NCERT Solutions Class 12 Maths Chapter 7 Integrals

Class 12 Chapter 7 - Integrals
Exercise 7.1
Find an antiderivative (or integral) of the following
functions by the method of inspection in Exercises 1 to 5.
1. sin 2x
Sol. To find an anti derivative of sin 2x by Inspection Method.
MathonGo 1
d
We know that (cos 2x) = – 2 sin 2x
dx
−1 d
Dividing by – 2, (cos 2x) = sin 2x
2 dx
d −1 
or  cos 2 x = sin 2x
dx  2 
∴ By definition; an integral or an antiderivative of sin 2x is
−1
cos 2x.
2
−1
Note. In fact anti derivative or integral of sin 2x is cos 2x + c.
2
For different values of c, we get different antiderivatives. So we
omitted c for writing an anti derivative.
2. cos 3x
Sol. To find an anti derivative of cos 3x by Inspection Method.
d
We know that (sin 3x) = 3 cos 3x
dx
1 d d 1 
Dividing by 3, (sin 3x) = cos 3x or  sin 3 x = cos 3x
3 dx dx 3
∴ By definition, an integral or an antiderivative of cos 3x
1
is sin 3x.
3
(See note after solution of Q.No.1 for not adding c to the answer.)
3. e2x.
Sol. To find an antiderivative of e2x by Inspection Method.
d 2x d
We know that e = e2x (2x) = 2e2x
dx dx
1 d 2x d  1 2x 
Dividing by 2, e = e2x or e  =e
2x
2 dx dx  2 
1 2x
∴ An antiderivative of e2x is e .
2
4. (ax + b)2.
Sol. To find an anti derivative of (ax + b)2.
d d
We know that (ax + b)3 = 3(ax + b)2 (ax + b) = 3(ax + b)2a.
dx dx
1 d
Dividing by 3a, (ax + b)3 = (ax + b)2
3a dx
d 1 
or (ax + b)3  = (ax + b)2
dx  3a 
1
∴ An anti derivative of (ax + b)2 is (ax + b)3.
3a
5. sin 2x – 4e3x.
Sol. To find an anti derivative of sin 2x – 4e3x by Inspection Method.
MathonGo 2
d
We know that (cos 2x) = – 2 sin 2x
dx
d  − 1 cos 2 x
Dividing by – 2,   = sin 2x ...(i)
dx  2
d 3x d  1 3x 
Again e = 3e3x ∴  e  = e3x
dx dx 3
d  − 4 3x 
Multiplying by – 4,  e  = – 4e3x ...(ii)
dx  3 
Adding eqns. (i) and (ii)
d −1  d  − 4 3 x  = sin 2x – 4e3x
 cos 2 x +  e 
dx 2  dx  3 
d −1 4  3x
or  cos 2 x − e3 x  = sin 2x – 4e
dx  2 3 
−1 4
∴ An anti derivative of sin 2x – 4e3x is cos 2x – e3x.
2 3
Evaluate the following integrals in Exercises 6 to 11.
∫ (4e + 1) dx.
3x
6.
∫ (4e + 1) dx = ∫ ∫
3x
Sol. 4e3x dx + 1 dx
e3 x  eax 
= 4 ∫ e dx + x = 4
3x
+ x + c. ∵

∫ eax dx = and ∫ 1 dx = x 
3 a 
 1 
7. ∫ x 2  1 – 2  dx.
 x 
 1  2 x2 
Sol. ∫ x 2  1 − 2  dx =
 x 
∫  x − 2  dx =
 x  ∫ ( x2 − 1) dx
x3  xn + 1 
= ∫ x2 dx – ∫ 1 dx =
3
– x + c. ∵

∫ x n dx =
n+1
if n ≠ − 1

∫ (ax + bx + c) dx .
2
8.
∫ (ax + bx + c) dx = ∫ ∫ ∫
2
Sol. ax2 dx + bx dx + c dx
3
x x2
= a ∫ x dx + b ∫ x dx + c ∫ 1 dx
2 1
= a + b + cx + c1
3 2
where c1 is the constant of integration.
9. ∫ (2 x 2 + e x ) dx.
Sol. ∫ (2x2 + e x ) dx = ∫ 2x2 dx + ∫ e x dx

x2 + 1 x3
= 2 ∫ x dx + ∫
2
e x dx = 2 + ex + c = 2 + ex + c.
2+1 3
2
 1 
10. ∫  x – 
x
dx.
MathonGo 3
2
 1 
Sol. ∫  x − 
x
dx
  1 
2
1 
∫  ( x) +  −2 x
2
Opening the square =  
  x x  dx
 1  1
= ∫  x + − 2 dx = ∫ x dx + ∫ dx – ∫ 2 dx
x x
2
x ∵
= + log | x | – 2x + c.  ∫ 2 dx = 2 ∫ 1 dx = 2x
2
x3 + 5 x2 – 4
11. ∫ x2
dx.
x + 5 x2 − 4
3  x3 5 x 2 4
Sol. ∫ x2
dx = ∫  2 + 2 − 2  dx
x x x 
 a + b − c a b c
 Using = + − 
 d d d d
= ∫ ( x + 5 − 4 x − 2 ) dx = ∫ x1 dx + ∫ 5 dx – ∫ 4x − 2 dx
−2+1
x2 x2 x
+ 5 ∫ 1 dx – 4 ∫ x
−2
= dx = + 5x – 4 + c
2 2 − 2+1
x2 4
= + 5x + + c.
2 x
x3 + 3 x + 4
12. ∫ x
dx.
x3 + 3 x + 4  x3 3x 4 
Sol. ∫ x
dx = ∫  1/2 + 1/2 + 1/2  dx
x x x 
= ∫ ( x3 − 1/2 + 3 x1 − 1/2 + 4 x − 1/2 ) dx = ∫ ( x5/2 + 3 x1/2 + 4 x − 1/2 ) dx
= ∫ x5/2 dx + 3 ∫ x1/2 dx + 4 ∫ x − 1/2 dx

x5/2 + 1 x1/2 + 1 x− 1/2 + 1 x7/2 x3/2 x1/2
= + 3 + 4 + c = + 3 + 4 + c
5 1 −1 7 3 1
+1 +1 +1
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 7/2
= x + 2x3/2 + 8x1/2 + c.
7
x3 – x2 + x – 1
13. ∫ x –1
dx.
x3 − x 2 + x − 1 x2 ( x − 1) + ( x − 1)
Sol. ∫ x −1
dx = ∫ x −1
dx
( x − 1)( x + 1)
2
= ∫ ( x − 1)
dx = ∫ ( x2 + 1) dx
MathonGo 4
x2 + 1 x3
= ∫ x dx + ∫
2
1 dx = +x+ c = + x + c.
2+1 3
14. ∫ (1 – x ) x dx.
Sol. ∫ (1 − x) x dx = ∫ ( x − x x ) dx
∫ −x x ∫ ( x1/2 − x1 + 1/2 ) dx
1/2 1 1/2
= (x ) dx =
x1/2 + 1 x3/2 + 1
= ∫ ( x1/2 − x3/2 ) dx =
1
–
3
+ c
+1 +1
2 2
x3/2 x5/2 2 3/2 2 5/2
= – +c= x – x + c.
3 5 3 5
2 2
15. ∫ x (3 x 2 + 2 x + 3) dx.
Sol. ∫ x (3 x2 + 2 x + 3) dx = ∫ x1/2 (3 x2 + 2 x + 3) dx
= ∫ (3 x2 x1/2 + 2 x x1/2 + 3 x1/2 ) dx = ∫ (3 x5/2 + 2 x3/2 + 3 x1/2 ) dx

 1 4+1 5 1 2 + 1 3
∵ 2 + = = ,1 + = = 
2 2 2 2 2 2
= 3∫ x dx + 2 ∫ x dx + 3 ∫ x
5/2 3/2 1/2
dx
x5/2 + 1 x3/2 + 1 x1/2 + 1 x7/2 x5/2 x3/2
= 3 + 2 + 3 + c = 3 + 2 + 3 + c
5 3 1 7 5 3
+1 +1 +1
2 2 2 2 2 2
6 7/2 4 5/2
= x + x + 2x3/2 + c.
7 5
16. ∫ (2 x – 3 cos x + e x ) dx.
Sol. ∫ (2 x − 3 cos x + e x ) dx = ∫ 2x dx – ∫ 3 cos x dx + ∫ e x dx

x2
= 2 ∫ x dx – 3 ∫ cos x dx + ∫
1
e x dx = 2 – 3 sin x + ex + c
2
= x2 – 3 sin x + ex + c.
17. ∫ (2 x 2 – 3 sin x + 5 x ) dx.
Sol. ∫ (2 x2 − 3 sin x + 5 x ) dx
= 2 ∫ x dx – 3 ∫ sin x dx + 5 ∫ x
2 1/2
dx
x2 + 1 x1/2 + 1 x3 x3/2
= 2 – 3(– cosx) + 5 1 + c= 2 + 3 cos x + 5 + c
2+1 3 3
+1
2 2
3
x 10 3/2
= 2 + 3 cos x + x + c.
3 3
MathonGo 5
18. ∫ sec x (sec x + tan x ) dx.
Sol. ∫ sec x (sec x + tan x) dx = ∫ (sec 2 x + sec x tan x) dx
= ∫ sec 2 x dx + ∫ sec x tan x dx = tan x + sec x + c.

2
sec x
19. ∫ cosec 2 x
dx.
1
sec 2 x sin 2 x
Sol. ∫ cosec 2 x
dx = ∫ cos2 x dx =
1 ∫ cos2 x
dx
sin 2 x
∫ tan 2 x dx = ∫. .(sec
2
= x – 1) dx
(. sec2 x – tan2 x = 1 ⇒ sec2 x – 1 = tan2 x)
= ∫ ∫ 1 dx = tan x – x + c.
sec 2 x dx –
Note. Similarly ∫ cot x dx = ∫ (cosec x − 1)

2 2
dx
= ∫ cosec 2 x dx – ∫ 1 dx = – cot x – x + c.
2 – 3 sin x
20. ∫ cos 2 x
dx.
2 − 3 sin x  2 3 sin x 
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫  −  dx
cos2 x cos2 x cos2 x 
 3 sin x 
= ∫  2 sec2 x − dx = ∫ (2 sec 2 x − 3 tan x sec x) dx
 cos x cos x 
= 2 ∫ sec 2 x dx – 3 ∫ sec x tan x dx = 2 tan x – 3 sec x + c.
21. Choose the correct answer:
 1 
The anti derivative of  x +  equals
 x
1 1/3 2 2/3 1 2
(A) x + 2x1/2 + C x + (B)
x + C
3 3 2
2 3/2 3 3/2 1 1/2
(C) x + 2x1/2 + C (D) x + x + C.
3 2 2
 1 
Sol. The anti derivative of the  x + 
x
 1 
= ∫  x +  dx =
x ∫ ( x1/2 + x − 1/2 ) dx
x1/2 + 1 x1/2 + 1
= ∫ x1/2 dx + ∫ x − 1/2 dx =
1
+
1
+ C
+1 +1
2 2
x3/2 x1/2 2 3/2
= + +C= x + 2x1/2 + C
3 1 3
2 2
∴ Option (C) is the correct answer.
MathonGo 6

d 3
If f (x) = 4x3 – 4 such that f (2) = 0. Then f (x) is
dx x
1 1 129
(A) x4 + 3 – 129 (B) x3 + 4 +
x 8 x 8
1 129 1 129
(C) x4 + 3 + (D) x3 + 4 – .
x 8 x 8
d 3
Sol. Given: f (x) = 4x3 – 4 and f (2) = 0
dx x
∴ By definition of anti derivative (i.e., Integral),
 3 1
f (x) = ∫  4x3 − 4  dx = 4 ∫ x3 dx – 3 ∫ 4 dx
 x  x
x4 x− 3
– 3∫ x
−4
= 4 . dx = x4 – 3 + c
4 −3
1
or f (x) = x4 + +c ...(i)
( x3 )
To find c. Let us make use of f (2) = 0 (given)
Putting x = 2 on both sides of (i),
1 128 + 1
f (2) = 16 + + c or 0 = + c
8 8. .
( . f (2) = 0 (given))
129 − 129
or c + = 0 or c =
8 8
− 129 4 1 129
Putting c = in (i), f (x) = x + –
8 ( x3 ) 8
∴ Option (A) is the correct answer.
MathonGo 7
Exercise 7.2
Integrate the functions in Exercises 1 to 8:
2x
1.
1 + x2
2x
Sol. To evaluate ∫ 1 + x2
dx
dt
Put 1 + x2 = t. Therefore 2x = or 2x dx = dt
dx
2x dt 1
∴ ∫ 1 + x2
dx = ∫ t
= ∫t
dt = log | t | + c
Putting t = 1 + x2, = log | 1 + x2 | + c = log (1 + x2) + c.
(... 1 + x2 > 0. Therefore | 1 + x2 | = 1 + x2)
(log x )2
2. .
x
(log x)2
Sol. To evaluate ∫ x
dx
MathonGo 8
1 dt dx
Put log x = t. Therefore = ⇒ = dt
x dx x
(log x)2 t3
∴ ∫ x
dx = ∫ t2 dt =
3
+c
1
Putting t = log x, = (log x)3 + c.
3
1
3.
x + x log x
1 1
Sol. To evaluate ∫ x + x log x
dx = ∫ x (1 + log x) dx
1 dt dx
Put 1 + log x = t. Therefore = ⇒ = dt
x dx x
1 1 1
∴ ∫ x + x log x dx = ∫
dx
1 + log x x
= ∫ t
dt = log | t | + c
Putting t = 1 + log x, log | 1 + log x | + c.
4. sin x sin (cos x)
Sol. To evaluate ∫ sin x sin (cos x) dx = – ∫ sin (cos x) (− sin x) dx
dt
Put cos x = t. Therefore – sin x =
dx
∴ – sin x dx = dt
∴ ∫ sin x sin (cos x) dx = – ∫ sin (cos x)(− sin x dx)
= – ∫
sin t dt = – (– cos t) + c
= cos t + c
Putting t = cos x, = cos(cos x) + c.
5. sin (ax + b) cos (ax + b)
Sol. To evaluate ∫ sin( ax + b) cos( ax + b) dx
1 1
=
2 ∫ 2 sin(ax + b) cos(ax + b) dx
2 ∫
sin 2(ax + b) dx
=
. .
( . 2 sin θ cos θ = sin 2θ)
1 1 [− cos(2ax + 2b)]
=
2 ∫ sin (2ax + 2b) dx =
2 2a → Coeff. of x
+ c
−1
= cos 2(ax + b) + c.
4a
6. ax + b
Sol. To evaluate ∫ ax + b dx = ∫ (ax + b)1/2 dx
1 3
+1
(ax + b) 2 (ax + b) 2
= +c = +c
1  3
 + 1 a → Coeff. of x a
2 2
 (ax + b) n + 1 
∵ ∫ (ax + b) dx = + c if n ≠ − 1
n
 a(n + 1) 
MathonGo 9
2
= (ax + b)3/2 + c.
3a
7. x x + 2
Sol. To evaluate ∫ x x + 2 dx
= ∫ x x + 2 dx = ∫ (( x + 2) − 2) x + 2 dx
 1 1
 3 1
= ∫  ( x + 2)( x +

2) 2 − 2( x + 2) 2  dx =

∫  ( x + 2) 2 − 2( x + 2) 2  dx
 
3 1
= ∫ ( x + 2) 2 dx – 2 ∫ ( x + 2) 2 dx
3 1 5 3
+1 +1
( x + 2) 2 ( x + 2) 2 ( x + 2) 2 ( x + 2) 2
= – 2 + c = – 2 + c
3   1  5 3
 + →  + 1 . 1

1 1 Coeff. of x
2 2  2 2
2 4
= (x + 2)5/2 – (x + 2)3/2 + c.
5 3
OR
To evaluate ∫ x x + 2 dx
Put Linear = t, i.e., x + 2 = t.
Squaring x + 2 = t2 (⇒ x = t2 – 2)
dx dx
∴ = 2t, i.e., = 2t or dx = 2t dt
dt dt
∴ ∫ x x + 2 dx = ∫ (t − 2) t . 2t dt = 2t 2 (t 2 − 2) dt ∫
2
t5 t3
∫ 2t (t − 2) dt = 2 ∫ t ∫
2 2 4
= dt – 4 t 2 dt = 2 – 4 + c
5 3
2 4
Putting t = x+2,
( x + 2)5 – ( x + 2)3 + c
=
5 3
2 4 2 4
= (x + 2)1/2)5 – ((x + 2)1/2)3 + c = (x + 2)5/2 – (x + 2)3/2 + c.
5 3 5 3
8. x 1 + 2 x 2
Sol. To evaluate ∫ x 1 + 2x2 dx

1
Let I = ∫ x 1 + 2x2 dx =
4 ∫ 1 + 2x2 (4 x dx) ...(i)
 d 
∵ dx (1 + 2 x ) = 0 + 2 . 2 x = 4 x 
2
 
2
dt
Put 1 + 2x = t. Therefore 4x = or 4x dx = dt
dx
1 1
4 ∫ 4 ∫
∴ From (i), I = t dt = t1/2 dt
MathonGo 10
3/2
1 t 1 2 3/2
= +c= . t +c
4 3 4 3
2
1 2
Putting t = 1 + 2x , = (1 + 2x2)3/2 + c.
6
9. (4x + 2) x2 + x + 1 .
Sol. Let I = ∫ (4 x + 2) x2 + x + 1 dx = ∫ 2(2x + 1) x2 + x + 1 dx
= ∫ 2 x2 + x + 1 (2x + 1) dx ...(i)
dt
Put x2 + x + 1 = t. Therefore (2x + 1) =
dx
∴ (2x + 1) dx = dt
∴ From (i), I = ∫ 2 t dt = 2 ∫ t1/2 dt
t3/2 4 3/2
=2 3 +c= 3 t +c
2
4 2
Putting t = x2 + x + 1, I = (x + x + 1)3/2 + c.
3
1
10.
x– x
1
Sol. Let I = ∫ x− x
dx ...(i)
Put Linear = t, i.e., x =t

dx
Squaring x = t2. Therefore = 2t or dx = 2t dt
dt
1 t
∴ From (i), I = ∫ 2
t −t
2t dt = 2 ∫ t(t − 1)
dt
1  1 1 
= 2∫
t − 1 dt = 2 log | t – 1 | + c  ∫ ax + b
∵ dx = log| ax + b|
a 
Putting t = x , I = 2 log | x – 1 | + c.
x
11. x+4 , x > 0
x
Sol. Let I = ∫ x + 4 dx ...(i)
x+4−4  x+4 4 
= ∫ x + 4 dx = ∫ 
 x+4
− 
x + 4  dx
1  t t t t t 
= = = t
= ∫ x + 4 dx – 4 ∫ x+4
dx ∵
 t t t t 
MathonGo 11
= ∫ ( x + 4)1/ 2 dx – 4 ∫ ( x + 4) − 1/ 2 dx
( x + 4)3/ 2 4( x + 4)1/ 2 2
= – + c= (x + 4)3/2 – 8(x + 4)1/2 + c
3 1 3
(1) (1)
2 2
2
= (x + 4) x+4 – 8 x+4 + c
3
 2 1
+ 1+
1 
3/ 2 1 1/ 2
∵ t = t 2 2 = t 2 = t . t = t t 
x+4   x + 4 − 12 
= 2 x+4  − 4 + c = 2 x + 4   + c
 3  3
2
= x + 4 (x – 8) + c.
3
OR
Put Linear = t, i.e., x + 4 = t.
Squaring x + 4 = t2 ⇒ x = t2 – 4.
dx
Therefore = 2t or dx = 2t dt
dt
x t2 − 4
∴ I = ∫ x + 4 dx = ∫ . 2t dt
t
= 2 ∫ (t − 4) dt = 2  ∫ t dt − 4 ∫ 1 dt
2 2
 t3  2t 2
= 2  3 − 4t + c = (t – 12) + c.
  3
2
Putting t = x + 4 , = x + 4 (x + 4 – 12) + c
3
2
= x + 4 (x – 8) + c.
3
12. (x3 – 1)1/3 x5
Sol. Let I = ∫ ( x3 − 1)1/3 x5 dx = ∫ ( x3 − 1)1/3 x3 x2 dx
1  d 
( x3 − 1) = 3 x 2 
3 ∫
= ( x3 − 1)1/3 x3 (3x2 dx) ...(i) ∵
 dx 
Put x3 – 1 = t ⇒ x3 = t + 1
dt
∴ 3x2 = ⇒ 3x2 dx = dt
dx
1
3 ∫
∴ From (i), I = t1/3 (t + 1) dt
1  1 1 + 3 4
= ∫ (t 4/3 + t1/3 ) dt ∵ 3 + 1 = 3 = 3 
3  
( )
1
3 ∫
= t dt + ∫ t dt
4/3 1/3
MathonGo 12
1  t7/3 t 4/3  1 3 3  1 1
+ + c =  t7/3 + t 4/3  + c = t7/3 + t4/3 + c
3  7 4 
=
 3  7 4  7 4
 3 3 
1 1 3
Putting t = x3 – 1, = (x3 – 1)7/3 + (x – 1)4/3 + c.
7 4
x2
13.
(2 + 3 x 3 )3
x2
Sol. Let I = ∫ (2 + 3x3 )3
dx
1 9 x2  d 2
∫ ∵ dx (2 + 3 x ) = 9 x 
3
= dx ...(i)
9 (2 + 3x3 )3  
dt
Put 2 + 3x3 = t. Therefore 9x2 = ⇒ 9x2 dx = dt
dx
1 1 t− 2 −1
∴ From (i), I =
9 ∫ t − 3 dt =
9 −2
+ c=
18t 2
+ c
−1
Putting t = 2 + 3x3; = + c.
18(2 + 3 x3 )2
1
14. , x > 0 (Important)
x (log x )m
1
1 dx
Sol. Let I = ∫ x(log x)m
dx (x > 0) ⇒ I = ∫ x ...(i)
(log x)m
1 dt dx
Put log x = t. Therefore = ⇒ = dt
x dx x
dt t− m + 1
∴ From (i), I = ∫ tm
= ∫ t− m dt =
−m+1
+ c
(Assuming m ≠ 1)
(log x)1 − m
Putting t = log x, = + c.
1−m
x
15.
9 – 4x2
x −1 − 8x
Sol. Let I = ∫ 9 − 4 x2
dx =
8
∫ 9 − 4 x2
dx ...(i)
 d 
∵ dx (9 − 4 x ) = − 8 x 
2
 
dt
Put 9 – 4x2 = t. Therefore – 8x = ⇒ – 8x dx = dt
dx
dt −1−1 1 −1
∴ From (i), I =
t
=
8 8 ∫ t ∫ dt =
8
log | t | + c
−1
Putting t = 9 – 4x2, = log | 9 – 4x2 | + c.
8
MathonGo 13
16. e2x + 3
e2 x + 3  eax + b 
Sol. ∫ e2 x + 3 dx =
2 → Coeff. of x
+c ∵

∫ eax + b dx =
a 

1 2x + 3
= e + c.
2
x
17. 2
ex
x 2x
∫ ∫
1
Sol. Let I = 2 2dx =dx ...(i)
(e x ) (e x ) 2
dt
Put x2 = t. Therefore 2x = ⇒ 2x dx = dt.
dx
1 dt 1
∴ From (i), I =
2
∫ (et )
=
2 ∫
e− t dt
1 e− t −1
= + c = + c
2 − 1 → Coeff. of t 2(et )
−1
Putting t = x2, I = 2 + c.
2(e x )
–x
x
etan
18. 2
1+ x
−1
x
etan
Sol. Let I =
1 + x2
∫ dx ...(i)
–1
Put tan x = t.
1 dt dx
∴ = ⇒ = dt
1+ x 2 dx 1 + x2
– 1x
∴ From (i), I = ∫ et dt = et + c = etan + c.
e2 x – 1
19.
e2 x + 1
e2 x − 1
Sol. Let I = ∫ e2 x + 1
dx
Multiplying every term in integrand by e– x,
e x − e− x
I = ∫ x dx ...(i) [... e2x . e– x = e2x – x = ex]
e + e− x
Put denominator ex + e– x = t
d dt
∴ ex + e– x (– x) = ⇒ (ex – e– x) dx = dt
dx dx
dt 1
∴ From (i), I = ∫ = ∫ dt = log | t | + c
t t
Putting t = e + e , I = log | e + e– x | + c or I = log (ex + e– x) + c
x –x x
 −x 1 −x − x
∵ e + e = e + x > 0 for all real x and hence| e + e |= e + e 
x x x x
 e
( ) 
MathonGo 14
e2 x – e – 2 x
20.
e2 x + e – 2 x
e2 x − e− 2 x 1 2(e2 x − e− 2 x )
Sol. Let I = ∫ e2 x + e− 2 x
dx =
2 ∫ e2 x + e− 2 x
dx ...(i)
2x – 2x
Put denominator e + e =t
d d dt
∴ e2x 2x + e– 2x (– 2x) =
dx dx dx
dt
⇒ e2x . 2 – 2e– 2x = ⇒ 2(e2x – e– 2x) dx = dt
dx
1 dt 1
2 ∫ t
∴ From (i), I = = log | t | + c
2
1 1
Putting t = e2x + e– 2x, = log| e2x + e–2x | + c = log(e2x + e–2x) + c
2 2
[... e2x + e– 2x > 0 ⇒ | e2x + e– 2x | = e2x + e– 2x]
2
21. tan (2x – 3)
Sol. ∫ tan (2 x − 3) dx = ∫ (sec 2 (2 x − 3) − 1) dx (... tan2 θ = sec2 θ – 1)
2
= ∫ sec 2 (2 x − 3) dx – ∫ 1 dx
tan (2x − 3) 1
= – x + c = tan (2x – 3) – x + c
2 → Coeff. of x 2
 1 
∫ sec (ax + b) dx = tan (ax + b) + c
2
∵
 a 
22. sec2 (7 – 4x)
tan (7 − 4 x)
Sol. ∫ sec 2 (7 − 4 x) dx =
− 4 → Coeff. of x
+c
 1 
∫ sec (ax + b) dx = tan (ax + b) + c
2
∵
 a 
−1
= tan (7 – 4x) + c.
4
sin– 1 x
23.
1 – x2
sin− 1 x
Sol. Let I = ∫ 1 − x2
dx ...(i)
1 dt dx
Put sin– 1 x = t ∴ = ⇒ = dt
1− x 2 dx 1 − x2
t2
∴ From (i), I = ∫ t dt =
2
+ c
1
Putting t = sin– 1 x, I = (sin– 1 x)2 + c.
2
2 cos x – 3 sin x
24.
6 cos x + 4 sin x
MathonGo 15
2 cos x − 3 sin x 2 cos x − 3 sin x

Sol. Let I = ∫
6 cos x + 4 sin x dx = ∫ 2(2 sin x + 3 cos x) dx
1 2 cos x − 3 sin x
2 ∫ 2 sin x + 3 cos x
= dx ...(i)
Put DENOMINATOR 2 sin x + 3 cos x = t
dt
∴ 2 cos x – 3 sin x = ⇒ (2 cos x – 3 sin x) dx = dt
dx
1 dt 1
2 ∫ t
∴ From (i), I = = log | t | + c.
2
1
Putting t = 2 sin x + 3 cos x, = log | 2 sin x + 3 cos x | + c.
2
1
25.
cos 2 x (1 – tan x )2
1 sec2 x
Sol. Let I = ∫ cos2 x (1 − tan x)2
dx = ∫ (1 − tan x)2
dx
− sec2 x
= – ∫ (1 − tan x)2
dx ...(i)
Put 1 – tan x = t.
dt
∴ – sec2 x = ⇒ – sec2 x dx = dt
dx
dt
∴ From (i), I = – ∫
t2
= –∫ t
−2
dt
t− 1 1 1
= – + c= + c= + c.
−1 t 1 − tan x
cos x
26.
x
cos x
Sol. Let I = ∫ x
dx ...(i)
Put Linear = t, i.e., x =t

dx
Squaring, x = t2. Therefore = 2t ∴ dx = 2t dt
dt
cos t
∴ From (i), I =
t ∫
2t dt = 2 ∫ cos t dt = 2 sin t + c
Putting t = x , I = 2 sin x + c.
27. sin 2x cos 2x
1
Sol. Let I = ∫ sin 2x cos 2x dx =
2
∫ sin 2x (2 cos 2x dx) ...(i)
Put sin 2x = t
d dt
∴ cos 2x (2x) = ⇒ 2 cos 2x dx = dt
dx dx
MathonGo 16
1 1
∴ From (i), I =
2 ∫ t dt =
2 ∫ t1 / 2 dt
1
+1
1 t2 1 t3/2 1
= +c= +c= (sin 2x)3/2 + c.
2 1 +1 2 3 3
2 2
cos x
28.
1 + sin x
cos x
Sol. Let I = ∫1 + sin x dx ...(i)
Put 1 + sin x = t
dt
∴ cos x = or cos x dx = dt
dx
−1
+1
dt t2
∴ From (i), I = ∫ t
= ∫t
− 1/2
dt =
−1
+ c
+1
2
t1/2
= + c = 2 t + c = 2 1 + sin x + c.
1
2
29. cot x log sin x
Sol. Let I = ∫ cot x log sin x dx ...(i)
Put log sin x = t
1 d dt 1 dt
∴
sin x dx (sin x) = dx or
sin x
cos x =
dx
or cot x dx = dt
t2 1
∴ From (i), I = ∫ t dt =
2
+ c =
2
(log sin x)2 + c.
sin x
30.
1 + cos x
sin x − sin x
Sol. Let I = ∫ 1 + cos x
dx =– ∫ 1 + cos x
dx ...(i)
dt
Put 1 + cos x = t. Therefore – sin x =
dx
∴ – sin x dx = dt
dt
∴ From (i), I = –
t ∫ = – log | t | + c
Putting t = 1 + cos x, = – log | 1 + cos x | + c.
sin x
31.
(1 + cos x )2
sin x − sin x dx
Sol. Let I = ∫ (1 + cos x)2
dx = –
(1 + cos x)2
∫ ...(i)
dt
Put 1 + cos x = t. Therefore – sin x =
dx
MathonGo 17
⇒ – sin x dx = dt
dt − t− 1
∴ From (i), I = – ∫ t2
= – ∫ t − 2 dt =
−1
+ c
1 1
= +c= + c.
t 1 + cos x
1
32.
1 + cot x
1 1 1
Sol. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
1 + cot x cos x  sin x + cos x 
1+  
sin x sin x
sin x 1 sin x + sin x
=∫
sin x + cos x
dx =
1
∫
2 sin x
dx = ∫ sin x + cos x dx
2 sin x + cos x 2
Adding and subtracting cos x in the numerator of integrand,
1 sin x + cos x − cos x + sin x
I=
2
∫ sin x + cos x dx
1 (sin x + cos x) − (cos x − sin x)

=
2
∫ sin x + cos x dx
1  sin x + cos x (cos x − sin x)   a − b a b

=
2
∫  sin x + cos x − sin x + cos x  dx ∵ c = c − c 
 
1  (cos x − sin x) 
=
2 ∫  1 − sin x + cos x  dx
1  cos x − sin x  1
2 ∫
 1 dx − ∫ dx =
sin x + cos x 
= [x – I1] ...(i)
2
cos x − sin x
where I1 = ∫ dx
sin x + cos x
Put DENOMINATOR sin x + cos x = t
dt
∴ cos x – sin x = ⇒ (cos x – sin x) dx = dt
dx
dt
∴ I1 = ∫ = log | t | = log | sin x + cos x |.
t
Note. Alternative solution for finding I1
cos x − sin x
I1 = ∫ sin x + cos x
dx = log | sin x + cos x |
 f ′( x) 
∵

∫ f ( x)
dx = log| f ( x)|

Putting this value of I1 in (i), required integral
1
= [x – log | sin x + cos x |] + c.
2
MathonGo 18
1
33.
1 – tan x
1 1 1
Sol. Let I = ∫ 1 − tan x
dx = ∫ sin x dx =
 cos x − sin x 
dx ∫
1−
 cos x
cos x 
cos x 1 2 cos x 1 cos x + cos x

2 ∫ cos x − sin x 2 ∫ cos x − sin x
= ∫ dx = dx = dx
cos x − sin x
Subtracting and adding sin x in the Numerator,
1 cos x − sin x + sin x + cos x
=
2 ∫ cos x − sin x
dx
1  cos x − sin x sin x + cos x  1  sin x + cos x 

=
2 ∫  cos x − sin x + cos x − sin x  dx = 2 ∫  1 + cos x − sin x  dx
1  − sin x − cos x 
=  ∫ 1 dx − ∫ dx
2  cos x − sin x 
1  f ′ ( x) 
=
2
[x – log | cos x – sin x |] + c ∵

∫ f ( x)
dx = log| f ( x)|

− sin x − cos x
Note. Alternative solution for evaluating ∫ cos x − sin x
dx, put
denominator cos x – sin x = t.
tan x
34.
sin x cos x
tan x tan x
Sol. Let I = ∫ sin x cos x
dx = ∫ sin x
dx
cos x cos x
cos x
tan x sec 2 x  t 1 
= ∫
tan x cos x 2
tan x
dx = ∫ dx ...(i) ∵
 t
= 
t 
Put tan x = t.
dt
∴ sec2 x = ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt
dx
∴ From (i),
dt t1/2
I = ∫ t
= ∫ t − 1/2 dt =
1
+ c = 2 t + c= 2 tan x + c.
2
(1 + log x )2
35.
x
(1 + log x)2
Sol. Let I = ∫ dx ...(i)
x
Put 1 + log x = t
1 dt dx
∴ = ⇒ = dt
x dx x
t3 1
∴ From (i), I = ∫ t 2 dt =
3
+ c=
3
(1 + log x)3 + c.
MathonGo 19
( x + 1)( x + log x )2
36.
x
( x + 1)( x + log x)2
x
Put x + log x = t
1 dt x+1 dt  x + 1
∴ 1 + = ⇒ = ⇒   dx = dt
x dx x dx x 
t3
∴ From (i), I = ∫ t2 dt =
3
+ c
Putting t = x + log x, 1 (x + log x)3 + c.

3
x 3 sin(tan – 1 x 4 )
37.
1 + x8
x3 sin (tan− 1 x4 ) 1 4 x3
Sol. Let I = ∫ 1 + x8
dx =
4 ∫ sin (tan− 1 x4 ) .
1 + x8
dx ...(i)
Put (tan– 1 x4) = t
[Rule for ∫ sin ( f ( x)) f ′ ( x) dx; put f ( x) = t ]
1 d 4 dt  d 1 d 
∴ x = ∵ tan − 1 f ( x) = f ( x) 
1 + ( x 4 )2 dx dx  dx 1 + ( f ( x )) 2
dx 
4 x3
⇒ dx = dt
1 + x8
∴ From (i),
1 1 −1
4 ∫
I = sin t dt = – cos t + c = cos (tan–1 x4) + c.
4 4
Choose the correct answer in Exercises 38 and 39:
10 x9 + 10 x log e 10 dx
38. ∫ x10 + 10 x
equals
(A) 10x – x10 + C (B) 10x + x10 + C
(C) (10x – x10)– 1 + C (D) log (10x + x10) + C.
10 x9 + 10x log e 10
x10 + 10x
10 x
Put x + 10 = t
 d 
∵ dx (a ) = a log e
x x
∴ (10x9 + 10x loge 10) dx = dt a
 
dt
∴ From (i), I =
t ∫
= log | t | + c
Putting t = x + 10 , I = log | x10 + 10x | + c
10 x
or I = log (10x + x10) + c.

∴ Option (D) is the correct answer.
OR
10 x + 10 log e 10
9 x
f ′( x)
∫ x10 + 10x
dx = ∫
f ( x) dx = log | f (x) | + c
MathonGo 20
= log | x10 + 10x | + c

dx
39. ∫ equals
sin 2 x cos 2 x
(A) tan x + cot x + C (B) tan x – cot x + C
(C) tan x cot x + C (D) tan x – cot 2x + C.
dx sin2 x + cos2 x
Sol. ∫ = ∫ dx [... 1 = sin2 x + cos2 x]
sin 2 x cos2 x sin2 x cos2 x
 sin 2 x cos2 x   a + b a b
= + 
= ∫  +  dx
 sin x cos x sin x cos2 x 
2 2 2 ∵
 c c c
 1 1 
= ∫  +  dx =
cos2 x sin 2 x 
∫ (sec 2 x + cosec 2 x) dx
= ∫ sec x dx + ∫ cosec x dx = tan x – cot x + c

2 2
∴ Option (B) is the correct answer.
MathonGo 21
Exercise 7.3
Find the integrals of the following functions in Exercises 1 to 9:
1. sin2 (2x + 5)
1
Sol. ∫ sin (2 x + 5) dx = ∫ (1 − cos 2(2 x + 5)) dx
2
2
 1 
∵ sin θ = 2 (1 − cos 2θ) ; put θ = 2 x + 5
2
 
1 1 
1 dx − ∫ cos (4 x + 10) dx
2 ∫ 2 ∫
= (1 − cos(4 x + 10)) dx =
1  sin (4 x + 10)  1 1
= x −  + c = x – sin (4x + 10) + c.
2  4 → Coeff. of x  2 8
2. sin 3x cos 4x
Sol. ∫sin 3 x cos 4 x dx = 1 ∫ 2 sin 3 x cos 4 x dx
2
1
=
2
∫ (sin (3 x + 4 x) + sin (3 x − 4 x) dx
[... 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)]
1 1
=
2
∫ (sin 7 x + sin (− x)) dx = 2 ∫ (sin 7 x − sin x) dx
1  1  − cos 7 x 
sin 7x dx − ∫ sin x dx =
2 ∫
− (− cos x) + c
2 
=
7 
−1 1
= cos 7x + cos x + c.
14 2
3. cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x
1
Sol. cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x = (2 cos 6x cos 4x) cos 2x
2
1
= [cos (6x + 4x) + cos (6x – 4x)] cos 2x
2
[... 2 cos x . cos y = cos (x + y) + cos (x – y)]
MathonGo 22
1 1
= (cos 10x + cos 2x) cos 2x = (2 cos 10x cos 2x + 2 cos2 2x)
2 4
1
= [cos (10x + 2x) + cos (10x – 2x) + 1 + cos 4x]
4
1
= (cos 12x + cos 8x + cos 4x + 1)
4
1
∴ ∫ cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x dx = ∫ (cos 12 x + cos 8 x + cos 4 x + 1) dx
4
1 
=
4 
∫ cos 12x dx + ∫ cos 8x dx + ∫ cos 4 x dx + ∫ 1 dx
1  sin 12 x sin 8 x sin 4 x 
=  + + + x + c.
4  12 8 4 
Note. We know that sin 3θ = 3 sin θ – 4 sin3 θ
∴ 4 sin3 θ = 3 sin θ – sin 3θ
3 1
Dividing by 4, sin3 θ = sin θ – sin 3θ ...(i)
4 4
3 1
Similarly, cos3 θ = cos θ + cos 3θ ...(ii)
4 4
. .
[ . cos 3θ = 4 cos3 θ – 3 cos θ]
4. sin3 (2x + 1)
Sol. To evaluate ∫ sin 3 (2 x + 1) dx
3 1
We know by Eqn. (i) of above note that sin3θ = sinθ – sin 3θ
4 4
Putting θ = 2x + 1, we have
3 1
sin3 (2x + 1) = sin (2x + 1) – sin 3 (2x + 1)
4 4
3 1
= sin (2x + 1) – sin (6x + 3)
4 4
3 1
∴ ∫ sin (2 x + 1) dx = ∫ sin (2 x + 1) dx – 4 ∫ sin (6 x + 3) dx
3
4
3  − cos (2 x + 1)  1  − cos (6 x + 3) 
=   –   +c
4  2 4  6 → Coeff. of x 
−3 1
=
cos (2x + 1) + cos (6x + 3) + c.
8 24
OR
To integrate sinn x where n is odd, put cos x = t.
∴ ∫ sin 3 (2 x + 1) dx = ∫ sin 2 (2 x + 1) sin (2x + 1) dx
−1
∫ [1 − cos (2 x + 1)] (– 2 sin (2x + 1)) dx
2
= ...(i)
2
Put cos (2x + 1) = t
d dt
∴ – sin (2x + 1) (2x + 1) = ∴ – 2 sin (2x + 1) dx = dt
dx dx
−1
∫ (1 − t ) dt
2
∴ From (i), the given integral =
2
MathonGo 23
−1  t3  −1 1 3
 t−  +c=
= t + t +c
2  3 2 6
−1 1
= cos (2x + 1) + cos3 (2x + 1) + c.
2 6
5. sin3 x cos3 x
Sol. ∫ sin 3 x cos3 x dx = ∫ (sin x cos x)3 dx
3 3
1  1 
= ∫  2 sin x cos x
2
dx = ∫  sin 2x
2
dx
1 1 3 1 
=
8 ∫ sin 3 2x dx =
8 ∫  sin 2 x − sin 6 x dx
4 4
 3 1 
 Putting θ = 2 x in sin θ = sin θ − sin 3θ
3
4 4
3 1
32 ∫ 32 ∫
= sin 2x dx – sin 6x dx
− 3 cos 2 x 1  − cos 6 x  −3 1
= –
32   + c = cos 2x + cos 6x + c.
32 2 6 64 192
OR
To evaluate ∫ sin x cos x dx, Put either sin x = t or cos x = t.
3 3
(The form of answer given in N.C.E.R.T. book II can be obtained

by putting cos x = t)
6. sin x sin 2x sin 3x
1
Sol. sin x sin 2x sin 3x = (2 sin 3x sin 2x) sin x
2
1
= [cos (3 x – 2x) – cos (3x + 2x)] sin x
2
[... 2 sin x sin y = cos (x – y) – cos (x + y)]
1 1
= (cos x – cos 5x) sin x = (2 cos x sin x – 2 cos 5x sin x)
2 4
1
= [sin 2x – {sin (5x + x) – sin (5x – x)}]
4
[... 2 cos x sin y = sin (x + y) – sin (x – y)]
1
= (sin 2x – sin 6x + sin 4x)
4
1
∴ ∫ sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x dx = ∫ (sin 2 x + sin 4 x − sin 6 x) dx
4
1 
=
4 
∫ sin 2x dx + ∫ sin 4 x dx − ∫ sin 6x dx
1  cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x 
= − − +  + c.
4  2 4 6 
7. sin 4x sin 8x
1
Sol. ∫ sin 4 x sin 8 x dx = 2 ∫ 2 sin 4 x sin 8 x dx
1
2 ∫
= [cos (4 x − 8 x) − cos (4 x + 8 x)] dx
[... 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)]
MathonGo 24
1 1
=
2
∫ (cos (− 4 x) − cos 12 x) dx =
2
∫
(cos 4 x − cos 12 x) dx
[... cos (– θ) = cos θ]
1  1  sin 4 x sin 12 x 
cos 4 x dx − ∫ cos 12x dx
2 ∫
= = − + c.
2  4 12 
1 – cos x
8.
1 + cos x
x
1 − cos x 2 sin2 x
Sol. ∫ 1 + cos x
dx = ∫ 2 dx =
x ∫ tan 2
2
dx
2 cos2
2
 θ θ
∵ 1 − cos θ = 2 sin 2 and 1 + cos θ = 2 cos2 
2 2
 2 x 
= ∫  sec − 1 dx (... tan2 θ = sec2 θ – 1)
2 
x
tan x
x 2
∫ ∫
2
= sec dx – 1 dx = – x + c = 2tan – x + c.
2 1 2
→ Coeff. of x
2
cos x
9.
1 + cos x
cos x
Sol. ∫ dx
1 + cos x
Adding and subtracting 1 in the numerator of integrand,
1 + cos x − 1  1 + cos x 1   a − b a b
= − 
= ∫ 1 + cos x
dx = ∫  −
 1 + cos x 1 + cos x 
dx ∵
 c c c
 1  1 x
= ∫ 
1−
2 x
dx = ∫ 1 dx –
2 ∫ sec 2
2
dx
 2 cos 
2
x
tan
1 2 + c = x – tan x + c.
= x –
2 1 2
2
Find the integrals of the functions in Exercises 10 to 18:
10. sin4 x
2
 1 − cos 2x 
∫ sin ∫ ∫
4
Sol. x dx = (sin2 x)2 dx =   dx
2
(1 − cos 2x)2 1
∫ 4 ∫
= dx = (1 + cos2 2 x − 2 cos 2 x) dx
4
1   1 + cos 4 x    1 + cos 2θ 
=
4
∫  1 +  2  − 2 cos 2x dx ∵ cos2 θ = 2 
MathonGo 25
1  2 + 1 + cos 4 x − 4 cos 2 x 
=
4
∫ 
2
 dx =
1
8 ∫ (3 + cos 4 x − 4 cos 2 x) dx
1 
3 1 dx + ∫ cos 4 x dx − 4 ∫ cos 2x dx
8  ∫
=
1  sin 4 x 4 sin 2 x  3 1 1
3x + −
8   + c = 8 x + 32 sin 4x –
= sin 2x + c
4 2  4
4
11. cos 2x
Sol. ∫ cos4 2x dx = ∫ (cos2 2 x)2 dx
2
 1 + cos 4 x  1
= ∫ 
2  dx = ∫ 4
(1 + cos 4 x)2 dx
1
=
4 ∫ (1 + cos2 4 x + 2 cos 4 x) dx
1  1 + cos 8 x   1 + cos 2θ 
∫  1 + + 2 cos 4 x dx ∵ cos θ =
2
=  
4 2  2 
1  2 + 1 + cos 8 x + 4 cos 4 x  dx = 1
=
4 ∫   8
∫ (3 + cos 8 x + 4 cos 4 x) dx
2
1
3 1 dx + cos 8 x dx + 4 cos 4 x dx
=
8  ∫ ∫ ∫ 
1  sin 8 x 4 sin 4 x  3 1 1
= 3 x + 8 +  + c = x + sin 8x + sin 4x + c
8  4  8 64 8
sin 2 x
12.
1 + cos x
sin 2 x 1 − cos2 x (1 − cos x)(1 + cos x)
Sol. ∫ 1 + cos x
dx = ∫ 1 + cos x
dx = ∫ 1 + cos x dx
= ∫ (1 − cos x) dx = ∫ 1 dx – ∫ cos x dx = x – sin x + c.

Note. It may be noted that letters a, b, c, d, ..., q of English
Alphabet and letters α, β, γ, δ of Greek Alphabet are generally
treated as constants.
cos 2 x – cos 2α
13.
cos x – cos α
cos 2x − cos 2α (2 cos2 x − 1) − (2 cos2 α − 1)
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ dx
cos x − cos α cos x − cos α
2 cos2 x − 1 − 2 cos2 α + 1 2 cos2 x − 2 cos2 α
= ∫ cos x − cos α
dx = ∫ cos x − cos α
dx
cos2 x − cos2 α (cos x − cos α)(cos x + cos α)

=2 ∫ cos x − cos α
dx =2 ∫ (cos x − cos α)
dx
= 2 ∫ (cos x + cos α ) dx = 2  ∫ cos x dx + ∫ cos α dx

 
= 2 [sin x + cos α ∫
1 dx] = 2 [sin x + (cos α) x] + c
= 2 sin x + 2x cos α + c.
MathonGo 26
Remark. ∫ sin a dx = sin a ∫ 1 dx = x sin a.
Please note that ∫ sin a dx ≠ – cos a.
14. cos x – sin x

1 + sin 2 x
cos x − sin x cos x − sin x
Sol. Let I = ∫
1 + sin 2x
dx = ∫ cos2 x + sin 2 x + 2 sin x cos x
dx
cos x − sin x
= ∫ (cos x + sin x)2
dx ...(i)
Put cos x + sin x = t.

dt
∴ – sin x + cos x = . Therefore (cos x – sin x) dx = dt.
dx
dt t− 1
∴ From (i), I = ∫ 2 = ∫ t
−2
dt = + c
t −1
−1 −1
⇒ I= + c= + c.
t cos x + sin x
3
15. tan 2x sec 2x
∫ tan 2x sec 2x dx = ∫ tan 2 x tan 2 x sec 2 x dx

3 2
Sol. Let I =
∫ (sec 2 x − 1) sec 2 x tan 2 x dx [... tan2 θ = sec2 θ – 1]

2
=
1
=
2
∫ (sec 2 2 x − 1)(2 sec 2 x tan 2 x) dx ...(i)
d dt
Put sec 2x = t. Therefore sec 2x tan 2x (2x) =
dx dx
∴ 2 sec 2x tan 2x dx = dt
∴ From (i), I =
1
2 ∫
(t2 − 1) dt =
1
2 ∫
t2 dt − ∫ 1 dt ( )
1  t − t
3
1 3 1
= 3  + c= t – t+ c
2   6 2
1 1
Putting t = sec 2x, = sec3 2x – sec 2x + c.
6 2
16. tan4 x
Sol. ∫ tan4 x dx = ∫ tan 2 x tan 2 x dx = ∫ tan 2 x (sec 2 x − 1) dx
= ∫ (tan 2 x sec 2 x − tan 2 x) dx = ∫ tan 2 x sec 2 x dx – ∫ tan 2 x dx
= ∫ tan 2 x sec 2 x dx – ∫ (sec 2 x − 1) dx
= ∫
tan 2 x sec 2 x dx – sec 2 x dx + ∫ ∫ 1 dx
↓
For this integral, put tan x = t.
dt
∴ sec2 x = or sec2 x dx = dt
dx
MathonGo 27
t3
= ∫ t 2 dt – tan x + x + c =
3
– tan x + x + c
1
Put t = tan x, = tan3 x – tan x + x + c.
3
sin3 x + cos3 x
17.
sin2 x cos2 x
sin3 x + cos3 x  sin 3 x cos3 x 
Sol. ∫ sin2 x cos2 x
dx = ∫  2 2
+ 2 2  dx
 sin x cos x sin x cos x 
 a + b a b
∵ = + 
c c c
 sin x cos x   sin x cos x 
= ∫  +  dx =
cos x sin 2 x 
2 ∫  cos x cos x + sin x sin x  dx
= ∫ (tan x sec x + cot x cosec x) dx
= ∫ sec x tan x dx + ∫ cosec x cot x dx = sec x – cosec x + c.
cos 2 x + 2 sin 2 x
18.
cos 2 x
cos 2 x + 2 sin 2 x (1 − 2 sin 2 x) + 2 sin 2 x
Sol. ∫ cos x2 dx = ∫ cos2 x
dx
1
cos2 x
=
2
∫
dx = ∫ sec x dx = tan x + c.
1
Note. Method to evaluate
sin x cos q x
∫
dx if (p + q) is a
p
negative even integer (= – n (say)); then multiply Numerator and

Denominator of integrand by secn x.
1
19.
sin x cos 3 x
1
Sol. Let I = ∫
sin x cos3 x
dx ...(i)
Here p + q = – 1 – 3 = – 4 is a negative even integer.
So multiplying both Numerator and Denominator of integrand of
(i) by sec4 x,
sec4 x sec 4 x
I = ∫
sin x cos3 x sec4 x
dx = ∫ tan x
dx
 1 sin x 
∵ sin x cos x sec x = sin x cos x . = = tan x
3 4 3
4
cos x cos x 
sec 2 x sec 2 x (1 + tan 2 x) sec 2 x
or I = ∫ tan x dx = ∫ tan x
dx ...(ii)
Put tan x = t
MathonGo 28
dt
dx
(1 + t 2 )  1 t2 
∴ From (ii), I = ∫ t
dt = ∫  t + t  dt
 
1  1 t2
= ∫  + t dt =
t ∫ t
dt + ∫ t dt = log | t | +
2
+ c
1
Putting t = tan x, = log | tan x | + tan2 x + c.
2
cos 2 x
20.
(cos x + sin x )2
cos 2 x cos2 x − sin2 x
Sol. Let I = ∫
(cos x + sin x) 2 dx = ∫
(cos x + sin x)2
dx
(cos x + sin x)(cos x − sin x) cos x − sin x

= ∫ (cos x + sin x)(cos x + sin x) dx = ∫
cos x + sin x dx ...(i)
Put DENOMINATOR cos x + sin x = t
dt
∴ – sin x + cos x = ⇒ (cos x – sin x) dx = dt
dx
dt
∴ From (i), I = ∫ = log | t | + c = log | cos x + sin x | + c
t
Note. Another method to evaluate integral (i) is, apply
f ′ ( x)
∫ dx = log | f (x) |.
f ( x)
21. sin– 1 (cos x)
π 
Sol. ∫ sin − 1 (cos x) dx = ∫ sin − 1 sin  − x dx
2 
π  π
= ∫  − x dx =
2 ∫ 2
dx – ∫ x dx
π π x2
=
2 ∫ 1 dx – ∫ x1 dx =
2
x –
2
+ c.
1
22.
cos ( x – a) cos ( x – b)
1
Sol. Let I = ∫
cos ( x − a) cos ( x − b) dx ...(i)
Here (x – a) – (x – b) = x – a – x + b = b – a ...(ii)
By looking at Eqn. (ii), dividing and multiplying the integrand in
(i) by sin (b – a),
1 sin (b − a)
I =
sin (b − a) ∫ cos ( x − a) cos ( x − b) dx
1 sin [( x − a) − ( x − b)]
=
sin (b − a) ∫ cos ( x − a) cos ( x − b) dx [By (ii)]
1 sin ( x − a) cos ( x − b) − cos ( x − a) sin ( x − b)
=
sin (b − a) ∫ cos ( x − a) cos ( x − b)
dx
[... sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B]
MathonGo 29
1  sin ( x − a) cos ( x − b) cos ( x − a) sin ( x − b) 

=
sin (b − a) ∫  −  dx
 cos ( x − a) cos ( x − b) cos ( x − a) cos ( x − b) 
 A – B A B
∵ = − 
C C C
1
=
sin (b − a) ∫ [tan ( x − a) − tan ( x − b)] dx
1
= [– log | cos (x – a) | + log | cos (x – b) | ] + c
sin (b − a)
(... ∫ tan x dx = – log | cos x |)
1  cos ( x − b) m
= log + c. ∵ log m − log n = log 
sin (b − a)  cos ( x − a) n
sin2 x – cos2 x
23. ∫ sin2 x cos2 x
dx is equal to
(A) tan x + cot x + C (B) tan x + cosec x + C
(C) – tan x + cot x + C (D) tan x + sec x + C
sin2 x − cos2 x
Sol. ∫ sin2 x cos2 x
dx
 sin 2 x cos2 x   a − b a b
= ∫  2 2
− 2 2  dx
 sin x cos x sin x cos x  ∵
 c
= − 
c c
 1 
1
= ∫  2
cos x
−  dx =
sin 2 x 
∫ (sec 2 x − cosec 2 x) dx
= ∫ sec 2 x dx – ∫ cosec 2 x dx = tan x – (– cot x) + C

= tan x + cot x + C ∴ Option (A) is the correct answer.
e x (1 + x)
24. ∫ cos2 (e x x)
dx equals
(A) – cot (exx) + C (B) tan (xex) + C

(C) tan (ex) + C (D) cot (ex) + C
ex (1 + x)
Sol. Let I = ∫ cos2 (ex x)
dx ...(i)
Put ex . x = t
[To evaluate ∫ (T-function or Inverse T-function f (x)) f ′(x) dx, put
f (x) = t]
dt
Applying Product Rule, ex . 1 + xex =
dx
or ex (1 + x) dx = dt
dt
∴ From (i), I = ∫ = ∫ sec t dt
2
cos2 t
= tan t + C = tan (x ex) + C ∴Option (B) is the correct answer.
MathonGo 30
Exercise 7.4
Integrate the following functions in Exercises 1 to 9:
3x2
1.
x6 + 1
3 x2 3x2
Sol. Let I = ∫ x6 + 1
dx = ∫ ( x ) + 12
3 2 dx ...(i)
3
Put x = t
dt
∴ 3x2 = ⇒ 3x2 dx = dt
dx
dt
∫
1 t
∴ From (i), I = = tan– 1 + C
t + 12
2
1 1
 1 1 x
∵

∫ 2
x +a 2
dx = tan – 1 
a a
Putting t = x3; = tan– 1 (x3) + C.
Note. ax2 + b (a ≠ 0) is called a pure quadratic.
1
2.
1 + 4x2
1 1
Sol. Let I = ∫ 1 + 4x 2
dx = ∫ dx
(2 x)2 + 12
1
Using ∫ x + a2
2
dx = log x + x2 + a2 ,
log (2x) + (2x)2 + 12 1

I= +C = log 2 x + 4 x2 + 1 + C.
2 → Coeff. of x 2
1
3.
(2 – x )2 + 1
1 1
Sol. Let I = ∫ (2 − x) + 1 2
dx = ∫ dx
(2 − x)2 + 1
1
Using ∫ x +a
2 2
dx = log x + x2 + a2 ,
log (2 − x) + (2 − x)2 + 12
= + C
− 1 → Coeff. of x
= – log 2 − x + 4 + x2 − 4 x + 1 + C
1
= log + C.
2−x+ x2 − 4 x + 5
 m n
∵ − log n = − (log m − log n) = log n − log m = log m 
 
MathonGo 31
1
4.
9 – 25x 2
1
Sol. Let I = ∫
1
dx = ∫ 3 − (5 x)2
2 dx
9 − 25x 2
5x 
sin − 1 1 x
= 3
5 → Coeff. of x
+ C ∵

∫ a2 – x 2
dx = sin – 1 
a
 
1  5x 
= sin– 1   + C.
5 3
3x
5. 1 + 2 x 4
3x 2x
∫ ∫
3
Sol. Let I = 1 + 2 x4 1 +
dx =
2( x 2 )2
dx ...(i)
2
dt
Put x2 = t. ∴ 2x = ⇒ 2x dx = dt
dx
dt 1
∫ 1 + 2t2 = 2 ∫
3 3
∴ From (i), I = ( 2t)2 + 12
dt
2
1 2t
3 tan − 1 3
= 1 1 + C = tan– 1
( 2 t) + C
2 2 → Coeff. of t 2 2
3
Putting t = x2, = tan– 1
( 2 x2) + C.
2 2
x2
6.
1 – x6
x2 x2 3 x2
Sol. Let I = ∫ 1 − x6
dx = ∫ 1 − ( x3 )2
dx =
1
∫ dx
3 1 − ( x3 )2
dt
Put x3 = t. Therefore 3x2 = ⇒ 3x2 dx = dt.
dx
dt 1 1 1 1+ t
∴ I =
1
3
∫ 1 − t2
=
3
∫ 12 − t2
dt =
1
3 2×1
log
1−t +C
 1 1 a+ x 
∵

∫ a2 – x 2
dx =
2a
log
a–x 

1 1 + x3
Putting t = x3, = log + C.
6 1 − x3
x –1
7.
x2 – 1
x −1  x 1 
Sol. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ 
 x2 − 1
−  dx
x2 − 1 x2 − 1 
MathonGo 32
x 1
= ∫ x2 − 1
dx – ∫ x2 − 12
dx
1 2x
=
2 ∫ x2 − 1
dx – log x + x2 − 12 ...(i)
 1 
∵
 ∫ x 2 – a2
dx = log| x + x2 – a2 |

2x
Let I1 = ∫ x2 − 1
dx
dt
Put x2 – 1 = t. Therefore 2x = ⇒ 2x dx = dt
dx
dt t1/2
∴ I1 = ∫ t
= ∫ t − 1/2 dt =
1
= 2 t = 2 x2 − 1 + C
2
2x
Putting this value of I1 = ∫ x2 − 1
dx in (i),
1
I = (2 x2 − 1 + C) – log | x + x2 − 1 |
2
C
= x2 − 1 + – log | x + x2 − 1 |
2
C
= x2 − 1 – log | x + x2 − 1 | + C1 where C1 = .
2
x2
8.
x 6 + a6
x2 1 3 x2
Sol. Let I = ∫ dx =
3
∫ ( x3 )2 + a6
dx ...(i)
x6 + a6
dt
dx
1 1 1
∫
dt
∴ From (i), I =
3 ∫ t +a
2 6
=
3 t + ( a3 ) 2
2
dt
1  1 
= log t + t2 + (a3 )2 + C ∵ ∫ dx = log x + x 2 + a2 
3  x +a
2 2 
 
1
Putting t = x3, = log x3 + x6 + a6 + C.
3
sec2 x
9.
tan2 x + 4
sec2 x
Sol. Let I = ∫ tan2 x + 4
dx ...(i)
MathonGo 33
dt
Put tan x = t. ∴ sec2 x = ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt
dx
dt 1
∴ From (i), I = ∫ t +4
2
= ∫ t + 22
2
dt
 1 
= log t + t2 + 22 + C ∵

∫ x 2 + a2
dx = log x + x 2 + a2 

 
Putting t = tan x, I = log tan x + tan x + 4 + C.

2

Note. Rule to evaluate
1 1
∫ Quadratic dx or ∫ Quadratic dx or ∫ Quadratic dx
Write Quadratic. Take coefficient of x2 common to make it unity.
Then complete squares by adding and subtracting
2
1 
 coefficient of x
2 
1
10.
x2 + 2x + 2
1 1 1
Sol. ∫ x + 2x + 2
2
dx = ∫ x + 2x + 1 + 1
2
dx = ∫ ( x + 1)2 + 12
dx
1
Using ∫ x 2 + a2
dx = log | x + x 2 + a2 |
= log | x + 1 + ( x + 1)2 + 12 | + c = log| x + 1 + x2 + 2 x + 2 |+ c.

1
11.
9 x2 + 6 x + 5
1
Sol. Let I = ∫ 9x + 6x + 5
2 dx ...(i)
1
∫ Quadratic dx
Here Quadratic expression = 9x2 + 6x + 5
 2 6x 5
Making coefficient of x2 unity, = 9  x + + 
 9 9
 2 2 x 5 
= 9 x + + 
 3 9
2
1 
To complete squares, adding and subtracting  Coefficient of x
2 
 1 2 2  2 2x  1  2 1 5 
1
2
=   ×  =   =  = 9  x +
1 +  − + 
  2 3  3 9  3  3 9 9
MathonGo 34
 1
2
4  1
2
 2 
2
= 9  x + ⇒ 9x2 + 6x + 5 = 9  x +  +   
 + 
 3  9  3  3 

1
Putting this value in (i), I = ∫ dx
 1
2
 2 
2
9  x +  +   
 3  3 
 
1
=
1
9
∫  1
2
 2
2 dx
 x + +
3  
3
1
1 x+  1 1 x
1
=
9  2
tan– 1 2
3
+c ∵

∫ x +a
2 2
dx = tan − 1 
a a
  3
3
 3x + 1 
1  3  1  3x + 1
3
= . tan– 1  2  + c = tan– 1   + c.
9 2   6 2 
 3 
1
12.
7 – 6x – x2
1
Sol. Let I = ∫
7 − 6x − x2
dx ...(i) Type ∫ dx
1
Quadratic
2 2
Here Quadratic expression is 7 – 6x – x = – x – 6x + 7.
Making coefficient of x2 unity, = – (x2 + 6x – 7).
2
1 
To complete squares, adding and subtracting  coefficient of x
2 
2
1 
=  × 6 = 9
2 
= – [x2 + 6x + 9 – 9 – 7] = – [(x + 3)2 – 16] ...(ii)
= – (x + 3)2 + 16 = 42 – (x + 3)2 ...(iii)
(Note. Must adjust negative sign outside Eqn. (ii) in the bracket
as shown above because otherwise we shall get − 1 = i on
taking square roots.]
Putting the value of quadratic expression from (iii) in (i),
1  x + 3
I = ∫ dx = sin– 1   + c
4 2 − ( x + 3)2 4 
 1 x
∵

∫ a2 − x 2
dx = sin − 1 
a
 
1
13.
( x – 1)( x – 2)
1 1
Sol. Let I = ∫ ( x − 1)( x − 2) dx =
∫ x2 − 2 x − x + 2
dx
MathonGo 35
1
= ∫
x2 − 3 x + 2
...(i)
Here quadratic expression is x 2 – 3x + 2. Coefficient of x 2 is
already unity. To complete squares, adding and subtracting
2
1  2 2
 coefficient of x , i.e.,  − 3 =  3 
2   2  2
2
 3 9
x2 – 3x + 2 = x2 – 3x +   – + 2
 2 4
2
 3 1  −9 − 9 + 8 − 1
= x −
 2
– ∵ 4 + 2 = =
4 
4  4
2 2
 3  1
= x −  –   ...(ii)
 2  2
1
Putting this value in (i), I = ∫ 2 2
dx
 3  1
 x −  −  
2 2
2 2
3  3  1
= log x− + x −  −   +c
2  2  2
 1 
∵

∫ x 2 – a2
dx = log x + x2 – a2 

 
3
= log x − + x2 − 3 x + 2 + c. [By (ii)]
2
1
14.
8 + 3x – x2
1
Sol. Let I = ∫
8 + 3x − x 2
dx ...(i)
Here quadratic expression is 8 + 3x – x2 = – x2 + 3x + 8.

Making coefficient of x2 unity, = – (x2 – 3x – 8).
To complete squares, adding and subtracting
2 2
1   3
 coefficient of x =  
2   2
  3
2
 3
2 
8 + 3x – x2 = –  x2 − 3 x +   −   − 8
  2   2  
 2  
2
3 41   3
9 2
= –  x −  − − 8 = –  x −  −
3 41
 = – x − 
 2  2
4   2 4  4
(See Note given in the solution of Q.N. 12)
2 2
 41   3
=   – x −  ...(ii)
 2   2
MathonGo 36
1
Putting this value in (i), I = ∫ 2
dx
 41   3
2
 2  −  x − 2
 
x−
3  1 x
= sin –1 2 +c ∵

∫ a2 − x 2
dx = sin − 1 
a
41  
2
 2x − 3
= sin– 1   + c.
41 
1
15. ( x – a)( x – b)
1 1
Sol. Let I = ∫ ( x − a)( x − b)
dx = ∫ x2 − bx − ax + ab
dx
1
= ∫
x − x(a + b) + ab
2
...(i)
Here Quadratic expression = x2 – x(a + b) + ab

2 2
1   a + b
Adding and subtracting  coefficient of x = 
2   2 
2
 a + b
2
 a + b
= x2 – x(a + b) +  – 
 2   2 
+ ab
2
  a + b   (a + b)2 
= x −    – − ab
  2   4 
2
  a + b   (a + b)2 − 4 ab    a + b 
2
(a − b)2
=  x −    –   = x −  –
 2   4    2   4
2
  a + b   a − b
2
= x − 
 2  
– 
 2 
...(ii)

. . 2 2 2
( . (a + b) – 4ab = a + b + 2ab – 4ab
= a2 + b2 – 2ab = (a – b)2)
Putting this value in (i),
1
I = ∫ dx
2 2
  a + b   a − b
 x −  2   −  2 
2 2
 a + b   a + b   a − b
x− + x −  −
= log  2    2    2  + c
 1 
∵

∫ x 2 – a2
dx = log| x + x2 – a2 |

 
MathonGo 37
 a + b
= log x− + x2 − x(a + b) + ab + c [By (ii)]
 2 
Linear Linear
Note. Method to evaluate ∫
Quadratic
dx or ∫ Quadratic
dx
or ∫ Linear Quadratic dx.

d
Write linear = A (Quadratic) + B.
dx
Find values of A and B by comparing coefficients of x and
constant terms on both sides.
4x + 1
16.
2x2 + x – 3
4x + 1
Sol. Let I = ∫ 2 x2 + x − 3
dx ...(i)
d
Here (Quadratic 2x2 + x – 3) is (4x + 1), the numerator.
dx
So put 2x2 + x – 3 = t.
dt
∴ (4x + 1) = ⇒ (4x + 1) dx = dt
dx
dt t1/2
∴ From (i), I = ∫ t
= ∫ t − 1/2 dt =
1
+ c
2
= 2 t + c = 2 2 x2 + x − 3 + c.
x+2
17.
x2 – 1
 
x+2 x 2
Sol. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ 
 x2 − 1
+  dx
x2 − 1 
x2 − 1
x 1
= ∫ x2 − 1
dx + 2 ∫
x2 − 12
dx
x
= ∫ x −12
dx + 2 log | x + x2 − 12 | + c ...(i)
x 1 2x
Let I1 = ∫ dx =
2 ∫ x2 − 1
dx
x −1
2
dt
Put x2 – 1 = t. Therefore 2x = or 2x dx = dt
dx
1/ 2
1 dt 1 1 t
∴ I1 =
2 ∫ t
=
2
∫ t − 1/2 dt =
2 1
= t = x2 − 1
2
MathonGo 38
x
Putting this value of (I1 =) ∫ dx = x2 − 1 in (i)
x −1
2
I = x2 − 1 + 2 log | x + x2 − 1 | + c.
5x – 2
18.
1 + 2x + 3x2
5x − 2 Linear
Sol. Let I = ∫
1 + 2x + 3x 2 dx ...(i) ∫ Quadratic
dx
d
Let Linear = A (Quadratic) + B
dx
d
i.e., 5x – 2 = A (1 + 2x + 3x2) + B
dx
or 5x – 2 = A(2 + 6x) + B ...(ii)
i.e., 5x – 2 = 2A + 6Ax + B
5
Comparing coefficients of x, 6A = 5 ⇒ A =
6
Comparing constants, 2A + B = – 2
5 10
Putting A = , + B = – 2
6 6
10 − 22 − 11
⇒ B = – 2 – = or B =
6 6 3
5 11
Putting values of A and B in (ii), 5x – 2 = (2 + 6x) –
6 3
Putting this value of 5x – 2 in (i),
5 11
(2 + 6 x) −
I = ∫ 6
1 + 2 x + 3 x2
3 dx
5 2 + 6x 11 1
⇒ I =
6
∫ 1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 dx –
3
∫ 1 + 2 x + 3 x2
dx
5 11
= I – I ...(iii)
6 1 3 2
2 + 6x
Here I1 = ∫ dx
1 + 2 x + 3 x2
Put Denominator 1 + 2x + 3x2 = t.
dt
∴ 2 + 6x = ⇒ (2 + 6x) dx = dt
dx
dt 1
∴ I1 = ∫ = ∫ dt = log | t | = log | 1 + 2x + 3x2 | ...(iv)
t t
1 1 1
Again I2 = ∫ dx = ∫ dx ∫ dx
1 + 2 x + 3 x2 3 x2 + 2 x + 1 Quadratic
2
Now Quadratic Expression = 3x + 2x + 1.
 2 2 1
Making coefficient of x2 unity = 3  x + x + 
 3 3
MathonGo 39
 2 2  1
2
1 1
Completing squares = 3  x + 3 x +   + − 
 3 3 9 
 2
2 1 1 3−1 2
= 3  x +  + 
1 ∵ − = =
  3 9 9 9
 3 9 
1 1 1
⇒ I2 = ∫ 
dx = ∫ 2 dx
2  2
2 3 2
1  1
3  x +  +  x +  +  
 3 9   3  3 
1
x+  1 1 x
1 1
= tan– 1
3 ∵ ∫ x 2 + a2
dx = tan − 1 
3  2 2  a a
 
 3  3
1 3 3 x +1 1  3 x + 1
⇒ I2 = . tan– 1 = tan– 1   ...(v)
3 2 2 2 2 
Putting values of I1 and I2 from (iv) and (v) in (iii), we have
5 11 1  3x + 1
I = log | 1 + 2x + 3x2 | – tan– 1   + c.
6 3 2  2 
6x + 7
19.
( x – 5)( x – 4)
6x + 7 6x + 7
Sol. Let I = ∫ ( x − 5)( x − 4) dx =
∫ x − 4 x − 5 x + 20
2 dx
6x + 7 Linear
i.e., I = ∫
x − 9 x + 20
2
dx ...(i) ∫ Quadratic
dx
d
dx
i.e., 6x + 7 = A(2x – 9) + B ...(ii)
= 2Ax – 9A + B
Comparing coefficients of x, 2A = 6 ⇒ A = 3
Comparing constants, – 9A + B = 7.
Putting A = 3, – 27 + B = 7 ⇒ B = 34
Putting values of A and B in (ii),
6x + 7 = 3(2x – 9) + 34
Putting this value of 6x + 7 in (i),
3(2 x − 9) + 34
I = ∫ dx
x 2 − 9 x + 20
2x − 9 1
= 3 ∫ dx + 34 ∫ dx
x − 9 x + 20
2
x − 9 x + 20
2
= 3 I1 + 34 I2 ...(iii)
2x − 9
I1 = ∫ dx
x − 9 x + 20
2
dt
Put x2 – 9x + 20 = t. ∴ 2x – 9 =
dx
MathonGo 40
⇒ (2x – 9) dx = dt
dt t1/2
∴ I1 = ∫ t
= ∫ t − 1/2 dt =
1/2
= 2 t
= 2 x2 − 9 x + 20 ...(iv)
1 1
I2 = ∫ x − 9 x + 20
2
dx = ∫ 2
dx
 9 81
x − 9 x +   + 20 −
2
 2 4
1 1
= ∫ 2
dx = ∫ 2 2
dx
 9 1  9  1
 x −  −  x −  −  
2 4 2 2
2 2
9  9  1
= log x− + x −  −  
2  2  2
 1 
∵

∫ x 2 − a2
dx = log| x + x2 − a2 |

 
9
I2 = log x− + x2 − 9 x + 20 ...(v)
2
  9
2
 1
2
81 1 
∵  x −  −   = x + − 9 x − = x2 − 9 x + 20
2
  2  2 4 4 
Putting values of I1 and I2 from (iv) and (v) in (iii),
9
I = 6 x2 − 9 x + 20 + 34 log x− + x2 − 9 x + 20 + c.
2
x+2
20.
4x – x2
x+2 Linear
Sol. Let I = ∫ 4x − x 2
dx ...(i) ∫ Quadratic
dx
d
dx
i.e., x + 2 = A(4 – 2x) + B ...(ii)
= 4A – 2Ax + B
−1
Comparing coefficients of x: – 2A = 1 ⇒ A =
2
Comparing constants: 4A + B = 2
−1
Putting A = , – 2 + B = 2 ⇒ B = 4
2
−1
Putting values of A and B in (ii), x + 2 = (4 – 2x) + 4
2
Putting this value of x + 2 in (i),
MathonGo 41
−1
(4 − 2x) + 4 −1 4 − 2x 1
I = ∫ 2 dx =
2 ∫ 4x − x 2
dx + 4 ∫ 4x − x2
dx
4x − x2
−1 4 − 2x
=
2 1
I + 4 I2 ...(iii) I1 = ∫ 4 x − x2
dx
dt
Put 4x – x2 = t ∴ 4 – 2x = ⇒ (4 – 2x) dx = dt
dx
dt t1/2
∴ I1 = ∫ t
= ∫ t − 1/2 dt = = 2 t = 2 4x − x2 ...(iv)
1/2
1
I2 =
4x − x2
∫
dx
Quadratic Expression is 4x – x2 = – x2 + 4x
= – (x2 – 4x) = – (x2 – 4x + 4 – 4) = –((x – 2)2 – 22) = 22 – (x – 2)2
1 x−2
∴ I2 = ∫ 2 − ( x − 2)2
2
dx = sin– 1
2
...(v)
 1 x
∵ ∫ dx = sin− 1 
a
 a −x
2 2

x−2
I = – 4x − x2 + 4 sin– 1 + c.
2
x+2
21. 2
x + 2x + 3
x+2
Sol. Let I = ∫ x2 + 2 x + 3
dx ...(i)
d
dx
i.e., x + 2 = A(2x + 2) + B ...(ii)
= 2Ax + 2A + B
1
Comparing coefficients of x, 2A = 1 ⇒ A =
2
Comparing constants, 2A + B = 2
1
Putting A = , 1 + B = 2 ⇒ B = 1
2
1
Putting values of A and B in (ii), x + 2 = (2x + 2) + 1
2
Putting this value of (x + 2) in (i),
1
(2x + 2) + 1 1 2x + 2 dx
I =∫ 2 dx =
2
∫ x + 2x + 3
2
dx + ∫ x + 2x + 3
2
x + 2x + 3
2
MathonGo 42
1 2x + 2
⇒ I = I + I2
2 1
...(iii) I1 = ∫ x + 2x + 3
2
dx
dt
Put x2 + 2x + 3 = t ∴ (2x + 2) = ⇒ (2x + 2) dx = dt
dx
dt t1/2
I1 = ∫ t
= ∫ t − 1/2 dt =
1
= 2 t = 2 x2 + 2 x + 3 ...(iv)
2
1 1
I2 = ∫ dx = ∫ x + 2x + 1 + 2
2
dx
x + 2x + 3
2
1
= ∫ ( x + 1) + ( 2)2
2
dx = log | x + 1 + ( x + 1)2 + ( 2)2 |
 1 
∵

∫ x +a
2 2
dx = log| x + x2 + a2 |

 
= log | x + 1 + x2 + 2 x + 3 | ...(v)
Putting values from (iv) and (v) in (iii),
I = x2 + 2 x + 3 + log | x + 1 + x2 + 2 x + 3 | + c.
x+3
22. 2
x – 2x – 5
x+3
Sol. Let I = ∫
x2 − 2 x − 5
dx ...(i)
d
Let x + 3 = A (x2 – 2x – 5) + B
dx
or x + 3 = A(2x – 2) + B ...(ii)
= 2Ax – 2A + B
1
Comparing coefficients of x on both sides, 2A = 1 ⇒ A =
2
Comparing constants, – 2A + B = 3
1
Putting A = , – 1 + B = 3 ⇒ B = 4
2
1
Putting values of A and B in (ii), x + 3 = (2x – 2) + 4
2
1
(2x − 2) + 4 1 2x − 2 1
I = ∫ 2
x2 − 2x − 5
dx =
2 ∫ x2 − 2 x − 5
dx + 4 ∫
x2 − 2 x − 5
dx
1
= I + 4 I2 ...(iii)
2 1
2x − 2
I1 = ∫ x2 − 2 x − 5
dx
dt
Put x2 – 2x – 5 = t. Therefore (2x – 2) = ⇒(2x – 2) dx = dt
dx
MathonGo 43
dt
∴ I1 = ∫ t
= log | t | = log | x2 – 2x – 5 | ...(iv)
1
Again I2 = ∫ x2 − 2 x − 5
dx
1 1
= ∫ x2 − 2 x + 1 − 1 − 5
dx = ∫
( x − 1)2 − 6
dx
1 1 x −1− 6
= ∫ ( x − 1) − 6 2 dx =
2 6
log
x −1+ 6
...(v)
 1 1 x–a 
∵ ∫ 2 2
dx = log 
 x – a 2 a x+a 
1 2 x −1− 6
I = log | x2 – 2x – 5 | + log + c.
2 6 x −1+ 6
5x + 3
23.
x 2 + 4 x + 10
5x + 3
Sol. Let I = ∫ x2 + 4 x + 10
dx ...(i)
d
dx
i.e., 5x + 3 = A(2x + 4) + B ...(ii)
= 2Ax + 4A + B
5
Comparing coefficients of x on both sides, 2A = 5 ⇒ A =
2
Comparing constants, 4A + B = 3
5
Putting A = , 10 + B = 3 ⇒ B = – 7
2
5
Putting values of A and B in (ii), 5x + 3 = (2x + 4) – 7
2
5
(2x + 4) − 7
Putting this value in (i), I = ∫ 2
x2 + 4 x + 10
dx
5 2x + 4 1
= ∫ dx – 7 ∫ x + 4 x + 10
2
dx
2 x + 4 x + 10
2
5
or I = I1 – 7 I2 ...(iii)
2
2x + 4
I1 = ∫ x + 4 x + 10
2 dx
dt
Put x2 + 4x + 10 = t. Therefore 2x + 4 = ⇒ (2x + 4) dx = dt
dx
MathonGo 44
dt t1/2
∴ I1 = ∫ t
= ∫ t − 1/2 dt =
1
=2 t
2
= 2 x2 + 4 x + 10 ...(iv)
1 1
I2 = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
x2 + 4 x + 10 x + 4x + 4 + 6
2
1
= ∫ ( x + 2)2 + ( 6)2
dx = log | x + 2 + ( x + 2)2 + ( 6)2 |
 1 
∵

∫ x +a
2 2
dx = log| x + x2 + a2 |

 
= log | x + 2 + x2 + 4 x + 10 | ...(v)
I = 5 x2 + 4 x + 10 – 7 log | x + 2 + x2 + 4 x + 10 | + c.
Choose the correct answer in Exercises 24 and 25.
dx
24. ∫ 2 equals
x + 2x + 2
– 1
(A) x tan (x + 1) + C (B) tan– 1 (x + 1) + C
(C) (x + 1) tan– 1 x + C (D) tan– 1 x + C.
dx 1 1
Sol. ∫ 2 = ∫ 2 dx = ∫ dx
x + 2x + 2 x + 2x + 1 + 1 ( x + 1)2 + 12
( x + 1)  1 1 x
+ C ∵ ∫ 2 dx = tan − 1 
1
tan– 1
=
1 1  x +a 2
a a 
= tan– 1 (x + 1) + C
dx
25. ∫ equals
9 x – 4x2
1  9x – 8 1  8x – 9
(A) sin– 1   +C (B) sin– 1   +C
9 8  2 9 
1  9x – 8 1  9x – 8
(C) sin– 1   +C (D) sin– 1   + C.
3 8  2 8 
dx dx
Sol. Let I = ∫ = ∫ ...(i)
9x − 4x 2
− 4 x2 + 9 x
 2 9 
Here Quadratic expression is – 4x2 + 9x = – 4  x − x
4
 9  9
2
 9 
2  9
2
 9 
2
= – 4  x2 − x +   −    = – 4  x −  −   
 8  8   8  8 
 4  
  9
2
 9
2   9
2
 9
2
= 4  −  x − 8  +  8   = 4  8  −  x − 8  
   
MathonGo 45

1 1 1
I = ∫  9  2 
dx = ∫ dx
9  2  9  2  9 
2 2
4   −  x −     −  x −  
   8      8  
 8  8
9
1
x−
= sin– 1 8 +C
2 9
8
 x
1  8x − 9 1
=
2
sin– 1 
 9   +C ∵

∫ a2 − x 2
dx = sin − 1 
a
 
MathonGo 46
Exercise 7.5
Integrate the (rational) functions in Exercises 1 to 6:
x
1.
( x + 1)( x + 2)
x
Sol. To integrate the (rational) function .
( x + 1)( x + 2)
x A B
Let integrand = + ...(i)
( x + 1)( x + 2) x+1 x+2
(Partial Fractions)
Multiplying by L.C.M. = (x + 1)(x + 2),
x = A(x + 2) + B(x + 1) = Ax + 2A + Bx + B
Comparing coefficients of x on both sides, A + B = 1 ...(ii)
Comparing constants, 2A + B = 0 ...(iii)
Let us solve Eqns. (ii) and (iii) for A and B.
Eqn. (iii) – Eqn. (ii) gives, A = – 1
Putting A = – 1 in (ii), – 1 + B = 1 ⇒ B = 2
x −1 2
Putting values of A and B in (i), = +
( x + 1)( x + 2) x+1 x+2
x 1 1
∴ ∫ ( x + 1)( x + 2) dx = – ∫ x + 1 dx + 2 ∫ x + 2 dx
= – log | x + 1 | + 2 log | x + 2 | + c
( x + 2)2
= log | x + 2 |2 – log | x + 1 | + c = log + c.
| x + 1|
( .. | t |2 = t2)
.
1
2.
x2 – 9
1
Sol. To integrate the (rational) function
x2 − 9
1 1
∫ x2 − 9
dx = ∫ x2 − 32
dx
MathonGo 47
1 x−3  1 1 x–a 
=
2 × 3 log + c ∵

∫ 2
x –a 2
=
2a
log 
x+a 
x+3
1 x−3
= log + c.
6 x+3
OR
1 1 A B
Integrand = = +
x2 − 9 ( x − 3)( x + 3) x−3 x+3
Now proceed as in the solution of Q.No.1.
3x – 1
3.
( x – 1)( x – 2)( x – 3) .
3x − 1
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)
3x − 1 A B C
Let integrand = + + ...(i)
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) x − 1 x − 2 x −3
Multiplying by L.C.M. = (x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3), we have
3x – 1 = A(x – 2)(x – 3) + B(x – 1)(x – 3) + C(x – 1)(x – 2)
= A(x2 – 5x + 6) + B(x2 – 4x + 3) + C(x2 – 3x + 2)
= Ax2 – 5Ax + 6A + Bx2 – 4Bx + 3B + Cx2 – 3Cx + 2C
Comparing coefficients of x2, x and constant terms on both sides,
we have
Coefficients of x2: A + B + C = 0 ...(ii)
Coefficient of x: – 5A – 4B – 3C = 3 or 5A + 4B + 3C = – 3 ...(iii)
Constants: 6A + 3B + 2C = – 1 ...(iv)
Let us solve (ii), (iii) and (iv) for A, B, C.
Let us first form two Eqns. in two unknowns say A and B.
Eqn. (iii) – 3 Eqn. (i) gives (to eliminate C),
5A + 4B + 3C – 3A – 3B – 3C = – 3
or 2A + B = – 3 ...(v)
Eqn. (iv) – 2 Eqn. (i) gives (to eliminate C),
6A + 3B + 2C – 2A – 2B – 2C = – 1
or 4A + B = – 1 ...(vi)
Eqn. (vi) – Eqn. (v) gives (to eliminate B),
2
2A = – 1 + 3 = 2 ⇒ A = = 1.
2
Putting A = 1 in (v), 2 + B = – 3 ⇒ B = – 5
Putting A = 1 and B = – 5 in (ii), 1 – 5 + C = 0
or C – 4 = 0 or C = 4
Putting values of A, B, C in (i),
3x − 1 1 5 4
= – +
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) x−1 x−2 x−3
MathonGo 48
3x − 1
∴ ∫ ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)
1 1 1
= ∫ dx – 5 ∫ dx + 4 ∫ dx
x−1 x−2 x−3
= log | x – 1 | – 5 log | x – 2 | + 4 log | x – 3 | + c.
x
4.
( x – 1)( x – 2)( x – 3)
x
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) .
x A B C
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) x−1 x−2 x −3
(Partial fractions)
Multiplying by L.C.M. = (x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3),
x = A(x – 2)(x – 3) + B(x – 1)(x – 3) + C(x – 1)(x – 2)
= A(x2 – 5x + 6) + B(x2 – 4x + 3) + C(x2 – 3x + 2)
= Ax2 – 5Ax + 6A + Bx2 – 4Bx + 3B + Cx2 – 3Cx + 2C
we have
x 2: A + B + C = 0 ...(ii)
x: – 5A – 4B – 3C = 1 or 5A + 4B + 3C = – 1 ...(iii)
Constants: 6A + 3B + 2C = 0 ...(iv)
Let us solve Eqns. (ii), (iii) and (iv) for A, B, C.
Let us first form two Eqns. in two unknowns say A and B.
Eqn. (iii) – 3 × Eqn. (ii) gives | To eliminate C
5A + 4B + 3C – 3A – 3B – 3C = – 1 or 2A + B = – 1 ...(v)
Eqn. (iv) – 2 × Eqn. (ii) gives | To eliminate C
4A + B = 0 ...(vi)
Eqn. (vi) – Eqn. (v) gives (To eliminate B)
1
2A = 1 ∴ A=
2
1
Putting A = in (v), 1 + B = – 1 ⇒ B = – 2
2
1
Putting A = and B = – 2 in (ii),
2
1 −1 −1+ 4 3
– 2 + C = 0 ⇒ C = + 2 = =
2 2 2 2
Putting these values of A, B, C in (i), we have
1 3
x 2 2 2
= – +
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) x −1 x−2 x−3
x
∴ ∫
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) dx
1 1 1 3 1
2 ∫ x−1
= dx – 2 ∫ dx + ∫ dx
x−2 2 x−3
1 3
= log | x – 1 | – 2 log | x – 2 | + log | x – 3 | + c.
2 2
MathonGo 49
2x
5.
x2 + 3x + 2
2x
x2 + 3 x + 2
Now x2 + 3x + 2 = x2 + 2x + x + 2 = x(x + 2) + 1(x + 2)
= (x + 1)(x + 2)
2x 2x
∴ Integrand =
x + 3x + 2
2 ( x + 1)( x + 2)
A B
= + ...(i)
x+1 x+2
(Partial Fractions)
Multiplying both sides by L.C.M. = (x + 1)(x + 2),
2x = A(x + 2) + B(x + 1) = Ax + 2A + Bx + B
Comparing coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides, we
have
Coefficients of x: A + B = 2 ...(ii)
Constant terms: 2A + B = 0 ...(iii)
Let us solve (ii) and (iii) for A and B.
(iii) – (ii) gives A = – 2.
Putting A = – 2 in (ii), – 2 + B = 2. ∴ B = 4
2x −2 4
Putting values of A and B in (i), = +
x + 3x + 2
2 x+1 x+2
2x 1
∴ ∫ x2 + 3 x + 2
dx = – 2 ∫
1
x + 1 dx + 4 ∫ x + 2 dx
= – 2 log | x + 1 | + 4 log | x + 2 | + c
= 4 log | x + 2 | – 2 log | x + 1 | + c
2x
Remark: Alternative method to evaluate ∫ x2 + 3 x + 2
dx
Linear
is ∫ Quadratic
dx as explained in solutions in Exercise 7.4
(Exercise 18 and Exercise 22.

1 – x2
6.
x(1 – 2 x )
1 − x2 1 − x2 − x2 + 1
Sol. To integrate (rational) function = =
x(1 − 2 x) x − 2x 2
− 2x2 + x
[Here Degree of numerator = Degree of Denominator = 2
∴ We must divide numerator by denominator to make the
degree of numerator smaller than degree of denominator so that
we can form partial fractions.]
MathonGo 50
1
– 2x2 + x ) – x2 + 1 ( 2
x
– x2 +
2
+ –
x
– + 1
2
 x 
1 − x2 Remainder 1  – + 1
2
∴ = Quotient + = +
x(1 − 2 x) Divisor 2 x(1 − 2 x)
  x 
1 − x2  1  − + 1 
∫  + 2 
∴
x(1 − 2 x)
dx = ∫  2 x(1 − 2x)  dx
 
x
1 − +1
=
2
∫ 1 dx + ∫ 2
x(1 − 2 x)
dx ...(i)
x
+1− A B
Let integrand 2 = + ...(ii)
x(1 − 2 x) x 1 − 2x
Multiplying by L.C.M. = x(1 – 2x),
x
– + 1 = A(1 – 2x) + Bx = A – 2Ax + Bx
2
−1
Comparing coefficients of x, – 2A + B = ...(iii)
2
Comparing constants, A = 1 ...(iv)
Putting A = 1 from (iv) in (iii),
−1 −1 −1+ 4 3
– 2 + B = ⇒ B = + 2 = or B =
2 2 2 2
x 3
− +1 1
2 = + 2
x(1 − 2 x) x 1 − 2x
x
− +1 1 3 1
∴ ∫ 2 dx = ∫ x
dx + ∫ 1 − 2x dx
x(1 − 2 x) 2
3 |1 − 2x|
= log | x | + log + c
2 − 2 → Coefficient of x
3
= log | x | –
log | 1 – 2x | + c
4
1 − x2 1 3
∫ x(1 − 2 x)
dx =
2
x + log | x | –
4
log | 1 – 2x | + c.
MathonGo 51

x
7.
( x 2 + 1)( x – 1)
x
( x + 1)( x − 1)
2
x Ax + B C
Let integrand = 2 + ...(i)
( x2 + 1)( x − 1) x +1 x−1
(Partial Fractions)
Multiplying by L.C.M. = (x2 + 1)(x – 1) on both sides,
x = (Ax + B)(x – 1) + C(x2 + 1)
⇒ x = Ax2 – Ax + Bx – B + Cx2 + C,
we have
x2 A + C = 0 ...(ii)
x – A + B = 1 ...(iii)
Constants – B + C = 0 ...(iv)
Let us solve Eqns. (ii), (iii) and (iv) for A, B, C
Adding (ii) and (iii) to eliminate A, B + C = 1 ...(v)
1
Adding (iv) and (v), 2C = 1 ⇒ C =
2
1
From (iv), – B = – C ⇒ B = C =
2
−1
From (ii), A = – C =
2
Putting these values of A, B, C in (i),
−1 1 1
x+
x 2 2
= + 2
( x2 + 1)( x − 1) x2 + 1 x −1
−1 x 1 1 1 1
= + . 2 +
2 x 2
+ 1 2 x + 1 2 x −1
−1 2x 1 1 1 1
= + +
4 x2 + 1 2 x2 + 1 2 x−1
x
∴ ∫ ( x2 + 1)( x − 1)
dx
−1 2x 1 1 1 1
=
4 ∫ x +12 dx +
2 ∫ x +1
2 dx +
2
∫ x − 1 dx
x −1 1
⇒ ∫ ( x + 1)( x − 1)
2
dx =
4
log | x2 + 1 | +
2
tan– 1 x
1  f ′( x) 
+ log | x – 1 | + c ∵ ∫ f ( x) dx = log| f ( x)|
2
−1 1 1
= log (x2 + 1) + tan– 1 x + log | x – 1 | + c
4 2 2
[... x2 + 1 > 0 ⇒ | x2 + 1 | = x2 + 1]
1 1 1
= log | x – 1 | – log (x2 + 1) + tan– 1 x + c.
2 4 2
MathonGo 52
x
8.
( x – 1)2 ( x + 2)
x
( x − 1)2 ( x + 2)
x A B C
( x − 1)2 ( x + 2) x−1 ( x − 1)2 x+2
(Partial fractions)
Multiplying both sides of (i) by L.C.M. = (x – 1)2 (x + 2)
x = A(x – 1)(x + 2) + B(x + 2) + C(x – 1)2
or x = A(x2 + 2x – x – 2) + B(x + 2) + C(x2 + 1 – 2x)
or x = Ax2 + Ax – 2A + Bx + 2B + Cx2 + C – 2Cx
Comparing coefficients of x2, x and constant terms on both sides
x2 A + C = 0 ...(ii)
x A + B – 2C = 1 ...(iii)
Constants – 2A + 2B + C = 0 ...(iv)
Let us solve (ii), (iii) and (iv) for A, B, C
From (ii), A = – C
Putting A = – C in (iv), 2C + 2B + C = 0
− 3C
⇒ 2B = – 3C ⇒ B =
2
Putting values of A and B in (iii),
− 3C
– C – – 2C = 1 ⇒ – 2C – 3C – 4C = 2
2
−2
⇒ – 9C = 2 ⇒ C =
9
−2 − 3C − 3  − 2 1 2
Putting C = , B = =   = ∴A = – C =
9 2 2  9  3 9
2 1 2
x
= 9 + 3 – 9
( x − 1)2 ( x + 2) x −1 ( x − 1)2 x+2
x
∴ ∫ dx
( x − 1)2 ( x + 2)
2 1 1 2 1
=
9 ∫ x−1
dx +
3 ∫
( x − 1) − 2 dx – ∫9 x+2
dx
2 1 ( x − 1) − 1 2
= log | x – 1 | + – log | x + 2 | + c
9 3 (− 1)(1) 9
2 1
= (log | x – 1 | – log | x + 2 |) –
9 3( x − 1) + c
2 x−1 1
= log
9 x+2 – 3( x − 1) + c.
3x + 5
9.
x3 – x2 – x + 1
3x + 5
x3 − x 2 − x + 1
MathonGo 53
Now denominator = x3 – x2 – x + 1
= x2 (x – 1) – 1(x – 1) = (x – 1)(x2 – 1)
= (x – 1)(x – 1)(x + 1) = (x – 1)2 (x + 1)
3x + 5 3x + 5
∴ Integrand =
x3 − x 2 − x + 1 ( x − 1)2 ( x + 1)
A B C
=
x − 1 + ( x − 1)2 + x + 1 ...(i) (Partial fractions)
Multiplying by L.C.M. = (x – 1)2 (x + 1),
3x + 5 = A(x – 1)(x + 1) + B(x + 1) + C(x – 1)2
= A(x2 – 1) + B(x + 1) + C(x2 + 1 – 2x)
= Ax2 – A + Bx + B + Cx2 + C – 2Cx
x2 A + C = 0 ...(ii)
x B – 2C = 3 ...(iii)
Constants – A + B + C = 5 ...(iv)
From (ii), A = – C and from (iii), B = 2C + 3
Putting these values of A and B in (iv),
2 1
C + 2C + 3 + C = 5 ⇒ 4C = 2 ⇒ C = =
4 2
1
∴ A = – C = –
2
 1
and B = 2C + 3 = 2   + 3 = 1 + 3 = 4.
 2
Putting these values of A, B, C in (i)
−1 1
3x + 5 4
= 2 + + 2
x3 − x 2 − x + 1 x −1 ( x − 1)2 x+1
3x + 5
∴ ∫ 3 dx
x − x2 − x + 1
−1 1 1 1
=
2
∫ x − 1 dx + 4 ∫ ( x − 1) − 2 dx +
2
∫ x + 1 dx
−1 ( x − 1) − 1 1
= log | x – 1 | + 4 + log | x + 1 | + c
2 (− 1)(1) 2
↓
Coeff. of x
1 4
= (log | x + 1 | – log | x – 1 |) – + c
2 x−1
1 x+1 4
= log – + c.
2 x−1 x−1
2x – 3
10. 2
( x – 1)(2 x + 3)
2x − 3
Sol. To integrate the rational function .
( x − 1)(2 x + 3)
2
MathonGo 54
2x − 3 2x − 3
Let integrand =
( x2 − 1)(2 x + 3) ( x − 1)( x + 1)(2 x + 3)
A B C
= + + ...(i)
x−1 x+1 2x + 3
Multiplying both sides by L.C.M. = (x – 1)(x + 1)(2x + 3),
2x – 3 = A(x + 1)(2x + 3) + B(x – 1)(2x + 3) + C(x – 1)(x + 1)
or 2x – 3 = A(2x2 + 3x + 2x + 3) + B(2x2 + 3x – 2x – 3) + C(x2 – 1)
x2 2A + 2B + C = 0 ...(ii)
x 5A + B = 2 ...(iii)
Constants 3A – 3B – C = – 3 ...(iv)
Eqn. (ii) + Eqn. (iv) gives (to eliminate C)
5A – B = – 3 ...(v)
−1
Adding Eqns. (iii) and (v), 10A = – 1 ⇒ A =
10
−1 −5 1 5
Putting A = in (iii), + B = 2 ⇒B = 2 + =
10 10 2 2
−1 1 1 − 25 − 24
+ 5 + C = 0 ∴ C = – 5 = =
5 5 25 5
−1 5 24
2x − 3
= 10 + 2 – 5
( x2 − 1)(2 x + 3) x −1 x+1 2x + 3
2x − 3
∴ ∫ 2 dx
( x − 1)(2 x + 3)
−1 1 5 1 24 1
=
10
∫ x − 1 dx + 2 ∫ x + 1 dx – 5 ∫ 2x + 3 dx
−1 log| x − 1| 5 log | x + 1| 24 log|2 x + 3|
= + – + c
10 1 → Coeff. of x 2 1 5 2 → Coeff. of x
−1 5 12
= log | x – 1 | + log | x + 1 | – log | 2x + 3 | + c
10 2 5
5 1 12
= log | x + 1 | – log | x – 1 | – log | 2x + 3 | + c.
2 10 5
5x
11.
( x + 1)( x 2 4)
5x
Sol. To integrate the rational function .
( x + 1)( x2 − 4)
5x 5x
Let integrand 2
=
( x + 1)( x − 4) ( x + 1)( x + 2)( x − 2)
A B C
= + + ...(i) (Partial fractions)
x+1 x+2 x−2
MathonGo 55
Multiplying both sides of (i) by L.C.M.

= (x + 1)(x + 2)(x – 2),
5x = A(x + 2)(x – 2) + B(x + 1)(x – 2) + C(x + 1)(x + 2)
= A(x2 – 4) + B(x2 – x – 2) + C(x2 + 3x + 2)
= Ax2 – 4A + Bx2 – Bx – 2B + Cx2 + 3Cx + 2C.
x2 A + B + C = 0 ...(ii)
x – B + 3C = 5 ...(iii)
Constants – 4A – 2B + 2C = 0
Dividing by – 2, 2A + B – C = 0 ...(iv)
Let us solve (ii), (iii) and (iv) for A, B, C
Eqn. (ii) × 2 – Eqn. (iv) gives (To eliminate A) because Eqn. (iii)
does not involve A.
2A + 2B + 2C – (2A + B – C) = 0,
i.e., 2A + 2B + 2C – 2A – B + C = 0
⇒ B + 3C = 0 ...(v)
Adding Eqns. (iii) and (v),
5
6C = 5 ⇒ C =
6
5 15 15
Putting C = in (iii), – B + = 5 ⇒ – B = 5 –
6 6 6
30 − 15 15 5 −5
⇒ – B = = = ⇒ B =
6 6 2 2
−5 5 5 5
Putting B = and C = in (ii), A – + = 0
2 6 2 6
5 5 15 − 5 10 5
⇒ A= – = = =
2 6 6 6 3
5 5 5
5x
= 3 – 2 + 6
( x + 1)( x2 − 4) x+1 x+2 x−2
5x 5 1 5 1 5 1
∴ ∫ ( x + 1)( x2 − 4
dx =
3
∫ x + 1 dx – 2 ∫ x + 2 dx + 6 ∫ x − 2 dx
5 5 5
= log | x + 1 | – log | x + 2 | + log | x – 2 | + c.
3 2 6
x3 + x + 1
12.
x2 1
Sol. Here degree of numerator is greater than degree of denominator.
Therefore, dividing the numerator by the denominator,
x2 – 1 ) x33 + x + 1 ( x
x – x
– +
2x + 1
x3 + x + 1 2x + 1
∴ = x+ 2 ...(i)
x2 − 1 x −1
MathonGo 56
 Remainder 
 Rational function = Quotient + Divisor 
 
2x + 1 2 x + 1 A B
Let 2 =
x −1 ( x + 1)( x − 1) = x + 1 + x − 1 ...(ii)
Multiplying by L.C.M. = (x + 1)(x – 1), we have
2x + 1 = A(x – 1) + B(x + 1)
or 2x + 1 = Ax – A + Bx + B
By equating the coefficients of x and constant terms, we get
A + B = 2 ...(iii)
and – A + B = 1 ...(iv)
3
(iii) + (iv) gives 2B = 3 ⇒ B =
2
3 3 1
Putting B = in (iii), we get A + = 2 or A =
2 2 2
Putting values of A and B in eqn. (ii), we have
1 3
2x + 1 2 2
= +
x −1
2 x + 1 x −1
2x + 1
Putting this value of in (i),
x2 − 1
1 3
x3 + x + 1 2
= x+ + 2
x2 − 1 x+1 x −1
x3 + x + 1 1 1 3 1
∴ ∫ x2 − 1
dx = ∫ x dx +
2
∫ x + 1 dx + 2 ∫ x − 1 dx
x2 1 3
= + log | x + 1 | + log | x – 1 | + c.
2 2 2
2
13.
(1 – x )(1 + x 2 )
2
Sol. To find integral of the Rational function .
(1 − x)(1 + x2 )
2 A Bx + C
Let integrand = + ...(i)
(1 − x)(1 + x2 ) 1− x 1 + x2
(Partial Fractions)
Multiplying by L.C.M. = (1 – x)(1 + x2)
2 = A(1 + x2) + (Bx + C)(1 – x)
or 2 = A + Ax2 + Bx – Bx2 + C – Cx
Comparing coefficients of x2, x and constant terms, we have
x2 A – B = 0 ...(ii)
x B – C = 0 ...(iii)
Constant terms A + C = 2 ...(iv)
Let us solve (ii), (iii), (iv) for A, B, C
From (ii), A = B and from (iii), B = C
MathonGo 57
∴ A= B = C
Putting A = C in (iv), C + C = 2 or 2C = 2 or C = 1
∴ A= C = 1 ∴ B =A= 1
2 1 x+1 1 x 1
= + = + +
(1 − x)(1 + x2 ) 1− x 1 + x2 1− x 1 + x2 1 + x2
1 1 2x 1
= + +
1− x 2 1 + x2 1 + x2
1 1
∫ 1 + x2
2 1 2x
∴ ∫ (1 − x)(1 + x )
2
dx = ∫ 1− x
dx +
2 ∫ 1+ x 2
dx + dx
log|1 − x| 1
= + log | 1 + x2 | + tan– 1 x + c
− 1 → Coefficient of x 2
 2x f ′ ( x) 
∵ ∫ dx = ∫ dx = log| f ( x)|
 1+ x 2
f ( x) 
1
= – log | 1 – x | + log (1 + x2) + tan– 1 x + c
2
(... 1 + x2 > 0, therefore | 1 + x2 | = 1 + x2)
Note. log | 1 – x | = log | – (x – 1) |
= log | x – 1 | because | – t | = | t |.
3x – 1
14.
( x + 2)2
3x − 1
Sol. To find integral of rational function .
( x + 2)2
3x − 1
Let I = ∫ dx ...(i)
( x + 2)2
Polynomial function
Form ∫ dx where k is a positive integer,
(Linear)k
put Linear = t.
Here put x + 2 = t ⇒ x = t – 2
dx
∴ = 1 ⇒ dx = dt
dt
Putting these values in (i),
3(t − 2) − 1 3t − 6 − 1 3t − 7
I= ∫ dt = ∫ dt = ∫ dt
t2 t 2
t2
= ∫  −  dt = ∫  −  dt
3t 7 3 7
 t2 t2   t t2 
1 t− 1
= 3 ∫ dt – 7 ∫ t
−2
dt = 3 log | t | – 7 + c
t −1
7
= 3 log | t | + + c
t
MathonGo 58
7
Putting t = x + 2, = 3 log | x + 2 | + + c.
x+2
3x − 1 A B
Remark. Alternative solution is Let = + .
( x + 2) 2 x+2 ( x + 2)2
1
15.
x4 – 1
1
Sol. To find integral of .
x4 − 1
1 1
Let integrand = .
x −1 ( x − 1)( x 2 + 1)
4 2
Put x2 = y only to form partial fractions.

1 A B
= = + ...(i)
( y − 1)( y + 1) y−1 y+1
Multiplying by L.C.M. = ( y – 1)( y + 1)
1 = A( y + 1) + B( y – 1) or 1 = Ay + A + By – B
Comparing coeffs. of y and constant terms, we have
Coefficients of y: A + B = 0 ...(ii)
Constant terms A – B = 1 ...(iii)
1
Adding (ii) and (iii), 2A = 1 ⇒ A =
2
1 1 −1
Putting A = in (ii), + B = 0 ⇒ B =
2 2 2
Putting values of A, B and y in (i),
1 1
1
= 2 2 – 22
x4 − 1 x −1 x +1
1 1 1
∫ ∫ ∫
1 1
∴ dx = 2 dx – dx
x −1
4
2 x −1
2
2 x +1
2
1 1 x −1 1
= log – tan– 1 x + c
2 2.1 x+1 2
 1 1 x–a 
∵ ∫ 2 2
dx = log 
 x – a 2 a x+a 
2
Note. Must put y = x in (i) along with values of A and B before
writing values of integrals.
Remark. Alternative solution is:
1 1 1
= =
x4 − 1 ( x2 − 1)( x 2 + 1) ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x2 + 1)
A B Cx + D
= + + 2
x−1 x+1 x +1
But the above given solution is better.
MathonGo 59
1
16.
x( x n + 1)
1
Sol. Let I = ∫
x( x + 1) n dx
Multiplying both numerator and denominator of integrand by nxn – 1.
 d n − 1
∵ dx ( x + 1) = nx
n

 
nxn − 1 1 n xn − 1
I = ∫
n ∫ xn ( xn + 1)
dx = dx ...(i)
n xn − 1 x( xn + 1)
(... n – 1 + 1 = n)
dt
Put xn = t. Therefore n xn – 1 = . ∴ n xn – 1 dx = dt.
dx
1 dt 1 1
∴ From (i), I =
n
∫ t(t + 1) = n ∫ t(t + 1) dt
Adding and subtracting t in the numerator of integrand,
1 t+1−t 1  t+1 t   a − b a b
=
n
∫ t(t + 1) dt = n ∫  t(t + 1) − t(t + 1)  dt ∵ c = c − c 
1  1 1  1
 ∫ dt − ∫ dt
=
n  t t + 1  = n [log | t | – log | t + 1 | + c]
1 t
= log + c
n t+1
1 xn
Putting t = xn, = log + c
n x +1
n
1
Remark: Alternative solution for ∫ t(t + 1) dt is:
1 A B
Let
t(t + 1) = t + t + 1 .
But the above given solution is better.
cos x
17.
(1 – sin x)(2 – sin x)
cos x
(1 − sin x)(2 − sin x)
dt
Put sin x = t. Therefore cos x = ⇒ cos x dx = dt,
dx
1 (2 − t) − (1 − t)
∴ From (i), ∫
(1 − t)(2 − t) dt = ∫ (1 − t)(2 − t) dt
[... Difference of two factors in the denominator namely
1 – t and 2 – t is (2 – t) – (1 – t) = 2 – t – 1 + t = 1]
 2−t (1 − t)   a − b a b
= ∫  (1 − t)(2 − t) − (1 − t)(2 − t)  dt ∵
 c
= − 
c c
MathonGo 60
 1 1  1 1
= ∫  1 − t − 2 − t  dt = ∫ 1 − t dt – ∫ 2 − t dt
log|1 − t| log|2 − t|
= – + c
− 1 → Coefficient of t −1
= – log | 1 – t | + log | 2 – t | + c
2−t
= log | 2 – t | – log | 1 – t | + c = log + c
1−t
2 − sin x
Putting t = sin x, = log + c
1 − sin x
1
Remark: Alternative solution for ∫ (1 − t)(2 − t) dt is
1 A B
Let = +
(1 − t)(2 − t) 1−t 2−t
Integrate the following functions for Exercises 18 to 21:
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 2)
18.
( x 2 + 3)( x 2 + 4)
( x2 + 1)( x2 + 2)
Sol. To integrate the rational function . ...(i)
( x2 + 3)( x2 + 4)
2
Put x = y in the integrand to get
( y + 1)( y + 2) y2 + 3 y + 2
= = 2 ...(ii)
( y + 3)( y + 4) y + 7 y + 12
Here degree of numerator = degree of denominator (= 2)
So have to perform long division to make the degree of numerator
smaller than degree of denominator so that the concept of forming
partial fractions becomes valid.
y2 + 7y + 12 ) y2 + 3y + 2 ( 1
y2 + 7y + 12
– – –
– 4y – 10
∴ From (i) and (ii),
( x2 + 1)( x2 + 2) ( y + 1)( y + 2) (− 4 y − 10)
= = 1+ ...(iii)
( x2 + 3)( x2 + 4) ( y + 3)( y + 4) ( y + 3)( y + 4)
(− 4 y − 10)
Let us form partial fractions of .
( y + 3)( y + 4)
− 4 y − 10 A B
Let =
( y + 3)( y + 4) y+3 + y+4 ...(iv)
Multiplying by L.C.M. = ( y + 3)( y + 4)
– 4y – 10 = A( y + 4) + B( y + 3) = Ay + 4A + By + 3B
Comparing coefficients of y, A + B = – 4 ...(v)
Comparing constants, 4A + 3B = – 10 ...(vi)
Let us solve Eqns. (v) and (vi) for A and B.
Eqn. (v) × 4 gives, 4A + 4B = – 16 ...(vii)
MathonGo 61
Eqn. (vi) – Eqn. (vii) gives, – B = 6 or B = – 6.

Putting B = – 6 in (v), A – 6 = – 4 ⇒ A = – 4 + 6 = 2
Putting these values of A and B in (iv),
− 4 y − 10 2 6
= –
( y + 3)( y + 4) y+3 y+4
Putting this value in (iii),
( x2 + 1)( x2 + 2) 2 6
= 1 + –
( x + 3)( x + 4)
2 2 y + 3 y+4
In R.H.S., Putting y = x2 (before integration)
2 6
= 1 + 2 – 2
x +3 x +4
( x2 + 1)( x2 + 2)
∴ ∫ ( x2 + 3)( x2 + 4)
dx
1 1
= ∫ 1 dx + 2 ∫ x + ( 3)
2 2 dx – 6 ∫ x + 22
2 dx
1 x 1 x
=x+ 2 . tan– 1 – 6 . tan– 1 + c
3 3 2 2
2 x x
=x+ tan– 1 – 3 tan– 1 + c.
3 3 2
2x
19.
( x + 1)( x 2 + 3)
2
2x
Sol. Let I = ∫
( x + 1)( x 2 + 3)
dx
2
2
Put x = t. Differentiating both sides 2x dx = dt
dt
∴ I = ∫ (t + 1)(t + 3)
Dividing and multiplying by 2,
(... (t + 3) – (t + 1) = t + 3 – t – 1 = 2)
1 2 1 (t + 3) − (t + 1)
2 ∫ (t + 1)(t + 3) 2 ∫ (t + 1)(t + 3)
= dt = dt
1  1 1  1
=
2 ∫  t + 1 − t + 3 dt = 2 [log | t + 1 | – log | t + 3 |] + c
1 t+1 1 x2 + 1 1  x2 + 1 
= log +c= log +c= log  2  + c.
2 t+3 2 x2 + 3 2  x + 3
1
20.
x( x 4 – 1)
1
Sol. Let I = ∫
x( x4 − 1)
dx
Multiplying both numerator and denominator of integrand by 4x3.
 d 
∵ ( x4 − 1) = 4 x3 
dx 
MathonGo 62
4 x3 4 x3
I = ∫ dx = 1 ∫ dx ...(i)
4 x4 ( x4 − 1) 4 x ( x4 − 1)
4
dt
dx
1 dt 1 t − (t − 1)
∴ From (i), I =
4
∫ t(t − 1) = 4 ∫ t(t − 1) dt
[... t – (t – 1) = t – t + 1 = 1]
1  t (t − 1)  1  1 1
=
4
∫  t(t − 1) − t(t − 1)  dt =
4 ∫  t − 1 − t  dt
1  1 1 
dt − ∫ dt = 1 [log | t – 1 | – log | t |] + c
= ∫
4  t − 1 t  4
1 t −1
= log + c
4 t
1 x4 − 1
Putting t = x4, = log + c.
4 x4
Remark: Alternative solution is:
1 1 1
= =
x( x − 1)
4
x( x − 1)( x + 1)
2 2
x( x − 1)( x + 1)( x2 + 1)
A B C Dx + E
+ =
+ +
x x−1 x+1 x2 + 1
But the solution given above is much better.
1
21.
( e x – 1)
1
Sol. Let I = ∫ ex − 1
dx ...(i)
dt dt
Put ex = t. Therefore ex = ⇒ ex dx = dt ⇒ dx =
dx ex
(Rule to evaluate ∫ f (e x
) dx, put e x = t )
1 dt 1 dt 1
∴ From (i), I = ∫ t − 1 ex = ∫ t −1 t = ∫ t(t − 1) dt
t − (t − 1)  t (t − 1)  1 1
= ∫ t(t − 1) dt = ∫  t(t − 1) − t(t − 1)  dt= ∫ t − 1 dt – ∫ t
dt
t −1
= log | t – 1 | – log | t | + c = log + c.
t
ex − 1
Putting t = ex, = log + c.
ex
MathonGo 63
Choose the correct answer in each of the Exercises 22

and 23:
x dx
22. ∫ ( x – 1)( x – 2) equals
( x – 1)2 ( x – 2)2
(A) log +C (B) log +C
x–2 x –1
2
 x – 1
(C) log  x – 2  +C (D) log | (x – 1)(x – 2) | + C.
x A B
Sol. Let integrand
( x − 1)( x − 2) = x − 1 + x − 2 ...(i)
(Partial fractions)
Multiplying by L.C.M. = (x – 1)(x – 2),
x = A(x – 2) + B(x – 1)
= Ax – 2A + Bx – B
Comparing coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides,
Coefficients of x: A + B = 1 ...(ii)
Constant terms: – 2A – B = 0 ...(iii)
Let us solve (ii) and (iii) for A and B
Adding (ii) and (iii), – A = 1 or A = – 1
Putting A = – 1 in (ii) – 1 + B = 1 or B = 2
Putting values of A and B in (i),
x −1 2
= +
( x − 1)( x − 2) x−1 x−2
x 1 1
∴ ∫ ( x − 1)( x − 2) dx = – ∫ x − 1 dx + 2 ∫ x − 2 dx
= – log | x – 1 | + 2 log | x – 2 | + c
= log | (x – 2)2 | – log | x – 1 | + c
(... n log m = log mn)
( x − 2)2
= log x −1 + c
dx
23. ∫ equals
x ( x 2 + 1)
1
(A) log | x | – log (x2 + 1) + C
2
1
(B) log | x | + log (x2 + 1) + C
2
1
(C) – log | x | + log (x2 + 1) + C
2
1
(D) log | x | + log (x2 + 1) + C.
2
1
Sol. Let I = ∫ dx
x( x2 + 1)
Multiplying both numerator and denominator of integrand by 2x.
 d 
∵ ( x2 + 1) = 2 x
dx 
MathonGo 64
2x
⇒ I = ∫ 2 x2 ( x2 + 1)
dx ...(i)
dt
Put x2 = t. ∴ 2x = ⇒ 2x dx = dt
dx
dt 1 1
∴ From (i), I = ∫ = ∫ dt
2t(t + 1) 2 t(t + 1)
Adding and subtracting t in the numerator of integrand,
1 (t + 1) − t 1 1 
=
2
∫ t(t + 1) dt = 12 ∫  t − t + 1 dt
1
= (log | t | – log | t + 1 |) + c
2
1
Putting t = x2, I = (log | x2 | – log | x2 + 1 |) + c
2
1
= (2 log | x | – log (x2 + 1) + c
2 .. 2
( . x + 1 ≥ 1 > 0 and hence | x2 + 1 | = x2 + 1)
1
= log | x | – log (x2 + 1) + c
2
MathonGo 65
Exercise 7.6
1. x sin x
Sol. ∫ x sin x dx
I II
 d 
Applying Product Rule I ∫ II dx – ∫ 
dx
(I) ∫ II dx dx

 d 
= x ∫ sin x dx – ∫ 
dx
( x) ∫ sin x dx dx

= x (– cos x) – ∫ 1 ( − cos x) dx = – x cos x – ∫ − cos x dx
= – x cos x + ∫ cos x dx = – x cos x + sin x + c
Note. ∫ sin x dx = – cos x.

2. x sin 3x
Sol. ∫ x sin 3 x dx
I II
 d 
Applying Product Rule I ∫ II dx – ∫
dx
(I) ∫ II dx dx

 d 
= x ∫ sin 3x dx – ∫  ( x) ∫ sin 3 x dx dx

dx
 − cos 3 x    − cos 3 x  
= x 
  – ∫ 1  3  
dx + c
3 
−1 1
3 ∫
= x cos 3x + cos 3x dx + c
3
MathonGo 66
−1 1 sin 3 x −1 1
= x cos 3x + + c = x cos 3x + sin 3x + c.
3 3 3 3 9
3. x2 ex
Sol. ∫ x2 e x dx
I II
 d 
dx
(I) ∫ II dx dx

 d 2  
= x2 ∫ e x dx – ∫  dx x 

∫ ex dx dx = x2 ex –
 ∫ 2 x e x dx
= x2 ex – 2 ∫
x e x dx
I II
Again Applying Product Rule
 d  
= x2 ex – 2  x ∫ e dx − ∫  ( x) ∫ ex dx dx
x
  dx  
( )
= x2 ex – 2 x e − ∫ 1.e dx = x2 ex – 2 x e − ∫ e dx
x x x x
( )
= x2 ex – 2x ex + 2 ∫ e dx + c
x
= x2 ex – 2x ex + 2ex + c
x 2
= e (x – 2x + 2) + c.
4. x log x
Sol. ∫ x log x dx = ∫ (log x) . x dx
I II
d 
Applying Product Rule I

II dx –

∫
 dx (I) ∫ II dx  dx
∫
d 
= (log x) ∫ x dx – ∫  (log x) ∫ x dx  dx
 dx 
x2 1 x2 1 2 1
= (log x)
2
– ∫
x 2
dx =
2
x log x –
2
x dx ∫
 x2 x . x 
∵ x = x = x
 
1 2 1 x2 x2 x2
= x log x – + c = log x – + c.
2 2 2 2 4
5. x log 2x
Sol. ∫ x log 2 x dx = ∫ (log 2 x) . x dx
I II
 d 
dx
(I) ∫ II dx dx

 d 
= (log 2x) ∫ x dx – ∫ 
dx
(log 2 x) ∫ x dx dx

x2 1 x2
= (log 2x)
2
– ∫ 2x
. 2 .
2
dx
MathonGo 67
1 2 1  x2 x . x 
= = x
=
2
x log 2x –
2 ∫ x dx ∵
 x x 
1 2 1 x2 x2 x2
= x log 2x – + c = log 2x – + c.
2 2 2 2 4
6. x2 log x
Sol. ∫ x 2 log x dx = ∫ (log x) x2 dx
I II
 d 
Applying Product Rule: I ∫ II dx – ∫ 
dx
(I) ∫ II dx dx

 d 
= log x ∫ x2 dx – ∫ 
dx
(log x) ∫ x2 dx dx

x3 1 x3 x3 1  x3 
= (log x)
3
– ∫ x 3
dx =
3
log x –
3 ∫ x2 dx ∵
 x
= x2 

x3 1 x3 x3 x3
= log x – + c = log x – + c.
3 3 3 3 9
7. x sin– 1 x
Sol. Let I = ∫ x sin
−1
x dx.
Put x = sin θ. Differentiating both sides dx = cos θ dθ
1
I = ∫ sin θ . θ . cos θ dθ =
2 ∫
∴ θ . 2 sin θ cos θ dθ
1
2 ∫
= θ sin 2θ dθ
I II
Integrating by parts
1   cos 2θ   cos 2θ  
2  ∫
θ − − 1. − dθ
2   2  
=

1 1  sin 2θ 
 − θ cos 2θ + cos 2θ dθ =  − θ cos 2θ + 2  + c
=
4  ∫  4  
1
= [– θ (1 – 2 sin2 θ) + sin θ cos θ] + c
4
(... sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ)
1
= [– sin– 1 x . (1 – 2x2) + x 1 − x2 ] + c
4
∵ cos θ = 1 − sin2 θ = 1 − x2 
 
1 x 1 − x2
= (2x2 – 1) sin– 1 x + + c.
4 4
8. x tan– 1 x
Sol. Let I = ∫ x tan − 1 x dx = ∫ (tan − 1 x) . x dx
x2 1 x2
= (tan– 1 x) .
2
– ∫ 1 + x2
.
2
dx
MathonGo 68
x2 1 x2
=
2
tan– 1 x –
2
∫ 1 + x2
dx
x2 1  1 
=
2
tan– 1 x –
2
∫ 1 −

 dx
1 + x2 
 x2 1 + x2 – 1 1 
∵ 2
= 2
=1 – 
 1 + x 1 + x 1 + x2 
x2 1
= tan– 1 x – (x – tan– 1 x) + c
2 2
1 2 1
= [x tan–1 x – x + tan–1 x] + c = [(x2 + 1) tan– 1 x – x] + c.
2 2
9. x cos– 1 x
Sol. Let I = ∫ x cos − 1 x dx ...(i)
Put cos– 1 x = θ. Therefore x = cos θ.
dx
∴ = – sin θ ⇒ dx = – sin θ dθ
dθ
−1
∴ From(i), I = ∫ (cos θ) θ (− sin θ dθ) =
2 ∫
θ (2 sin θ cos θ) dθ
−1
2 ∫
= θ sin 2θ dθ
I II
d 
Applying Product Rule: I II dθ – ∫  (I) ∫ II dθ dθ
∫  dθ 
− 1   − cos 2θ   − cos 2θ  
= θ   − ∫ 1   dθ
2  2 2 
− 1 − 1 1  1 1  sin 2θ 
=  2 θ cos 2θ + 2 ∫ cos 2θ dθ  = θ cos 2θ –  + c
2   4 4  2 
1 1
= θ cos 2θ – (2 sin θ cos θ) + c
4 8
1 1
= θ (2 cos2 θ – 1) – 1 − cos2 θ . cos θ + c
4 4
Putting cos θ = x and θ = cos– 1 x;
1 1
= (cos– 1 x) (2x2 – 1) – 1 − x2 . x + c
4 4
cos− 1 x x
= (2x2 – 1) – 1 − x2 + c.
4 4
10. (sin– 1 x)2
Sol. Put x = sin θ. Differentiating both sides, dx = cos θ dθ
∴ ∫ (sin − 1 x)2 dx = ∫ θ2 cos θ dθ = θ2 sin θ – ∫ 2θ sin θ dθ
I II
= θ2 sin θ – 2 ∫ θ sin θ dθ
I II
MathonGo 69
= θ2 sin θ – 2 θ (− cos θ) − ∫ 1 . (− cos θ) dθ
= θ2 sin θ + 2θ cos θ – 2 ∫ cos θ dθ = θ2 sin θ + 2θ cos θ – 2 sin θ + c
= x (sin– 1 x)2 + 2 1 − x2 sin– 1 x – 2x + c.
(∵ cos θ = 1 − sin2 θ = 1 − x2 )
–1
x cos x
11.
1 – x2
x cos− 1 x
Sol. Let I = ∫ 1 − x2
dx ...(i)
Put cos– 1 x = θ. ⇒ x = cos θ

dx
Therefore = – sin θ ⇒ dx = – sin θ dθ
dθ
(cos θ) θ
∴ From (i), I = ∫ 1 − cos2 θ
(– sin θ dθ)
θ cos θ sin θ
= – ∫ sin θ
dθ (... 1 − cos2 θ = sin 2 θ = sin θ)
= – ∫ θ cos θ dθ
I II
d 
Applying Product Rule: I ∫ II dθ – ∫ dθ (I) ∫ II dθ dθ
 
= – θ . sin θ − ∫ 1 . sin θ dθ = – θ sin θ + ∫ sin θ dθ
= – θ sin θ – cos θ + c = – θ 1 − cos2 θ – cos θ + c

Putting θ = cos – 1 x and cos θ = x,
= – (cos– 1 x) 1 − x2 – x + c = – [ 1 − x2 cos– 1 x + x] + c.
12. x sec2 x
Sol. ∫ x sec x dx
2
I II
d 
Applying Product Rule: I ∫ II dx – ∫  (I) ∫ II dx  dx
 dx 
d 
∫
sec x dx – ∫  ( x) ∫ sec x dx  dx
2 2
= x
 dx 
= x tan x – ∫
1 . tan x dx = x tan x – tan x dx ∫
= x tan x – (– log | cos x |) + c = x tan x + log | cos x | + c.
13. tan– 1 x
Sol. Let I = ∫ tan x dx = ∫ (tan x) . 1 dx
−1 −1
1 1 2x
= tan– 1 x . x – ∫ . x dx = x tan– 1 x – ∫ 1 + x2 dx
1 + x2 2
1  f ′( x) 
= x tan– 1 x – log | (1 + x2) | + c. ∵ ∫ dx = log| f ( x)|
2  f ( x ) 
MathonGo 70
1
= x tan–1 x – log (1 + x2) + c
2 ..
[ . 1 + x2 ≥ 1 > 0 and hence | 1 + x2 | = 1 + x2]
14. x (log x)2
Sol. ∫ x (log x)2 dx = ∫ (log x)2 . x dx
I II
d 
Applying Product Rule: I ∫ II dx – ∫ dx (I) ∫ II dx  dx
 
d 
∫ ∫  dx (log x) ∫ x dx  dx
2
= (log x)2 x dx –
 
2
x 2 (log x) x2
= (log x)2
2
– ∫ x 2
dx
 d 1 d 1 2 log x 
∵ dx (log x) = 2(log x) dx (log x) = 2 log x . x =
2
 x 
x2  x2 x . x 
= = x
=
2
(log x)2 – ∫ (log x) x dx ∵
 x x 
I II
d 
Again applying Product Rule: I ∫ II dx – ∫  dx (I) ∫ II dx  dx
 
 x2  1 x2  
x2
= 2
(log x) – 

(log x ) − ∫ 
x 2
 dx  + c
2 2 
x2 x2 1
2 ∫
= (log x)2 – log x + x dx + c
2 2
x2 x2 x2
= (log x)2 – log x + + c.
2 2 4
15. (x2 + 1) log x
Sol. ∫ ( x2 + 1) log x dx = ∫
(log x) ( x2 + 1) dx
I II
d 
Applying Product Rule: I ∫ II dx – ∫  (I) ∫ II dx  dx
 dx 
 x3  1 x
3 
= log x  3 + x –
  ∫  3 + x dx
x  
 x3   x2 
=  3 + x log x –
 
∫  3 + 1 dx
 
 x3  1
=  3 + x log x – ∫ x2 dx – ∫ 1 dx
  3
 x3  1 x3  x3  x3
=  3 + x log x – – x + c =  + x log x – – x + c.
  3 3  3  9
MathonGo 71

16. ex (sin x + cos x)
Sol. Here I = ∫ e x (sin x + cos x) dx
∫
x
It is of the form e [ f (x) + f ′(x)] dx
Let us take f (x) = sin x so that f ′(x) = cos x
I = ex f (x) + c = ex sin x + c.
∵ ex (f (x) + f ′ (x)) dx = ex f (x) + c
 ∫
x ex
17.
(1 + x)2
xex ( x + 1) − 1
Sol. Here I = ∫ ( x + 1)2
dx = ∫ ( x + 1)2
ex dx
 x+1 1   1 −1 
= ∫ ex 
 ( x + 1)
2
− 2  dx =
( x + 1) 
∫ ex  + 2  dx
 x + 1 ( x + 1) 
It is of the form ∫ e x [ f (x) + f ′(x)] dx
1 d
x + 1 so that f ′(x) = dx [(x + 1) ]
– 1
Let us take f (x) =
−1
= – (x + 1)– 2 =
( x + 1)2
x
e
+ c. ∵ ∫ e (f (x) + f ′(x)) dx = e f (x) + c
x x
∴ I = ex f (x) + c =
x+1
 1 + sin x 
18. ex 
 1 + cos x 
x x
1 + sin x 1 + 2 sin cos
Sol. Here I = ∫ ex .
1 + cos x dx = ∫
x
e . 2
x
2 dx
2 cos2
2
 x x
 2 sin cos 
1 1 x x
∫ + 2 2
 dx = ∫ e x  sec 2 + tan  dx
x
= e .
 2 cos2 x
2 cos2 x   2 2 2
 2 2 
 x 1 x
= ∫ e x  tan + sec 2  dx
 2 2 2
It is of the form ∫ e x [ f (x) + f ′(x)] dx
x 1 x
Let us take f (x) = tan so that f ′(x) = sec2
2 2 2
x
∴ I = ex f (x) + c = ex tan + c.
2
∵ ex (f (x) + f ′ (x)) dx = ex f (x) + c
 ∫
MathonGo 72
1 1 
19. ex  – 2 
x x 
1 1
Sol. Let I = ∫ e x  − 2  dx
x x 
It is of the form ∫ e x ( f ( x) + f ′( x)) dx
1 −1
Here f (x) = = x– 1 and so f ′(x) = (– 1) x– 2 = 2
x x
∴ I = ex f (x) + c [... ∫ ex (f (x) + f ′(x)] dx = ex f (x) + c
1 ex
= ex +c= + c.
x x
( x – 3) e x
20.
( x – 1)3
( x − 3) ex ( x − 1) − 2
Sol. Here I = ∫ ( x − 1)3
dx = ∫ ex dx
( x − 1)3
 x −1 2   1 −2 
= ∫ ex 
 ( x − 1)
3
−  dx =
( x − 1)3 
∫ ex 
 ( x − 1)
2
+  dx
( x − 1)3 
It is of the form ∫ e x [ f ( x) + f ′ ( x)] dx
1 d
Let us take f (x) = so that f ′(x) = [(x – 1)– 2]
( x − 1)2 dx
−2
= – 2(x – 1)– 3 =
( x − 1)3
ex
∴ I = ex f (x) + c = + c.
( x − 1)2
∵ ex (f (x) + f ′ (x)) dx = ex f (x)
 ∫
Note. Rule to evaluate ∫ e ax sin bx dx or ∫ e ax cos bx dx
Let I = ∫ eax sin bx dx or ∫ eax cos bx dx

I II I II
Integrate twice by product Rule and transpose term containing I
from R.H.S. to L.H.S.
21. e2x sin x
Sol. Let I = ∫ e2 x sin x dx ...(i)
I II
d 
Applying Product Rule: I ∫ II dx – ∫  dx (I) ∫ II dx  dx
 
⇒ I = e2x (– cos x) – ∫ e2 x . 2 . (− cos x) dx
 d 2x 2x d 2x 
∵ dx e = e dx (2 x) = 2e 
 
MathonGo 73
⇒ I = – e2x cos x + 2 ∫ e2 x cos x dx

I II
Again Applying Product Rule:
I = – e2x cos x + 2  e2 x sin x − ∫ 2 e2 x sin x dx
⇒ I = – e2x cos x + 2 e2x sin x – 4 ∫ e2 x sin x dx

⇒ I = e2x (– cos x + 2 sin x) – 4I [By (i)]
Transposing – 4I to L.H.S.; 5I = e2x (2 sin x – cos x)
∴ I = ( ∫
e2 x
e2 x sin x dx =
5
)
(2 sin x – cos x) + c
Remark: The above question can also be done as:
Applying Product Rule: taking sin x as first function and e2x as
second function.
 2x 
22. sin– 1  
 1 + x2 
Sol. Put x = tan θ. Differentiating both sides dx = sec2 θ dθ.
 2x   2 tan θ 
∫ sin ∫ sin
−1 −1
∴   dx =   . sec2 θ dθ
 1 + x2   1 + tan 2 θ 
= ∫ sin − 1 (sin 2θ) . sec2 θ dθ = ∫ 2θ sec 2 θ dθ
= 2 θ sec2 θ dθ∫
I II
Applying product rule
= 2 [θ . tan θ – ∫ 1 . tan θ dθ] = 2 [θ tan θ – ∫ tan θ dθ]
= 2 [θ tan θ – log sec θ] + c
= 2 [tan– 1 x . x – log 1 + x2 ] + c
[... sec θ = 1 + tan 2 θ = 1 + x2 ]
 −1 1 2 
= 2  x tan x − log (1 + x ) + c
 2 
= 2x tan– 1 x – log (1 + x2) + c.
∫
3
23. x2 e x dx equals
1 x3 1 x2
(A) e + C (B) e + C
3 3
1 x3 1 x2
(C) e + C (D) e + C
2 2
1
∫ ∫ (3 x2 ) dx ∵ d x3 = 3 x2 
3 3
Sol. Let I = x2 e x dx = e( x )
...(i)
3  
 dx 
dt
Put x3 = t. Therefore 3x2 = . Therefore 3x2 dx = dt
dx
MathonGo 74
1 1 t
3 ∫
∴ From (i), I = et dt = e + C
3
1 x3
Putting t = x3, = e +C
3
24. ∫ e x sec x (1 + tan x) dx equals

(A) ex cos x + C (B) ex sec x + C
(C) ex sin x + C (D) ex tan x + C
Sol. Let I = ∫ e x sec x (1 + tan x) dx = ∫ e x (sec x + sec x tan x) dx
It is of the form ∫ e x ( f (x) + f ′(x)) dx

Here f (x) = sec x and so f ′(x) = sec x tan x
∵ ex ( f ( x) + f ′( x)) dx = ex f ( x) + C
∴ I = ex f (x) + C  ∫
= ex sec x + C
MathonGo 75
Exercise 7.7
I. Rule to evaluate ∫ Pure Quadratic dx, i.e.,
∫ ax 2 + b dx.
Apply directly one of these formulae according to form of
integrand:
1. ∫ a2 – x2 dx =
x a2 sin– 1 x .
a2 – x 2 + a
2 2
a2
2. ∫ x2 + a2 dx = x x 2 + a2 + log x + x2 + a2 .
2 2
a2
3. ∫ x2 – a2 dx = x
2
x2 – a2 –
2
log x + x2 – a2 .
II. Rule to evaluate ∫ Quadratic dx, i.e., ∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx

Step I. Make coefficient of x2 unity by taking | a | common.
Now complete the squares by adding and subtracting
2
1 
 Coefficient of x .
2
Now applying one of the above three formulae (according to the
form of the integrand) will give value of required integral.
1. 4 – x2
Sol. ∫ 4 − x2 dx = ∫ 22 − x2 dx
x 22 x
= 2 −x2 2 + sin– 1 + c
2 2 2
MathonGo 76
 x a2 x
∵ ∫ a2 – x2 dx = a2 – x 2 + sin – 1 
 2 2 a 
x – 1
x
= 4 − x 2 + 2 sin + c
2 2
2. 1 – 4x 2
Sol. ∫ 1 − 4x2 dx = ∫ 12 − (2x)2 dx

(2 x) 12  2x 
12 − (2 x)2 + sin − 1  
2 2  1
= + c
2 → Coefficient of x in 2 x
 x a2 x
∵

∫ a2 − x2 dx =
2
a2 − x 2 +
2
sin − 1 
a 
1  1 − 1 2x  x 1
 x 1 − 4 x + 2 sin
2
1 − 4x2 + sin– 1 2x + c.
1 
= +c=
2  2 4
3. x2 + 4x + 6
Sol. ∫ x2 + 4 x + 6 dx
Coefficient of x2 is unity. So let us complete squares by adding
2
1 
and subtracting  Coefficient of x = 22
2 
= ∫ x2 + 4 x + 4 + 6 − 4 dx = ∫ ( x + 2)2 + 2 dx
 x + 2
= ∫ ( x + 2)2 + ( 2)2 dx =  
2  ( x + 2)2 + ( 2)2
( 2)2
log x + 2 + ( x + 2) + ( 2)
2 2
+ +c
2
 x a2 
∵

∫ x2 + a2 dx =
2
x 2 + a2 +
2
log| x + x2 + a2|

( x + 2)
= x2 + 4 + 4 x + 2
2
2
+ log | x + 2 + x2 + 4 + 4 x + 2 | + c
2
( x + 2)
= x2 + 4 x + 6 + log | x + 2 + x2 + 4 x + 6 | + c.
2
4. x2 + 4x + 1
Sol. ∫ x2 + 4 x + 1 dx = ∫ x2 + 4 x + 22 + 1 − 4 dx
 1 
2 
 We have added and subtracted  coefficient of x = 2 
2
  2  
MathonGo 77
= ∫ ( x + 2)2 − 3 dx = ∫ ( x + 2)2 − ( 3)2 dx
 x + 2
= 
2 
 ( x + 2) 2 − ( 3) 2
( 3)2
– log x + 2 + ( x + 2)2 − ( 3)2 + c
2
 x a2 
∵ ∫ x 2 a2 dx =
2
x 2 a2
2
log| x + x 2 a2|
 
 x + 2 3
=   x2 + 4 x + 1 – log x + 2 + x2 + 4 x + 1 + c
2  2
[... (x + 2)2 – ( 3 )2 = x2 + 4x + 4 – 3 = x2 + 4x + 1]
5. ∫ 1 4x x2
Sol. ∫ 1 − 4x − x2 dx = ∫ − x2 − 4 x + 1 dx
Making coefficient of x2 unity
= ∫ − ( x2 + 4 x − 1) dx
(Note. You can’t take this (–) sign out of this bracket because square
root of – 1 is imaginary)
= ∫ − ( x2 + 4 x + 22 − 4 − 1) dx = ∫ − [( x + 2)2 − 5] dx
= ∫ 5 − ( x + 2)2 dx = ∫ ( 5)2 − ( x + 2)2 dx
x+2 ( 5)2  x + 2
= ( 5) 2 − ( x + 2) 2 + sin– 1   +c
5 
2 2
 x a2 x
∵ ∫ a2 x 2 dx =
2
a2 x 2 +
2
sin 1 
a 

x+2 5  x + 2
= 1 − 4x − x 2 +
sin– 1   +c
5 
2 2
[... ( 5 )2 – (x + 2)2 = 5 – (x2 + 4 + 4x)
= 5 – x – 4 – 4x = 1 – 4x – x2]
2
6. x2 + 4x 5
Sol. ∫ x2 + 4 x − 5 dx = ∫ x2 + 4 x + 22 − 4 − 5 dx
= ∫ ( x + 2)2 − 9 dx = ∫ ( x + 2)2 − 32 dx
 x + 2 32 2 2
=   ( x + 2) 2 − 32 – log x + 2 + ( x + 2) − 3 +c
2  2
 x a2 
∵

∫ x 2 a2 dx =
2
x 2 a2
2
log| x + x 2 a2|

MathonGo 78
 x + 2 9
log x + 2 + x + 4 x − 5 + c
2
=   x2 + 4 x − 5 –
2  2
[... (x + 2)2 – 32 = x2 + 4x + 4 – 9 = x2 + 4x – 5]
7. 1 + 3x – x2
Sol. ∫ 1 + 3x − x2 dx = ∫ − x2 + 3x + 1 dx
= ∫ − ( x2 − 3x − 1) dx
  3
2
9   3
2
13 
= ∫ −  x2 − 3 x +

  − − 1 dx =
2 4 
∫ −  x −
 2
 − 
4  dx
2
13  3
2  13   3
2
= ∫ − x− 
4  2
dx = ∫  2 
 
−  x −  dx
2
2  3

x−
3
 13 
2 2  13   x − 2
 2  3    
=    2  −  x − 2  +  2  sin– 1  13  + c
2  
  2  2 
 
 x a2 x
∵ ∫ a2 – x2 dx = a2 – x2 + sin – 1 
 2 2 a 
 2x − 3 13  2x − 3
=   1 + 3x − x2 + 8 sin
–1
  +c
4  13 
  
2 2
∵  13  −  x − 3  = 13 −  x2 + 9 − 3 x
  2   2 4  4 

13 9 
= − x2 − + 3 x = 1 + 3 x − x2 
4 4 
8. x2 + 3x
2 2 2 2
 3  3  3  3
∫ x2 + 3x dx = ∫ x + 3x +   −   dx = ∫  x +  −   dx
2
Sol.
 2  2  2  2
2
3  3
x+  3
2
 3
2  2 2
2 log 3  3  3
= 2  x +  −   – x + +  x +  −   + c
2 2 2 2 2  2  2
 x a2 
∵ ∫ x2 – a2 dx = x 2 – a2 – log| x + x2 – a2|
 2 2 
MathonGo 79
2x + 3 9 3
= x2 + 3 x – 8 log x+ + x2 + 3 x + c
4 2
  3
2
 3
2
9 9 
∵  x +  −   = x2 + 3 x + − = x2 + 3 x 
  2  2 4 4 
x2
9. 1+
9
x2 9 + x2 x 2 + 32 1
Sol. ∫ 1+
9
dx = ∫ 9
dx = ∫ 3
dx=
3 ∫ x2 + 32 dx
1 x 32 
=  x 2 + 32 + log x + x 2 + 32  + c
3  2 2 
 x a2 
∵ ∫ x2 + a2 dx = x 2 + a2 + log| x + x2 + a2|
 2 2 
x 3
= x2 + 9 + log | x + x2 + 9 | + c.
6 2
Choose the correct answer in Exercises 10 to 11:
10. ∫ 1 + x 2 dx is equal to
(A)
x
2
1 + x2 +
1
2
log (x + 1 + x2 ) +C
2 2
(B) (1 + x2)3/2 + C (C) x (1 + x2)3/2 + C
3 3
x2 1 2
(D) 1 + x2 + x log x + 1 + x2 + C.
2 2
Sol. ∫ 1 + x2 dx = ∫ x2 + 12 dx
x 12
= x2 + 12 + log | x + x2 + 12 | + C
2 2
 x a2 
∵ ∫ x2 + a2 dx = x 2 + a2 + log| x + x2 + a2|
 2 2 
x 1
= x2 + 1 + log | x + x2 + 1 | + C.
2 2
11. ∫ x 2 – 8 x + 7 dx is equal to
1
(A) (x – 4) x 2 – 8 x + 7 + 9 log x – 4 + x2 – 8 x + 7 + C
2
1
(B) (x + 4) x 2 – 8 x + 7 + 9 log x + 4 + x2 – 8 x + 7 + C
2
1
(C) (x – 4) x 2 – 8 x + 7 – 3 2 log x – 4 + x2 – 8 x + 7 + C
2
1 9
(D) (x – 4) x2 – 8 x + 7 – log x – 4 + x 2 – 8 x + 7 + C.
2 2
MathonGo 80
Sol. ∫ x2 − 8 x + 7 dx = ∫ x2 − 8 x + 42 − 16 + 7 dx
= ∫ ( x − 4)2 − 9 dx = ∫ ( x − 4)2 − 32 dx
 x − 4 32
=   ( x − 4)2 − 32 – log | x – 4 + ( x − 4)2 − 32 | + C
2  2
 x a2 
∵ ∫ x2 – a2 dx = x 2 – a2 – log| x + x2 – a2|
 2 2 
 x − 4 9
=   x2 − 8 x + 7 – log | x – 4 + x2 − 8 x + 7 | + C.
2  2
. .
[ . (x – 4) – 32 = x2 – 8x + 16 – 9 = x2 – 8x + 7]
2
MathonGo 81
Exercise 7.8
Definition of definite integral as the limit of a sum:
b
∫a f ( x ) dx =
h→ 0
Lt h[f (a) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h)
n→ ∞
+ ...... + f (a + (n – 1) h)]
where nh = b – a
Note. The series within brackets represents the sum of n
terms.
Evaluate the following definite integrals as limit of sums:
b
1. ∫a x dx
b b
Sol. Step I. Comparing ∫a x dx with ∫a f ( x) dx we have
a = a, b = b and f (x) = x ...(i)

∴ nh = b – a = b – a
Step II. Putting x = a, a + h, a + 2h, ......, a + (n – 1) h in (i), we
have f (a) = a, f (a + h) = a + h,
f (a + 2h) = a + 2h, ....., f (a + (n – 1)h) = a + (n – 1)h
Step III. Putting these values in
b
∫a f ( x ) dx = Lt
h→ 0
h [f (a) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h)
n→ ∞
+ ...... + f (a + (n – 1)h)]
where nh = b – a, we have
b
∫a x dx = Lt h [a + (a + h) + (a + 2h) + ...... + (a + (n – 1)h)]
h→0
where nh = b – a
= Lt h[na + h(1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + (n – 1)]

h→0
n→∞
MathonGo 82
= Lt  n(n − 1)   n(n – 1) 
h→0  anh + hh  ∵ 1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + (n – 1) = 
n→∞  2   2 
 nh(nh − h) 
= Lt  anh + .
h→0  2 
n→∞
Step IV. Putting nh = b – a,
 (b − a)(b − a − h) 
= Lt  a(b − a) + .
h→0  2 
Step V. Taking Limits as h → 0 (i.e., putting h = 0 here)
(b − a)(b − a)
= a(b – a) +
2
 b − a  2a + b − a 
= (b – a)  a +  = (b – a)  
 2   2 
(b − a)(b + a) b2 − a2
= = .
2 2
5
2. ∫0 ( x + 1) dx
5 b
Sol. Step I. Comparing ∫0 ( x + 1) dx with ∫a f ( x) dx, we have
a = 0, b = 5 and f (x) = x + 1 ...(i)
∴ nh = b – a = 5 – 0 = 5.
Step II. Putting x = a, a + h, a + 2h, ......, a + (n – 1)h in (i), we have
f (a) = f (0) = 0 + 1 = 1, f (a + h) = f (h) = h + 1,
f (a + 2h) = f (2h) = 2h + 1, ......,
f (a + (n – 1)h) = f ((n – 1)h) = (n – 1)h + 1.
b
∫a f ( x ) dx = Lt
h→ 0
h[ f (a) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h)
n→ ∞
+ ...... + f (a + (n – 1)h)], we have
5
∫0 ( x + 1) dx = Lt h[1 + (h + 1) + (2h + 1) + ...... + [(n – 1)h + 1)]
h→0
n→∞
 n(n − 1) 
= Lt h[n + h(1 + 2 + ..... + (n – 1)] = Lt
h→0
 nh + hh 2 
h→0
n→∞ n→∞
 n(n − 1) 
∵ 1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + (n − 1) = 2 
Lt  (nh)(nh − h)  .
 nh +
=
h→0 
n→∞  2 
MathonGo 83
 5(5 − h) 
Step IV. Putting nh = 5, = Lt 5 + .
h→0  2 
Step V. Taking limits as h → 0 (i.e., putting h = 0 here)
5(5 − 0) 25 10 + 25 35
= 5 + = 5 + = = .
2 2 2 2
3
3. ∫2 x 2 dx
3 b
Sol. Step I. Comparing ∫2 x 2 dx with ∫a f ( x) , we have
2
a = 2, b = 3 and f (x) = x ...(i)
∴ nh = b – a = 3 – 2 = 1.
Step II. Putting x = a, a + h, a + 2h, ......, a + (n – 1)h in (i), we
have
f (a) = f (2) = 22 = 4
f (a + h) = f (2 + h) = (2 + h)2 = 4 + 4h + h2
f (a + 2h) = f (2 + 2h) = (2 + 2h)2 = 4 + 8h + 22h2
f (a + (n – 1)h) = f (2 + (n – 1)h) = (2 + (n – 1)h)2

= 4 + 4(n – 1)h + (n – 1)2h2.
b
∫a f ( x ) dx = Lt
h→ 0
h[ f (a) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h)
n→ ∞
+ ..... + f (a + (n – 1)h)]
where nh = 1, we have
3
∫2 x 2 dx = Lt
h→0
h[4 + (4 + 4h + h2) + (4 + 8h + 22h2)
n→∞
+ ...... + (4 + 4(n – 1)h + (n – 1)2h2)]
= Lt h[4n + 4h(1 + 2 + ...... + (n – 1)) + h2 (12 + 22)]
h→0
n→∞
+ ..... + (n – 1)2)]
 n(n − 1) n(n − 1)(2n − 1) 
4 nh + 4 hh + hhh
= Lt
h→0 
n→∞
 2 6 
 n(n – 1)
∵ 1 + 2 + .... + (n – 1) = and 12 + 22 + ....
 2
n(n – 1)(2n – 1)
+ (n – 1)2 =
6
 ( nh − h) nh ( nh − h)(2 nh − h) 
= Lt 4 nh + 4 nh + .
h→0  2 6 
n→∞
Step IV. Putting nh = 1;
 (1 − h)(2 − h)  .
4 + 2(1 − h) + 1
= Lt
h→0 6 
MathonGo 84
Step V. Taking limits as h → 0 (i.e., putting h = 0 here)

1 19
= 4 + 2(1 – 0) + 1(2) = 6 + = .
6 3 3
4
4. ∫1 ( x 2 – x ) dx
4 b
Sol. Step I. Comparing ∫1 ( x 2 − x) dx with ∫a f ( x) dx,
we have
a = 1, b = 4, f (x) = x2 – x ...(i)
∴ nh = b – a = 4 – 1 = 3.
Step II. Putting x = a, a + h, a + 2h, .... a + (n – 1)h in (i),
f (a) = f (1) = 12 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0
f (a + h) = f (1 + h) = (1 + h)2 – (1 + h)
= 1 + h2 + 2h – 1 – h = h + h2
f (a + 2h) = f (1 + 2h) = (1 + 2h)2 – (1 + 2h)
= 1 + 4h2 + 4h – 1 – 2h
○
= 2h + 4h2
○
○
f (a + (n – 1)h) = (1 + (n – 1)h)2 – (1 + (n – 1)h)

= 1 + (n – 1)2 h2 + 2(n – 1)h – 1 – (n – 1)h
= (n – 1)h + (n – 1)2 h2.
b
∫a f ( x ) dx = Lt
h→ 0
h[ f (a) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h)
n→ ∞
+ ..... + f (a + (n – 1)h)]
we have
4
∫1 ( x2 − x) dx = Lt
h→0
n→∞
h[0 + h + h2 + 2h + 4h2
+ ..... + (n – 1)h + (n – 1)2h2)

Lt
= h→0 h[h(1 + 2 + ...... + (n – 1)) + h2(12 + 22 + ..... + (n – 1)2)]
n→∞
 n(n − 1)
Lt n(n − 1)(2n − 1) 
h . h .
= h→0 + h.h.h 
 n→∞
2 6 
Lt  (nh − h) (nh)(nh − h)(2nh − h) 
= h → 0  nh + .
n→∞  2 6 
Step IV. Putting nh = 3
 3(3 − h) 3(3 − h)(6 − h) 
= hLt +
→0 
 2 6 .

Step V. Taking limits as h → 0 (Putting h = 0 here)
3(3 − 0) 3(3 − 0)(6 − 0) 9 27
= + = + 9 = .
2 6 2 2
MathonGo 85
1
5. ∫–1 e x dx
1
∫− 1
b
Sol. Step I. Comparing ex dx with ∫a f ( x) dx, we have
x
a = – 1, b = 1 and f (x) = e ...(i)
∴ nh = b – a = 1 – (– 1) = 2.
Step II. Putting x = a, a + h, a + 2h, ......, a + (n – 1)h in (i), we
have
f (a) = f (– 1) = e– 1
f (a + h) = f (– 1 + h) = e– 1 + h = e– 1 . eh
f (a + 2h) = f (– 1 + 2h) = e– 1 + 2h = e– 1 . e2h
○
○
○
f (a + (n – 1)h) = f (– 1 + (n – 1)h) = e– 1 + (n – 1) h = e– 1 e(n – 1) h.

b
∫a f ( x ) dx = Lt
h→ 0
h[ f (a) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h)
n→ ∞
+ ..... + f (a + (n – 1)h)],
we have
1
∫− 1 ex dx = Lt h[e– 1 + e– 1 eh + e– 1 e2h + ..... + e– 1 e(n – 1)h]
h→0
n→∞
(eh ) n − 1
= Lt h e– 1 [... The series within brackets
h→0 eh − 1
n→∞
is a G.P. series with First term A = e– 1 and common ratio R = eh,
(R n − 1) 
Number of terms is n and Sn of G.P. = A 
R − 1  .
1 (enh − 1)
= ∫− 1 ex dx = Lt h e– 1
h→0 eh − 1
.
n→∞
(e2 − 1)
Step IV. Putting nh = 2, = Lt h e– 1
h→0 eh − 1
h  x 
= e– 1 (e2 – 1) hLt = e– 1 (e2 – 1) × 1 ∵ Lt = 1
→0 eh − 1  x→0 ex − 1 
= e– 1 + 2 – e– 1 = e1 – e– 1 = e – e– 1.
4
6. ∫0 ( x + e2 x ) dx
4 b
Sol. Step I. Comparing ∫0 (x + e2x ) dx with ∫a f ( x) dx, we have
2x
a = 0, b = 4 and f (x) = x + e ...(i)
∴ nh = b – a = 4 – 0 = 4.
Step II. Putting x = a, a + h, a + 2h, ......, a + (n – 1)h in (i), we have
f (a) = f (0) = 0 + e0 = 1
MathonGo 86
f (a + h) = f (h) = h + e2h
f (a + 2h) = f (2h) = 2h + e4h
○
○
f (a + (n – 1)h) = f ((n – 1)h) = (n – 1)h + e2(n – 1)h.

b
∫a f ( x ) dx = Lt
h→ 0
h[ f (a) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h)
n→ ∞
+ ..... + f (a + (n – 1)h)],
we have
4 Lt
∫0 ( x + e2 x ) dx = h→0
n→∞
h[1 + (h + e2h) + (2h + e4h) + ......
((n – 1)h + e2(n – 1)h)]
(G.P. series : A = 1, R = e2h, n = n)
Lt
= h→ 0 h[(h + 2h + .. + (n – 1)h) + (1 + e2h + e4h + ... + e2(n – 1)h)]
n→ ∞
  R n − 1 
= Lt h  h(1 + 2 + ...... + (n − 1)) + A  
h→0   R − 1  
n→∞
Lt  n(n − 1) 1((e2h )n − 1) 
= h→0 h h + 
n→∞  2 e2h − 1 
Lt  nh(nh − h) h(e2nh − 1)  .
= h→0
+
n→∞  
 2 e2h − 1 
Lt  4(4 − h) h(e8 − 1) 
Step IV. Putting nh = 4, = h→0  + 2h .
 2 e − 1 
Step V. Taking limits as h → 0
4(4 − 0) h 1 Lt 2h
= + (e8 – 1) Lt = 8 + (e8 – 1) h→0
2 h → 0 e2 h − 1 2 e2 h − 1
 e2h  x  
(e8 − 1)
= 8 + . ∵ Lt  ⇒ xLt  = 1
2  h→0 e −1
2h → 0 e − 1
x

MathonGo 87
Exercise 7.9
Evaluate the definite integrals in Exercises 1 to 11:
b
Result. If ∫ f ( x) dx = φ(x), then ∫a f ( x) dx = φ(b) – φ(a) ...(i)
(This is known as Second Fundamental Theorem).
1
1. ∫– 1 ( x + 1) dx
MathonGo 88
1
1  x2 
Sol. ∫ − 1 (x + 1) dx =  2 + x = φ(b) – φ(a)
  −1
(By Second Fundamental Theorem given in Eqn. (i) page 496)
 12   (− 1)2  1 1 
=  2 + 1 –  2 − 1 = + 1 –  − 1
    2 2
1 1
= + 1 – + 1 = 2.
2 2
Remark. [Constant c will never occur in the value of a definite
integral because c in the value of φ(b) gets cancelled with c in
φ(a) when we subtract them to get φ(b) – φ(a)].
3 1
2. ∫ 2 dx
x
3 1
Sol. ∫ 2 dx = ( log| x |) 2 = φ(b) – φ(a) = log | 3 | – log | 2 |
3
x
3
= log 3 – log 2 = log . [... | x | = x if x ≥ 0]
2
2
∫ 1 (4 x
3
3. – 5 x 2 + 6 x + 9) dx
2
2  x4 x3 x2 
Sol. ∫1 (4 x3 − 5 x2 + 6 x + 9) dx =  4
 4
−5
3
+6
2
+ 9 x
1
2
 4 5 3 
=  x − x + 3 x + 9 x
2
3 1
 4 5   5 
= 2 − (2) + 3(2) + 9(2) – 1 − + 3 +
3 2
9
 3   3 
 40   5
=  16 − + 12 + 18 –  13 − 
 3   3
40  5 40 5
= 46 – –  13 −  = 46 – – 13 +
3  3 3 3
40 5 99 − 40 + 5 104 − 40 64
= 33 – + = = = .
3 3 3 3 3
π
4. ∫ 4
0
sin 2x dx
π π
π − cos
 − cos 2 x  4 2 –  − cos 0 
Sol. ∫ 4
0
sin 2x dx = 
 2

0
=
2

2 

−0  − 1 1 1
= –   = 0 + = .
2  2 2 2
MathonGo 89
π
5. ∫ 2
0
cos 2x dx
π
π
 sin 2 x  sin π sin 0
∫
2
Sol. 2 cos 2x dx =  = –
0  2  0
2 2
0 0
= – = 0
2 2
[... sin π = sin 180° = sin (180° – 0°) = sin 0 = 0]
5
6. ∫4 e x dx
(e )
5 5
∫4
x
Sol. e x dx = = e 5 – e4 = e4 (e – 1).
4
π
7. ∫ 04 tan x dx
π π
Sol. ∫ 04 tan x dx = ( log sec x ) 40
π
= log sec – log | sec 0 | = log | 2 | – log | 1 |
4
1/2
1
= log 2 – log 1 = log 2 – 0 = 2 log 2.
π
∫
4
8. π
cosec x dx
6
π π
Sol. ∫
4
π
cosec x dx = ( log cosec x – cot x ) 4π
6 6
π π π π
= log cosec − cot – log cosec − cot
4 4 6 6
= log | 2 – 1 | – log | 2 – 3 |
= log ( 2 – 1) – log (2 – 3) [... | x | = x if x ≥ 0]
 2 − 1
= log  .
 2 − 3
1 dx
9. ∫0 1 – x2
1 dx  1 x
∫0 ( ) ∵ ∫ dx = sin − 1 
−1
1
Sol. = sin x  a
1 – x2 0  a2 − x 2 
π π  π 
= sin– 1 1 – sin– 1 0 = – 0 = . ∵ sin = 1 and sin 0 = 0
2 2  2 
1 dx
10. ∫0 1 + x2
MathonGo 90
 x
( )
1 dx 1 1
∫ 0 1 + x2 ∫ dx = tan − 1 
1
Sol. = tan− 1 x ∵
0  x +a
2 2
a a
π π
= tan– 1 1 – tan– 1 0 = – 0 = .
4 4
 π 
∵ tan = 1 and tan 0 = 0
 4 
3 dx
11. ∫2 x2 – 1
3 1 3 1
Sol. ∫2 x2 − 1
dx = ∫2 x2 − 12
dx
3
 1 x −1   1 1 x–a 
=  2(1) log x + 1 
 
∵

∫ 2
x –a 2
dx =
2a
log 
x+a 
2
1 3−1 1 2−1 1 1 1 1
= log – log = log – log
2 3+1 2 2+1 2 2 2 3
1  1 1
=  log − log  [... | x | = x if x ≥ 0]
2 2 3
  1
 
1  log  2   1 3
= 1 = log .
2   
 3  
2 2

π
∫ 02 cos
2
12. x dx
π π π
1 + cos 2 x 1
Sol. ∫ 02 cos2 x dx = ∫ 02 2
dx = ∫ 02 2
(1 + cos 2 x) dx
π
π
1 1  sin 2 x  2
=
2 ∫ 2
0
(1 + cos 2x) dx =
2 
x+
2 

0
1 π 1  1  1 π 
=  2 + 2 sin π −  0 + 2 sin 0  =  2 + 0 − 0
2   2  
π
= . [. . . sin π = sin 180° = sin (180° – 0°) = sin 0 = 0]
4
3 x dx
13. ∫2 x2 + 1
3 x 3 2x
∫2 ∫2
1
Sol. dx = dx
x +1
2
2 x +1
2
 f ′( x) 
1
( ) ∫
3
= log| x2 + 1| . ∵ dx = log| f ( x)|
2 2  f ( x) 
(Here f (x) = x2 + 1 and f ′(x) = 2x)
MathonGo 91
1 1
= (log | 10 | – log | 5 |) = (log 10 – log 5)
2 2
1 10 1
= log = log 2.
2 5 2
1 2x + 3
14. ∫0 5x2 + 1
dx
1 2x + 3 1  2x 3 
Sol. ∫0 5 x2 + 1
dx = ∫ 0  5 x2 + 1 + 5 x2 + 1  dx
1 2x 1 dx
= ∫0 5 x2 + 1
dx + 3 ∫0 5 x2 + 1
10 x
1 1 1 dx
= ∫0
5 x2 + 1
5
dx + 3 ∫ 0
( 5 x )2 + 12 1
  5x  
 tan −1  


1 1   1  0
( )
1
2
= log|5x + 1| + 3 .
5 0 1 5 → Coefficient of x
f ′( x) 1 1 x
∵
f ( x) ∫dx = log| f ( x)|and ∫ 2
x + a2
dx = tan − 1 
a a
1 3
= (log 6 – log 1) + (tan– 1 5 – tan– 1 0)
5 5
1 3
= log 6 + tan– 1 5 .
5 5
1 2
15. ∫0 x ex dx
1 x2
Sol. To evaluate ∫0 x e dx
2
Let us first evaluate ∫ x ex dx
1 2
=
2 ∫ e x (2 x dx) ...(i)
dt
Put x2 = t. Therefore 2x = ∴ 2x dx = dt
dx
2 1 1 t
∴ From (i), ∫ x ex dx =
2 ∫ et dt =
2
e
1 x2
Putting t = x2, = e ...(ii)
2
(e )
1
1 2 1 x2
∴ The given integral ∫0 x ex dx =
2 0
[By (ii)]
1 1 1
= (e – e0) = (e – 1).
2 2
MathonGo 92
Note. Please note that limits 0 and 1 specified in the given

integral are limits for x.
Therefore after substituting x2 = t and evaluating the integral, we
b
must put back t = x2 and only then use ∫a f ( x) dx = φ(b) – φ(a).
Remark. In the next Exercise 7.10 we shall also learn to change
the limits of integration from values of x to values of t and then
we may use our discretion even here also.
2 5 x2
16. ∫1 2
x + 4x + 3
dx
2 5x2 25 x2
Sol. ∫1 x2 + 4 x + 3
dx = ∫1
( x + 1)( x + 3)
...(i)
. . 2 2
[ . x + 4x + 3 = x + 3x + x + 3
= x(x + 3) + 1(x + 3) = (x + 1 )(x + 3)]
5 x2
The integrand is a rational function and degree of
( x + 1)( x + 3)
numerator = degree of denominator.
So let us apply long division.
(x + 1)(x + 3) = x2 + 4x + 3 ) 5x2 (5
5x2 + 20x + 15
– – –
– 20x – 15
5 x2 (− 20 x − 15)
∴ = 5 +
( x + 1)( x + 3) ( x + 1)( x + 3)
2 5x2 2  (− 20 x − 15) 
∫1 x2 + 4 x + 3
dx = ∫ 1  5 + (x + 1)(x + 3)  dx
2 − 20 x − 15
2
dx + ∫ 1
2
= ∫1 5 dx = 5 ( x ) 1 + I
( x + 1)( x + 3)
= 5(2 – 1) + I = 5 + I ...(ii)
2 − 20 x − 15
where I = ∫ dx
1 ( x + 1)( x + 3)
− 20 x − 15 A B
Let integrand of I = = + ...(iii)
( x + 1)( x + 3) x+1 x+3
(Partial Fractions)
Multiplying both sides by L.C.M. = (x + 1)(x + 3),
– 20x – 15 = A(x + 3) + B(x + 1)
= Ax + 3A + Bx + B
Comparing coefficients of x and constant terms on both
sides, we have
Coefficients of x: A + B = – 20 ...(iv)
Constant terms: 3A + B = – 15 ...(v)
MathonGo 93
5
Subtracting (iv) and (v), – 2A = – 5. Therefore A = .
2
5 5 5
Putting A = in (iv), + B = – 20 ⇒ B = – 20 –
2 2 2
− 40 − 5 − 45
or B = =
2 2
Putting these values of A and B in (iii),
5 45
− 20 x − 15
= 2 – 2
( x + 1)( x + 3) x +1 x+3
2 − 20 x − 15 5 2 1 45 2 1
∴ I = ∫1
( x + 1)( x + 3) dx = 2 ∫ 1 x + 1 dx – 2 ∫ 1 x + 3 dx
5 45
=
2
( log| x + 1|) 1 –
2
2
( log| x + 3|) 12
5 45
=
2
( log|3|− log|2|) – 2 ( log|5|− log|4|)
5 3 45 5
= log – log [... | x | = x if x ≥ 0]
2 2 2 4
5  3 5
=  log 2 − 9 log 4 
2  
Putting this value of I in (ii),
2 5x2 5  3 5 5  5 3
∫1 x + 4x + 3
2 dx = 5 +
2
 log 2 − 9 log 4  = 5 –
  2
 9 log 4 − log 2 
 
π
∫ 04 (2 sec
2
17. x + x3 + 2) dx
π π π π
(2 sec2 x + x3 + 2) dx = 2 ∫ 04 sec x dx +
2
Sol. ∫ 4
0 ∫ 4
0
x3 dx + 2 ∫ 4 1 dx
0
π
 x4  π π4
= 2 ( tan x ) 04
+   + 2 ( x ) 04
 4 0 4
π
 π    π 
4
= 2  tan − tan 0  + – 0 + 2  − 0
 4  4 4 
 π4 
 
256  2π π4 π
= 2(1 – 0) +  + = 2 + + .
4 4 1024 2
π  x x
∫ 0  sin
2
18. – cos 2  dx
2 2
π  2 x 2 x π  1 − cos x   1 + cos x  
Sol. ∫0  sin 2 − cos 2  dx =
  ∫0  −   dx
 2   2 
 1 − cos 2θ 1 + cos 2θ 
∵ sin θ = and cos2 θ =
2

 2 2 
MathonGo 94
π  1 − cos x − 1 − cos x  π − 2 cos x

= ∫ 0  2  dx =

∫0 2
dx
π π
= – ∫0 cos x dx = – (sin x ) = – (sin π – sin 0) = – (0 – 0) = 0.
0
[... sin π = sin 180° = sin (180° – 0) = sin 0 = 0]
2 6x + 3
19. ∫0 x2 + 4
dx
2 6x + 3 6x 2 1
∫0
2
Sol.
x2 + 4
dx = ∫0 x2 + 4
dx + 3 ∫0 x2 + 4
dx
2
2 2x 1  −1 x 
= 3 ∫0 dx + 3  tan 2 
x2 + 4 2  0
( )
2 3
= 3 log| x2 + 4| + (tan– 1 1 – tan– 1 0)
0 2
 f ′( x) 1 1 x
∵

∫ f ( x)
dx = log| f ( x)|and ∫ 2
x +a 2
dx = tan − 1 
a a 
3  π − 0  π 
= 3 (log 8 – log 4) +   ∵ tan 4 = 1
2 4   
8 3π 3π
= 3 log + = 3 log 2 + .
4 8 8
1  πx 
∫ 0  x e
x
+ sin
4 
20. dx
1 πx 1
πx ∫0 x e
x
∫ 0  xe
1
x
+ sin dx + ∫ 0 sin
4 
Sol. dx = dx
I II 4
Applying Product Rule on first definite integral,
 d 
(I ∫ II dx )
1 1
0
– ∫ 0  dx (I) ∫ II dx  dx
1
 πx
 cos 4 
(x e )  0
1 1
∫0 1 . e
x x
= – dx –
0 π πx
→ Coefficient of x in
4 4
 π  4  1 
4
(e )
1 1
= e1 – 0 – ∫ 0 e dx – cos 4 − cos 0  = e – − 1
x x
– 
π   0 π  2 
4 4
= e – (e – e0) – +
π 2 π
2.2 4 4 2 2
= e – e + 1 – + = 1 + – .
π 2 π π π
MathonGo 95

3 dx
21. ∫1 1 + x2
equals
π 2π π π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 6 12
dx
( )
3
∫1
3
Sol. = tan − 1 x = tan– 1 –1
3 – tan 1
1 + x2 1
π π  π π 
– = ∵ tan 3 = 3 and tan 4 = 1
3 4  
4 π − 3π π
= =
12 12
2
dx
22. ∫ 034 + 9 x2
equals
π π π π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 12 24 4
 3x 
2
dx 2
1 tan−1 
∫
dx 2
∫
3
Sol. = 3 =  
0 4 + 9 x2 0 (3 x) + 2
2 2
 2 3 → Coefficient of x in 3x 
2
1  3x  3 1  −1  3 2 −1 
= tan − 1 =  tan  2 × 3  − tan 0
6  2  0 6    
1 1 π  π
= (tan– 1 1 – tan– 1 0) =  − 0 =
6 6 4  24
 π 
∵ tan 4 = 1 and tan 0 = 0 
 
∴ Option (C) is the correct answer.
MathonGo 96
Exercise 7.10
Evaluate the integrals in Exercises 1 to 8 using substitution:
1 x
1. ∫0 x2 + 1
dx
1 x 1 1 2x
Sol. Let I = ∫0 x2 + 1
dx =
2 ∫0 x2 + 1
dx ...(i)
dt
Put x2 + 1 = t. Therefore 2x =⇒ 2x dx = dt.
dx
To change the limits of integration from values of x to
values of t.
When x = 0, t = 0 + 1 = 1
When x = 1, t = 1 + 1 = 2
1 2 dt 1 1
∴ From (i), I =
2 ∫1 t
=
2 (
log|t|) 1 =
2
2
(log | 2 | – log | 1 |)
MathonGo 97
1 1 1
= (log 2 – log 1) = (log 2 – 0) = log 2.
2 2 2
π
2. ∫ 02 φ
sin φ cos5φ dφ
π
Sol. Let I = ∫ 2
0
sin φ cos5 φ dφ ...(i)
Put sin φ = t.
(... one factor of integrand is cos5 φ where n = 5 is odd.)
dt
∴ cos φ = i.e., cos φ dφ = dt.
dφ
To change the limits of integration from φ to t
When φ = 0, t = sin φ = sin 0 = 0
π π
When φ = , t = sin φ = sin =1
2 2
Now Integrand sin φ cos5 φ = sin φ cos4 φ cos φ
= sin φ (cos2 φ)2 cos φ = sin φ (1 – sin2 φ)2 cos φ

π
∴ From (i), I = ∫ 2
0
sin φ (1 − sin2 φ)2 cos φ d φ
1 1 1/ 2
= ∫0 t (1 − t 2 )2 dt = ∫0 t (1 + t 4 − 2t 2 ) dt
=
1
∫0 (t 1
2 + t2
1
+4
− 2t 2
1
+2
) dt = ∫ 0
1
(t1/ 2 + t 9 / 2 − 2t5 / 2 ) dt
1 1/ 2 1 9/2 1
∫0 t ∫0 t dt – 2 ∫ 0 t
5/ 2
= dt + dt
(t3/2 )10 (t11/2 )10 (t7/2 )10

= + – 2
3 11 7
2 2 2
2 2 4
= (1 – 0) + (1 – 0) – (1 – 0)
3 11 7
2 2 4 2(77) + 2(21) − 4(33)
= + – =
3 11 7 3(11)(7)
154 + 42 − 132 196 − 132 64
= = = .
231 231 231
1  2x 
3. ∫0 sin – 1  2  dx
1+ x 
 2x 
1
∫ 0 sin
−1
Sol. Let I =  2  dx ...(i)
1 + x 
dx
Put x = tan θ. ∴ = sec2 θ ⇒ dx = sec2 θ dθ
dθ
MathonGo 98
To change the limits of integration

When x = 0, tan θ = 0 = tan 0 ⇒ θ = 0
π π
When x = 1, tan θ = 1 = tan ⇒ θ =
4 4
π  
− 1  2 tan θ 
∴ From (i), I = ∫ 0  sin  1 + tan2 θ   sec2 θ dθ
4
  
π π
= ∫ 4
0
(sin− 1 (sin 2θ)) sec2 θ dθ = ∫ 4
0
2θ sec2 θ dθ
π
∫ 04 θ sec θ dθ
2
= 2
I II
Applying Product Rule of Integration
 b  
( )
b b  d
 ∫ a I . II dx = I ∫ II a − ∫ a  (I) ∫ II dx  dx 
  dx  
 π π 
= 2 (θ . tan θ ) 0 − ∫ 04 1 . tan θ dθ 
4
π π
π  π π
= 2  tan − 0 − ∫ 04 tan θ dθ  = 2  − ( log sec θ ) 04 

 4 4   4 
π  π   π 
= 2  −  log sec − log sec 0   = 2  − (log 2 − log 1) 
4  4  4 
π
= – 2 log 21/2 (... log 1 = 0)
2
π 1 π
= – 2 . log 2 = – log 2.
2 2 2
2
4. ∫0 x x + 2 dx
2
Sol. Let I = ∫0 x x + 2 dx ...(i)
Put Linear = t, i.e., x + 2 = t. Therefore x + 2 = t . 2
dx
∴ = 2t ⇒ dx = 2t dt
dt
To change the limits of Integration
When x = 0, t = x+2 = 2
When x = 2, t = x+2 = 2+2 = 4 = 2.
2
∫2 (t − 2) t . 2t dt
2
∴ From (i), I =
[... x + 2 = t2 ⇒ x = t2 – 2]
2 2
= 2 ∫2 t 2 (t 2 − 2) dt = 2 ∫2 (t 4 − 2t 2 ) dt
 5  2  3 
2
 t  − 2  t   1 5 2 3 3 
= 2  (2 − ( 2) ) − (2 − ( 2) ) 
5
= 2  5   
  2  3  2 5 3 
MathonGo 99
1 2 
= 2  (32 − 4 2) − (8 − 2 2)  [... ( 2 )3 = 2. 2. 2 = 2 2,
 5 3 
and ( 2 )5 = 2. 2. 2. 2. 2 = 4 2]
 32 4 2 16 4 2   96 − 12 2 − 80 + 20 2 
= 2 5 − 5 − 3 + 3  = 2  
   15 
2 16 16
= (16 + 8 2 ) = (2 + 2)= ( 2 . 2 + 2)
15 15 15
16 2
= ( 2 + 1).
15
π
sin x
5. ∫ 02 1 + cos 2 x
dx
π π
sin x − sin x
Sol. Let I = ∫ 2
0 1 + cos2 x
dx = – ∫ 2
0 1 + cos2 x
dx ...(i)
dt
Put cos x = t. Therefore – sin x = ⇒ – sin x dx = dt.
dx
To change the limits of Integration.
π π
When x = 0, t = cos 0 = 1, When x = , t = cos = 0
2 2
0 dt 0 1
∴ From (i), I = – ∫1 1 + t2
= – ∫1 t +1
2 dt
 π
( )
0
= – tan− 1 t = – (tan– 1 0 – tan– 1 1) = –  0 − 
1  4
 −1 π −1 π π
∵ tan 0 = 0 ⇒ tan 0 = 0 and tan 4 = 1 ⇒ tan 1 = 4  = .
  4
2 dx
6. ∫ 0
x + 4 – x2
dx
2 dx 2 dx
∫0 = ∫0
2
Sol. 2 = ∫0
4+x−x −x +x+4
2 − ( x − x − 4)
2
(Making coeff. of x2 numerically unity)

Completing squares by adding and subtracting
2 2
1  1 1 dx
2
 2 coeff. of x  =  
   2
=
4
.=
 2 ∫0 1 1 
−  x − x + − − 4
 4 4 
2 dx 2 dx dx
∫0
2
= =∫ = ∫
 1
2
17  0
17  1
2 0
 17 
2 2
−  x −  −  −x −   1

 2  −  x − 
 2 4  4  2  2
 
MathonGo 100
2
 17  1 
 + x −  
 log 2  2  ∵ 1 1 a+x 
  ∫ a2 − x 2
1 dx = log 
=  17  1 2a a−x 
2×
17  −x −   
2  2  2  0
2
 17 + 2 x − 1 
1  log 
=
17  17 − 2 x + 1  0
1  log 17 + 3
− log
17 − 1 

=
17  17 − 3 17 + 1 
1  17 + 3 17 + 1  1 20 + 4 17
= log  ×  = log
17  17 − 3 17 − 1  17 20 − 4 17
(... ( 17 + 3) ( 17 + 1) = 17 + 17 + 3 17 + 3 = 20 + 4 17 .
Similarly ( 17 – 3) ( 17 – 1) = 20 – 4 17 )
1 4(5 + 17) 1 5 + 17
= log = log
17 4(5 − 17) 17 5 − 17
1  5 + 17 5 + 17  1 (5 + 17)2
= log  ×  = log
17  5 − 17 5 + 17  17 25 − 17
1 42 + 10 17 1 21 + 5 17
= log = log .
17 8 17 4
1 dx
7. ∫– 1 2
x + 2x + 5
1 dx 1 dx
Sol. Let I = ∫− 1 x + 2x + 5
2 = ∫− 1 2
x + 2x + 1 + 4
(To complete squares)
1 1
= ∫− 1 ( x + 1)2 + 22 dx ...(i)
dx
Put x + 1 = t. = 1 ∴
⇒ dx = dt
dt
When x = – 1, t = – 1 + 1 = 0
When x = 1, t = 1 + 1 = 2
2
2 1 1  −1 t 
∴ From (i), I = ∫0 t + 22
2 dt =  tan 2 
2  0
 1 1 x
∵

∫ x +a
2 2
dx = tan − 1 
a a
1  2 0 1
tan − 1 − tan − 1  = (tan– 1 1 – tan– 1 0)
2 
=
2 2 2
MathonGo 101
1 π  π  π 
=  − 0 = . ∵ tan 4 = 1 and tan 0 = 0 
2 4  8  
2 1 1  2x
8. ∫1 x –

e
2x2 
dx
2 1 1 
Sol. Let I = ∫1  x − 2  e2x dx
 2x 
...(i)
[Type ∫ ( f ( x) + g( x)) eax dx. Put ax = t and it will become
∫ ( f (t) + f ′(t)) et dt = et f (t)]

dt dt
Put 2x = t ∴ 2 = ⇒ 2dx = dt ⇒ dx =
dx 2
When x = 1, t = 2x = 2, When x = 2, t = 2x = 4
1 1 
dt  t
t −
4
2
∴ From (i), I = ∫2 
t
 t   e 2 
2 
∵ 2x = t ⇒ x = 
2 
2  2 
2 2 
4 dt 4 1 1 1 
∴ I =

∫2
 t − 2  et
t  2
= ∫ 2 . 2  − 2  et dt
2 t t 
4 1 1 t
= ∫ 2  − 2  e dt = ∫ 2 ( f (t) + f ′(t)) et dt
4
t t 
 1 −1 −2 −1
 Here f (t) = t = t and therefore f ′(t) = (− 1)t = 2 
 t 
4
 et  e4 e2 e4 − 2 e2 e2 (e2 − 2)
( )
4
= e f (t) =  t  =
t
– = = .
2  2 4 2 4 4
1 ( x – x 3 )1/3
9. The value of the integral ∫1 x4
dx is
3
(A) 6 (B) 0 (C) 3 (D) 4
1 (x − x ) 3 1/ 3
Sol. Let I = ∫1 x4
dx
3
1/ 3 1/ 3
 3 x   1 
 x  3 − 1  ( x3 )1/ 3  2 − 1 
 x  1 x 
∫1
1
= ∫1 x4
dx =
3 x4
3
−2
x (x − 1) 1/ 3 1
∫ 1 (x
1 −2
= ∫1 x 4 dx =
3
− 1)1/ 3 x– 3 dx
3
−1 1
∫
−2
I = 1 (x − 1)1 / 3 (− 2 x − 3 ) dx ...(i)
2 3
Put x– 2 – 1 = t
MathonGo 102
dt
Therefore – 2 x– 3 = ⇒ – 2 x– 3 dx = dt
dx
−2
1 1
When x = , t = x– 2 – 1 =   – 1
3  3
– 1 – 2 2
= (3 ) – 1 = 3 – 1 = 9 – 1 = 8
When x = 1, t = 1– 2 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0
0
 t4 / 3 
−1 0 1/ 3 −1  
2 ∫8
∴ From (i), I = 4 
2 
t dt =

 3 8
−1 3 −3 −3 3
= . [0 – 84/3] = [– (23)4/3] = (– 24) = × 16 = 6
2 4 8 8 8
x
10. If f (x) = ∫0 t sin t dt, then f ′(x) is
(A) cos x + x sin x (B) x sin x

(C) x cos x (D) sin x + x cos x
x
Sol. f (x) = ∫0 t sin t dt
I II
Applying Product Rule of Integration
 b
( ) −∫ d 
b b
 ∫ a I . II dx = I ∫ II dx (I) ∫ II dx dx 
 a a dx 
(t (− cos t) ) 0x
x
⇒ f (x) = – ∫ 0 1 (− cos t) dt
x
= – x cos x – 0 + ∫ 0 cos t dt = – x cos x + (sin t)0x
= – x cos x + sin x – sin 0 = – x cos x + sin x
∴ f ′(x) = – (x (– sin x) + (cos x)1) + cos x
= x sin x – cos x + cos x = x sin x
OR
x
f (x) = ∫ 0 sin t dt ∴ f ′(x) = (t sin t)0x
[... Derivative operator and integral operator cancel with each
other]
= x sin x – 0 = x sin x.
MathonGo 103
Exercise 7.11
By using the properties of definite integrals, evaluate the
integrals in Exercises 1 to 6:
π
∫ 02 cos
2
1. x dx
MathonGo 104
π
Sol. Let I = ∫ 2
0
cos2 x dx ...(i)
π
π  ∵ f ( a – x) dx 
a a
∫ 02 cos  − x  dx ∫0 f (x) dx = ∫
2
∴ I =
 2   0 
π
or I = ∫ 2
0
sin2 x dx ...(ii)
Adding Eqns. (i) and (ii),
π π π
∫ 02 (cos x + sin2 x) dx = ∫ 02 1 ( x ) 02
2
2I = dx =
π π
⇒ 2I = ⇒ I = .
2 4
π
sin x
2. ∫ 2
0 sin x + cos x
dx
π
sin x
Sol. Let I = ∫ 02 sin x + cos x
dx ...(i)
π 
π sin  − x 
2 
∴ I = ∫ 2
0
π  π 
dx
sin  − x  + cos  − x 
2  2 
∵ a a
f ( a – x) dx 
 ∫0 f (x) dx = ∫
0 
π
cos x
or I = ∫ 2
cos x + sin x
0
dx ...(ii)
Adding Eqns. (i) and (ii), we have

π  
sin x cos x
2I = ∫ 02  + 
cos x + sin x  dx
 sin x + cos x
π
 sin x + cos x  π
= ∫ 2  dx = 2 1 dx
∫0
 sin x + cos x 
0
π π π π
⇒ 2I = ( x ) 2 = – 0 = ⇒ I = .
0 2 2 4
π
sin 3/2 x dx
3. ∫ 2
0 sin 3/2 x + cos3/2 x
π
sin3 / 2 x
Sol. Let I = ∫ 02 sin x + cos3 / 2 x
3/ 2 dx ...(i)
π ∵ f ( a – x) dx 
a a
Changing x to
2
– x  ∫0 f (x) dx = ∫
0 
MathonGo 105
π 
π sin 3 / 2  − x 
 2 
I = ∫ 2
0 3/ 2  π  3/ 2  π  dx
sin  2 − x  + cos  2 − x 
   
π
cos3 / 2 x
∫ cos3 / 2 x + sin3 / 2 x
= 2
0 ...(ii)
π
sin3 / 2 x + cos3 / 2 x π π π π
2I = ∫ 02 sin3 / 2 x + cos3 / 2 x
dx = ∫ 02 1 dx = [ x]2 =
0 2
∴I = .
4
π
cos5 x dx
4. ∫ 2
0 sin 5 x + cos5 x
π
cos5 x
Sol. Let I = ∫ 02 sin x + cos5 x
5 dx ...(i)
π 
π cos5  − x 
 2 
∴ I = ∫ 2
0 5π  5π  dx
sin  − x  + cos  − x 
 2   2 
∵ a a
f (a − x) dx 
 ∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫
0 
π
sin 5 x
or I = ∫ 2
cos x + sin 5 x
0 dx 5 ...(ii)
π
 cos5 x sin 5 x 
2I = ∫ 02  sin5 x + cos5 x + cos5 x + sin5 x  dx
 
π π π
cos5 x + sin 5 x
⇒ 2I = ∫ 2
0 sin 5 x + cos5 x
dx = ∫ 2
0
1 dx = ( x ) 02
π π
⇒ 2I = ⇒ I = .
2 4
5
5. ∫– 5 | x + 2| dx
5
Sol. Let I = ∫− 5 |x + 2| dx ...(i)
We can evaluate this integral only if we can get rid of the
modulus.
Putting expression within modulus equal to 0, we have
x + 2 = 0, i.e., x = – 2 ∈ (– 5, 5)
5
∴ From (i), I = ∫− 5 | x + 2|dx
−2 5
= ∫− 5 | x + 2| dx + ∫− 2 |x + 2| dx
MathonGo 106
∵ b c b
f ( x) dx where a < c < b
 ∫a f ( x) dx = ∫
a
f ( x) dx + ∫
c 
−2 5
= ∫− 5
− ( x + 2) dx + ∫
−2
( x + 2) dx
. .
[ . On (– 5, – 2), x < – 2 ⇒ x + 2 < 0
⇒ | x + 2 | = – (x + 2) and on (– 2, 5); x > – 2
⇒ x + 2 > 0 ⇒| x + 2 | = x + 2,by definition of modulus function]
−2 5
 x2   x2 
= –  2 + 2x  +  2 + 2x 
 −5  −2
 4   25   25  4 
= –  − 4  −  − 10   +  + 10  −  − 4  
 2   2   2  2 
 5   45  5 45
= – − 2 −  +  + 2 = 2 + + + 2
 2 2  2 2
50
= 4 + = 4 + 25 = 29.
2
8
6. ∫ 2 | x – 5| dx
Sol. We know by definition of modulus function, that
x − 5 if x − 5 ≥ 0, i.e., x ≥ 5 ...(i)
| x – 5 | = 
 − ( x − 5) = 5 − x, if x<5 ...(ii)
8 5
∫ 2 | x − 5| dx = ∫ 2 | x − 5| dx + ∫5 | x − 5| dx
8
∴
5 8
5 8  x2   x2 
− 5x 
= ∫ 2 (5 − x) dx + ∫5 ( x − 5) dx =  5x −
 2
 + 
2  2 5
[By (ii)] [By (i)]
 25   25 
=  25 −  – (10 – 2) + (32 – 40) –  − 25 
 2   2 
25 25 50
= 25 – – 8 – 8 – + 25 = 34 – = 34 – 25 = 9
2 2 2
By using the properties of definite integrals, evaluate the
1
7. ∫0 x (1 – x )n dx
1
Sol. Let I = ∫0 x(1 − x) n dx
 a a
f (a − x) dx 
∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫
1
∴ I = ∫ 0 (1 − x) (1 – (1 – x))n dx ∵
 0 
1
or I = ∫ 0 (1 − x) (1 – 1 + x)n dx
MathonGo 107
1 1
∫ 0 (1 − x) ∫0 (x − x n + 1 ) dx
n
or I = xn dx =
1
 xn + 1 xn + 2  1 1
=  n + 1 − n + 2  = – – (0 – 0)
 0 n + 1 n +2
n+ 2− n−1 1
= = .
(n + 1)(n + 2) (n + 1)(n + 2)
π
8. ∫ 4
0
log (1 + tan x) dx
π
Sol. Let I = ∫ 04 log (1 + tan x) dx ...(i)
π ∵ f ( a – x) dx 
a a
Changing x to
4
– x  ∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫
0 
π π
 π   1 − tan x 
I = ∫ 4
0
log 1 + tan  − x   dx =
 4 
∫
log 1 +

4
0  dx
1 + tan x 
 π 
 tan − tan x
π  4 1 − tan x
∵ tan  − x  = π
= 
  4  1 + tan tan x 1 + tan x
 4 
π
 1 + tan x + 1 − tan x 
= ∫ 04 log  1 + tan x
 dx

π
 2 
= ∫
log  4
 dx
 1 + tan x 
0 ...(ii)

π
  2 
2I = ∫ 4
0
 log (1 + tan x) + log 

  dx
 1 + tan x  
π
 2  π
= ∫ 4
0
log (1 + tan x)

 dx =
(1 + tan x)  ∫ 04 log 2 dx
π π π
or 2I = (log 2) [ x]4 = log 2 Dividing by 2, I = log 2.
0 4 8
2
9. ∫0 x 2 – x dx
2
Sol. Let I = ∫0 x 2 − x dx
∵ a a
f ( a – x) dx 
Changing x to 2 – x  ∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫
0 
2
I = ∫0 (2 − x) 2 − (2 − x) dx
2 2
= ∫0 (2 − x) x dx = ∫0 (2 x1/ 2 − x3 / 2 ) dx
MathonGo 108
2
 x3 / 2 x5 / 2   4 3/ 2 2 5/ 2 
= 2 . 3 / 2 − 5 / 2  =  . 2 − . 2  – (0 – 0)
  0 3 5 
4 2 8 8
= × 2 2 – × 4 2 =  −  2
3 5 3 5
. .
( . 2 = (2 ) = ( 2 )3 = 2
3/2 1/2 3
2 2 =2 2
5/2 1/2 5 5
and 2 = (2 ) = ( 2 ) = 2 2 2 2 2 = 2.2. 2
16 2
= 4 2) = .
15
π
10. ∫ 02 (2 log sin x – log sin 2 x) dx
π/2
Sol. Let I = ∫0 (2 log sin x − log sin 2x) dx
π/2
= ∫0 (log sin2 x − log sin 2x) dx
π/2  sin 2 x  π/2  sin 2 x 

= ∫0 log   dx = ∫0 log   dx
 sin 2 x   2 sin x cos x 
π/2 1 
or I = ∫0 log  tan x  dx
 2 
...(i)
π/2 1 π   ∵ a f ( x) dx = a f ( a – x) dx 
∴ I = ∫0 log  tan  − x  dx 
 2  2    ∫ 0 ∫0 
π/2 1 
or I = ∫0 log  cot x  dx
2 
...(ii)

 1
π/2  1 
2I =

∫0
 log  2 tan x  + log  2 cot x   dx
   
π/2 1 1  π/2 1 1
⇒ 2I = ∫ 0 log  tan x cot x  dx = ∫ 0 log dx =log ( x )0π / 2
2 2  4 4
π π
= (log 1 – log 4) = – log 4 (... log 1 = 0)
2 2
π π 2π π
∴ I = – log 4 = – log 22 = – log 2 = – log 2.
4 4 4 2
π
11. ∫ 2
–π sin 2 x dx
2
π π
Sol. Let I = ∫ −
2
π sin 2 x dx or I = 2 ∫ 02 sin
2
x dx ...(i)
2
[... For f (x) = sin2 x, f (– x) = sin2 (– x) = (– sin x)2 = sin2 x = f (x)
∴ f (x) is an even function of x and hence
MathonGo 109
a a
∫− a f (x) dx =2 ∫ 0 f ( x) dx]
π
π  ∵ a a
f ( a – x) dx 
∴ I = 2 ∫ 02 sin
2
 −
2
x  dx

 ∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫
0 
π
∫ 02 cos
2
or I = 2 x dx ...(ii)
π
2I = 2 ∫ 2
0
(sin2 x + cos2 x) dx
π π
π π
or 2I = 2 ∫ 2 1 dx = 2 ( x ) 02 = 2 . 2 = π ∴
2
. I =
0
Using properties of definite integrals, evaluate the following
π x dx
12. ∫0 1 + sin x
π x
Sol. Let I = ∫0 1 + sin x
dx ...(i)
π π−x
Changing x to π – x, I = ∫0 1 + sin (π − x)
dx
π π−x  f ( a – x) dx 
a a
or I= ∫0 1 + sin x
...(ii) ∵
dx
 ∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫
0 
π  x π−x  π x+π− x
2I = ∫0  +  dx = ∫0 dx
 1 + sin x 1 + sin x  1 + sin x
π π π 1
= ∫0 dx = π ∫0
1 + sin x 1 + sin x dx
π/ 2 dx
or 2I = 2π ∫0 1 + sin x
∵ 2a a
f (x) dx, if f (2a – x) = f (x) 
 ∫0 f (x) dx = 2∫
0 
π/ 2 dx
= 2π ∫0 π 
∵

a
∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫
a
f ( a – x) dx 

1 + sin  − x  0
2 
π/ 2 dx
= 2π ∫0 1 + cos x
π/2
 x
 tan 2 
π π/ 2 x π 
∫0 1 
π/ 2 dx sec 2
⇒ I = π ∫0 x
=
2 2
dx =
2 
2 cos2  2  0
2
MathonGo 110
 π 
= π  tan − tan 0  = π(1 – 0) = π.
 4 
π
13. ∫ 2
–π sin 7 x dx
2
π
Sol. Let I = ∫ −
2
π sin7 x dx
2
Here Integrand f (x) = sin7 x
∴ f (– x) = sin7 (– x) = (– sin x)7 = – sin7 x = – f (x)
∴ f (x) is an odd function of x.
π
∫ −2π sin
7
∴ I = x dx = 0.
2
∵ If f ( x) is an odd function of x, then a f ( x) dx = 0 

 ∫− a 
2π
14. ∫0 cos5 x dx
2π π
Sol. ∫0 cos5 x dx = 2 ∫0 cos5 x dx
∵ 2 a f (x) dx = a f (x) dx, if f (2a – x) = f (x) 

 ∫0 ∫0 
Here f (x) = cos5 x ∴ f (2π – x) = cos5 (2π – x) = cos5 x
= f (x) = 2(0) = 0
∵ 2a f ( x) dx = 0, if f (2a – x) = – f (x). Here f (x) = cos5 x
 ∫0
∴ f (π – x) = cos5 (π – x) = (– cos x)5 = – cos5 x = – f (x)]
2π
Alternatively. To evaluate ∫0 cos5 x dx, put sin x = t.
2π π
Remark. In fact ∫ 0 cos x dx or ∫ 0 cos x dx for all positive
n n
odd integers n is equal to zero.

This is a very important result for I.I.T. Entrance Examination.
π
sin x – cos x
15. ∫ 2
0 1 + sin x cos x
dx
π
sin x − cos x
Sol. Let I = ∫ 2
0 1 + sin x cos x
dx ...(i)
π
Changing x to – x in integrand of (i),
2
∵ a f ( x) dx = a f ( a – x) dx 
 ∫0 ∫0 
π  π 
π sin  − x  − cos  − x  π
2  2  dx = cos x − sin x
I = ∫ 2
0 π  π  ∫ 2
0 1 + cos x sin x
dx
1 + sin  − x  cos  − x 
2  2 
MathonGo 111
π
sin x − cos x
= – ∫ 2
0 1 + sin x cos x
dx ...(ii)
Adding equations (i) and (ii), we have 2I = 0 or I = 0.
π
16. ∫0 log (1 + cos x ) dx
π
Sol. Let I = ∫ 0 log (1 + cos x) dx ...(i)
π ∵ a a
f ( a – x) dx 
∴ I = ∫ 0 log (1 + cos (π − x)) dx
 ∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫
0 
π
or I = ∫ 0 log (1 − cos x) dx ...(ii)
π
2I = ∫ 0 [log (1 + cos x) + log (1 − cos x)] dx
π π
∫ 0 log ((1 + cos x) (1 − cos x)) ∫ 0 log (1 − cos
2
= dx = x) dx
π π
∫ 0 log sin ∫ 0 log sin x dx (... log mn = n log m)
2
⇒ 2I = x dx = 2
π π
Dividing by 2, I = ∫ 0 log sin x dx = 2 ∫ 2
0
log sin x dx ...(iii)

∵ For f (x) = log sin x, f (π – x) = log sin (π – x) = log sin x =

a 
f ( x) dx = 2 ∫ 0 f ( x) dx 
2a
f (x) and if f (2a – x) = f (x); then ∫0 
π
π  ∵ f ( a – x) dx 
a a
∴ I = 2 ∫ 2
0
log sin  − x  dx
2   ∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫
0 
π
or I = 2 ∫ 02 log cos x dx ...(iv)
Adding Eqns. (iii) and (iv), we have
π
2I = 2 ∫ 02 (log sin x + log cos x) dx
π
Dividing by 2, I = ∫ 2
0
(log sin x cos x) dx
π π
 2 sin x cos x   sin 2x 
= ∫ 02 log 
 2  dx =

∫ 02 log 
 2 
 dx
π
or I = ∫ 2
0
(log sin 2x − log 2) dx
π π
or I = ∫ 02 log sin 2x dx – ∫ 02 log 2 dx
π π
or I = ∫ 2 log sin 2x dx – log 2 ( x ) 02
0
MathonGo 112
π π
or I = ∫ 2
0
log sin 2x dx – 2 log 2
π
or I = I1 – log 2 ...(v)
2
π
where I1 = ∫ 02 log sin 2x dx ...(vi)
Put 2x = t to make I1 look as I given by (iii)

dt dt
∴ 2 = or 2 dx = dt or dx =
dx 2
To change the limits: When x = 0, t = 2x = 0
π
When x = , t = 2x = π
2
π dt 1 π
∴ From (vi), I1 = ∫0 log sin t
2
=
2 ∫0 log sin t dt
π
1
or × 2 ∫ 2 log sin t dt
I1 =
2 0
(For reason see Explanation within brackets below Eqn. (iii))
π π
 b b
f (x) dx 
or I1 = ∫ 02 log sin t dt = ∫ 2 log sin x dx ∵ ∫ a f (t) dt = ∫a 
0 
I
or I1 = [By Eqn. (iii)]
2
I π
Putting this value of I1 in Eqn. (v), I = – log 2
2 2
Multiplying by L.C.M. = 2, 2I = I – π log 2
or 2I – I = – π log 2 or I = – π log 2.
a x
17. ∫0 x+ a–x
dx
a x
Sol. Let I = ∫0 x + a−x
dx ...(i)
a a−x a a−x
∴ I = ∫0 a − x + a − ( a − x)
dx = ∫0 a−x + x
dx
...(ii)
a  x a− x   x + a− x
∫0
a
2I =  +  dx = ∫   dx
 x + a− x a − x + x  0
 x + a− x
a
( x ) 0a
a
or 2I = ∫0 1 dx = = a ∴ I =
2
.
MathonGo 113
4
18. ∫ 0 | x – 1| dx 0 1 4
4
Sol. Let I = ∫ 0 | x − 1| dx ...(i)
Putting the expression (x – 1) within modulus equal to zero, we have
x = 1 ∈ (0, 4)
4 1 4
∴ From (i), I = ∫ 0 | x − 1| dx = ∫ 0 | x − 1| dx + ∫1 | x − 1| dx
4
∫1
1
( x − 1) dx
= –
∫ 0 ( x − 1) dx +
[... On (0, 1); x < 1 ⇒ x – 1 < 0 and hence | x – 1 |
= – (x – 1) and on (1, 4), x > 1 ⇒ x – 1 > 0 and hence
| x – 1 | = (x – 1) by definition of modulus function]
1 4
 x2   x2   1   16
 1 
= –  2 − x  +  2 − x  = –   − 1  − 0  +  − 4 −  − 1 
 0  1  2    2 2 
−1 1 2
= + 1 + 8 – 4 – + 1 = 6 – = 6 – 1 = 5.
2 2 2
a a
19. Show that ∫0 f ( x) g( x) dx = 2 ∫0 f ( x) dx, if f and g are
defined as f (x) = f (a – x) and g(x) + g(a – x) = 4.
Sol. Given: f (x) = f (a – x) ...(i)
and g(x) + g(a – x) = 4 ...(ii)
a
Let I = ∫0 f ( x) g( x) dx ...(iii)
∵ a
F( x) dx = ∫ F( a – x) dx 
a
∫0
a
∴ I = ∫0 f (a − x) g(a − x) dx
 0 
Putting f (a – x) = f (x) from (i),
a
I = ∫0 f ( x) g(a − x) dx ...(iv)
Adding Eqns. (iii) and (iv), we have

a a
2I = ∫0 ( f ( x) g( x) + f ( x) g(a − x)) dx = ∫0 f ( x) ( g( x) + g(a − x)) dx
a a
or 2I = ∫0 f ( x) (4) dx [By (ii)] = 4 ∫0 f ( x) dx
a
Dividing by 2, I = 2 ∫0 f ( x) dx = R.H.S.
π
20. The value of ∫ 2
–π ( x 3 + x cos x + tan 5 x + 1) dx is
2
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) π (D) 1
π
Sol. Let I = ∫ 2
−π ( x3 + x cos x + tan5 x + 1) dx
2
MathonGo 114
π π π π
= ∫ 2
−π x 3
dx + ∫ 2
−π x cos x dx + ∫ −2π tan
5
x dx + ∫ −2π 1 dx
2 2 2 2
π
 π 2π π
− π
= 0 + 0 + 0 +  x − π = –   = 2 + 2 = π
  2  2 
2

∵ Each of the three functions x , x cos x and tan x is an odd
3 5

function of x as f (– x) = – f (x) for each of
a 
them and ∫ − a f ( x) dx = 0 for each odd function f ( x) 

∴ Option (C) is the correct option.
π
 4 + 3 sin x 
21. The value of ∫ 0
2 log   dx is
 4 + 3 cos x 
3
(A) 2 (B) (C) 0 (D) – 2
4
π
 4 + 3 sin x 
Sol. Let I = ∫ 02 log  4 + 3 cos x  dx ...(i)
 π 
π  4 + 3 sin  − x 
log  2   dx
∴ I = ∫ 0
2
 π 
 4 + 3 cos  2 − x 
  
π
 4 + 3 cos x 
or I = ∫ 02 log  4 + 3 sin x  dx ...(ii)
Adding Eqns. (i) and (ii), we get
π
  4 + 3 sin x   4 + 3 cos x  
2I = ∫ 02  log  4 + 3 cos x  + log  4 + 3 sin x   dx
π
 4 + 3 sin x 4 + 3 cos x  π
= ∫ 02 log  4 + 3 cos x . 4 + 3 sin x  dx = ∫ 0
2 log 1 dx
π 0
⇒ 2I = ∫ 0
2 0 dx = 0 ⇒ I =
2
= 0.
MathonGo 115
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1
1.
x – x3
1
Sol. The integrand is a rational function of x and the
x − x3
MathonGo 116
denominator x – x3 = x(1 – x2) = x(1 – x)(1 + x) is the product of

more than one factor. So, will form partial fractions.
1 1 1
= =
x−x 3 x (1 − x 2
) x(1 − x)(1 + x)
A B C
= + + ...(i)
x 1− x 1+ x
Multiplying every term of Eqn. (i) by L.C.M. = x(1 – x)(1 + x),
1 = A(1 – x)(1 + x) + Bx(1 + x) + Cx(1 – x)
or 1 = A(1 – x2) + B(x + x2) + C(x – x2)
⇒ 1 = A – Ax2 + Bx + Bx2 + Cx – Cx2
Comparing coefficients of like powers on both sides,
x2: – A + B – C = 0 ...(ii)
x: B + C = 0 ....(iii)
Constants: A = 1
Putting A = 1 in (ii), – 1 + B – C = 0 or B – C = 1 ...(iv)
1
Adding Eqns. (iii) and (iv), 2B = 1 ⇒ B =
2
−1
From (iii), C = – B =
2
1 1
1 1 2
= + – 2
x − x3 x 1− x 1+ x
1 1 1 1 1 1
∴ ∫ x − x3
dx = ∫ x
dx +
2 ∫ 1− x
dx –
2 ∫ 1+ x
dx
1 log|1 − x| 1
= log | x | + – log | 1 + x |
2 −1 2
1
= [ 2 log | x | – log | 1 – x | – log | 1 + x |] + C
2
1
= [ log | x |2 – (log | 1 – x | + log | 1 + x |] + C
2
1
= [log | x |2 – log | 1 – x | | 1 + x |] + C
2
1 1 x2
= [ log | x |2 – log | 1 – x2 |] + C = log + C.
2 2 1 − x2
1
2. x+a + x+b
1
Sol. ∫ x+a+ x + b dx
MathonGo 117
x+a− x+b
Rationalising, = ∫ ( x+a+ x + b )( x + a − x + b )
dx
( x + a − x + b) x+a− x+b
= ∫ x + a − ( x + b)
dx = ∫
a−b
dx
. .
[ . x + a – (x + b) = x + a – x – b = a – b]
1
a−b ∫
= ( x + a − x + b ) dx
1  ( x + a)1/ 2 dx − ( x + b)1/ 2 dx
a − b ∫ ∫
= 
 
1  ( x + a)3 / 2 ( x + b)3 / 2 
=  −  + C
a − b  3 (1) 3
(1) 
 2 2 
1 2 2 
 3 ( x + a) − ( x + b)3 / 2  + C
3/ 2
=
a−b  3 
2
= [(x + a)3/2 – (x + b)3/2] + C.
3(a − b)
1
3.
x ax – x 2
 dx
Sol. I = ∫
dx  Form

∫ Linear Quadratic
x ax − x 2
1 1
Put Linear = , i.e., x = = t– 1.
t t
1
Differentiating both sides dx = – dt
t2
1
dt −
t2 dt
∴ I = ∫ = – ∫
1 a 1
− at − 1
t t t2
(at − 1)1/ 2
= – ∫ (at − 1) − 1 / 2 dt = – + c
1
×a
2
2 a 2 a−x
= – −1 + c = – + c.
a x a x
1
4.
x ( x + 1)3/4
2 4
dx dx dx
Sol. I = ∫ 2 4
x ( x + 1)3 / 4
= ∫   1 
3/ 4 = ∫  1 
3/ 4
x2  x4  1 + 4   x2 . x3  1 + 4 
  x   x 
 3 
∵ ( x4 ) 4 = x3 
MathonGo 118
− 3/ 4
1 1 
= ∫  1 + x4 
x5
dx
1
Put 1 + 4 = t or 1 + x– 4 = t.
x
Differentiating both sides, – 4x– 5 dx = dt
4 1 1
or – 5 dx = dt or 5 dx = – dt
x x 4
1 1/ 4 1/ 4
= –  1 +
t − 3 / 4 dt = – 1 . t 1 
∴ I = –
4 ∫ + c  + c.
4 1/ 4  x4 
1
5. 1/2
x + x1/3
1 1
Sol. Here the denominators of fractional powers and of x are 2
2 3
and 3. L.C.M. of 2 and 3 is 6.
Put x = t6. Differentiating both sides, dx = 6t5 dt
dx 6t5 t5
∴ I = ∫ x 1/ 2
+ x1/ 3
= ∫ t + t2
3 dt = 6 ∫ t (t + 1)
2 dt
t3 (t3 + 1) − 1  t3 + 1 1 
= 6 ∫ t +1
dt = 6 ∫ t +1
dt = 6 ∫  −  dt
 t + 1 t + 1 
 (t + 1)(t 2 − t + 1) 1   1 
∫  − ∫  t −t+1−
2
=6  
 t + 1 t + 1  dt = 6 t + 1  dt
. .
[ . a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)]
 t3 t 2 
= 6  3 − 2 + t − log|t + 1| + c
 
= 2t3 – 3t2 + 6t – 6 log | t + 1 | + c
Putting t = x1/6 (... x = t6 ⇒ t = x1/6)
= 2 x – 3x1/3 + 6x1/6 – 6 log | x1/6 + 1 | + c.
5x
6.
( x + 1)( x 2 + 9)
5x
( x + 1)( x 2 + 9)
5x A Bx + C
Let = + 2 ...(ii)
( x + 1)( x2 + 9) x+1 x +9
L.C.M. = (x + 1)(x2 + 9)
Multiplying every term of (ii) by L.C.M.,
5x = A(x2 + 9) + (Bx + C)(x + 1)
or 5x = Ax2 + 9A + Bx2 + Bx + Cx + C
x2: A + B = 0 ...(iii)
x: B + C = 5 ...(iv)
MathonGo 119
Constant terms : 9A + C = 0 ...(v)

Let us solve Eqns. (iii), (iv) and (v) for A, B, C.
(iii) – (iv) gives, (to eliminate B), A – C = – 5 ...(vi)
Adding (v) and (vi), 10A = – 5
−5 −1
∴ A= =
10 2
−1 −1 1
Putting A = in (iii), + B = 0 ⇒ B =
2 2 2
1 1 1 9
Putting B = in (iv), + C = 5 ⇒ C = 5 – =
2 2 2 2
Putting these values of A, B, C in (ii),
−1 1 9
x+
5x
= 2 + 2 2
( x + 1)( x2 + 9) x +1 x2 + 9
5x
∴ ∫ dx
( x + 1)( x2 + 9)
−1 1 x 9 1
=
2 ∫ x+1
dx +
1
2
∫ x2 + 9
dx +
2
∫ x 2 + 32
dx
−1 1 2x 9 1 x
=
2
log | x + 1 | +
4
∫ x2 + 9
dx +
2
.
3
tan – 1
3
+ c
−1 1 3 x
= log | x + 1 | + log | x2 + 9 | + tan– 1 + c
2 4 2 3
 f ′(x) 
∵ ∫ f (x) dx = log| f (x)|
 
−1 1 3 x
= log | x + 1 | + log (x2 + 9) + tan– 1 + c.
2 4 2 3
. .
( . x + 9 ≥ 9 > 0 and hence | x + 9 | = x2 + 9)
2 2
sin x
7.
sin ( x – a)
sin x sin ( x − a + a)
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ dx
sin ( x − a) sin ( x − a)
sin ( x − a) cos a + cos ( x − a) sin a
= ∫ dx
sin ( x − a)
[... sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B]
 sin ( x − a) cos a cos ( x − a) sin a   a + b a b
= ∫ 
 sin ( x − a)
+
sin ( x − a) 
dx ∵ c = c + c 
 
= ∫ [cos a + sin a cot ( x − a)] dx = ∫ cos a dx + ∫ sin a cot ( x − a) dx
= cos a ∫ 1 dx + sin a ∫ cot ( x − a) dx
log|sin ( x − a)|
= (cos a)x + sin a + c[... ∫ cot x dx = log | sin x |]
1
= x cos a + sin a log | sin (x – a) | + c.
MathonGo 120
e5 log x – e4 log x
8.
e3 log x – e2 log x
5 4
e5 log x − e4 log x elog x − elog x
Sol. ∫ e3 log x − e2 log x
dx = ∫ 3
elog x − elog x
2 dx [... n log m = log mn]
x5 − x4
= ∫ x3 − x2
dx [... elog f (x) = f (x)]
x4 ( x − 1) x3
= ∫ x2 ( x − 1)
dx = ∫ x2 dx =
3
+ c.
cos x
9.
4 – sin 2 x
cos x
Sol. Let I = ∫ 4 − sin 2 x
dx ...(i)
dt
Put sin x = t. Therefore cos x = ⇒ cos x dx = dt
dx
dt dt
∴ From (i), I = ∫ 4 − t2
= ∫ 22 − t 2
dt
 1 x
t
= sin –1
2 + c
∵
 ∫ a2 − x 2
dx = sin − 1 
a
   
1 
= sin– 1  sin x  + c.
2 
sin8 x – cos8 x
10.
1 – 2 sin2 x cos2 x
sin8 x − cos8 x
Sol. Let I = ∫ 1 − 2 sin2 x cos2 x
dx ...(i)
8 8
Now numerator of integrand = sin x – cos x
= (sin4 x)2 – (cos4 x)2
= (sin4 x – cos4 x)(sin4 x + cos4 x) [... a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]
= [(sin2 x)2 – (cos2 x)2] [(sin2 x)2 + (cos2 x)2]
= (sin2 x + cos2 x)(sin2 x – cos2 x)
[(sin2 x + cos2 x)2 – 2 sin2 x cos2 x]
. .
[ . a + b = a + b2 + 2ab – 2ab = (a + b)2 – 2ab]
2 2 2
= 1 [– (cos x – sin2 x)] (1 – 2 sin2 x cos2 x)

2
⇒ sin8 x – cos8 x = – cos 2x (1 – 2 sin2 x cos2 x)

Putting this value of sin8 x – cos8 x in numerator of (i),
− cos 2x (1 − 2 sin2 x cos2 x) sin 2 x
I =∫ dx = ∫ − cos 2x dx = – + c.
1 − 2 sin2 x cos2 x 2
MathonGo 121
1
11.
cos ( x + a) cos ( x + b)
1
Sol. Let I = ∫
cos ( x + a) cos ( x + b) dx ...(i)
We know that (x + a) – (x + b) = x + a – x – b = a – b ...(ii)

Dividing and multiplying by sin (a – b) in (i),
1 sin (a − b)
I =
sin (a − b)
∫ cos ( x + a) cos ( x + b)
dx
Replacing (a – b) by (x + a) – (x + b) in sin (a – b)
[Using (ii)],
1 sin [( x + a) − ( x + b)]
=
−
sin (a b) ∫ cos ( x + a) cos ( x + b) dx
1 sin ( x + a) cos ( x + b) − cos ( x + a) sin ( x + b)
sin (a − b) ∫
= dx
cos ( x + a) cos ( x + b)
[ .. . sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B]
1  sin ( x + a) cos ( x + b) cos ( x + a) sin ( x + b) 
=
sin (a − b) ∫  cos ( x + a) cos ( x + b) − cos ( x + a) cos ( x + b)  dx
 
 a − b a b
∵ c = c − c 
 
1
sin (a − b) ∫
= [tan ( x + a) − tan ( x + b)] dx
1
= [– log | cos (x + a) | + log | cos (x + b) |] + c
sin (a − b)
∵ tan x dx = − log|cos x|
 ∫
1 cos ( x + b)  m
= log + c. ∵ log m − log n = log n  .
sin (a − b) cos ( x + a)  
x3
12.
1 – x8
x3 1 4 x3
Sol. Let I = ∫ 1− x 8
dx = ∫ dx ...(i)
4 1 − ( x4 ) 2
dt
Put x4 = t. Therefore 4x3 = ⇒ 4x3 dx = dt
dx
1 dt 1
∴ From (i), I =
4 ∫ 1−t 2
=
4
sin– 1 t + c
1
or I= sin– 1 (x4) + c.
4
MathonGo 122
ex
13.
(1 + e x )(2 + e x )
ex
Sol. Let I = ∫ (1 + e )(2 + ex )
x
dx ...(i)
∫
x
[Rule to evaluate f ( e x ) dx, put e = t]
dt
Put ex = t. Therefore ex = ⇒ ex dx = dt
dx
dt 1
∴ From (i), I = ∫ (1 + t)(2 + t) = ∫ (t + 1)(t + 2) dt ...(ii)
Now t + 2 – (t + 1) = t + 2 – t – 1 = 1
Replacing 1 in the numerator of integrand in (ii) by (this)
(t + 2) – (t + 1),
(t + 2) − (t + 1)  t+2 t+1 
I = ∫ (t + 1)(t + 2)
dt = ∫  (t + 1)(t + 2) − (t + 1)(t + 2)  dt
 1 1 
= ∫  t + 1 − t + 2  dt
t+1
= log | t + 1 | – log | t + 2 | + c = log + c
t+2
ex + 1  ex + 1 
Putting t = ex, = log + c = log  x  + c.
ex + 2  e + 2
[... ex + 1 > 0 and ex + 2 > 0 and | t | = t if t ≥ 0]
1
14.
( x + 1)( x 2 + 4)
2
1
Sol. Let I = ∫
( x + 1)( x2 + 4)
2
dx ...(i)
Put x2 = y only in the integrand.

1
Now the integrand is
( y + 1) ( y + 4)
1 A B
Let = + ...(ii)
( y + 1) ( y + 4) y +1 y+4
Multiplying by L.C.M. = (y + 1) (y + 4),
1 = A (y + 4) + B (y + 1)
or 1 = Ay + 4A + By + B
comparing coefficient of y, A + B = 0 ...(iii)
comparing constants, 4A + B = 1 ...(iv)
Let us solve (iii) and (iv) for A and B.
1
(iv) – (iii) gives 3A = 1 ∴Α=
3
1
From (iii) B = –A = –
3
MathonGo 123
Putting values of A, B and y in (ii),
1 1 1 1  1 1 
–  2 − 2 
(x 2
+1) (x 2
+4 ) = 3 + 3 = 3
x2 + 1 x2 + 4
 x +1 x + 4 
1  1 1  1  1 1 
I =
3
∫  x2 + 1 − x2 + 22  dx = ∫ 2
3  x +1
dx − ∫ 2
x + 22
dx 

1  tan − 1 x − 1 tan − 1 x
=  2 
+ c.
3  2
15. cos3 x elog sin x
Sol. Let I = ∫ cos3 x elog sin x dx = ∫ cos3 x sin x dx
= – ∫ cos3 x (– sin x) dx ...(i)

dt
Put cos x = t. ∴ – sin x = ⇒ – sin x dx = dt
dx
− t4 −1
∴ From (i), I = – ∫ t3 dt =
4
+ c=
4
cos4 x + c.
16. e3 log x (x4 + 1)– 1
3
elog x x3
Sol. Let I = ∫ e3 log x ( x4 + 1) − 1 dx = ∫ x4 + 1
dx = ∫ x4 + 1
dx
[... elog f (x) = f (x)]
1 4 x3
⇒ I =
4 ∫ x4 + 1
dx ...(i)
dt
Put x4 + 1 = t. Therefore 4x3 = ⇒ 4x3 dx = dt
dx
1 dt 1
∴ From (i),
4
I = ∫ t = 4 log | t | + c
1 1
Putting t = x4 + 1, = log | x4 + 1 | + c = log (x4 + 1) + c.
4 4
. .
[ . x + 1 > 0 ⇒ | x + 1 | = x4 + 1]
4 4
17. ∫ f ′(ax + b)( f (ax + b))n dx
Sol. Let I = ∫ f ′( ax + b) ( f (ax + b)) n dx

1
=
a ∫ ( f (ax + b)) n af ′(ax + b) dx ...(i)
d dt
Put f (ax + b) = t. Therefore f ′(ax + b) (ax + b) =
dx dx
⇒ af ′(ax + b) dx = dt
1 1 tn + 1
∴ From (i), I =
a ∫ t n dt =
a n+1
+ c if n ≠ – 1
MathonGo 124
1 1 1
and if n = – 1, then I =
a ∫
t − 1 dt =
a ∫ t
dt
1
= log | t | + c.
a
( f (ax + b)) n + 1
Putting t = f (ax + b), I = + c if n ≠ – 1
a(n + 1)
1
and = |log f (ax + b)| + c if n = – 1.
a
1
18.
sin x sin ( x + α)
3
dx dx
Sol. I = ∫ sin x sin ( x + α)
3
= ∫ sin x (sin x cos α + cos x sin α)
3
dx
= ∫ sin 3 x . sin x (cos α + cot x sin α)
dx cosec 2 x dx
= ∫ sin x cos α + cot x sin α
2
cos α + cot x sin α
= ∫
Put cos α + cot x sin α = t. Differentiating both sides
– cosec2 x sin α dx = dt
dt
or cosec2 x dx = –
sin α
dt 1
∫ ∫t
− 1/ 2
∴ I = − = – dt
sin α t sin α
1 t1 / 2 2
= – . +c=– cos α + cot x sin α + c
sin α 1/ 2 sin α
2 cos x
= – cos α + sin α + c
sin α sin x
2 sin x cos α + cos x sin α

= – + c
sin α sin x
2 sin ( x + α)
= – + c.
sin α sin x
sin– 1 x – cos– 1 x
19. , x ∈ [0, 1]
sin– 1 x + cos– 1 x
π
Sol. We know that sin– 1 x + cos– 1 x =
2
π
∴ cos– 1 x = – sin– 1 x
2
MathonGo 125
π 
sin − 1 x −  − sin − 1 x 
2 
∴ I = ∫ π dx
2
2  π 4
∫
−1
π ∫ ∫ 1 dx
=  2 sin x −  dx = sin − 1 x dx –
π  2 
4
π ∫
= sin − 1 x dx – x + c ...(i)
∫
–1
Now let us evaluate sin x dx
Put x = sin θ. ∴ x = sin2 θ.

Differentiating both sides, dx = 2 sin θ cos θ dθ = sin 2θ dθ
∫ sin ∫ sin ∫θ
−1 −1
∴ x dx = (sin θ) . sin 2θ dθ = sin 2θ dθ
I II
Applying Product Rule
 − cos 2θ   − cos 2θ 
= θ   – ∫1 .   dθ
 2   2 
1 1 1 1 sin 2θ
2 ∫
= – θ cos 2θ + cos 2θ dθ =– θ cos 2θ +
2 2 2 2
1 1
= – θ (1 – 2 sin2 θ) + 2 sin θ cos θ
2 4
1 1
= – θ (1 – 2 sin2 θ) + sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ
2 2
Putting sin θ = x
1 1
= – (sin– 1 x ) (1 – 2x) + 2 x 1− x
2
∫ sin
−1
Putting this value of x dx in (i),
4  1 1 
− (1 − 2 x) sin − 1 x + x 1 − x – x + c
π  2
I =
2 
2 2
= – (1 – 2x) sin– 1 x + x 1 − x – x + c.
π π
1– x
20.
1+ x
1− x
Sol. Let I = ∫ 1+ x
dx
Put x = t, i.e., Linear = t. ∴ x = t2

Differentiating both sides, dx = 2t dt
1−t 1−t
∴ I = ∫ 1+ t
2t dt = 2 ∫ t
1+ t
dt
MathonGo 126
1−t 1−t
= 2 ∫t ×
1+ t 1−t
dt (Rationalising)
t(1 − t) t − t2
= 2 ∫ 1 − t2
dt = 2 ∫ 1 − t2
dt ...(i)
(1 − t2 ) + t − 1
= 2 ∫ 1 − t2
dt
 t 1 
= 2 ∫ ∫ ∫
 1 − t 2 dt + dt − dt 
1−t 2
1−t 2 
 
t 1 t 
= 2  2 1 − t + 2 sin t + ∫
−1
 2
dt − sin − 1 t  + c
1−t 2 
 
 x a2 x
∵ ∫ a2 – x2 dx = a2 – x 2 + sin – 1 
 2 2 a 
1 1 t 
or I = 2  t 1 − t − sin t + ∫
−1
2
dt  + c ...(ii)
 2 2 1 − t2 
 
t
To evaluate ∫ dt
1 − t2
Put 1 – t2 = z
1
Differentiating both sides – 2t dt = dz or t dt = – dz.
2
1
t − dz 1
∴ ∫ 1−t 2
dt =
∫ 2
z
= –
2 ∫ z − 1 / 2 dz
1 z1/ 2
= – 1 = – 1 − t2 ...(iii)
2
2
t
Putting the value of ∫ 1 − t2
dt = – 1 − t 2 from (iii) in (ii),
1 1 −1 2
We have I = 2  t 1 − t − sin t − 1 − t  + c
2
2 2 
= t 1 − t 2 – sin– 1 t – 2 1 − t 2 + c
= (t – 2) 1 − t 2 – sin– 1 t + c
Putting t = x = ( x – 2) 1 − x – sin– 1 x + c.
Remark. Second method to integrate after arriving at equation
t − t2
(i) namely I = 2 ∫ dt, is put t = sin θ.
1 − t2
MathonGo 127
2 + sin 2 x x
21.
1 + cos 2 x e
2 + sin 2x x (2 + 2 sin x cos x)
Sol. Let I = ∫
1 + cos 2x
e dx = ∫ ex
2 cos2 x
dx
 2 2 sin x cos x
= ∫ ex 
 2 cos 2
x
+
2 cos2 x
 dx

 1 sin x 
= ∫ ex  2
+
 cos x cos x 
 dx = ∫ e x (sec 2 x + tan x) dx
= ∫ e (tan x + sec x) dx = ∫ e (f (x) + f ′(x)) dx

x 2 x
where f (x) = tan x and f ′(x) = sec2 x

∵ ex (f (x) + f ′(x)) dx = ex f (x) + c
= ex f (x) + c = ex tan x + c.  ∫
x2 + x + 1
22.
( x + 1)2 ( x + 2)
x2 + x + 1
Sol. Let I = ∫ ( x + 1)2 ( x + 2)
dx ...(i)
x2 + x + 1
The integrand is a rational function of x and
( x + 1)2 ( x + 2)
degree of numerator is less than degree of denominator. So we
can form partial fractions of integrand.
x2 + x + 1 A B C
Let integrand = + + ...(ii)
( x + 1)2 ( x + 2) x + 1 ( x + 1)2 x+2
Multiplying both sides of (ii) L.C.M. = (x + 1)2 (x + 2), we have
x2 + x + 1 = A(x + 1)(x + 2) + B(x + 2) + C(x + 1)2
or x2 + x + 1 = A(x2 + 3x + 2) + B(x + 2) + C(x2 + 1 + 2x)
= Ax2 + 3Ax + 2A + Bx + 2B + Cx2 + C + 2Cx
we have
x2 : A + C = 1 ...(iii)
x: 3A + B + 2C = 1 ...(iv)
Constant terms: 2A + 2B + C = 1 ...(v)
Let us solve Eqns. (iii), (iv) and (v) for A, B, C.
Eqn. (iv) – 2 × Eqn. (iii) gives (to eliminate C)
3A + B + 2C – 2A – 2C = 1 – 2
or A + B = – 1 ...(vi)
Eqn. (v) – Eqn. (iii) gives (To eliminate C)
A + 2B = 0 ...(vii)
Eqn. (vii) – Eqn. (vi) gives B = 0 + 1 = 1.
Putting B = 1 in (vi), A + 1 = – 1 ⇒ A = – 2
Putting A = – 2 in (iii), – 2 + C = 1 ⇒ C = 3
Putting values of A, B, C in (ii)
MathonGo 128
x2 + x + 1 −2 1 3
= + 2 +
( x + 1) ( x + 2)
2
x+1 ( x + 1) x+2
x2 + x + 1
∴∫ dx
( x + 1)2 ( x + 2)
1 1
= – 2 ∫ x+1
dx + ∫ ( x + 1)− 2 dx + 3 ∫ x + 2 dx
( x + 1)− 2 + 1
= – 2 log | x + 1 | + + 3 log | x + 2 | + c
−2+1
1  ( x + 1) − 1 −1 
= – 2 log |x + 1| – + 3 log | x + 2 | + c ∵ = 
x+1  − 1 x + 1 

Evaluate the integrals in Exercises 23 and 24:
1– x
23. tan– 1
1+ x
1− x
Sol. Let I = ∫ tan− 1
1 + x dx ...(i)
dx
θ ⇒
Put x = cos 2θ = – 2 sin 2θ
dθ
⇒ dx = – 2 sin 2θ dθ
1− x 1 − cos 2θ 2 sin2 θ
and tan– 1 = tan– 1 = tan– 1 2 cos2 θ
1+ x 1 + cos 2θ
= tan– 1 tan 2 θ = tan– 1 tan θ = θ
∴ From (i), I = ∫ θ (− 2 sin 2θ dθ) = – 2 ∫ θ sin 2θ dθ
I II
Applying Product Rule of Integration,

( ∫ I . II dx = I ∫ II dx –
 d 
∫  dx (I) ∫ II dx  dx 
  − cos 2θ   − cos 2θ  
I = – 2 θ   − ∫ 1  dθ
  2   2  
− 1 1  sin 2θ
= – 2 θ cos 2θ + ∫ cos 2θ dθ  = θ cos 2θ – + c
 2 2  2
1
= θ cos 2θ – 1 − cos2 2θ + c(... sin2 α + cos2 α = 1)
2
1 1
= (cos– 1 x) x – 1 − x2 + c
2 2
 −1 1 −1 
∵ cos 2θ = x ⇒ 2θ = cos x ⇒ θ = 2 cos x 
 
1 1
= x cos– 1 x – 1− x + c
2
2 2
1 MathonGo 129
= [x cos– 1 x – 1 − x2 ] + c.
2
24. x 2 + 1 [log ( x 2 + 1) – 2 log x]

x4
x2 + 1 [log ( x2 + 1) − 2 log x]
Sol. I = ∫ x4
dx
x2 + 1
= ∫ x4
[log (x2 + 1) – log x2] dx
 1  2 
x2  1 + 2  log  x + 1  dx
=  x   x2 
∫ x4
 
1  1   1 
1+ 1 dx
= x2 log  1 + x2  dx = ∫ 1+ log  1 + 2  . 3
x
∫ 3
x2  x  x
1
Put 1 + 2 = t or 1 + x– 2 = t.
x
2 dx 1
Differentiating both sides, – 3 dx = dt or =– dt
x x3 2
1 1
∴ I = –
2 ∫
t log t dt = –
2
(log t) . t1/2 ∫ dt
I II
Integrating by Product Rule,
1  t3 / 2 1 t3 / 2  1 3/2 1
−∫ .
=–  (log t) .
2  3/2
dt 
t 3 / 2  =–
3
t log t +
3 ∫ t1 / 2 dt
1 3/2 1 t3 / 2
= – t log t + . +c
3 3 3/2
2 3/2 1 3/2 1 3/2  2 
= t – t log t + c = t  3 − log t  + c
9 3 3  
1 1  1
3/ 2
2  1 
Putting t = 1 + , we have =  1 + 2  3 − log  1 + 2   + c.
x 2 3  x    x 
π  1 – sin x 
∫π e
x
25.   dx
2  1 – cos x 
 x x
π  1 − sin x  π  1 − 2 sin 2 cos 2 
Sol. Let I = ∫ π ex   dx
 1 − cos x 
= ∫ π
x
e 
x  dx
2 2  2 sin 2 
 2 
 x x
 2 sin cos  π x 1 x
π 1 2 x
=∫  dx = ∫ π e  2 cosec 2 − cot 2  dx
e  x
− 2 2
π
2  2 sin 2 x
2 sin 2
x  2  
 2 2 
MathonGo 130
π  x 1 2 x π
∫π e  − cot 2 + 2 cosec 2  dx ∫π e
x
= =
x
( f ( x) + f ′( x)) dx
2   2
x 1 x
where f (x) = – cot . Therefore f ′(x) = cosec2 2
2 2
π π
 x   x x
∵ ex ( f ( x) + f ′( x)) dx = ex f ( x)
=  e f ( x)  =  − e cot  π
 π  2  ∫
2 2
π  π π
= – eπ cot –  − e 2 cot 
2  4
 
 π 
 cos 
π 2 0
= – e π (0) + e π/2 (1) ∵ cot = π
= = 0
 2 sin 1 
 2 
= eπ/2.
π
sin x cos x
26. ∫ 4
0 cos 4 x + sin 4 x
dx
π
sin x cos x
Sol. Let I = ∫ 4
cos4 x + sin 4 x
0
dx
Dividing every term by cos4 x,

sin x cos x
π π
cos x . cos x . cos2 x tan x sec 2 x
I = ∫ 4 dx = ∫ 04 dx
sin 4 x
0 1 + tan 4 x
1+
cos4 x
Dividing and multiplying by 2,
π
2 tan x sec 2 x
1
I =
1 + tan 4 x
2 ∫ 4
dx
0
...(i)
Put tan2 x = t.
d dt
∴ 2 tan x (tan x) = ⇒ 2 tan x sec2 x dx = dt.
dx dx
To change the limits of integration
When x = 0, t = tan2 x = tan2 0 = 0
π π
When x = , t = tan2 = 1
4 4
1
1 1 dt 1  
∴ From (i), I =
2 ∫0 1+t 2 =  tan − 1 t 
2  
 0
1 1 π  π  π 
= (tan– 1 1 – tan– 1 0) =  − 0 = 8 . ∵ tan 4 = 1
2 2 4   
MathonGo 131
π
cos 2 x dx
27. ∫ 2
0 cos 2 x + 4 sin 2 x
π
cos2 x
Sol. Let I = ∫ cos2 x + 4 sin2 x dx
2
0
Dividing every term of integrand by cos2 x,

π
1
I = ∫ 2
0 (1 + 4 tan 2 x)
dx ...(i)
Put tan x = t.
dt
dx
dt dt dt
⇒ dx = = =
sec 2 x 1 + tan 2 x 1 + t2
To change the limits:
When x = 0, t = tan 0 = 0
π π
When x = , t = tan = ∞
2 2
∞ 1 dt
∴ From (i), I = ∫
0 1 + 4t 2 1 + t 2
1 ∞
= ∫0
(4t + 1)(t 2 + 1)
dt
2 ...(ii)
Put t2= y only in the integrand of (ii) to form partial fractions.

1
The new integrand is
( 4 y + 1) ( y + 1)
1 A B
Let = + ...(iii)
( 4 y + 1) ( y + 1) 4y + 1 y +1
Multiplying by L.C.M. = (4y + 1) (y + 1)
1 = A (y + 1) + B (4y + 1)
or 1 = Ay + A + 4By + B
Comparing coefficient of y on both sides, A + 4B = 0 ...(iv)
Comparing constants, A+ B = 1 ...(v)
1
(iv) – (v) gives 3B = –1 ⇒ B = –
3
 1 4
∴ From (iv) A = – 4B = – 4  –  =
 3  3
Putting values of A, B and y in (iii), we have
4 1
1
3 1  4 1 
(4t 2 + 1) (t 2 + 1)
= – 23 = (4t 2
+ 1)
– 2
(t

+ 1) 
4t + 1 t + 1 3 
2
Putting this value in (ii)
MathonGo 132
1 4 ∞ 1 ∞ 1 
I =  ∫0 dt − ∫ dt 
3  (4 t 2
+ 1) 0 t 2
+ 1 
 ∞  
∞
1 4 1
∫ dt −  tan − 1 t  
=
3  0 (2t) + 1
2 2   
   0 
 1 2t 
∞ 
  tan − 1  ∞
1  1 1 0  
= 4 −  tan − 1 t  
3  2 → Coeff. of t  
   0
1
= [2 (tan– 1 ∞ – tan– 1 0) – (tan– 1 ∞ – tan– 10)]
3
1  π  π  1  2π π  1 π π
= 2 .  − 0  −  2 − 0   =  −  = × = .
3  2    3  2 2 3 2 6
π
sin x + cos x
28. ∫ 3
π
sin 2 x
dx
6
π
sin x + cos x
Sol. Let I = ∫ 3
π
sin 2 x
dx ...(i)
6
Put sin x – cos x = t. Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x,
(cos x + sin x) dx = dt
Also, squaring sin2 x + cos2 x – 2 sin x cos x = t2
⇒ 1 – sin 2x = t2 ⇒ sin 2x = 1 – t2
π π π
When x = , t = sin – cos
6 6 6
1 3 1− 3 − ( 3 − 1)
= – = = = – α (say)
2 2 2 2
3 −1
where α = ...(ii)
2
π π π 3 1 3 −1
When x = , t = sin – cos = – = = α
3 3 3 2 2 2
α
α dt  −1 
∴ From (i), I = ∫− α = sin t 
1 − t2   − α
= sin – 1
α – sin– 1 (– α)
 3 −1
= sin– 1 α + sin– 1 α = 2 sin– 1   . [By (ii)]
 2 
1 dx
29. ∫0 1+ x – x
1 1
Sol. Let I = ∫0 1+ x − x
dx
MathonGo 133
1 1+ x + x
Rationalising = ∫0 ( 1+ x + x )( 1 + x − x )
dx
1 1+ x + x
∫0
1
=
1+ x− x
dx = ∫0 ( 1+ x + x ) dx (... 1 + x – x = 1)
1 1 ((1 + x) ) 3 1
2 (x )
3 1
2
∫ 0 (1 + x) ∫0 x
1/ 2 1/ 2 0 0
= dx + dx = +
3 3
(1)
2 2
2 2 2 2
= [(2)3/2 – (1)3/2] + [(1)3/2 – 0] = (2 2 – 1) + (1 – 0)
3 3 3 3
 3 2+1
1+
1 1 
∵ x 2 = x 2 = x 2 = x1 . x 2 = x x 
 
4 2 2 2 4 2
= – + = .
3 3 3 3
π
sin x + cos x
30. ∫ 4
0 9 + 16 sin 2 x
dx
π
sin x + cos x
Sol. Let I = ∫ 04 9 + 16 sin 2x
dx
Put sin x – cos x = t. Differentiating both sides

(cos x + sin x) dx = dt
Also (sin x – cos x)2 = t2 ∴ sin2 x + cos2 x – 2 sin x cos x = t2
or 1 – t2 = sin 2x
Let us change the limits of Integration
When x = 0, t = 0 – 1 = – 1
π π π 1 1
When x = , t = sin – cos = – = 0
4 4 4 2 2
0 dt 0 dt
∴ I = ∫ − 1 9 + 16 (1 − t2 ) = ∫ − 1 25 − 16t2
0 dt
= ∫− 1 1
 25 2  = 16
0 dt
∫ − 1  5 2
16  −t 
4 − t
2
 16 
 
0
1  1 5/ 4 + t   1 1 a+x 
= ×  2 × 5 / 4 log 5 / 4 − t  ∵ ∫ 2 dx = log 
16   −1  a −x 2
2a a−x 
 1 1/ 4  1  1
=  log 1 − log 9 / 4  = 40 0 − log 
 40   9
1 1
= [– (log 1 – log 9)] = log 9
40 40
MathonGo 134
1 2 1
= log 32 = log 3 = log 3.
40 40 20
π
31. ∫ 2
0
sin 2 x tan– 1 (sin x) dx
π π
Sol. Let I = ∫ 2 sin 2x tan− 1 (sin x) dx = ∫ 2 2 sin x cos x tan− 1 (sin x) dx
0 0
Put sin x = t. Differentiating both sides cos x dx = dt
When x = 0, t = 0
π π 1
∫ 0 t tan
−1
When x = , t = sin = 1 ∴ I = 2 t dt ...(i)
2 2
Now ∫ t tan − 1 t dt = ∫ (tan − 1 t) t dt Integrating by parts
I II
t2 1 t2
= tan– 1 t .
2
– ∫ 1 + t2
.
2
dt
t2 1 (1 + t2 ) − 1
=
2
tan– 1 t –
2 ∫ 1 + t2
dt
t2 1  1  t2 1
=
2
tan– 1 t –
2
∫  1 − 1 + t2  dt = 2
tan– 1 t –
2
(t – tan– 1 t)
t2 1 1 1
= tan–1 t – t + tan–1 t + c = [(t2 + 1) tan– 1 t – t]
2 2 2 2
1
1 2 −1 
From (i), I = 2  {(t + 1) tan t − t} = (2 tan– 1 1 – 1) – (0 – 0)
2 0
π π
= 2 × – 1 = – 1.
4 2
π x tan x
32. ∫0 sec x + tan x
dx
sin x
π x tan x x
π
Sol. Let I = ∫0 sec x + tan x
dx = ∫0 1
cos x
sin x
dx
+
cos x cos x
π x sin x
= ∫0 1 + sin x
dx ...(i)
a a
Using ∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫0 f (a − x) dx
π (π − x) sin (π − x) π (π − x) sin x
∴ I = ∫0 1 + sin (π − x)
dx = ∫0 1 + sin x
dx ...(ii)
π x sin x + (π − x) sin x π x sin x + π sin x − x sin x
2I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
0 1 + sin x 0 1 + sin x
MathonGo 135
π sin x
π π sin x
= ∫0 dx = π ∫0 dx
1 + sin x 1 + sin x
π (1 + sin x) − 1
or 2I = π ∫ dx
0 1 + sin x
π  1  π π dx
⇒ 2I = π ∫0 1 −
+
 dx = π ∫0 dx – π ∫0 1 + sin x
 1 sin x 
π π
  dx
= π  x – 2π
 0
∫ 02 1 + sin x
∵ 2a a
f (x) dx, if f (2a – x) = f (x) 
 ∫0 f (x) dx = 2 ∫
0 
π π
dx dx
= π(π) – 2π ∫ 2
0 π 
= π2 – 2π ∫ 2
0 1 + cos x
1 + sin  − x 
2 
π
dx π
= π2 – 2π ∫ 02 x =π – π
2
2 ∫ 02 sec
2 x
dx
2 cos 2
2
π/2
 x
 tan 2 
or 2I = π – π  1 
2
= π2 – 2π(1)
 
 2  0
π2 π   π − 2
Dividing both sides by 2, I = – π = π  − 1 = π  .
2  2   2 
4
33. ∫1 [| x – 1|+| x – 2|+| x – 3|] dx
4
Sol. Let I = ∫1 (| x − 1| + | x − 2| + | x − 3|) dx ...(i)
Putting each expression within modulus equal to 0, we have
x – 1 = 0, x – 2 = 0, x – 3 = 0 i.e., x = 1, x = 2, x = 3
Here 2 and 3 ∈ (1, 4)
2
∴ From (i), I = ∫ 1 (| x − 1|+| x − 2|+| x − 3|) dx
3 4
+ ∫ 2 (| x − 1|+| x − 2|+| x − 3|) dx + ∫3 (| x − 1| + | x − 2| + | x − 3|) dx
...(ii)
∵ b c d b 
 ∫a f ( x) dx = ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫
a c
f ( x) dx + ∫
d
f ( x) dx where a < c < d < b

2
Let I1 = ∫ 1 (| x − 1|+| x − 2|+| x − 3|) dx
On this interval (1, 2) (for example taking x = 1.3; (x – 1) is
positive, (x – 2) is negative and (x – 3) is negative and hence
| x – 1 | = (x – 1), | x – 2 | = – (x – 2) and | x – 3 | = – (x – 3)).
MathonGo 136
2
Therefore I1 = ∫ 1 (( x − 1) − ( x − 2) − ( x − 3)) dx
2 2
= ∫ 1 ( x − 1 − x + 2 − x + 3) dx = ∫ 1 (4 − x) dx
2
 x2   1
=  4 x −  = (8 – 2) –  4 − 
 2 1  2
1 1 5
= 6 – 4 + = 2 + = ...(iii)
2 2 2
3
Let I2 = ∫ 2 (| x − 1| + | x − 2| + | x − 3|) dx
On this interval (2, 3) (for example taking x = 2.8; (x – 1) is
positive, (x – 2) is positive and (x – 3) is negative and hence
| x – 1 | = x – 1, | x – 2 | = x – 2 and | x – 3 | = – (x – 3))
3 3
Therefore I2 = ∫ 2 (( x − 1 + x − 2 − ( x − 3)) dx = ∫ 2 (2 x − 3 − x + 3) dx
3
3  x2  9 4 5
= ∫2 x dx =   =
2
 2 2
–
2
=
2
...(iv)
4
Let I3 = ∫3 (| x − 1| + | x − 2| + | x − 3|) dx
On this interval (3, 4), (for example taking x = 3.4; (x – 1) is
positive, (x – 2) is positive and (x – 3) is positive and hence
| x – 1 | = x – 1, | x – 2 | = x – 2 and | x – 3 | = x – 3))
4 4
Therefore I3 = ∫3 ( x − 1 + x − 2 + x − 3) dx = ∫3 (3 x − 6) dx
4
 3 x2   27 
=  2 − 6 x  = (24 – 24) –  − 18 
 3  2 
 27 − 36   9 9
= 0 –   = – − 2 = ...(v)
 2    2
Putting values of I1, I2, I3 from (iii), (iv) and (v) in (ii),
5 5 9 19
+ + I =
= .
2 2 2 2
Prove the following (Exercises 34 to 40):
3 dx 2 2
34. ∫1 = + log
x 2 ( x + 1) 3 3
3 dx 3 1
Sol. Let I = ∫1 x2 ( x + 1)
= ∫1 x2 ( x + 1)
dx ...(i)
1 A B C
Let integrand = + 2 + ...(ii)
x ( x + 1)
2
x x x+1
(Partial fractions)
Multiplying by L.C.M. = x2 (x + 1)
1 = Ax(x + 1) + B(x + 1) + Cx2
MathonGo 137
⇒ 1 = Ax2 + Ax + Bx + B + Cx2
we have
x2: A + C = 0 ...(iii)
x: A + B = 0 ...(iv)
Constants: B = 1 ...(v)
Let us solve (iii), (iv), (v) for A, B, C.
Putting B = 1 from (v) in (iv), A + 1 = 0 or A = – 1
Putting A = – 1 in (iii), – 1 + C = 0 ⇒ C = 1
Putting values of A, B, C in (ii),
1 −1 1 1
= + 2 +
x2 ( x + 1) x x x+1
3 dx
∴ From (i), I = ∫ 1 2
x ( x + 1)
3 1 3 1 3 1
= – ∫1 dx + ∫ 1 2 dx + ∫ 1
x x x + 1 dx
(log )1 x − 2 dx + ( log x + 1 )1
3 3 3
= – x + ∫1
3
 x− 1 
= – (log | 3 | – log | 1 |) +   + (log | 4 | – log | 2 |)
 − 1 1
3
1
= – log 3 + 0 –   + log 4 – log 2
 x 1
1 
= – log 3 –  − 1  + log 22 – log 2
 3 
1 − 3
= – log 3 –   + 2 log 2 – log 2
 3 
2 2
= – log 3 + + log 2 = + log 2 – log 3
3 3
2 2
= + log .
3 3
1
35. ∫0 x e x dx = 1
1
∫0 x e
x
Sol.
I II
Applying Product Rule of definite Integration
  
( ) −∫  d
b b
 ∫ I . II dx = I ∫ II dx  dx (I) ∫ II dx  dx 
 a a   
1
 x 1
= x e  – ∫0 1 . e
x
dx
 0
1
1  x
= e – 0 – ∫0 e x dx = e –  e  = e – (e – e0) = e – e + e0 = 1.
  0
MathonGo 138
1
∫– 1 x
17
36. cos4 x dx = 0
1
∫− 1 x
17
Sol. Let I = cos4 x dx ...(i)
Here the integrand f (x) = x17 cos4 x
∴ f (– x) = (– x)17 cos4 (– x)
= – x17 cos4 x = – f (x)
∴ f (x) is an odd function of x.
1
∫− 1 x
17
∴ From (i), I = cos4 x dx = 0
a
[... If f (x) is an odd function of x, then ∫ − a f (x) dx = 0]
π
2
37. ∫ 02 sin 3 x dx =
3
π π
1
Sol. ∫ 2
0
sin3 x dx = ∫ 02 4
(3 sin x − sin 3 x) dx
 1 
3
∵ sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin A ⇒ sin 3A = (3 sin A – sin 3A) 
 4 
π/2 π/2
1   cos 3x   1  1 
= 3 (− cos x) −  − 3   =  − 3 cos x + 3 cos 3 x 
4    0 4  0
1  π 1 3π   1 
=  − 3 cos 2 + 3 cos 2  −  − 3 cos 0 + 3 cos 0  
4    
1  1 1  1  1
− 3 × 0 + × 0 + 3 × 1 − × 1 = 3 − 3 
4 
=
3 3  4  
1 8 2
= × = .
4 3 3
 3π 
∵ cos 2 = cos 270° = cos (180° + 90°) = − cos 90° = 0 
 
π
38. ∫ 04 2 tan3 x dx = 1 – log 2
π π
∫ 2 tan3 x dx = 2 ∫ 04 tan x . tan x dx

2
Sol. Let I = 4
0
Replacing tan2 x by (sec2 x – 1) in the integrand,
π  π 
tan x (sec2 x − 1) dx = 2  ∫ 0 (tan x sec x − tan x) dx 
2
∫
4
I = 2 4
0  
 π π 
= 2 ∫ tan x sec 2 x dx − ∫ tan x dx 
4 4
...(i)
 
0 0
π
Let I1 = ∫ 4
0
tan x sec2 x dx
MathonGo 139
dt
Put tan x = t. Therefore sec2 x = ∴ sec2 x dx = dt
dx
When x = 0, t = tan x = tan 0 = 0
π π
When x = , t = tan = 1
4 4
1
1  t2  1 1
∴ I1 = ∫0 t dt =   =
 2 0 2
– 0 =
2
Putting this value of I1 in (i),
π
1
( )  
π /4
I = 2  − log sec x log sec − log sec 0 
 = 1 – 2  4 
2 0 
= 1 – 2 (log 2 – log 1) = 1 – 2 (log 21/2 – 0)
1 
= 1 – 2  log 2  = 1 – log 2.
2 
1 π
39. ∫ 0 sin x dx = 1
1
2
Sol. Put x = sin θ. Differentiating both sides dx = cos θ dθ
When x = 0, θ = 0,
π
When x = 1, sin θ = 1 and therefore θ =
2
1 π
∫ 0 sin
−1
∴ x dx =
∫ 02 θI cosIIθ dθ
Integrating by parts
π/2 π/2
  π π   
= θ sin θ  – ∫ 2 1 . sin θ dθ =  2 − 0  + cos θ
 0 0    0
π  π  π π
= +  cos − cos 0  = + (0 – 1) = – 1.
2  2  2 2
1
∫0 e
2 3x
40. Evaluate dx as a limit of a sum.
1 b
∫0 e ∫a
2 − 3x
Sol. Step I. Comparing dx with f ( x) dx, we have
2 – 3x
a = 0, b = 1, f (x) = e
∴ nh = b – a = 1
Step II. Putting x = a, a + h, a + 2h, a + (n – 1) h in f (x), we
have
f (a) = f (0) = e2
f (a + h) = f (h) = e2 – 3h
f (a + 2h) = f (2h) = e2 – 6h
f (a + (n – 1)h) = f ((n – 1) h) = e2 – 3(n – 1) h
MathonGo 140

b
∫a f ( x ) = lim h[f (a) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + ...
n→∞
h→ 0 + f {a+ (n – 1)h}],
1
∫0 e
2 − 3x
we have dx = lim h[e2 + e2 – 3h + e2 – 6h + ... + e2 – 3(n – 1)h]
n→∞
h→0
= lim h . e2 [1 + e– 3h + e– 6h + ... + e– 3(n – 1)h]
h→0
n→∞

The series within brackets is a G.P. series of n terms

(r n – 1) 
with a = 1, r = e– 3h and using Sn of G.P. = a 
r – 1 
 − 3nh − 1 
= e2 lim h .  e  ∵ (e− 3h )n = e− 3nh 
− 3h
− 1   
h→0
n→∞  e
Step IV. Putting nh = 1
 e− 3 − 1 
= e2 lim h .  − 3h 
h→0 − 1 
 e
Step V. Taking limits as h → 0,
− 3h  1
= e2 (e– 3 – 1) lim − 3h × − 
h→0 e −1  3
 1  x 
= (e– 1 – e2) × 1 ×  −  ∵ xlim = 1
 3 → 0 ex − 1
 
1  2 1
= e − e
3  
dx
41. Choose the correct answer: ∫ e x + e– x
is equal to
(A) tan– 1 (ex) + c (B) tan– 1 (e– x) + c

(C) log (ex – e– x) + c (D) log (ex + e– x) + c
dx 1
Sol. Let I = ∫ e x + e− x
= ∫ 1
dx
ex +  x 
e 
1 ex
= ∫  e + 1
2x
dx = ∫ e +1
2x
dx ...(i)
 x 
 e 
[... ex . ex = ex + x = e2x]
MathonGo 141
∵ For f (ex ) dx, put ex = t 

Put ex = t.  ∫ 
dt
Therefore ex = . Therefore ex dx = dt
dx
dt
∴ From (i), I = ∫ 2 = tan– 1 t + c
t +1
= tan– 1 (ex) + c
cos 2 x
∫ (sin x + cos x)2 dx is equal to
–1
(A) + c (B) log | sin x + cos x | + c
sin x + cos x
1
(C) log | sin x – cos x | + c (D) .
(sin x + cos x )2
cos 2 x cos2 x − sin2 x
Sol. Let I = ∫ (sin x + cos x)2
dx = ∫ (sin x + cos x)2
dx
(cos x + sin x)(cos x − sin x) cos x − sin x

= ∫ (sin x + cos x)(sin x + cos x)
dx = ∫ sin x + cos x dx
 f ′( x) 
= log | sin x + cos x | + c. ∵

∫ f ( x)
dx = log| f ( x)|+ c

OR
Put denominator sin x + cos x = t.
b
If f (a + b – x) = f (x), then ∫a x f ( x ) dx is equal to
a+b b a+b
∫a
b
(A)
2
f (b – x ) dx (B)
2 ∫a f (b + x ) dx
b–a a+b b
∫a
b
(C)
2 ∫a f ( x) dx (D)
2
f ( x ) dx.
Sol. Given: f (a + b – x) = f (x) ...(i)

b
Let I = ∫a x f ( x) dx ...(ii)
Changing x to (a + b – x) in the Integrand on Right side (ii).
b
I = ∫ a ( a + b − x) f ( a + b − x) dx ...(iii)
∵ By Property of definite integrals, b f ( x) dx = b f (a + b − x) dx 

 ∫a ∫a 
MathonGo 142
Putting f (a + b – x) = f (x) from (i) in integrand of (iii),

b
I = ∫a f (a + b − x) f ( x) dx ...(iv)
b
Adding (ii) and (iv), we have 2I = ∫ a [ x f ( x) + (a + b − x) f ( x)] dx
b b
∫ a ( x + a + b − x) f ( x) dx = ∫ a (a + b) f ( x) dx = (a + b) ∫ a
b
2I = f ( x) dx
 a + b b
Dividing by 2, I = 
 2 
 ∫a f ( x) dx
b  a + b b
or ∫a  2  ∫a
x f ( x) dx =   f ( x) dx
1  2x – 1 
∫ 0 tan
–1
44. The value of  2  dx is
1+ x – x 
π
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) – 1 (D)
4
 2x − 1  1  x + x −1 
∫ 0 tan
1 −1
∫ 0 tan
−1
Sol. Let I =  2
dx =   dx
1 − x + x 
2
1 + x − x 
1  x + ( x − 1)  1
∫ 0 tan
−1
∫ 0 (tan
−1
=   dx = x + tan − 1 ( x − 1)) dx
 1 − x( x − 1) 
 −1 x + y 
∵ tan = tan− 1 x + tan− 1 y
 1 − xy 
1 1
∫ 0 tan
−1
∫ 0 tan
−1 ( x − 1) dx
= x dx +
Changing x to (1 – x) in integrand of second integral
∵ a a
f (a − x) dx 
 ∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫
0 
1 1
∫ 0 tan ∫ 0 tan
−1 −1
= x dx + (1 − x − 1) dx
1 1 1 1
∫ 0 tan ∫ 0 tan ∫ 0 tan x dx – ∫ tan − 1 x dx
−1 −1 −1
= x dx + (− x) dx=
0
. .
[ . tan– 1 (– x) = – tan– 1 x]
= 0.
MathonGo 143

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Maths Chapter 7 Integrals

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NCERT Solutions Class 12 Maths Chapter 7 Integrals

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Class 12 Chapter 7 - Integrals

Sol. ∫ (2x2 + e x ) dx = ∫ 2x2 dx + ∫ e x dx

= ∫ x5/2 dx + 3 ∫ x1/2 dx + 4 ∫ x − 1/2 dx

= ∫ (3 x2 x1/2 + 2 x x1/2 + 3 x1/2 ) dx = ∫ (3 x5/2 + 2 x3/2 + 3 x1/2 ) dx

Sol. ∫ (2 x − 3 cos x + e x ) dx = ∫ 2x dx – ∫ 3 cos x dx + ∫ e x dx

18. ∫ sec x (sec x + tan x ) dx.

Sol. ∫ sec x (sec x + tan x) dx = ∫ (sec 2 x + sec x tan x) dx

= ∫ sec 2 x dx + ∫ sec x tan x dx = tan x + sec x + c.

Note. Similarly ∫ cot x dx = ∫ (cosec x − 1)

22. Choose the correct answer:

Sol. To evaluate ∫ x 1 + 2x2 dx

Sol. Let I = ∫ (4 x + 2) x2 + x + 1 dx = ∫ 2(2x + 1) x2 + x + 1 dx

Put Linear = t, i.e., x =t

2 cos x − 3 sin x 2 cos x − 3 sin x

Put Linear = t, i.e., x =t

1 (sin x + cos x) − (cos x − sin x)

1  sin x + cos x (cos x − sin x)   a − b a b

cos x 1 2 cos x 1 cos x + cos x

1  cos x − sin x sin x + cos x  1  sin x + cos x 

Putting t = x + log x, 1 (x + log x)3 + c.

or I = log (10x + x10) + c.

= log | x10 + 10x | + c

= ∫ sec x dx + ∫ cosec x dx = tan x – cot x + c

∴ Option (B) is the correct answer.

(The form of answer given in N.C.E.R.T. book II can be obtained

= ∫ (1 − cos x) dx = ∫ 1 dx – ∫ cos x dx = x – sin x + c.

cos2 x − cos2 α (cos x − cos α)(cos x + cos α)

= 2 ∫ (cos x + cos α ) dx = 2  ∫ cos x dx + ∫ cos α dx

Remark. ∫ sin a dx = sin a ∫ 1 dx = x sin a.

Please note that ∫ sin a dx ≠ – cos a.

14. cos x – sin x

Put cos x + sin x = t.

∫ tan 2x sec 2x dx = ∫ tan 2 x tan 2 x sec 2 x dx

∫ (sec 2 x − 1) sec 2 x tan 2 x dx [... tan2 θ = sec2 θ – 1]

= ∫ (tan 2 x sec 2 x − tan 2 x) dx = ∫ tan 2 x sec 2 x dx – ∫ tan 2 x dx

= ∫ tan 2 x sec 2 x dx – ∫ (sec 2 x − 1) dx

= ∫ (tan x sec x + cot x cosec x) dx

= ∫ sec x tan x dx + ∫ cosec x cot x dx = sec x – cosec x + c.

negative even integer (= – n (say)); then multiply Numerator and

(cos x + sin x)(cos x − sin x) cos x − sin x

1  sin ( x − a) cos ( x − b) cos ( x − a) sin ( x − b) 

= ∫ sec 2 x dx – ∫ cosec 2 x dx = tan x – (– cot x) + C

(A) – cot (exx) + C (B) tan (xex) + C

log (2x) + (2x)2 + 12 1

Putting t = tan x, I = log tan x + tan x + 4 + C.

Integrate the following functions in Exercises 10 to 18:

= log | x + 1 + ( x + 1)2 + 12 | + c = log| x + 1 + x2 + 2 x + 2 |+ c.

Here quadratic expression is 8 + 3x – x2 = – x2 + 3x + 8.

Here Quadratic expression = x2 – x(a + b) + ab

or ∫ Linear Quadratic dx.

Putting this value in (i),

(Exercise 18 and Exercise 22.

Integrate the following functions in Exercises 7 to 12:

Multiplying both sides of (i) by L.C.M.

Put x2 = y only to form partial fractions.

Eqn. (vi) – Eqn. (vii) gives, – B = 6 or B = – 6.

Choose the correct answer in each of the Exercises 22

= – x cos x + ∫ cos x dx = – x cos x + sin x + c

Note. ∫ sin x dx = – cos x.

= θ2 sin θ – 2 θ (− cos θ) − ∫ 1 . (− cos θ) dθ

= θ2 sin θ + 2θ cos θ – 2 ∫ cos θ dθ = θ2 sin θ + 2θ cos θ – 2 sin θ + c

= x (sin– 1 x)2 + 2 1 − x2 sin– 1 x – 2x + c.

Put cos– 1 x = θ. ⇒ x = cos θ