DHCP

Marco Trujillo Silva

marcotrujillo@hotmail.com
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Utilidad de DHCP

•DHCP es un protocolo
TCP/IP que proporciona un
método para asignar
dinámicamente direcciones
IP a los equipos de una red
marcotrujillo@hotmail.com

Manual Vs. Automatic TCP/IP Configuration
Manual TCP/IP Configuration
Disadvantages
• IP addresses entered
manually on each client
computer
• Possibility of entering
Incorrect Invalid IP address
• Incorrect configuration can
lead to communication and
network problems
• Administrative overload on
networks where computers
are frecuenty moved
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Automatic TCP/IP Configuration
Advantages
• IP addresses are suplied
automatically to client
computers
• Ensures that clients always
use correct configuration
information
• Elimination of common
source of network problems
• Cient configuration updated
automatically to reflect
changes in network structure
 Overview of DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (RFC 2131, 2132) was

derived from the Internet standard Bootstrap Protocol
(BOOTP - RFCs 951, 1534,1542 and 1084).

Uses UDP ports 67 and 68.

Allowed dynamic assignment of IP addresses (as well as

remote-booting of diskless work stations).

In addition to supporting dynamic assignment of IP addresses,

DHCP supplies all configuration data required by TCP/IP, plus
additional data required for specific servers.
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DCHP Operation
DHCP Client DHCP Client IP addres Information sent by
IP Automatic IP automatic DHCP server to DHCP clients
including:

•An IP Address
IP address 1
•A Subnet Mask
Non-DHCP Client
Static IP •Optional values, such as:
IP address 2 Non-DHCP Clients
– A default gateway
Static IP address
DHCP Server – The IP address of DNS
– The IP address of WINS
Switch LAN
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The DHCP Lease Generation Process

Steps to lease IP
addressing information to
clients:
• (1) IP Lease Request
– Begins when client starts up
or renew and is denied
– Client send Broadcast
(255.255.255.255) a
DHCPDISCOVER message
– Client uses 0.0.0.0 as source
IP
– The message also contains
MAC address
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The DHCP Lease Generation Process

(2) IP Lease Offer
– The server DHCP respond with
DHCPOFFER message
– The message includes:
» MAC address client
» An offered IP address
» A subnet mask
» A server identifier (IPAddress)
– The client waits 1s for an offer. If
not receives, rebroadcasts at 2,4,
8, and 16s intervals, plus a random
length time bettwen 0 - 1000ms.
– If client not receive an offer, it uses
range:
169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254.
– The client continues in an attempt
to find a DHCP server every five
minutes.
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The DHCP Lease Generation Process

(3) IP Lease Selection

– The DHCP client responds to the
fisrt offer receives by broadcasting
a DHCPREQUEST message to
accept the offer
– The message includes :
» A server identifier
(IPAddress)of the server
whose offer it accepted
– Other DHCP servers then retract
their offers and retrain their IP
addresses for others IP lease
requests.
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The DHCP Lease Generation Process

(4) IP Lease
Acknowledgement
– The DHCP server issuing the
accepted offer broadcast a
DHCPACKNOWLEDGEMENT
message to acknowledge the
succesful lease.
– The message includes :
» A valid lease for the IP
address
» Other information
– When client receives the ack,
TCP/IP initializ by using the
configuration information that the
DHCP server provides .

The DHCP Lease Renuewal Process
DHCPREQUEST
Source IP Address = 192.168.0.77
Dist. IP Address = 192.168.0.108
Request IP Address = 192.168.0.77
Hardware Address = 000102 . . .
DHCP Client DHCP Server
DHCPACK
Source IP Address = 192.168.0.108
Dest. IP Address = 192.168.0.77
Offered IP Address = 192.168.0.77
Client Hardware Address = 000102 . . .
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0
Length of Lease = 8 days
Server identifier = 192.168.0.108
DHCP Options: Router = 192.168.0.1
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Automatic Lease Renewal
– Cliente automatically attempts
to renew its lease when 50%
of the lease duration expires
– Sends DHCPREQUEST to the
server from which it obtained
the lease
– The server renew the lease
and any updated configuration
with DHCPACK message
– If cannot renew continues to
use current configuration and
then send broadcast a
DHCPDISCOVER to update
when 87.5% of the current
lease duration expires.
– If server respod with
DHCPOFFER the client renew
its lease.

The DHCP Lease Renuewal Process
DHCPREQUEST
Source IP Address = 192.168.0.77
Dist. IP Address = 192.168.0.108
Request IP Address = 192.168.0.77
Hardware Address = 000102 . . .
DHCP Client DHCP Server
DHCPACK
Source IP Address = 192.168.0.108
Dest. IP Address = 192.168.0.77
Offered IP Address = 192.168.0.77
Client Hardware Address = 000102 . . .
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0
Length of Lease = 8 days
Server identifier = 192.168.0.108
DHCP Options: Router = 192.168.0.1
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Manual Lease Renewal
– To renew the lease manually,
use ipconfig command with
the /renew switch.
c:\>ipconfig /renew
– This sends a DCHPREQUEST
to the DHCP server tu update
configurationoptions and to
renew the lease time.
– You can use ipconfig
command the /release switch
for release a lease
c:\>ipconfig /release
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Others messages
If the client detects a problem with the parameters in the
DHCPACK message (the address is already in use on
the network for example), the client sends a
DHCPDECLINE message to the server and restarts the
configuration process.

The client should wait a minimum of ten seconds before

restarting the configuration process to avoid excessive
network traffic in case of looping. On receipt of a
DHCPDECLINE, the server must mark the offered
address as unavailable (and possibly inform the system
administrator that there is a configuration problem).

If the client receives a DHCPNACK message, the client

restarts the configuration process.
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DHCP State Transition diagram

DHCPINFORM Message from a client that already has an IP address (manually configured
for example), requesting further configuration parameters from the DHCP server.
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Authorizing the DHCP Service

Domain Controller/
DHCP server
 If authorized,
the service starts
properly DHCP Service
 If unauthorized, Checks For
the service logs Authorization
an error and will not
respond to clients

DHCP Server Clients DHCP Server

Unauthorized DHCP servers could also be set up, sending false and
potentially disruptive information to clients.
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Qué son las opciones DHCP

Las opciones DHCP son parámetros de configuración que un

servicio DHCP asigna a los clientes junto con la dirección IP
y la puerta de enlace predeterminada

Datos de configuración IP del cliente DHCP

Cliente DHCP
Dirección IP del cliente
Máscara de subred del cliente
Opciones DHCP como:
 Dirección IP del enrutador
 Dirección IP del servidor DNS
 Dirección IP del servidor WINS
 Nombre de dominio DNS
Servidor DHCP
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Lease duration

Decrease Increase

• Generates more UNLIMITED • Reduces network

trafic due to lease • Generates network traffic traffic caused by lease
renewals when a computer is started renewals
• The lease can • Clients retain IP addresses • Clients tend to retain
expires if a DHCP if a DHCP server is IP addresses even if a
server is temporarily unavailable for extended DHCP server is
unavailable periods. temporarily
unavailable
• If PC turned off or • If only a few IP addresses
removed from are available or computers • If only a few IP
network? removed from the network? Addresses?
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Qué es un Agente de
retransmisión DHCP
Un Agente de retransmisión DHCP es un equipo o enrutador configurado para
escuchar difusiones DHCP/BOOTP procedentes de clientes DHCP y, a continuación,
retransmitir dichos mensajes a los servidores DHCP ubicados en distintas subredes

Agente de retransmisión DHCP Servidor DHCP

Unicast

Difusión Difusión
Subred A Subred B
Enrutadores
No admitido
según el
documento
RFC 1542
Cliente Cliente Cliente Cliente
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Cómo funciona un Agente de
retransmisión DHCP
Agente de
Agente de
retransmisión DHCP
retransmisión DHCP Servidor
Servidor DHCPDHCP

Cliente2
Cliente2 Enrutador
Enrutador Cliente3
Cliente1 No No
admitido según Cliente3
Cliente1 admitido
el documento RFC según
1542
el documento RFC 1542

1 El cliente1 difunde un paquete DHCPDISCOVER

2 El Agente de retransmisión reenvía el mensaje DHCPDISCOVER al servidor DHCP

3 El servidor envía un mensaje DHCPOFFER al Agente de retransmisión DHCP

4 El Agente de retransmisión difunde el paquete DHCPOFFER

5 El cliente1 difunde un paquete DHCPREQUEST

6 El Agente de retransmisión reenvía el mensaje DHCPREQUEST al servidor DHCP

7 El servidor envía un mensaje DHCPACK al Agente de retransmisión DHCP

8 El Agente de retransmisión difunde el paquete DHCPACK

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Desafío:
Capturar y analizar el tráfico DHCP