdebare gamocema aris xelnaweri albomi, romelsac cnobilma eqimma,

sazogado moRvawem, saqarTveloSi kurortologiis fuZemdebelma vaxtang
RambaSiZem oqros wigni uwoda. swored vaxtang RambaSiZem daaarsa saqarTve-
loSi pirveli sazafxulo gamajansaRebeli sanatoriumi patara cemSi da
misive TaosnobiT Seiqmna es xelnaweri wigni, romelSic daculia sanatori-
umis damsvenebelTa, Semdeg ki ukve emigraciaSi moRvawe cnobili qarTveli
poetebis, sazogado da politikuri moRvaweebis, cnobili qarTvelologe-
bis, ucxoeli eqimebisa da vaxtang RambaSiZis ojaxis wevrTa mier qarTul,
rusul, frangul, inglisur, osmalur, espanur enebze 1904-1946 wlebSi Ses-
rulebuli sxvadasxva tipis Canawerebi: leqsebi, eseebi, STabeWdilebebi,
milocvebi an mxolod xelmowerebi. xelnawer alboms Semounaxavs cnobili
poloneli mxatvris zigmund (ziga) valiSevskis mier akvareliT Sesrulebu-
li dRemde ucnobi namuSevari – patara cemis peizaJi, rusi mxatvris v. po-
iarkovis mier fanqriT daxatuli vaxtang RambaSiZis portreti, ucnobi
mxatvris akvareli (savaraudod, patara cemi) da daudgeneli qandakebis
foto.
wigni-albomis fototipur gamocemas Tan erTvis Canawerebis beWduri
variantebi, moxseniebul pirTa mokle anotirebuli saZieblebi da komentar-
ebi. aseve, samenovani narkvevi vaxtang RambaSiZis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis
Sesaxeb.
332
qeTevan elaSvili
sityvis bediswera
Tbilisi: ùniversali“, 2019
„sityvis bediswera“ warmoadgens qarTuli mwerlobis interteqstualur

gaazrebas, sadac rogorc folklorul arqetipTa, aseve literaturul
simboloTa mTeli speqtri sruliad gansxvavebuladaa aRqmuli. naSromis
struqtura Tavad migvaniSnebs am wignis farTo diapazonsa da specifikaze:
simbolologiuri etiudebi, folkloruli paradigma, istoriuli diskur-
sis literaturuli aqcentebi.
Tamar SarabiZe
mozaikuri sinTezi: werilebi vaJa-fSavelaze
wignSi warmoCenilia vaJa-fSavelas msoflmxedvelobisa da mxatvruli

azrovnebis sakiTxebi saRvTismetyvelo azrovnebasa da miTologiasTan kav-
SirSi; naCvenebia, Tu rogor mihyveba vaJa-fSavelas poeturi saxismetyvele-
ba qristianobas, rogor qmnis qristianulisa da miTosuris erToba mwerlis
mxatvrul stils; kompleqsurad Seswavlilia movlenebis vaJaseuli sati-
rul-iumoristuli xedva; aseve warmodgenilia vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis
sxvadasxva rakursiT analizi. masSi Sedis sakiTxebi: mwerlis bunebisadmi
damokidebuleba, vaJas genialurobis argumentebi, n. baraTaSvilisa da vaJa-
fSavelas SemoqmedebaTa Sepirispireba-analizi; modernizmis sawyisi etapis
aRqma mwerlis mxatvrul Semoqmedebasa da Teoriul naazrevSi, globali-
zaciis paradigma mwerlis saazrovno sivrceSi, vaJa-fSavela, rogorc „ve-
fxistyaosnis“ mkvlevari, „vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis Targmanis sakiTxebi,
vaJas mxatvruli cnobierebis sakiTxebi da a.S.
333
Tamar SarabiZe
nikoloz baraTaSvili – 12 biografia
wignSi warmoCenilia nikoloz baraTaSvilis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis,

msoflmxedvelobisa da mxatvruli azrovnebis sakiTxebi; naCvenebia, Tu
rogori erTiani da mTliania baraTaSvilis poeturi saxismetyveleba, rogor
erwymis mwerlis filosofiuri azrovneba mis mxatvrul stils; kompleq-
surad Seswavlilia baraTaSvilis epistoluri memkvidreoba, xelnawere-
bi, publikaciebi, armoRweuli Txzulebebi, sazogadoebis damokidebuleba
mwerlis memkvidreobisadmi misi sikvdilis Semdgom, nikoloz baraTaSvi-
lis mimarTeba rusul da dasavlur romantizmTan da sxv. wignis saTauri
gamoZaxilia frensis skot ficjeraldis sityvebisa: „kargi mwerali mravali
individisgan Sedgeba, romelTagan TiToeuls Tavisi biografia aqvs“.
1836-1927 wlebis rusul presaSi gamoqveynebuli

qarTuli folkloruli masalis Seswavla
anotirebuli bibliografia
redaqtorebi: rusudan ColoyaSvili, oTar oniani.
Tbilisi: „meridiani~, 2019
wignSi Tavmoyrilia TiTqmis erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi,

ZiriTadad, TbilisSi, baTumSi, foTsa da ruseTSi – moskovsa da sankt-
peterburgSi gamomaval periodul gamocemebSi gamoqveynebuli qarTvele-
bis, afxazebis da osebis folkloruli masalebisa da maTTan dakavSirebu-
li narkvevebisa Tu gamokvlevebis anotaciebi. qarTuli zepirsityviere-
bis nimuSebi dajgufebulia Semdegi principiT: miTebi, zRaprebi, eposi,
legendebi, Tqmulebebi, gadmocemebi, poeturi teqstebi, Selocvebi, mcire
Janrebi. eTnologiur masalaSi Sedis: rwmena-warmodgenebi, wes-Cveulebebi,
ritualebi. istoriul mimoxilvaSi Sesulia statiebi istoriul movlena-
Ta Tu pirovnebaTa Sesaxeb, qristian wmindanTa cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis
amsaxveli teqstebi.
334
levan bregaZe
moTxrobebi literaturaze 2
Tbilisi: bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, 2019.
wignSi ganxilulia Zveli, axali da uaxlesi drois qarTveli avtorebis –

iakob xucesis, iovane sabanisZis, juanSeris, daviT aRmaSeneblis istoriko-
sis, SoTa rusTavelis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis, akaki wereTlis, galaktion
tabiZis, tician tabiZis, paolo iaSvilis, nikolo miwiSvilis, terenti
granelis, muxran maWavarianis, vaxtang javaxaZis, guram doCanaSvilis, da-
viT weredianis, jemal qarCxaZis, olesia TavaZis, naira gelaSvilis, raul
CilaCavas, elguja TavberiZis, Salva bakuraZisa da sxvaTa Txzulebebi
mxatvruli ostatobis TvalsazrisiT.
wignis anotaciaSi vkiTxulobT: ès wigni mogviTxrobs... moTxrobebze,
novelebze, romanebze, leqsebze, mogviTxrobs maTi avtorebis mwerlur
ostatobaze, mogviTxrobs mxatvruli teqstebis, mxatvruli Semoqmedebis
TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb. diaxac, moTxrobazec SeiZleba daiweros moTxro-
ba, romanzec, leqszec, eseistur Txzulebazec... eseni moTxrobebia imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra grZnobebi eufleboda wignis avtors ama Tu im nawarmoebis
kiTxvisas; es aris mcdeloba am grZnobebSi sicxadis Setanisa, maTSi garkve-
visa; mcdeloba imis amocnobisa, rac zedapirze ar Zevs, rac misagnebia,
misakvlevia, rasac mkiTxvelze mxatvruli teqstis zemoqmedebis saidumlo
hqvia~.
levan bregaZe
muxranisaTvis...
Tbilisi: SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli
literaturis instituti, 2019
wigni Seicavs muxran maWavarianis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb avtoris mier

ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoqveynebul werilebs. gamocema eZRvneba
poetis dabadebidan 90-e wlisTavs.
335
Georgian Folk Tales
Tbilisi: Artanuji Publishing, 2019
The collections compiled by N. Dolidze.
Translated by D.G. Hunt.
Editor: Mary Khukhunaishvili-Tsiklauri
winamdebare krebulSi Tavmoyrilia qarTveli mwerlisa da mTargmne-

lis, nino doliZis mier gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi Segrovili qarTuli
zRaprebi. maTi nawili daculia SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli li-
teraturis institutis folkloris arqivSi, nawili teqstebisa Sekrebilia
cnobili qarTveli folkloristebis, lado aRniaSvilisa da aleqsandre xa-
xanaSvilis mier me-19 saukunis bolos, nawili ki ingliseli mTargmnelisa
da mecnieris, marjori uordropis mier 1894 wels gamocemuli krebulidan
aris amoRebuli. zRaprebis Targmani ekuTvnis cnobil britanel swavlulsa
da mTargmnels, devid hants. winamdebare krebulamde mas gamocemuli aqvs
ramdenime mniSvnelovani wigni: „kavkasiis legendebi“, „qarTuli folklo-
ruli tradiciebi da legendebi“ da cnobili qarTveli folkloristis,
elene virsalaZis naSromi „qarTuli samonadireo miTebi da poezia“.
amiraniani. qarTuli xalxuri proza. II

tomi Seadgina da SeniSvnebi daurTo mixeil Ciqovanma.
redaqtorebi: zurab kiknaZe, rusudan ColoyaSvili.
winamdebare krebuli Sedgenilia cnobili qarTveli folkloristis,

mixeil Ciqovanis mier, romelmac 1947 wels pirvelad gamosca mijaWvuli
amirani. maSin krebulSi Sevida imxanad xelmisawvdomi folkloruli teq-
stebi saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxidan. winamdebare krebulSi pirve-
li gamocemidan 70 wlis Semdeg SesaZlebeli gaxda, gamoqveynebuliyo ami-
ranis eposis yvela met-naklebad Rirebuli Canaweri, romelTa mopovebac
moxerxda am xnis ganmavlobaSi. winamdebare korpusi „amiranianis“ Canawere-
bisa raodenobiT sagrZnoblad aWarbebs 1947 wlis gamocemas – is moicavs 22
teqsts. krebulSi Sevida swored institutis arqividan gadmowerili, aseve
336
TbilisSi arsebul yvela folklorul arqivSi (Tsu, xalxuri Semoqmedebi-
Ti saxli, literaturis muzeumi da moswavle-axalgazrdobis sasaxle) dacu-
li teqstebi. wigni dialeqtologiuri TvalsazrisiT gaaredaqtira asmaT
papiZem, manve daurTo leqsikoni. krebulis saboloo redaqcia ekuTvniT
zurab kiknaZesa da rusudan ColoyaSvils.
maia cercvaZe
XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos
sazogadoebrivi garemo nikoloz baraTaSvilis
epistoluri memkvidreobis mixedviT
(axali aspeqtebi, kvleva, analizi)
Tbilisi: „meridiani“, 2019
wigni miznad isaxavs saqarTvelos istoriis rTuli da mravalmxriv

saintereso monakveTis – XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos
sazogadoebrivi garemos Seswavlas, kvlevasa da analizs nikoloz bara-
TaSvilis epistoluri memkvidreobis mixedviT. wignSi axleburadaa war-
modgenili poetis pirad werilebSi moxseniebul zogierT istoriul
pirTa identifikaciis, poetTan da istoriul movlenebTan maTi mimarTe-
bis sakiTxebi. dazustebulia ramdenime baraTis da erTi leqsis daweris
TariRi. naSromSi gamoTqmulia mravali gansxvavebuli mosazreba da yu-
radReba gamaxvilebulia iseT sakiTxebze, romlebic aqamde ar gamxdara
sagangebo kvlevis sagani da rac metad mniSvnelovania rogorc istoriuli
mecnierebisaTvis, aseve baraTaSvilologiisaTvis.
babo SarvaSiZe
Mmemuarebi
Tbilisi: àrtanuji~, 2019
inglisuridan Targmna, komentarebi, SeniSvnebi,
genealogiuri tabulebi da saZieblebi daurTo
maia cercvaZem
redaqtori da winasityvaobis avtori: nino xoferia
afxazeTis ukanaskneli mTavris mixeil SarvaSiZisa (1806-1866) da aleq-

sandra dadianis (1822-1864) umcrosi qaliSvilis, barbare (babo) SarvaSiZis
memuarebi uaRresad rTuli da saintereso epoqis – me-19 saukunis meore
naxevrisa da me-20 saukunis pirveli ocwleulis saqarTvelosa da ruse-
337
Tis imperiis sayuradRebo saistorio wyaroa, romelic misi avtoris rTul
da saintereso cxovrebas epoqaluri movlenebis fonze gviCvenebs. afxazeTis
samTavros bolo dReebi, misi gauqmeba, mamis gasaxleba afxazeTidan ruse-
Tis imperiis mier, afxazur-qarTuli urTierTobebi, ruseTis saimperato-
ro karis ambebi – es mxolod nawilia mogonebebisa, romelsac babo SarvaSiZis
memuarebi eTmoba. memuaristi gviyveba aseve ruseTis Tebervlis revoluci-
aze, oqtombris gadatrialebaze, ruseT-iaponiisa da pirvel msoflio omis
im ambebze, romlis uSualo momswre da TviTmxilvelic Tavad iyo. sakuTari
ojaxis Tavgadasavals igi aRgviwers erTian istoriul konteqstSi da ara
masStaburi movlenebisgan gancalkevebiT. vrcelia babo SarvaSiZis memuare-
bis geografia, romelic moicavs saqarTvelosa da ruseTis imperiis sxva
koloniebsa da evropis qveynebs. metad STambeWdavia am mogonebaTa perso-
naJTa galereac. memuaristi mogviTxrobs Tanadrouli qarTuli sazogado-
ebis istorias, kerZod, Tavisi Zmis, poetisa da dramaturgis, saqarTvelos
gulmxurvele patriotis giorgi SarvaSiZisa da misi ojaxis cxovrebaze,
masTan erTad evropis sxvadasxva qalaqSi mogzaurobaze, poloneTSi saqar-
Tvelos yofil mTavarmarTebelTan, aleqsandr bariatinskisTan da mis
qarTvel meuRlesTan, elisabed orbelianTan stumrobis epizodebze da sxv.
ramaz Wilaia
poetikuri Canawerebi
Tbilisi: `palitra L~, 2019
rogorc avtori miuTiTebs, es aris wigni wignebze, avtorebze, qalaqebze,

sagnebze da ara marto... masalis zogierTi nawili gamoqveynebulia,
zogic am wignSi moiyris pirvelad Tavs. isini, isev Tu avtors davesesxebiT,
erTgvari „pazlis“ nawilebia, romelTa misadagebiT SesaZlebelia mTliani
suraT-xatis Sedgena, Tumc avtori imasac ar gamoricxavs, rom es „Tavsatexi“
SeiZleba verc aiwyos.
338
stalinis ideologema da miTologema
qarTul sabWoTa da emigrantul
literaturaSi, t. I da II.
redaqtorebi: konstantine bregaZe,
gaga lomiZe
Tbilisi: „mwignobari“, 2019
ilustrirebuli ortomeuli momzadda samwliani proeqtis – „stalinis

ideologema da miTologema qarTul sabWoTa da emigrantul literatura-
Si“ – farglebSi, romelic SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fon-
dis mxardaWeriT mimdinareobda. termin „ideologemas“ mixail baxtini
ideologiis obieqturad arsebul formaTa aRsaniSnavad iyenebda. bolo
xanebSi termini „ideologema“ gansakuTrebiT sabWoTa xanis totalitaru-
li diskursis Seswavlisas gamoiyeneba. totalitaruliena ideologemaTa
Taviseburi sistemaa da is „sabWoTa adamianis“ ideologizebuli cnobiere-
bis Camoyalibebis saSualeba iyo. k. g. iungis mier damkvidrebuli termini
„miTologema“ miTologiuri arqetipebis gamoyenebiT axali saxeebis Seqmnas
da axal konteqstSi Zveli saxeebis da siuJetebis imports iTvaliswinebs.
wigni, swored am ori konceptis safuZvelze, miznad isaxavs stalinis per-
sonis analizs sabWoTa periodis qarTuli mwerlobis, sakuTriv qarTul
sabWoTa da qarTul emigrantul mwerlobis masalaze dayrdnobiT, rac
Cvens literaturaTmcodneobaSi fundamenturad jer ar ganxorcielebu-
la. ortomeulSi Tavmoyrilia sxvadasxva avtoris mier momzadebuli, sru-
liad gansxvavebuli perspeqtiviT momzadebuli kvlevebi, aseve saarqivo
masala, romlis didi nawili pirvelad qveyndeba.
viqtoria e. boneli
Zalauflebis ikonografia
mTargmnelebi: lamara SavguliZe, gaga lomiZe
Tbilisi: `CCUPress~, 2019
wigni mouTxrobs mkiTxvels sabWoTa politikur plakatebze, romlebic

1917-dan 1953 wlamde iqmneboda. iwyeba oqtombris revoluciidan da
sruldeba stalinis sikvdiliT. am samnaxevari aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi
339
aTasobiT plakati Seiqmna, daibeWda da gavrcelda. isini stilis da saxeebis
mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeoda, magram yvela maTgani mimarTuli iyo im
uzarmazari propagandistuli miznisken, romelic axali homo sovietiku-
sis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda. naSromSi warmodgenilia mcdeloba, rom gair-
kves Zalauflebis simbolur reprezentaciaSi plakatebis rolis sakiTxi.
masSi warmodgenilia gamosaxulebebis evolucia droTa ganmavlobaSi da
gaanalizebulia am procesebis miRma arsebuli logika. naSromSi sakiTxi
gaanalizebulia semiotikuri, kulturis kvlevebis, xelovnebis Teoriebis
Tu miTologiuri kritikis TvalsazrisiT.
sjani
yovelwliuri samecniero Jurnali literaturis Teoriasa
da SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobaSi №20 (1, 2)
Jurnal `sjanis~ or nakveTad gamosuli me-20 nomeri tradiciulad eT-

moba Tanamedrove samecniero kvlevebs literaturis Teoriisa da kom-
parativistikis mimarTulebiT. masSi qarTvel avtorebTan erTad warmod-
genili arian mkvlevrebi msoflios sxvadasxva qveynidan (aSS, iaponia, kanada,
makedonia, ruseTi, safrangeTi, ukraina da a.S), rac Ria kulturuli dialo-
gis warmoebis saukeTeso saSualebaa.
JurnalSi masala dalagebulia Semdegi rubrikebis mixedviT: literatu-
ris Teoriis problemebi, poetikuri praqtikebi, literaturismcodneobis
qrestomaTia (siuzan zontagi. Ggeorg lukaCis literaturuli kritika),
leqsmcodneoba, filologiuri Ziebani, interpretacia, kritikuli dis-
kursi, kulturis paradigmebi, folkloristika – Tanamedrove kvlevebi,
gamoxmaureba, recenzia, axali wignebi.
2008 wlidan Jurnali ganTavsebulia centraluri da aRmosavleT evro-
pis eleqtronuli biblioTekis vebgverdze (http://www.ceeol.com); 2015 wlidan
Sesulia socialuri da humanitaruli mecnierebebis flamandiuri akademi-
uri bibliografiis monacemTa bazaSi (https://www.ecoom.be); 2017 wlidan mi-
Rebulia ERIH PLUS-is saerTaSoriso bazaSi (https://dbh.nsd.uib.no); 2018 wlis
oqtomberSi „sjani“ miRebul iqna EBSCO-s saerTaSoriso bazaSi.
340
„kritika“ №14
Tbilisi: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2019
redaqtori: manana kvaWantiraZe
krebuli amjeradac sTavazobs mkiTxvels tradiciul rubrikebs: veq-

torebi (Temur babluanis axali romanis - „mze, mTvare da puris yana (manuSaka
melodeba)“ – ganxilva maia jaliaSvilis avtorobiT; ada nemsaZis werili
nino xaratiSvilis romanze „merve sicocxle (brilkas)“; nona kupreiSvilis
recefcia herta miuleris sam romanze, saTauriT „katastrofis saukeTeso
montaJisTvis“; mzia jamagiZis „aka morCilaZis „kupidoni kremlis kedel-
Tan“ da amiran arabulis werili „guram asaTianis folkloruli wiaR-
svlebi“). kultura (gia arganaSvilis werili „paraleluri montaJi eT-
nofsiqologiuri portretis Sesaqmnelad“), xelovneba (karlo kaWaravas
saiubileo TariRTan dakavSirebuli ori werili: levan bregaZis „Cven
gvaSinebs ubraloeba“, qeTevan jiSiaSvilis kulturologiur narkvevs
„karlo kaWaravas qalaqi“), Jurnalistika (salome samxaraZisa da manana Sa-
miliSvilis „Jurnal „niangis“ karikaturebi“). rubrika Memoria eZRvneba
vaJa-fSavelas „aluda qeTelauris“ gamoqveynebidan 130 wlisTavs (manana
kvaWantiraZe, Tamaz vasaZe, gia arganaSvili, lali avaliani), aseve SoTa niS-
nianiZis saiubileo TariRs (zoia cxadaia). ori werili eZRvneba esma onianis
gaxsenebas (inga milorava, levan gelaSvili). rubrika Essey warmodgenilia
manana kvaWantiraZis „CanawerebiT“.
nomris stumrebi arian lia sturua da besik xaranauli. maTi interviuebi
da germaneli kritikosebis werilebi am poetebze eZRvneba maT saiubileo
TariRs.
XX saukunis Teoriuli azrovnebis istoria warmodgenilia jorj
santaianas naSromiT „poeziis safuZvlebi da daniSnuleba“, romelic Targ-
mna manana kvataiam.
341
leqsmcodneoba – XI
redaqtori: Tamar barbaqaZe
leqsmcodneobis me-11 nomeri eZRvneba murman lebaniZis xsovnas. krebul-

Si mimoxilulia cnobili qarTveli poetis versifikaciis Taviseburebani,
misi poeturi ciklebisa Tu calkeul leqsTa analizi (a. xinTibiZe, T. bar-
baqaZe, n. gogiaSvili, q. enuqiZe, n. vaxania, m. mTvareliZe, i. maniJaSvili,
S.qurTiSvili, l. sordia, z. saria, T. woworia, l. cicqiSvili, m. jaliaSvili,
m. jiqia da sxv.). oTar WeliZisa da Sarlota kvantalianis poetisadmi miZR-
vnil leqsebSi, iseve rogorc z. cxadaiasa da g. arganaSvilis statiebSi,
murman lebaniZis SemoqmedebiTi portretis Strixebia moniSnuli. rubri-
kaSi Memoria ibeWdeba poetis udrood gardacvlili qaliSvilis, poet fiq-
ria lebaniZis xsovnisadmi miZRvnili werilebi (m. lebaniZe, l. gulisaSvili,
z. cxadaia, g. kuWuxiZe). sagangebo rubrika – mogonebebi – eZRvneba cnobili
qarTveli mecnieris, qarTuli leqsis TvalsaCino mkvlevris, akaki xinTi-
biZis 95-e wlisTavs (T. barbaqaZe, m. jiqia, T. woworia).
`galaktionologia~, VIII
redaqtori: Teimuraz doiaSvili
samecniero-literaturuli krebuli `galaktionologia~ VIII eZRvneba

galaktionis epoqaluri wignis – àrtistuli yvavilebis~ – 100 wlisTavs.
KkrebulSi am Temaze gamoqveynebuli masalis ZiriTadi nawili sagangebod
`galaktionologiisTvis~ daiwera (avtorebi: zurab kiknaZe, irakli kenWoS-
vili, vaxtang javaxaZe, emzar kvitaiSvili, Tamaz kvaWantiraZe, zaza abzi-
aniZe, Teimuraz doiaSvili, levan bregaZe, Tamar lomiZe, levan berZeniS-
342
vili, rostom CxeiZe, zaza SaTiriSvili, bela wifuri, gaga lomiZe, maia
jaliaSvili, nestan kutivaZie, ramaz xalvaSi, naTia sixaruliZe da levan
beburiSvili). sxvadasxva Taobis mkvlevarTa, cnobil galaktionologTa da
axalgazrda avtorTa naSromebi axleburi, gansxvavebuli kuTxiT warmoaCens
galaktionis àrtistul yvavilebs~, wigns, romelmac `mTeli xana~ Seqmna
qarTuli lirikis istoriaSi.
`galaktionologiis~ VIII krebuli saintereso iqneba rogorc literatu-
raTmcodneebis, ise galaktionis poeziiT da, zogadad, qarTuli lirikiT
dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis.
rusTvelologia. IX
redaqtori: ivane amirxanaSvili
rusTvelologiis kvleviTi centris mier momzadebuli samecniero

krebuli `rusTvelologia~ uaxles, IX (2019) nomerSi mkiTxvels sTavazobs
mravalferovan kvlevebs rusTvelologiur problematikaze rubrikebiT:
`teqsti da konteqsti~, `saxismetyveleba~, èsTetikuri paralelebi~, ìs-
toriuli toposebi~, `poetikis sakiTxebi~. warmodgenilia elguja xinTi-
biZis, mariam karbelaSvilis, ivane amirxanaSvilis, nestan sulavas, RvTiso
zariZis, lia kariWaSvilis, TinaTin biganiSvilis, Teimuraz WanturiSvilis,
maia cercvaZis da lia wereTlis statiebi. rubrika àxali Targmani~ exmiane-
ba `vefxistyaosnis~ axal rusulenovan Targmans, romelic Sesrulebulia
arCil xalvaSis mier.
XIII saerTaSoriso simpoziumis –

literaturaTmcodneobis Tanamedrove
problemebi – 1980-90-iani wlebis
politikuri movlenebi da literaturuli
diskursi – masalebi. wigni I, wigni II.
343
2019 wlis 25-27 seqtembers SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis in-
stitutSi Catarda me-13 saerTaSoriso simpoziumi „literaturaTmcodne-
obis Tanamedrove problemebi“. amjerad simpoziumis Tema iyo `1980-90-iani
wlebis politikuri movlenebi da literaturuli diskursi~. krebulSi Se-
suli masalebi warmodgenilia Semdegi Tematuri rubrikebis mixedviT:
politika da literatura – ambivalenturi mTlianoba; literaturuli te-
qsti, rogorc winaswarmetyveleba; interteqstualuroba da postmoder-
nizmi; postsabWoTa da postsocialisturi qveynebis literaturuli ten-
denciebi; mwvave literaturuli Temebis aqtualizacia semiotikur sivrceSi
– kino/Teatri; diskusia mrgvali magidis formatSi; doqtorantebis seqcia.
344
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis
samecniero publikaciebis stili
1. literaturis institutis periodul gamocemebSi ibeWdeba naSromebi, romlebic moi-

cavs Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis aqtualur Temebsa da problemebs,
mniSvnelovan gamokvlevaTa jer gamouqveynebel Sedegebs.
naSromi warmodgenili unda iyos or calad (eleqtronuli versiiT: el-fostiT an CD
diskze) da Tan axldes:
 Tavfurceli, romelSic miTiTebuli iqneba avtoris saxeli, gvari, statusi da sa-
kontaqto koordinatebi;
 anotacia qarTul da inglisur enaze (1 nabeWdi gverdi), sakvanZo sityvebiTurT
(3-5 sityva).
2. damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa) statias unda erTvodes boloSi.
3. naSromi moculobiT unda iyos kompiuterze nabeWdi ara umetes TxuTmeti da aranak-
leb xuTi gverdisa.
4. naSromi dabeWdili da gaformebuli unda iyos A 4 formatis TeTr qaRaldze Semdeg-
nairad:
a) naSromis saTauri (iwereba SuaSi);
b) naSromis teqsti;
g) damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa);
d) anotacia;
e) oTxive mxriv datovebuli mindori 25 mm;
v) nabeWdi teqstis Srifti – Lit.Nusx 11, intervali – 1;
5. JurnalSi miRebulia evropuli standartebis Sesabamisad SemuSavebuli citirebisa da
miTiTebis wesi `literaturis institutis stili~ (list).
misi moTxovnebia:
a) motanili citata ZiriTadi teqstisgan gamoiyofa brWyalebiT (` ~). citirebis
dasasruls, mrgval frCxilebSi, daismis indeqsi, romelSic aRniSnulia citire-
buli teqstis avtoris gvari, teqstis gamoqveynebis weli, Semdeg – orwertili da
gverdi.
magaliTad: (abaSiZe 1970:25). (ix. danarTSi warmodgenili nimuSi).
b) saleqso strofis (da ara striqonis) citirebis SemTxvevaSi, motanili citata
gamoiyofa teqstisagan da citatis fontis (Sriftis) zoma mcirdeba erTi zomiT
(mag.: Tu teqstis fontis zomaa Lit.Nusx 11, maSin citatis zoma iqneba Lit.Nusx 10).
g) me-6 punqtis moTxovna ar exeba rubrikebs `gamoxmaureba, recenzia~ da àxali
wignebi~, sadac Sriftis zomebia:
 ZiriTadi teqsti – Lit.Nusx 10,
 ganmarteba-SeniSvnebi (sqolioSi CataniT) – Lit.Nusx 9.
6. damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa) unda dalagdes indeqsis mixedviT, anba-
nuri rigiT da daibeWdos garkveuli wesiT (dawvrilebiT ix. danarTis cxrili).
7. a) statiis avtoris vrceli ganmartebani inomreba da inacvlebs teqstis bolos ano-
taciis win;
b) statiis avtoris mcire SeniSvnebi aRiniSneba varskvlaviT da Caitaneba gverdis
bolos, sqolioSi.
8. avtori pasuxismgebelia dasabeWdad warmodgenili naSromis literaturul stilsa da
marTlweraze.
9. Semosuli statia sarecenziod gadaecema anonimur eqsperts.
10. Semosuli masalebis ganxilvis Semdeg, damatebiTi miTiTebebisaTvis, redaqcia daukav-
Sirdeba dasabeWdad SerCeul naSromTa avtorebs.
11. avtors, gansazRvruli vadiT (ara umetes sami dRisa), koreqturisaTvis eZleva ukve
dakabadonebuli naSromi. Tu dadgenil vadaSi statia ar iqneba dabrunebuli, redaqcia
uflebas itovebs SeaCeros igi an dabeWdos avtoris vizis gareSe.
345
citirebis, miTiTebisa da bibliografiis formis nimuSi
nimuSi:
Jenetis amocanaa prustis mxatvruli maneris TaviseburebaTa gamokvleva da imis

dasabuTeba, rom `metafora da metonimia SeuTavsebeli antagonistebi rodi arian.
isini ganamtkiceben da msWvalaven urTierTs, meore maTganis jerovani Sefaseba
sulac ar niSnavs metonimiaTa erTgvari nusxis (romelic konkurencias gauwevs
metaforaTa nusxas) Sedgenas, aramed – imis gamovlenas, Tu rogor monawileoben
da funqcionireben analogiis mimarTebaTa farglebSi `Tanaarsebobis” mimarTe-
bebi. amgvarad, unda gamoaSkaravdes metonimiis roli metaforaSi~ (Jeneti 1998:
37). ratom SearCia Jenetma analizis sagnad swored prustis Semoqmedeba? imitom,
aRniSnavs mecnieri, rom TviT prustis esTetikur TeoriaSi, iseve, rogorc praq-
tikaSi, metaforul (analogiaze damyarebul) mimarTebebs Zalze arsebiTi roli
ganekuTvneba, imdenad arsebiTi, rom maTi mniSvneloba da roli, sxva semantikur
mimarTebebTan SedarebiT, Zalze gazviadebulia.
cxrili
damowmebuli literaturis nusxis

monacemis tipi (damowmebani-s) forma indeqsis mixedviT
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sagazeTo statia niu iork taimsi 1990: `mariotis korporaciis profili~, gaz.
niu iork taimsi, 21 ianvari 1990, Can. III, gv. 5.
Newspaper article niu iork taimsi 1990: «Profile of Marriott Corp.» New York Times, 21
January 1990, sec. III, p. 5.
yovelkvireuli naiTi 1990: naiTi r. poloneTis Sinaomebi. J. aSS-is siaxleni da

Jurnalis statia msoflios cnobebi, 10-17 seqtemberi, 1990.
Article in a magazine naiTi 1990: Knight R. Poland's Feud in the Family. U.S. News and World
publis hed weekly Report, 10-17 September, 1990.
(or of general interest)
Tezisebi, an filipsi 1962: filipsi, o. ovidiusis zegavlena lucianis zepur

sadisertacio sazogadoebsaze. sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos
naSromis daskvnebi universiteti, 1962.
(debulebebi)
Thesis or dissertation filipsi 1962: Phillips, O. The Influence of Ovid on Lucan's Bellum Civile.
Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1962.
*erTsa da imave wels gamocemuli ramdenime naSromi (calke an TanaavtorobiT) an erTi

da igive naSromi (gagrZelebebiT) ramdenime nomerSi mieTiTeba anbanuri rigiT. maga-
liTad: (abaSiZe 1987a: 21), (abaSiZe 1987b: 87).
348

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SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature

saredaqcio sabWo Editorial Council

pasuxismgebeli mdivani Responsible Editor

literaturuli Ziebani, 40, 2019-2020 Literary Researches 40, 2019-2020

© ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

daibeWda Tsu gamomcemlobis stambaSi

qarTuli saero da sakaro mwerloba

goCa kuWuxiZe 9 Gocha Kuchukhidze

XIX saukune: epoqa da literatura

Mnana gonjilaSvili 30 Nana Gonjilashvili

julieta gaboZe 58 Julieta Gabodze

konstantine bregaZeG 64 Konstantine Bregadze

Tamar barbaqaZe 74 Tamar Barbakadze

miTosi. rituali. simbolo

konstantine gamsaxurdia 90 Konstantine Gamsakhurdia

literaturis Teoriis sakiTxebi

irine modebaZe 129 Irine Modebadze

Tanamedrove literaturuli procesebi

maia jaliaSvili 221 Maia Jaliashvili

maka elbaqiZe 244 Maka Elbakidze

maia arvelaZe 260 Maia Arveladze

lia kariWaSvili 269 Lia Karichashvili

merab RaRaniZe 281 Merab Ghaghanidze

zaza abzianiZe 302 Zaza Abzianidze

gia joxaZe 311 Gia Jokhadze

sami epoqis anbani?

1. arsebobs mosazreba, rom aso-bgera J, SesaZloa, qarTuli enisaTvis ucxod

bardaveliZe 1957: Бардавелидзе, В. В. Древнейшие религиозные верования, Тбилиси: 1957.

Asomtavruli - Alphabet of Three Epochs

Key words: origin of Georgian alphabet.

miwisa da zecis sagalobeli

akaki wereTlis Semoqmedeba qristianuli motivebis kvleva-Ziebis Tval-

SuaRamea, gavsili mTvare

leqsis mixedviT, bunebis mSveniereba, misi simSvide-myudroeba zeciur

* ix. r. siraZe, qarTuli kulturis safuZvlebi, Tb., 2000, gv. 72-107.

gamoiRviZa cam da qveyanam,

moxmobili taepebidan TvalnaTliv Cans, rom akakis xedva savsebiT mih-

aRar sCans bundi,

leqsSi samyaros yovlismTlianobis idea qveynisa da zecis urTierT-

moxmobili nawyvetis mixedviT, samyaros ierarqiuli safexuris yoveli

iwyo kaSkaSi ciskris varskvlavma,

RvTaebrivi surnelebis mofena mimRebelTa madlierebas aRZravs pasu-

gaTenda dila saamo,

amgvarad warmoaCens akaki qveynis mkvidrTa sayovelTao lxenas, aRmaf-

an rac ki qveynad gaCenila,

Lleqsi TvalnaTliv gaacxadebs akakis bibliur swavlebaze, konkretulad

maRla caze mze TamaSobs

akakis leqsTa moxmobili nawyvetebSi ara mxolod samyaros ierarqiuli

– ambobs akaki da kidev erTxel amowmebs wminda mamaTa naazrevs: `da

zegardamo madlsa hfenda

– ambobs akaki da RvTaebrivi madlis mimReblobis ZaliT aRvsili miwi-

amaRldiT grZnobav, gonebav!..

me maSin mxolod gavbedav,

moxmobil strofebTan dakavSirebiT a. baqraZe aRniSnavs, rom `es erTi-

bunebis harmoniis mxilvels aq Casaxuli `sikeTis rwmena~ da imedi, imedi

vsTqvi Tu: sadac ca egre mWvirvalebs,

qveynis ubedurebiTa da kacTa SeWirvebiT damZimebul lirikul gmirs

TviT mcenare aRmakmeviT

moxmobili leqsebis ganxilvis Sedegad irkveva, rom bunebis harmoni-

an kidev: zenare da qvenare,

moxmobil taepebSi mTeli buneba RvTiuris ganmasaxovnebelia; zenaari-

akakis zemoganxilul leqsebSi agrerigad aqcentirebuli samyaros