Vital Statistics and Screening exercises

Example 1

The Mid-Year Population of a town in 2019 was 1,20,000.

As per the official records available there were 4020 births,
of which 3840 were live births. There were 1680 deaths
reported in the said year. In the specified period (2019), 208
infant deaths and 16 maternal deaths were reported. Kindly
calculate the following vital statistics of the village:
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

Solution:

(a). Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

No. of live births in the specified period
= x 1000
Mid - year population

3840
= x 1000
120000

= 32 live births per 1000 population

 (b). Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

No. of deaths in the specified period
= x 1000
Mid - year population

1680
= x 1000
120000

= 14 deaths per 1000 population

(c). Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

No. of infant deaths in the specified period
= x 1000
Total no. of live births
208
= x 1000
3840
208000
=
3840

= 54.2 deaths per 1000 live births

(d). Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

No. of Maternal deaths
= x 100000
Total no. of live births
16 𝑥 100000
=
3840
1600000
=
3840

= 416.6 maternal deaths per 100000 live births

 Example 2

PAP smear test was carried out among multi-parous women.

The test was positive in 370 of 500 women having cancer
cervix. The test was negative in 1450 of 1650 without cancer
cervix.

Calculate:
(a). Sensitivity of the test
(b). Specificity of the test
(c). Predictive value of the Positive test
(d). Predictive value of the Negative test

Solution:
(i). construct 2x2 table

Cancer Without cancer Total

cervix cervix
Test 370 200 570
positive (TP) (FP) (TP+FP)
Test 130 1450 1580
negative (FN) (TN) (FN+TN)
500 1650
Total (TP+FN) (FP+TN) 2150

Where,
TP = True Positive
TN = True Negative
FP = False Positive
FN = False Negative
 a. Sensitivity

𝑇𝑃
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = × 100
𝑇𝑃 + 𝐹𝑁

370
= × 100
500

= 74%

b. Specificity

𝑇𝑁
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = × 100
𝑇𝑁 + 𝐹𝑃

1450
= × 100
1650

= 87.87%

c. Predictive value of the positive test

𝑇𝑃
𝑃𝑃𝑉 = × 100
𝑇𝑃 + 𝐹𝑃

370
= × 100
570

= 64.91%
d. Predictive value of the negative test

𝑇𝑁
𝑃𝑁𝑉 = × 100
𝑇𝑁 + 𝐹𝑁

1450
= × 100
1580

= 91.77%
 Example 3

In a town with midyear population 1,60,000 there were 5,500

births of which 120 were still births. During the same year 520
babies were reported to have died less than one year of age and
300 of them died were under one month of age.

Calculate:
(a). Neonatal Mortality rate
(b). Post neonatal mortality rate
(c). Infant Mortality Rate
(d). Still birth rate

Solution:
Total population: 1,60,000
No. of births =5500
No.of babies died less than 1 year of age = 520
No. of babies died less than 1 month of age =300
No. of live birth = No. of birth – still birth = 5500-120 = 5380

a. Neonatal Mortality Rate

No.of babies died less than 1month of age in 𝑎 given year

NMR = × 1000
Total No.of live birth in the same year

300
= × 1000
5380

= 55.76 per1000 live births

b. Post Neonatal Mortality Rate (PNMR)
No.of babies died between 1month and 1year of age in 𝑎 given year
PNMR = × 1000
Total No.of live birth in the same year

520-300
= × 1000
5380
220
=
5380

= 40.8 per 1000 live births

c. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

No.of babies died less than 1𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 of age in 𝑎 given year

IMR = × 1000
Total No.of live birth in the same year

520
= × 1000
5380

= 96.6 per 1000 live births

d. Still Birth Rate (SBR)

No.of still birth in 𝑎 given year

SBR = × 1000
Total No.of live birth + still birth in the same year

120
= × 1000
5500

= 21.18 per 1000 births

 EXERCISE: 1

In a town with mid-year population of 50,000 in the year

2019. The following vital indices were reported:

CBR=28/1000 Midyear population,

CDR=12/1000 Mid-Year Population,
IMR = 78 / 1000 Live Births,
MMR = 3 / 1000 Live Births

Calculate:
(a). No. of Live births
(b). No. of deaths
(c). No. of Infant deaths
(d). No. of Maternal deaths
(e). Growth Rate for 2010

EXERCISE: 2

Assume a population of 1000 people of whom 100 have the

disease and 900 do not have the disease. The test was
positive in 80 of the person with the disease as well as 100
persons without the disease.

Calculate
(a). Sensitivity of the test
(b). Specificity of the test
(c). Predictive value of the positive test
(d). Predictive value of the negative test