Chapter 9: Stoichiometry 1. Stoichiometry A. Relating the mass of the _['CO.C !0.0) TSwith the mass of the products in a chemical reaction is_Dtorchiomet Stoichiometry ‘eles the Law of Conservation of DAGSS. 2. The total sum of the {OSS for reactants will Co-UC.| the total sum of the mass of the products and NOT the number of molecules. 3. Stiochiometry is dependent on (00 rstancecl equations. 8. Stiochiometric questions investigate the amount of substance needed to react with another substance, or the amount of a particular substance produced in a chemical reaction Stoichiometric relationships can look at Mole__to_Molc ratios, 2. Mole to mole ratios relate the number of moles of any substance in a balanced chemical reaction. They are based on the o.\ov\¢ccl _ chemical equation. b. Example: 3H) + Nj ———» 2NHy 3 moles of Hsrequires_|__mole of N;to form 2 moles of NH, Therefore, 6 moles of H. should equal_‘t moles of NH. This means that 17.25 moles of H» can produce ||: __ moles of NH 17.5 mol H, (2 mol NH, ) = 11.5 mol NH3, 3 mol Hy 2, Moleto {ICs calculations. a. Using a balanced chemical reaction the moles of one substance is given, and another substance has an _C..\icL\ amount of grams. b. The equation MUST be Da Lanc oc ! Example: 3H, + N; ———® 2NHs Using the same equation, how many grams of NH; are produced if 10.57 moles of H, are used in a reaction? 10.57 mol H, (2mol NH, ) ( 17.04 g NH. 3molH, — mol NH _f Mole to Mole ratio from the BALANCED chemical equation! 120.08 g NHS Mole to gram conversion with the molar mass from the Periodic Table d. The number of moles does NOT need to be a_LON\03. Gramsto_ (NOLL _ calculations. ‘a. Using a balanced chemical reaction the amount of one substance is given in Cyn, and another substance has an unknown amount of _(\O\eS b, Example: 3H, + No ———® 2NH, How many moles of H; are needed to completely react with 45.7 grams of N:? 45.7 gN2( 1molN,)( 3molH; )= 157101 H, 14002N) Imo. 5.75 mol Hy as Mole to Mole ratio from the BALANCED Grams to moles conversion with the molar mass from the Periodic Table chemical equation! 4. Gramsto_G'GS calculations. a. Using a balanced chemical reaction, one substance is given in (TCS, and another substance has an unknown amount of (Uc. b. Use a Balanced equation! 3 c. To insure the correct amount of each substance relative to the others their molar ratio must be considered. In other words grams must be converted to moles, then the mole to mole ratio must be determined, and finally back to grams. ——>_— an, Example: 3H; + No Now how many grams of H, are needed to produce 450.82 grams of NH? ( 2028t )-g13eH, mol Hi: ™ Moles to grams 45.7 gNHs Lol) mali 7.04 g NHs 2 mol NH: / | Grams to moles Mole to Mole ratio conversion with the || from the BALANCED molar mass from the Periodic Table conversion back to grams from the Periodic Table (molar mass) chemical equation! d. Note that the H; has a molar mass of 2.02 because it is diatomic. Il. Ideal Stoichiometric Conversions vs Real Exper entation. ‘A. Allthe above examples make the assumption that 100% of the reactant{s) react perfectly in a chemical reaction, While this might occur typically experiments in the real world vary from the ideal calculations. There are numerous factors that might limit the completion of any reaction but for many Chemistry problems the assumption is that the reaction will proceed. The next section will ook at how to determine which reactant limits the number of products formed,Practice problems: Introduction to stoichiometry 1. Given 2K + Br) —® 2KBr, write the following mole ratios. a) k/xor=_ 2/2 8) en /xar=_!/ 2) K/ B= ah 2 Lins 3 + Lime + Sa List the reactants, _NH3 and 1 Balance the above reaction, What is the Hz/ Izmolar ratio? (After you have balanced the equation) > / 3 Ifyou have 20 moles of I, how many moles of NaH, could you make?_(o. (0 Ifyou have 20 moles of NH, how many moles of H, could you make?_2> Ke To produce 14 moles of Hs, how many moles of |, would be required? _\{ \3 a = 3. 3Mg + FeO, —> 2Fe + 3MgO Write the mole equivalents based on the balanced equation (coefficients). 3 p= 2 fe 3 me: 3 _mgo | Fe:0, = 2 Fe 5. 3NaBr + H;PO, — NaPO, + 3HBr How many moles of HBr are produced from 6 moles of HPO,? c Method one: Factor label method G mols Poy 2m HBr U YT RNG Oy mek WB | Method wo: atlonpettod , talancad @eylahion. & SS {mol HPQ _>3mel HBr BG mol Hs Poy KLimiting Reactants Reagents) ‘A. Typically reactions do not occur in perfect ratios. One reactant is usually found to have extra while another reactant is completely used up in a reaction. 1. The Limiting Reactant is the reactant that limits the amount of product formed 2. The Excess Reactant is NOT used up in a reaction, B. Example: SiO) + 4HF —> Sif, + 2H,0 IF 6 moles of HF is added to 4.5 moles of SiO,, What is the limiting reactant? Calculate the amount of a product that can be formed with each given reactant amount. One amount will be less than the other. The limiting reactant is the reactant that gives the lesser amount of product. Use the given values, mol HF x 1molSif = 1.5 mol SiF, produced ‘4 mol HF 45 mol x LmolSif, = 4.5 mol Sif, produced 1 mol SiO, Under ideal conditions, the 6 mol of HF can make 1.5 mol of Sif, and the 4.5 mol of SiO, can make 4.5 mol Sif,. Since the HF can only make 1.5 mol of SiF,, it is the limiting reactant. Example: 3Fe + 4H,0 —*> FeO, + Hy 1. When 36 g of H20 is mixed with 67 g of Fe, which reactant is the limiting reactant? Convert the grams to moles, or 36gH,0 x 1molH,O x LmolFe,0, = 0.5 mol FeO, 18gH0 — 4molH,0 67gFe x 1molfe x 1molFe,0, = 0.4mol FeO, 56g Fe 3 mol Fe ‘Therefore, Fe is the limiting reactant. H,0 is the excess reactant. 2. What is the mass in grams of iron oxide produced? Using the limiting reactant (67 g of Fe) in the reaction, 0.4 mol of FesO,was produced. Convert this to grams. 0.4 mol Fe,0, x 232g FeO, = 93g FesO, L mol Fe;0, 3. What mass of excess reactant is left when the reaction is complete? 0.4 mol Fes, x 4molH,0 x 18gH,0 = 29g H,0 Amol Fe, 1 mol H;0 36 grams - 29 grams = 7 grams left over.wv. Percentage Yield ‘A. The ideal stoichiometric yield for chemical reactions is considered the theoretical yield and assumes that 100% of the reactants will react. In reality most reactions do not proceed to 100% and produce less than possible. This is known as the actual yield B. Using the actual yield and comparing it to the theoretical yield the percentage yield of a reaction can be determined. Percentage Yield = actualvield 499 theoretical yield C. Theoretical yield: The maximum amount of product that can be produced from a given amount of reactant. D. Actual yield: The measured amount of product produced from a reaction. E. Example: Ce + Cle —P GHC] + HCI When 36.8 g of CH, reacts with an excess of Cl,, the actual yield of C:HsCl is 38.8 g. What is. the percentage yield of CHCl? Calculate the theoretical yield 36.8gCcHs x Lmol Cs x ImolGH.Cl x 113g CHCl = 53 gC:HsCI 78.8 CMs 1.mol CeHs Amol CHCl Percent yield = 3882 x 100 = 73% 53Lederman Name. Limiting reactant practice problems 8Zn + S;—> B2nS 1. If 2 moles of Zn are heated with 1 mole of Sulfur, identify the limiting reactant. (Zn) 2. How many moles of product are formed? (2 mol ZnS) NaH, + 2H.0, ——> Nz + 44,0 3. What is the limiting reactant when 0.75 mol of NzH, is mixed with 0.5 mol of H;0;? (H.02) 4, How much product is formed in moles? (0.25 mol N;, 1.0 mol H;0) 2Na + Ch —> 2NaCI 5. If 20.5 g of chlorine is reacted with 20.5 g of sodium, which reactant is the limiting reactant. (Chlorine) 6. Which reactant is in excess? (sodium)