IT 114 – Quantitative Methods how many numbers of students have scored below

Compiled Lesson 1 – Introduction to average numbers. To do this calculation efficiently,

Statistics we have to take the help of statistics. Let’s Dig in the
data about what are the statistical problems in real
life.
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES ACTIVATING PRIOR
KNOWLEDGE
At the end of the week, the student is
expected to: After being able to understand the sampling
a. Understanding Statistics
techniques, how do you think would you be able to
b. Differentiate Descriptive and
Inferential Statistics acquire a deeper information from the data
c. Appreciate the importance of gatherings methods you applied along with your
Statistics sampling techniques? What is the simplest
d. Applying statistics mathematical treatment of data you can used to
e. Evaluate scenarios process your gathered data?

TOPIC OUTLINE
Introduction to Statistics
a. Concept of Statistics
b. Branch of Statistics
c. Descriptive Statistics
d. Inferential Statistics
e. Usage and Applications of Statistics
OVERVIEW
Statistics refers to a mathematical science that
includes methods of collecting, organizing and
analyzing data whereas the main point is to draw a
meaningful conclusions. Example of such events are
daily happenings such as population data, prices of
goods, business and income, accidents, epidemics,
and sports data.
Statistics is a set of equations that allows us to
solve complex problems. These statistical problems
in real life are usually based on facts and figures.
Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, is known as the father of
the modern science of statistics.
To understand what is statistics better; let’s have a
look at the example below.
Suppose that we have collected a dataset from a
group of thousand students. We have obtained their
marks in various subjects. Now we want to calculate
CONCEPT OF STATISTICS
Statistics is a powerful tool in performing Data
Science. This is the use of mathematics to perform
technical analysis of data. A basic visualization such
as a bar chart might give you some high-level
information, on the otherhand thru statistics, we
could operate on data in a much more information-
driven and targeted manner. This helps use
formulate a much more concrete conclusions about
our data rather than just estimating.
By using statistics, we can achieve a deeper insights
into how exactly our data is structured and based on
these structure we can devise a method on how we
can optimally apply other data science techniques to
gain even more information.
Here are some definitions of statistics:
 Stat[e]istics - originally conceived as the
science of the state the collection and
analysis of facts about a country
 A modern definition: statistics is a set
of methods for reasoning when there is
uncertainty
 It can be thought of loosely as a
generalization of logic

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  Logic is the study of methods for
reasoning from statements which are
definitely known to be true or false
 To reason or to think, understand, and
form judgements logically.
Note: This is a logical Inference
There is NO uncertainty to worry about
Note: We have observed some data (knowledge that
the fruit is spherical) and have drawn a statistical
inference. Statistical inferences summarize
uncertainty
Here are some users of Statistics:
 Health services, corporations, governments,
scientists all need to reason with uncertainty
 E.g. plan health services: How many new
cases of breast cancer will occur in Malta in
the next 5 years?
 E.g. advertisers: During which TV show is it
most profitable to advertise for a new car?
 E.g. science: (to give a non-Bioinformatics
example) What is the probability the
observed particle decays imply the
existence of the Higgs boson
BRANCH OF STATISTICS
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There are two known branch of Statistics:
 Descriptive Statistics - The branch of
statistics that focuses on collecting,
summarizing, and presenting a set of data
 Inferential Statistics - The branch of
statistics that analyzes sample data to draw
conclusions about a population.
DESCCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
Descriptive statistics are used to describe the basic
features of the data in a study. They provide simple
summaries about the sample and the measures.
Together with simple graphics analysis, they form
the basis of virtually every quantitative analysis of
data.
With descriptive statistics you are simply describing
what is or what the data shows. Thus, we use
descriptive statistics simply to describe what’s going
on in our data.
Descriptive Statistics are used to present
quantitative descriptions in a manageable form. In a
research study we may have lots of measures. Or we
may measure a large number of people on any
measure. Descriptive statistics help us to simplify
large amounts of data in a sensible way. Each
descriptive statistic reduces lots of data into a
simpler summary. For instance, consider a simple
number used to summarize how well a batter is
performing in baseball, the batting average. This
single number is simply the number of hits divided
by the number of times at bat (reported to three
significant digits). A batter who is hitting .333 is
getting a hit one time in every three at bats. One
batting .250 is hitting one time in four. The single
number describes a large number of discrete events.
Or, consider the scourge of many students, the
Grade Point Average (GPA). This single number
describes the general performance of a student
across a potentially wide range of course
experiences.
Example: The average age of citizens who voted for
the winning candidate in the last presidential
election, the average length of all books about
statistics, the variation in the weight of 100 boxes of
cereal selected from a factory's production line.
You are most likely to be familiar with this branch of
statistics, because many examples arise in everyday
life. Descriptive statistics forms the basis for
analysis and discussion in such diverse fields as
securities trading, the social sciences, government,
the health sciences, and professional sports. A
general familiarity and widespread availability of
descriptive methods in many calculating devices
and business software can often make using this
branch of statistics seem deceptively easy.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
With inferential statistics, you are trying to
reach conclusions that extend beyond the
immediate data alone. For instance, we use
inferential statistics to try to infer from the sample
data what the population might think. Or, we use
inferential statistics to make judgments of the
probability that an observed difference between
groups is a dependable one or one that might have
happened by chance in this study. Thus, we use
inferential statistics to make inferences from our
data to more general conditions
Here the inferential statistics are useful in
experimental and quasi-experimental research
design or in program outcome evaluation. Perhaps
one of the simplest inferential test is used when you
want to compare the average performance of two
groups on a single measure to see if there is a
difference. You might want to know whether eighth-
grade boys and girls differ in math test scores or
whether a program group differs on the outcome
measure from a control group. Whenever you wish
to compare the average performance between two
groups you should consider the t-test for differences
between groups.
Most of the major inferential statistics come from a
general family of statistical models known as the
General Linear Model. This includes the t-test,
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Analysis of
Covariance (ANCOVA), regression analysis, and
many of the multivariate methods like factor
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analysis, multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis,
discriminant function analysis, and so on. Given the
importance of the General Linear Model, it’s a good
idea for any serious social researcher to become
familiar with its workings. The discussion of the
General Linear Model here is very elementary and
only considers the simplest straight-line model.
Example: A survey that sampled 2,001 full-or part-
time workers ages 50 to 70, conducted by the
American Association of Retired Persons (AARP),
discovered that 70% of those polled planned to work
past the traditional mid-60s retirement age. By using
methods discussed in Section 6.4, this statistic
could be used to draw conclusions about the
population of all workers ages 50 to 70.
When you use inferential statistics, you start with a
hypothesis and look to see whether the data are
consistent with that hypothesis. Inferential
statistical methods can be easily misapplied or
misconstrued, and many inferential methods require
the use of a calculator or computer.
USAGE AND
APPLICATIONS OF
STATISTICS
Statistics is used in every aspect of life, such as in
data science, robotics, business, and sports, weather
forecasting, and much more. Apart from this, there
are various other fields where statistics concepts
are applied like running, calculating the budget,
calories count, and much more.
Additionally, statistics help in learning mathematical
concepts better.
This is how statistics can be used in each aspect of
real life.
Uses of Statistics in Real Life
Statistics is used for graphical representation of the
collected data. Statistics can compare information
through median, mean, and mode.
Therefore, statistics concepts can easily be applied
to real life, such as for calculating the time to get
ready for office, how much money is required to visit
work in a month, using gym, diet count of a weak, in
education, and much more.
Besides this, statistics can be utilized for managing
daily routines so that you can work efficiently.
Main functions of Statistics
Several functions of statistics can be used in
precision to each fact, comparing the values, testing
hypotheses, weather forecasting, and much more.
Statistics can help in improving the reasoning skills
that are necessary to calculate uncertainty. To solve
all these kinds of problems, students can use the
functions of statistics. Besides this, the function of
statistics is used for representing the facts in a
definite form.
Basic Uses of Statistics in Our Daily Life
 Government
The importance of statistics in
government is utilized by making judgments
about health, populations, education, and
much more. It may help the government to
check out what education schedule can be
beneficial for students. What is the progress
report of high school students using that
particular curriculum? The government can
assemble specific data about the population
of the country using a census. For example:
The government can assemble specific data
about the population of the country using a
census.
 Weather Forecast
Have you ever seen weather forecasting? Do
you know how the government does the
weather forecasting? Statistics play a
crucial role in weather forecasting.
The computer use in weather forecasting is
based on the set of statistics functions.
All these statistics function to compare the
weather condition with the pre-recorded
seasons and conditions. This helps the
government.
 Emergency Preparedness
Statistics is also helpful in emergency
preparedness. With the help of statistics, we
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can predict any natural disaster that may
happen shortly.
It will help us to get prepared for an
emergency.
It also helps the rescue team to do the
preparation to rescue the life of the people
who are in danger.
 Political Campaigns
Statistics are crucial in a political campaign.
Without statistics, no one can run a political
campaign with perfection.
It helps the politicians to have an idea about
how many chances they have to win an
election in a particular area.
Statistics also help the news channel to
predict the winner of the election.
It also helps the political parties to know
how many candidates are in their support in
a particular voting zone.
In contrast, it helps the country to predict the
future government.
 Sports
There is lots of uses of statistics in sports.
Every sports require statistics to make the
sport more effective. Statistics help the
sport person to get the idea about his/her
performance in the particular sports.
Nowadays sports are utilizing the statistics
data into the next level. However, the reason
is a sport is getting more popular and there
are various kinds of types of equipment in
the sports that are used to collect data of
various factor. Statistics is used to get a
conclusion from the given data.
 Research
The uses of statistics in research play an
essential role in the work of researchers.
For instance, statistics can be applied in
data acquisition, analysis, explanation,
interpretation, and presentation.
The uses of statistics in research can lead
researchers to summarization, proper
characterization, performance, and
description of the outcome of the research.
Besides this, the medical area would be less
effective without the research to recognize
which drugs or interventions run best and
how the individual groups respond to
medicine.
 Medical experts also conduct studies by age,
race, or country to identify the effect of the
features on one’s health.
 Education
The beneficial uses of statistics in education
are that teachers can be considered to be
supportive as researchers during their
classrooms to recognize what education
technique works on which pupils and know
the reason why. They also need to estimate
test details to determine whether students
are working expectedly, statistically, or not.
There are statistical studies about student
achievement at all levels of testing and
education, from kindergarten to a GRE or
SAT. For example, teachers can calculate
the average of students’ marks and employ
new techniques that can help the students
improve their grades.
 Prediction
The figures help us make predictions about
something that is going to happen in the
future. Based on what we face in our daily
lives, we make predictions. How accurate
this prediction will depend on many factors.
When we make a prediction, we take into
account the external or internal factors that
may affect our future.
When they apply statistical techniques to
estimate an event, the same statisticians
use it. Doctors, engineers, artists, and
practitioners all use statistics to make
predictions about future events. For
example, doctors use statistics to
understand the future of the disease. They
can predict the magnitude of the flue in each
winter season through the use of data.
Engineers use statistics to estimate the
success of their ongoing project, and they
also use the data to evaluate how long it will
take to complete a project.
 Predicting Disease
Statistics is even playing a role in the
medical field. Statistics help us to know how
many numbers of people are suffering from
the disease.
It also helps us to understand how many
have died from the same disease.
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But the best part of statistics is that it also
helps you to find out how much you affected
from the deceased.
For example, a study has shown that more
than 75% of people are infected with a
disease that is caused by mango. In that
case, you might avoid mango to avoid this
disease.
 Quality Testing
Quality testing is another important use of
statistics in every area of life.
On a day-to-day basis, we conduct quality
tests to ensure that our purchase is correct
and get the best results from what we spend.
We do a sample test of what we expect to
buy to get the best. If the sample test that
we have done passes the quality test, we
want to buy it.
 Insurance
Insurance is a vast industry. There are
hundreds of insurance i.e. car insurance,
bike, life insurance, and many more.
The premium of insurance is based on the
statistics. Insurance companies use the
statistics that are collected from various
homeowners, drivers, vehicle registration
offices, and many more.
They receive the data from all these
resources and then decide the premium
amount.
 Consumer Goods
Statistics are widely used in consumer
goods products. The reason is consumer
goods are daily used products.
The business use statistics to calculate
which consumer goods are available in the
store or not. They also used stats to find out
which store needs the consumer goods and
when to ship the products. Even proper
statistics decisions are helping the business
to make massive revenue on consumer
goods.
 Financial Market
The financial market completely relies on
the financial market. All the stock prices
 calculate with the help of statistics. It also
helps the investor to take the decision of
investment in the particular stock. It also
helps the corporate to manage their finance
to do long term business.
 Business Statistics
Each large organization uses business
statistics and utilize various data analysis
tools.
For instance, approximating the probability
and see where sales can be headed in the
future. Several tools are used for business
statistics, which built on the basis of the
mean, median, and mode, the bell curve, and
bar graphs, and basic probability.
These can be employed for research
problems related to employees, products,
customer service, and much more. Business
can successfully rely on the things what is
working and what is not. Besides this,
statistics are widely used in consumer
goods products. The reason is consumer
goods are daily used products. The business
use statistics to calculate which consumer
goods are available in the store or not.
They also used stats to find out which store
needs the consumer goods and when to
ship the products.
Even proper statistics decisions are helping
the business to make massive revenue on
consumer goods.
Advance Uses of Statistics
 Computer Science
Statistics is essential for all sections of
science, as it is amazingly beneficial for
decision making and examining the
correctness of the choices that one has
made. With the application of statistics in
computer science and machine learning,
algorithms’ efficiency can be increased
significantly.
One also can reduce the price of processing
with the help of statistics. If one does not
understand statistics, it is not possible to
know the logical algorithms and find it
challenging to develop them.
Computer scientists need to concentrate on
retrieval, reporting, data acquisition/cleaning,
and mining. They are assigned to the
algorithms’ improvement and systems
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efficiency. Besides this, they focus on
machine learning, especially data mining
(discovering models and relationships in
information for several objectives, like
finance and marketing).
 Robotics
Statistics has various uses in the field of
robotics. Various techniques can be applied
in this field, such as EM, Particle filters,
Kalman filters, Bayesian networks, and
much more. The robot always senses the
present state by estimating the probability
density function value.
With the help of new input sensories, the
robots continuously update themselves and
give priority to the current actions.
Apart from this, robots can compare the
estimated and actual value and act as per
the value. Therefore, it can be stated that
statistics is an important parameter that is
used in robotics.
 Aerospace
Statistics is one of the important
parameters on which aerospace engineering
works.
There are numerous ways in which statistics
are easily implemented, such as details
about shrinkage and growth rate for a route.
Apart from this, statistics are used to study
traffic decline and growth, the number of
accidents due to aerospace failures, etc.
Several airline industries use these statistics
information to check how they can work to
make a better aerospace future.
 Data Science
A data scientist uses different statistical
techniques to study the collected data, such
as Classification, Hypothesis testing,
Regression, Time series analysis, and much
more.
Data scientists do proper experiments and
get desired results using these statistical
techniques.
Besides all this, statistics can be utilized for
concluding the information quickly and
effectively.
Therefore, statistics is one of the helpful
measures for data scientists to obtain the
relevant outputs of the sample space.
 Objective: Application of Usage of Statistics
 Machine Learning
Statistics are utilized for quantifying the Task: Based from the usage and application of
uncertainty of the estimated skills within the statistics what are the possible jobs you could land
machine learning models. for each usage of statistics provided above.
These uncertainties are defined with the Enumerate and discuss briefly your reason.
help of confidence intervals and tolerance
intervals. Tools and resources: Internet, paper, laptop
Statistics can be used for machine learning
in various ways, such as for: Congratulations! You can now proceed to the next
 Problem Framing
module.
 Understanding the data
 Data Cleaning
 Selection of data
 Data Preparation SUMMARY
 Model Evaluation
 Model Configuration
 Selection of Model Let us see if you can remember the main points
 Model Presentation raised in this lesson. Below is a summary of these
 Model Prediction points:

 Deep Learning  Statistics is a set of equations that allows us

Statistics and probability both are to solve complex problems. These statistical
considered as the method of handling the problems in real life are usually based on
aggregation or ignorance of data.
facts and figures.
Deep learning can use statistics to get
knowledge about abstracting several useful  Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, is known as the
properties and ignorance of the details. father of the modern science of statistics.
Therefore, it can be seen that statistics and  Descriptive Statistics - The branch of
probability are the methods to formalize the statistics that focuses on collecting,
deep learning process mathematically. summarizing, and presenting a set of data
That is why this can be concluded that
 Inferential Statistics - The branch of
statistics are basic for deep learning, and it
would be better to understand the use of statistics that analyzes sample data to draw
statistics in deep learning and know it. conclusions about a population.
 Basic Uses of Statistics in Our Daily Life
o Government
LEARNING ACTIVITY 1 o Weather Forecast
o Emergency Preparedness
o Political Campaigns
Objective: Identify and apply the branch of Statistics o Sports
o Research
Task: Identify the two branches of Statistics and o Education
provide an example for each with graphical o Prediction
organizers used. o Predicting Disease
o Quality Testing
Tools and resources: Online resources, photos,
o Insurance
laptop, organizational data.
o Consumer Goods
o Financial Market
o Business Statistics
LEARNING ACTIVITY 2  Advanced Uses of Statistics
o Computer Science

Lesson 1 – Introduction to System Analysis: Basic Concept| Page 7 of 8

 o Robotics
o Aerospace
o Data Science
o Machine Learning
o Deep Learning

REFERENCES
 Agryrous, G. (2011) Statistics for
Research
 Basilio, F. (2003) Fundamentals of Statistics
 Rumsey, D. (2010) Making Everything Easier:
Statistics Essentials for Dummies (E-Book)
 Introduction to Statistical Concept
retrieved from
https://tinyurl.com/2nnab2er
 The Branch of Statistics retrieved from
https://tinyurl.com/x64ak8vm
 Descriptive Statistics retrieved from
https://tinyurl.com/5f53ahez
 Inferential Statistics retrieved from
https://tinyurl.com/2pmyjjp9
 Top 20 Interesting uses of Statistics in our
Daily Life retrieved from
https://tinyurl.com/tjdtvfb6

Compiled by:

LORIE JELENE R. MILLON-PARAGAS, LPT, MIT

Faculty, College of Information and
Technology Education

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