Real time operation in Electric Vehicle Smart Charging Stations

considering demand side management and distributed energy resources

Technical Track Number and Technical Track Name

Note: Do not include author names or affiliation anywhere in the digest – the review process is double blind

ABSTRACT
This work presents an electric vehicle recharging management system for charging stations equipped with distributed energy
resources, PV generation and battery storage. The system handles scheduled and non-scheduled recharges with real-time operation
to handle uncertainties related to the initial state of charge status and start time of recharges of vehicles with scheduled recharge.
For system modeling it is used a real-time algorithm that includes the multi-period planning of the operation based on a mixed
integer linear programming model. As a result, the behavior of the algorithm is evaluated as satisfactory for meeting the deviations
observed in real-time operation and also for managing recharges in smart charging mode, contributing together with the PV
generation and battery storage system to serve the signaling response to demand.

1. INTRODUCTION
Recently, renewable energy generation and electric vehicles (EV) have increasingly attracted society's attention.

The growth in the use of generation from distributed energy resources (DER) with an intermittent characteristic,

together with the growth in the number of electric vehicles, will require future electric distribution systems to operate

with a higher level of management aimed at integrating the flexibility existing in the various elements that constitute

this system [1,2]. Along with this growth, the number of electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) in operation had

an increase of approximately 45% between the years 2018 and 2019 [3]. Although the expansion of both EVs and

EVCS presents itself as a way to benefit the environment, still, an uncoordinated operation of these resources can

cause problems to the performance of the electric power system.

Charging stations equipped with DER of energy generation and storage allow energy resource management

techniques in the EVCS to play an important role capable of integrating the technical aspects of distribution networks,

small-scale distributed generation, batteries energy storage systems (BESS), EV and energy consumption in a network

with advanced information and communication technologies [4,5].

2. RELATED WORKS
Although the literature deals with the problem of charging infrastructure planning in EVCS, most of the existing

bibliographies assume that the decision maker has full knowledge of the operational state in the real-time mitigation

of the system in the EV charging operation [6-8] .

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 The combination of renewable energy and storage systems in electric vehicle charging stations provide a

promising solution to alleviate energy demand, thus allowing the realization of demand response in order to meet

restrictive technical criteria from the operational point of view of the system of distribution, as discussed in [9,10].

The perspective of implementing systems capable of managing existing energy resources in electric vehicle

charging stations presents several challenges. In [6,9] a study is carried out for the real-time operation of a charging

station where the biggest challenges are related to the uncertainties regarding the EV arrival time at the charging

station and the energy demand for charging.

In [11], an EVCS management model based on the service of scheduled and unscheduled recharges in systems

with DERs is presented. In this study, the authors adopt 30-minute discretization for real-time operation, real-time

operation is based on rules for BESS operation, deviations related to the initial charge status of the scheduled EVs as

well as the deviation regarding the arrival time of the EV in EVCS are disregarded.

In [1], the theme of charging station management is approached through a multi-stage stochastic approach with

the exploration of V2G for electric energy transactions from parked EVs. In the approach, the authors consider that

EVs remain connected to the charger for most of the day, which is a more suitable reality for parking lots, as discussed

by the authors.

In the present work, it is considered that the management system developed by the EVCS serves recharges that

are scheduled in advance to promote greater reliability for EV users, in addition to also assisting unscheduled vehicle

recharges that arrive at the EVCS throughout the day. To meet these recharges, a management system for real-time

operation is developed, capable of meeting operating deviations observed in the execution of scheduled recharges.

The model presents flexibility regarding the system discretization, being able to operate with discretization in the

place of seconds by using a fast execution approach through MILP modeling.

3. METHODOLOGY DEVELOPED
In the proposed EVCS management system, the existence of distributed energy resources (DERs) installed in the

EVCS through photovoltaic renewable generation and battery energy storage system (BESS) is considered. These

DER elements are considered to be electrically connected to the electrical system of the EVCS through a hybrid

inverter. The EVCS charger includes the EV chargers and the EVCS auxiliary charge, which are necessary to power

the EVCS basic infrastructure equipment, such as: computers, lighting, monitoring, air conditioning. The electrical

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system considered is represented in Figure 1, where the electrical connections assumed between the different elements

that make up the system are presented.

Fig. 1 EVCS system

From the electrical system presented in Figure 1, the mathematical model used to represent the energy flow of

the management system considered in the proposed approach is developed, with the system having the 24-hour period

discretized into N periods.

To implement the management system proposed for real-time operation from the mathematical model developed

to represent the EVCS, which is not fully demonstrated in this work, but which for its complete implementation

consists of a mixed integer linear programming model, we have a model that is dynamically solved, its algorithm

being executed at each discretized period of time. The dynamic execution of the algorithm is performed based on the

flowchart shown in Figure 2. From the execution of the algorithm in real time, the operating deviations related to the

arrival time and initial SoC of the EVs with scheduled recharge, as well as new unscheduled recharges that the EVCS

must meet, the EVCS operation dynamics are added so that they are integrated into the EVCS management

optimization routine.

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 Fig. 2 EVCS algorithm flowchart

4. CASE STUDY
It was considered for the preparation of a case study that the simulated EVCS has characteristics similar to the

first charging station with an fast charger in the state of Rio Grande Sul, installed at the Federal University of Santa

Maria (UFSM) from an R&D project (P022/2019) financed by ANEEL and COPEL and developed in partnership

with UFSM, a system that should be used for the practical application of the management system presented in this

work. The EVCS installed at UFSM is composed of an ABB 93kW charger, PV system and BESS with lithium ion

batteries.

To simulate the deviations during real-time operation of the variables related to scheduled recharges, the Monte

Carlo process was considered, considering the maximum deviation of 15 minutes in the deviation process from the

arrival time of the EV at the EVCS and 10% of the Initial SoC provided at the start of recharges. All data considered

in the simulations performed will be made available on Github to be informed in the final version of this article

In Figure 3, it can be seen that in the demand response signaling period, the EVCS, which in the operation without

DR had a peak demand for recharge of approximately 80kW, started to have this demand to meet the recharge reduced

due to smart charging , with peak demand in this period being close to 40kW. However, in order for the RD signaling

to be attended to, the BESS discharge was also triggered by the management system, which supplied the EVCS

demand during RD signaling at a power close to 10kW. In this case, it can be seen that the joint use of the management

of recharges in smart charging, the PV energy generated in the EVCS and the operation of the storage system were

able to reduce the demand of the EVCS by more than 50kW, while still meeting the recharges scheduled and

unscheduled EVCS. Thus, it can be evaluated how the use of the recharge management strategy and the BESS

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operation carried out by the proposed management system can be beneficial for the operation of the electric network,

while managing the distributed energy resources and meeting this growing load that are recharges of the EVs.

Fig. 3 EV recharge profiles

5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK

In this work, an EVCS management system with DERs was presented, which proved to be able to meet the

recharges of EVs during real-time operation, where deviations from the initially foreseen conditions during the

operation planning stage were considered, from the scheduled recharges . In addition to ensuring that EV recharges

are met, the proposed management system has shown its ability to manage the DER resources available in the EVCS

and to control EV recharges in smart charging mode to provide the electrical system with a flexible operation based

on demand response signaling imposed by the concessionaire on the EVCS. Thus, it is concluded that the proposed

management system meets the intended operation criteria.

However, it is known that the developed model can be improved to ensure an even more efficient and reliable

operation. For the next steps, the need to integrate the dynamic behavior of the BMS of EV batteries with the recharge

planning model into the management model is foreseen, in order to assume the dynamic behavior of this element in

the optimization process. Another aspect expected for the next steps is the practical implementation of this model to

manage the Carport installed at the federal university of Santa Maria, which should take place by mid 2022, when

other improvements must occur in the model so that it meets the operation practice of electric vehicles.

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