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DC Circuits:: Methods of Analysis
DC Circuits:: Methods of Analysis
DC Circuits:: Methods of Analysis
DC Circuits:
Methods of Analysis
Hasan Demirel
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Nodal Analysis
• Steps to Determine Node Voltages:
1. Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltage v1,
v2, …vn-1 to the remaining n-1 nodes. The voltages are
referenced with respect to the reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the n-1 non-reference nodes. Use
Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in terms of
node voltages.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the
unknown node voltages.
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Nodal Analysis
• Steps to Determine Node Voltages:
Common symbols for indicating a reference node:
(a) common ground, (b) ground, (c) chassis.
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Nodal Analysis
• Typical circuit for nodal analysis
(a) Given circuit, (c) voltages v1 and v2 are assigned with
respect to the reference node (i.e ground).
Reference Node
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Nodal Analysis
• Typical circuit for nodal analysis:
Apply KCL to each non-reference node.
I1 I 2 i1 i2 vhigher vlower
I 2 i2 i3 i
R
v1 0
i1 or i1 G1v1
R1
v1 v2
i2 or i2 G2 (v1 v2 )
R2
v2 0
i3 or i3 G3v2
R3
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Nodal Analysis
• Typical circuit for nodal analysis:
Apply KCL to each nonreference node.
v1 v1 v2
I1 I 2
R1 R2
v1 v2 v2
I2
R2 R3
I1 I 2 G1v1 G2 (v1 v2 )
I 2 G2 (v1 v2 ) G3v2
G1 G2 G2 v1 I1 I 2
G2 G2 G3 v2 I 2
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Nodal Analysis
• Example 3.1: Calculate the node voltages in the
circuit shown below.
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Nodal Analysis
• Example 3.1: Calculate the node voltages in the
circuit shown below.
• At node 1:
i1 i2 i3
v1 v2 v1 0
5
4 2
(Multiply each term by 4)
20 v1 v2 2v1
3v1 v2 20
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Nodal Analysis
• Example 3.1: Calculate the node voltages in the
circuit shown below.
• At node 2:
i2 i4 i1 i5
i2 10 5 i
5 i5 i2
v2 0 v1 v2
5
6 4
v v v
5 2 2 1 (Multiply each term by 12)
6 4
60 2v2 3v2 3v1
3v1 5v2 60
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Nodal Analysis
• Example 3.1: Calculate the node voltages in the
circuit shown below.
Nodal Analysis
• Example 3.1: Calculate the node voltages in the
circuit shown below. node 1 : 3v1 v2 20 (1)
node 2 : 3v1 5v2 60 ( 2)
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Nodal Analysis
• Example: Calculate the node voltages in the circuit
shown below.
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Nodal Analysis
• Example 3.2: Determine the voltages at nodes 1, 2
and 3.
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Nodal Analysis
• Example 3.2: Determine the voltages at nodes 1, 2 and 3.
• At node 1:
3 i1 ix
v1 v3 v1 v2
3
4 2
(Multiplying by 4 and rearranging terms)
3v1 2v2 v3 12
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Nodal Analysis
• Example 3.2: Determine the voltages at nodes 1, 2 and 3.
• At node 2:
ix i2 i3
v1 v2 v2 v3 v2 0
2 8 4
4v1 7v2 v3 0
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Nodal Analysis
• Example 3.2: Determine the voltages at nodes 1, 2 and 3.
• At node 3:
i1 i2 2ix
v1 v3 v2 v3 2(v1 v2 )
4 8 2
(Multiplying by 8 and rearranging terms)
2v1 3v2 v3 0
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Nodal Analysis
• Example 3.2: Determine the voltages at nodes 1, 2 and 3.
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Nodal Analysis
• Example 3.2: Determine the voltages at nodes 1, 2 and 3.
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
2v1 v2 20
v1 v2 2
22
3v1 22 v1 = 7.33V
i1 i2 3
22 16
v2 +2= = 5.33V
3 3
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Loop2:
Loop3:
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
5 1 1 2 v1 60
4 2 5 16 v 0
2
1 1 0 0 v3 20
3 0 1 2 v4 0
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Mesh Analysis
1. Mesh analysis: another procedure for analyzing circuits,
applicable to planar circuits.
2. A Mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops
within it.
3. Nodal analysis applies KCL to find voltages in a given circuit,
while Mesh Analysis applies KVL to calculate unknown
currents.
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Mesh Analysis
• A circuit is planar if it can be drawn on a plane with no branches crossing
one another. Otherwise it is nonplanar.
• The circuit in (a) is planar, because the same circuit that is redrawn(b) has
no crossing branches.
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Mesh Analysis
• A nonplanar circuit.
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Mesh Analysis
• Steps to Determine Mesh Currents:
1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, .., in to the n meshes.
2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to
express the voltages in terms of the mesh currents.
3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get
the mesh currents.
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Mesh Analysis
• A circuit with two meshes.
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
Mesh Analysis
• A circuit with two meshes.
Mesh Analysis
• A circuit with two meshes.
R1 R3 R3 i1 V1
R3 R2 R3 i2 V2
I1 i1 , I 2 i2 , I 3 i1 i2
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
• For mesh 2,
6i2 4i2 10(i2 i1 ) 10 0
i1 2i2 1
• We can find i1 and i2 by substitution method or Cramer’s
rule. Then,
I1 i1 , I 2 i2 , I 3 i1 i2
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
• For mesh 2,
Case 2
• Current source exists between two meshes, a super-mesh is
obtained.
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
• In Matrix form:
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
i1 3, i2 1 2 3, i3 0, i4 2 4 6
v1 4, v2 10 4 6,
v3 12 6 6, v4 0, v5 6
• The mesh-current equations are:
9 2 2 0 0 i1
2 10 4 1 1 i2 4
6
2 4 9 0 0 i3 6
0 1 3 i4 0
6
0 8
0 1 0 3 4 i5
EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I