Big Sound From Small Speakers: Abstract

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器
Big Sound from Small Speakers

Part 1
Wolfgang Klippel
Institute of Acoustics and Speech Communication
University of Technology Dresden,
KLIPPEL GmbH
Email address: wklippel@klippel.de
大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 1

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 www.klippel.de
Abstract:
This seminar focuses on modern methods for designing and
manufacturing microspeakers and other small, light and cost-
effective loudspeakers reproducing the sound at high efficiency and
sufficient sound quality as required in telecommunication,
automotive, multi-media and other professional applications. The
seminar gives an overview on physical modeling of loudspeakers in
the large signal domain which is necessary to explain the
relationship between geometry and the properties of the materials
on the one side and the transfer behavior and the performance on
the other side. Meaningful loudspeaker parameters (T/S, nonlinear
and thermal) and other specifications (amplitude response,
directivity, power) are discussed which allow a comprehensive
description of the transducer. Prof. Klippel addresses the
fundamentals of loudspeaker diagnostics which is important to
interpret the measurement results and to localize the causes of the
defects and to develop alternative design choices.

Questions addressed in the Seminar:
How to get the desired frequency response and directivity pattern?

How to find the optimal geometry of the cone?
•How to measure the power handling?
•How to perform meaningful measurements in the large signal domain?
•How to find the optimal size of voice coil in the gap?
•Which loudspeaker nonlinearities are desired?
•How to get maximal power handling and acoustical output?
•How to get maximal bass out of a small enclosure?
•How to measure the power handling?
•What is a good and what is a bad speaker?
How to select an optimal driver for loudspeaker system design?

揚聲器的應用俯拾皆是
Loudspeakers are everywhere
• 車用 Cars
• 手機 Cellular phones
• 多媒體, 電腦 Multimedia, Computers
• 助聽 Hearing aids
• 家用再生音響 Home hifi reproduction
• 專業音響 Professional audio
• 噪音控制 Active noise control
• …

現代揚聲器訴求
Requirements on Modern Loudspeakers
• 小體積 Small dimensions

• 輕量化 Low weight
• 低成本 Low cost
• 高輸出低失真High output at low distortion
• 最大效率 Maximal efficiency
Æ及再大聲一些 “Loud“speakers are required

課程安排
List of Content
• 小信號模型 – 授課
• Small Signal Modeling – Lecture
• 分析小信號運作 – 實作
• Assessing Small Signal Performance - Practical Workshop
大信號模型 – 授課
• Large Signal Modeling – Lecture
• 分析大信號運作 – 實作
• Assessing Large Signal Performance - Practical Workshop
不良揚聲器的檢測 – 授課
• Detection of Defective Speakers - Lecture
• 討論時間
• Discussion
• 總結
• Summary

扬声器 - 一个动态系统
Loudspeaker - a dynamic system
Audio band 音频范围 Frequency 振动频率
1 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 20 kHz
heat transfer Resonance

Creep
Cone break up
热传导蠕动变化共振
振膜分裂运动
Time constant 时间常数
1h 1s 10 ms 1 ms 0.05ms
Length of sound wave振动波长

3m 30 cm 15 mm
distributed model required 分散模式

lumped model useful CRL集合模式

驅動系統及懸吊系統的設計
Motor and Suspension Design
Material
parameters geometry
F X(r)
inner
Cone‘s
Motor cone Vibration surface
Radiation soundfield
u edge
F(r)
V
导纳被使用在
FEA BEA
集中参数模型
中耦合力学-声学分析
Admittance
Y(f) used in Coupled
lumped Mechanic-acoustical
parameter analysis
model
Equivalent Circuit of a drive unit
驅動器的等效電路
Impedance Type Analogy (Fu)
Fu) 線性阻抗型
Electrical domain 電子域 Mechanical domain 機械域
compliance
Impedance describing
Electrical dc Lossy inductance Moving mass 振動質量
Resistance
Re Cms(f) Mms Rms
電子直流阻抗 Mechanical
ZL(jω)
I
v Losses
current 機械能的耗損
U Blv Bl Bli
Voltage
Back EMF Driving force
Force factor 驅動因子

Linear Lumped Paramters線性集中參數

Basic parameters 基本參數: Important
• dc resistance Re 直流阻抗重要參數
• Voice coil Inductance Le (+ additional parameters
describing impedance at higher frequencies) Time varying
• Moving mass Mms (with air load) 振動質量(含空氣負戴 ) 隨時間而改變的項目
• Force factor Bl 驅動因子
• Mechanical resistance Rms 機械阻抗
• Stiffness Kms of the suspension at fs
懸吊系統在共振頻率點的剛性系數
• Vicsco-elastic stiffness parameters („creep factor lambda“)
• Effective Radiation Area SD 有效振動面積
Derived Parameters (Thiele/Small) 線性參數 ( T/S ):

• Resonance frequency fs 共振頻率
• Electrical Q-factor Qes 電器阻尼系數
• Mechanical Q factor Qms 機械阻尼系數
• Total Q-factor Qts 總阻尼系數
• Equivalent box volume Vasof mechanical stiffness
機械剛性的等效振動容積
• Pass-band sensitity 系統靈敏度
Creep Factor λ 潛變因子
visco elastic behavior (creep)
creep) of the suspension at low frequencies
在低頻段振動系統的黏彈行為模式 nt for
y im porta rs
ver spea
ke
micro
Magnitude of Transfer Function X(f)/U(f)
0,8 measured KLIPPEL

0,7
• Discrepancy to traditional
0,6
estimated without creep
modeling 與傳統模型相異
0,5 • compliance increases for f << fs
[mm/V]
0,4
在共振頻率點以下柔順性增加
0,3
0,2 • Creep model implemented in LPM

0,1 潛變模型在
潛變 LPM 下的應用
0,0
10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4
f [Hz]
Re Cms(f) Mms Rms

ZL(jω)
v
I
  f 
Cms ( f ) = Cms 1 − λ log10  
U Blv Bl Bli
  f s 
Kundsen and Jensen, JAES

1993

Identification of Mechanical Parameters

定義機械參數
We need more information about
the mechanical system
Known Perturbation Direct Measurement of a

of Mechanical System Mechanical Signal
已知機械系直接測量機械信號
(traditional technique 傳統科技)
傳統科技)
• Requires mechanical (acoustical) sensor
• Requires second measurement with additional
mass or enclosure (e.g. Laser) 需要一個感測器 (雷射偵測)
需要作附加質量或已知容積二次的測量 • Only one measurement (fast)
• Based on impedance measurement
基於阻抗的測量只需測量一次 ( 快速測量 )
• No mechanical sensor required • Driver in free air or in enclosure
不需機械感測器喇叭單體可置於自由空間或是音箱
• Time consuming
較費時 • Reliable and reproducible data
• Problems with mass attachment, box leakage 可信賴及可重覆的資料
當質量附加上去或是音箱漏氣時則有測 • Can be applied to tweeters 高音也可測
量問題發生
Perturbation method: Sealed Test Box
測試方法1: 密閉測試音箱
Pro 優點 :
Simple technique 簡單的測試技術
Cms is measured primarily
已先測得單體的柔順性
Problems 缺點:
• Depends highly on precise value
of effective radiation area Sd
需要有精準的有效振動面積數據
• Residual air volume (inside the
transducer) can not be considered
無法考慮箱內的空氣容積
• requires sealed diaphragm
必須是密閉的振膜設計
• can not be used to measure
mechanical mass without air load
若無空氣負載, 無法測得機械重量
•Time consuming
較花費時間
Perturbation method: Added Mass

測試方法2: 附加質量
Pro優點:
Simple technique 簡單的測試技術
Mms is measured primarily
已先測得單體的有效振動質量
Problems 缺點: :
• can not be applied to tweeter and
microspeakers
無法使用此法測量高音及微型喇叭
•Time consuming 較花費時間
• Mechanical Resistance or
stiffness are assumed as
frequency independent parameters
機械阻抗或是剛性視為獨立的頻響
參數

Laser Technique
雷射激光測試技術
Pro 優點:
• Fast (one step technique) 測量快速
• Simple to use 使用簡單
• Bl is measured primarily
先測得磁迴強度
• Most precise results 測試精準
• Can be applied to most transducers
可用在大部份的揚聲器測量上
Problems 缺點:
• Optical problems (angle, surface)
光學上需有可視角及表面反射
• Coil displacement is not
axialsymmetrical
線圈的位移並不是軸對稱

Measurement in air or in vacuum ?

在真空還是空氣中測量
In Air In vacuum
Mms and Cms consider air load Mms and Cms consider mechanical elements only
Æ Useful input for system design
Æ Useful for driver design and comparison with
在一般空氣中, 有效振動質量 the weight of the loudspeaker parts
及單體柔順性需考慮空氣的附
載. 建議使用在系統的設計在真空中量測, 只需考慮有效振動質量及柔順性
的機械元素. 建議使用在單體設計及比較單體零
件的材質重量
Effective Radiation Area Sd有效振動面積
for
er y
rtant
impo kers Definition定義
v spea
micro
displacement air volume
等效空氣容積的位移量
Real surface area S 實際表面積

∆V ∫ x(r )dS
Sd = = S
∆x ∆x
Mean voice coil displacement

平均音圈位移量
∫ x(r )dr
∆x = C
∫ dr
C

How to Measure Radiation Area Sd ?

Pistophone technique 如何測得有效振動面積
See KLIPPEL
Laser
Application
note AN32
closed volume V0 Microphone
V p
Sd = 0
Sound pressure p
p0κ x Displacement x
static air pressure p0. adiabatic

coefficient κ

Differential method (sophisticated,
sophisticated, precise)
precise)
差異化法如何測得有效振動面積 (較聰明及精準的方法) 較聰明及精準的方法)
Displacement
Displacement x2
x1 Sound pressure
Sound pressure p2
p1
See KLIPPEL syringe (medical injection pump

Application
note AN32
∆V Difference volume ∆V
Sd =
x x 
p0κ  2 − 1 
static air pressure p0.
 p2 p1 
adiabatic
coefficient κ

雷射掃瞄技術如何測得有效振動面積
(精準全自動的方法)
精準全自動的方法)
Laser Scanner Technique (precise,
precise, robust)
C
Integration of x on curve C
∫ x(r )dr
∆x = C
∫ dr
C
∆V ∫ x(r )dS
Sd = = S
∆x ∆x
Under klippel development

Precise Technique III (using
(using Laser Scanner )
microspeaker
woofer
headphone

Why is a precise measurement of Sd important ?

為何精準量測有效振動面積如此重要?
Effective Radiation Area Sd 有效振動面積Sd

• determines the acoustical output
Æ sensitivity, efficiency
決定電聲輸出的靈敏度及效率
• affects the precision of the parameter measurement if the

test box perturbation technique is used
Æ Moving mass Mms, force factor Bl and stiffness values Kms,
compliance Cms
在已知測試音箱法中, 會影響參數 Mms, BL, Kms, Cms 測量的準確性

Effective Coil Vibration
Averaged Transfer Function between Displacement and Voltage
Magnitude Transfer Function Hx(f)=X(r,f)/U(f)
1 2 3
-15 KLIPPEL
-20
Point 2 -25
-30 differences
o -35
o o -40
Laser Measurement
Point 1 Point 3 gives three different
-45
-50
transfer functions -55
-60
-65
103 104
averaged Hx(f)
averaged Hx
Displacement
KLIPPEL
10
-1
averaged over 10
-2 Fitting of
mm/V
voice coil -3
10 Mechanical
circumference 10
-4 Parameters
310 410
f [Hz]

扬声器 - 一个动态系统
Loudspeaker - a dynamic system
Audio band 音频范围 Frequency 振动频率
1 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 20 kHz
heat transfer Resonance

Creep
Cone break up
热传导蠕动变化共振
振膜分裂运动
Time constant 时间常数
1h 1s 10 ms 1 ms 0.05ms
Length of sound wave振动波长

3m 30 cm 15 mm
distributed model required 分散模式

lumped model useful CRL集合模式

測量為揚聲器偵錯的基礎
Measurements are the basis for loudspeaker diagnostics
F X(r) soundfield
inner
Cone‘s near far
Motor cone Vibration surface
Radiation
field field
u edge
F(r)
V
電測量Electrical 力測量Mechanical 聲測量Acoustical

Measurement Measurement Measurement
Ze(f)=U(f)/I(f) Hx(f)=X(f)/U(f) Far Field

Cone Vibration
Response
+ Geometry
electrical mechanical 遠場頻响
振膜震動與幾何形狀
Lumped Parameters
Distributed Parameters 分布參數
集中參數
Cone Scanning Techniques振膜掃描技術
Amplitude振幅
Amplitude振幅 Amplitude+ phase
+ phase 相位
振幅+相位
+ geometry 幾何形狀
Doppler Interferometry Triangulation Laser Scanner

Olson,
Olson, 1950 杜普勒干涉激光掃描三角測量激光掃描儀
(Polytech,
Polytech, 1995) (Klippel, 2007)
Frankort 1978
Geometry幾何形狀
Velocity destribution on the cone

錐體速率分布 Displacement位移
Intensity強度

扬声器设计的新工具
New Tools for Loudspeaker Design
扫描设备 Scanner Hardware 软件分析 Analyzer Software

• 致力于扬声器设计 • 振膜振动运动可视化
Dedicated to loudspeakers Visualization of cone
• 经济的价格 Price effective vibration
• 扫描几何形状Scanning • 输出声压的预测 Prediction
geometry of sound pressure output
• 更多其它的应用 Many • 指向性 Directivity
other applications • 可分解 Decomposition

自动化扫描过程
Automatic Scanning Process
z
扫描系统 SCN
Scanning
System
phi
扫描过程从外缘开始逐渐向里推进
The scanning starts at the outside
机械扫描系统带一个转动和二个线性致动器 rim and proceeds inwards
Mechanical scanning system with one
rotational (φ) and two linear actuators (r, z)

扫描模式
Scanning Modes
剖面扫描 Profile Scan 探索扫描 Explore Scan 详细扫描 Detailed Scan
有益于 Good for 有益于 Good for 有益于 Good for

• 辐射仅对于轴对称 • 辐射所有振膜 • 不规则性 Irregularities
几何形状 Radiation all cones
Radiation of • 摇摆模式 Rocking modes
axial-symmetrical
Geometries only
扫描时间 Scanning Time
8 min 1 hour 8 hours

剖面扫描是很有用的！
A Profile Scan is already useful !
剖面扫描 Profile Scan 详细扫描 Detailed Scan
8 分钟 8 min 8 小时 8 hours

测量几何形状
Measurement of Geometry
• 高精确性 High Precision

< 10 µm for 0 < z< 300 mm
< 2.5 µm for –5 mm < z < 5 mm
• 双有关联测量 Dual Measurement
with correlation
• 自动检测光学误差 Automatic
detection of optical errors
• 报告以常见格式输出 Export in
common formats
(如 such as *.txt, *.dxf)

振动数据可视化
Visualization of Vibration Data
三维动画 3D Animation 横断面削减 Cross-sectional Cut
相位分布 Phase Distribution 振幅分布 Amplitude Distribution

軟體分析
Analysis Software
Tasks:任務
• Detect and suppress errors 偵測及減少錯誤

• Animate vibration 製造振動
• Make interpretation simpler 簡化詮釋
• Enhance information which are important for
design 補強設計的重要資訊
• Predict sound pressure output 預測輸出音壓

動輻射分析需要複數振動資料與幾何形狀
Vibration and Radiation Diagnostics needs complex vibration data + cone geometry
聲特性 Acoustical
Characteristics
(頻響,指向性,功率)
(SPL, directivity, power,...)
Drive Unit單元聲改善的指標

(woofer, tweeter, ...) Indications for
acoustical improvement
Geometry形狀分析
ANALYSIS
3937,5 Hz
力特性 Mechanical
Vibration振動 Characteristics (AAL)
機構改善的指標
Indications for
mechanical improvement
放大放慢動畫
Visual 模態與分解分析
Animation Modal & Decomposition
Analysis

檢查振膜的振動
Checking Cone Vibration
• 我們擁有足夠的振動振幅了嗎？
Do we have enough vibrational amplitude ?
• 在振膜的哪一個部分最先出現分裂模式？
On which cone part first break-up modes occur ?
• 分裂模組是否逐步取代活塞運動模式？
Does the break-up modes gradually replace the piston
mode ?
• 我們有振膜振動模組和彎曲模組了嗎？
Do we have membran or bending modes ?

累積的加速程度
Accumulated Acceleration Level
90 KLIPPEL
Acceleration Level Acceleration level
80
70
SPL [dB]
60 Rigid body modes Total sound Pressure level

50
40
30
100 1000 10000
f [Hz]
ω 2 ρ0 X ( jω , rc ) Weighted Sum of
aa ( jω , r a ) =
2π ∫
Sc
ra − rc
dSc the accelaration
amplitude
加速振幅的加權總
 a ( jω , r a )  合
AAL(ω , r a ) = 20 log q  dB
 po 
 

如何執行模型分析
How to perform modal analysis ?
Search for maxima in accumulated acceleration
在累積的加速運動中找最大值
ρ0 ∞ ω2 ψ i (rc )
aa ( jω) = ∑ 2 ∫
2π i =0 1 + ηi jω / ωi − (ω / ωi ) S ra − rc
dSc
c
positive 8296,9 Hz
value
KLIPPEL 11109,4 Hz
90
85
Acceleration Level
80
75 13312,5 Hz
AAL [dB]
70
65 η0 > 1 η1 = 0.5 η 2 < 0.01
60
16289,1 Hz
55
50
100 1000 10000
f [Hz]

如何定立輻射體規格?
How to Specify the Radiator ?
锥体，振
锥体，振膜和懸邊
膜和懸邊 Cone,
Cone, Diaphragm and Surround
8296,9 Hz
90 KLIPPEL
Acceleration Level
80
11109,4 Hz
70
SPL [dB]
60
Rigid body modes Total sound Pressure level
50 13312,5 Hz
40
30 loss factor
100 1000 10000
f [Hz]
Natural frequency fi of Natural Funciton Ψi (rc)of

Modal loss factor ηi of each mode ith-mode with
each mode ith-mode with the ith-mode with
i=1,2,... i=1,2,...
i=1,2,...
材料的損耗因數
材料的損耗因數材料的Young
材料的Young‘‘s系数輻射體的结构((外形，厚度)
輻射體的结构外形，厚度)
Loss factor of the Young‘
Young‘s E Modulus of Geometry of the Radiator
material the material (shape,
shape, thickness,
thickness, ..)

要平坦靈敏度響應曲線? 正軸? 偏軸?
Smooth SPL Response ?
Woofer A with paper cone
80 on -axisKLIPPEL
75
70
65 -30 degree
SPL [dB]
60
55
50 +30 degree
45
40
2 3
10 10
f [Hz]
Woofer B with magnesium cone on -axisKLIPPEL

90
80
70
60
-30 degree
SPL [dB]
50
40
30 +30 degree
20
2 3 4
10 10 10
f [Hz]
KLIPPEL
Woofer C with flat radiator

80 on -axis
70
60
50
40
-30 degree
30
+30 degree
20
2 3 4
10 10 10

錐盆的振動足夠嗎?
Sufficient Cone Vibration ?
KLIPPEL
80 acceleration level
75
70
Total SPL Woofer A with paper cone 紙盆低音:
SPL [dB]
65
60
Æ low Q factor of cone resonances
55 低阻尼因數
50
10
2 10
3
KLIPPEL
90 f [Hz]
Woofer B with magnesium cone: 鎂鋁盆低音

85
80 acceleration level
75
Æ natural modes cause high peaks in SPL
SPL [dB]
70
Total SPL
65
60
通常高頻有峰值
55
50
2 3 4
10 10 10
90 f [Hz]
KLIPPEL
acceleration level
80
70
Woofer C with flat radiator 平板低音
Æ dips are not visible in AAL
SPL [dB]
60
50
40
Total SPL
Æ AAL cause peak at 0.8 kHz
30
2
10 3
10 4
10
加速段的低谷不易見
f [Hz]
加速段在 800 Hz 時有一個峰值

材質有足夠的阻尼嗎?
Sufficient Damping of the Material ?
　 Woofer C with flat radiator
Total Acceleration Level
90
85
ACC [dB]
80
75
70
65
102 103 104
Frequency [Hz]
Read 3dB bandwidth in AAL
f i + − f i − 80
ηi = = ≈ 0.1 Æ Increase loss factor of material
fi 840

在何處增加阻尼?
Where to apply additional damping ?
woofer C with flat radiator
Total Acceleration Level

90
85
ACC [dB]
80
75
70
65
102 103 104
Frequency [Hz]
820,3 Hz 12398,4 Hz

在何處增加阻尼?
Where to apply additional damping ?
Woofer B Magnesium cone
KLIPPEL
90
85
Acceleration Level
80
75
AAL [dB]
70
65 η0 > 1 η1 = 0.5 η 2 < 0.01
60
55
50
100 1000 10000
f [Hz]
11109,4 Hz
Rubber surround has sufficient losses Cone requires damping

Finding Circumferential Modes

尋找周邊(切線方向)模態
Search for maxima in AAL of

Circular or Quadrature Component
60 KLIPPEL
55
Radial Component
50
45
AAL [dB]
40
35
30
25 Circular Component
20
3 4
10 10
f [Hz]

辐射分解为周分量及圓分量
Decomposition into radial and circular components
xtotal = x rad + xcirc

At 580 Hz
Radial vibration mode Circular vibration mode

周振动模式圓振动模式
causes Rub & Buzz

促使異音產生
環型模態
Dominant Circumferential Modes ?
KLIPPEL
90
85
Acceleration Level Woofer C with flat
80
radiator
SPL [dB]
75
70
65
60
Circular Component
55
(Acceleration)
50
10 2 10 3 10 4
4 kHz
f [Hz]

分解为辐射波分量及环形波分量
Decomposition into radial and circular components
xtotal = x rad + xcirc

At 580 Hz
Radial vibration mode Circular vibration mode

辐射振动模式环状振动模式
causes Rub & Buzz

如何找出搖擺模態
How to find rocking modes ?
KLIPPEL
80
75
70 Total AAL
65
AAL [dB]
60
Search for maximum in
55
50
quadrature component in
45 AAL of Quadrature Component AAL at low frequencies
40 在累積加速度級正交分量中
35
找低頻極大值
30
102 103
f [Hz]
380 Hz

如何找出不規則的振動 ?
How to find irregular Vibrations ?
Aluminum diaphragm of a horn compression driver
85 KLIPPEL
80 Total (AAL)
75 Search for maximum in
Circular (AAL)
70 quadrature or circular
SPL [dB]
65 component of AAL
60
55
Quadrature (AAL)
50
45
40
103 104
f [Hz]
6 kHz

檢查輻射問題
Checking radiation problems
• 我們擁有足夠的消除效應了嗎？
Do we have a strong cancellation effect?
• 消除效應是不是發生在軸點之外？
Does the cancellation affect out-off axis points ?
• 振膜的哪一個部分輻射音壓？
Which cone part radiates sound ?
• 輻射面積是不是在逐漸減小？
Does the size of radiating area decreases gradually ?

声压的预测
Prediction of Sound Pressure
Rayleigh积分公式 Rayleigh Integral Equation
Total Sound Pressure Level

80
75
• 单体位于无限障板中
70
• driver in infinite baffle
SPL [dB]
65
• 很多角度都可有良好的逼近
60
• good approximation for most angles
• 计算时间短 short calculation time
55
10
3 10
4
Frequency [Hz]

需要平坦化靈敏度響應曲線嗎?
Smooth SPL Response ?
80 on -axisKLIPPEL
75
70
65 -30 degree
SPL [dB]
60
55
50 +30 degree
45
40
2 3
10 10
f [Hz]
Woofer B with magnesium cone on -axisKLIPPEL

90
80
70
60
-30 degree
SPL [dB]
50
40
30 +30 degree
20
2 3 4
10 10 10
f [Hz]
KLIPPEL

80 on -axis
70
60
50
40
-30 degree
30
+30 degree
20
2 3 4
10 10 10

重要結論
Most important Results
耳機範例 Accumulated Acceleration AAL

Example: headphone Sound Pressure SPL @ 1m, 1V Accumulated Acceleration (AAL)
累積加速曲線
Power Level + 47 dB @ 1V
90
KLIPPEL
80
SPL on axis
70
軸上頻響
Power
Directivity 指向性
60 功率曲線
Rocking mode 揺攞模態
50
40
30
101 102 103 104

想要的指向性 ?
Desired Directivity ?
80
Sound Power Level
SPL on-axis
SPL on-axis
KLIPPEL
75
70
power
Power [dB]
65
60
55
30
KLIPPEL 50
Paper Cone Woofer A with paper cone

45
20 40
102 103
f [Hz]
10 Magnesium Cone
Sound Power Level SPL on-axis
90
KLIPPEL
85
0 80
SPL on-axis
Power [dB]
75
70
-10 65
60
Flat Piston
55
power
-20 Woofer B with magnesium cone
50
45
40
102 103 104
-30 f [Hz]
Sound Power Level SPL on-axis

90
KLIPPEL
85
80
SPL on-axis
102 103 104 75
Power [dB]
70
65
60
55
power
50
45
40
35
30
102 103 104
f [Hz]

指向性的需求 ?
Desired Directivity ?
Directivity of SPL in the horizontal plane predicted for woofer C
KLIPPEL
80 on -axis
70
60
50
40
-30 degree
30
+30 degree
20
2 3 4
10 10 10
0.9 kHz. 1.1 kHz. 1.4 kHz.

0° 0° 0°
330 30° 330 30° 330 30°
300 60° 300 60° 300 60°
270 270 270

-10 90° -10 90° -10 90°
240 120° 240 120° 240 120°
210 150° 210 150° 210 150°

180° 180° 180°

Headphone – Vibration 2760 Hz

耳機在 2760Hz 的振動
Asymmetrical Bending Mode

不對稱的彎折模態

Headphone – Radiation 2760 Hz
耳機在 2760Hz的輻射
0°
330 30°
300 60°
+ - + - ϕ
270 90°
-15 -10 -5
ϕ 240 120°
210 150°
180°
Total Sound Pressure Level

80
70
60
SPL [dB]
50
40
30
20
103 104
Frequency [Hz]

為何產生頻響上的低谷?
What causes the dips in SPL ?
Æ Compare Accumulated Acceleration (AAL) with sound pressure (SPL)

90 KLIPPEL
acceleration level
80
70
60
SPL [dB]
50
Total SPL
40
30
10
2 10
3 10
4
f [Hz]
There is enough vibration on the cone !! Æ Radiation Problem

音壓的相關分解
Sound Pressure related Decomposition
xtotal = xin + x anti + xout − of

quadrature
generates sound Reduces sound no sound

How the decomposition works

如何分解
Contribution to
sound pressure output
X(ϕ,Ri) H(f,ϕ,Ri,rj)
at point rj
單點上的音壓輸出
Summation on all points I P(rj )
加總各點的音壓輸出
Reference
phase I R
H(f,ϕ,Ri,rj)-1
Xquadr Xin
ature phase
X(ϕ,Ri) R
generates
no sound sound

Where is the sound radiated ?
In-Phase Component Anti-Phase Component

95 KLIPPEL
dB - [V] (rms)
90
85 Cancellation frequencies
80
75
70
65
60
55
103 104
Frequency [Hz]
Localization of the in-phase component

如何解決聲抵消問題?
How to Fix Acoustical Cancellation problems ?
INCREASE
Area of in -phase component 增加同相分量面積
-
o o
node
目標 Target:
• 使同相分量主導 Make in-Phase component dominant
• 抑制反向分量 Suppress anti-phase component
步驟 Steps:
1. 找同相分量位置 find location of in-phase component
2. 用有限元分析模擬振動模式 use FEA to simulate behavior
3. 在這部分加強抗彎曲強度(變厚, 加弧度, 加補強筋)
increase bending stiffness at this area (thickness, curvature, rips)

聲音向何處發散
Where is the sound radiated ?
Woofer A: Paper Cone
80 KLIPPEL
70
• In-phase component is
In-Phase Component
60 dominant
50 • No acoustical cancellation
SPL [dB]
40 • In-phase component stays in

30 Anti-Phase Component the centre
20
• radiation area shrinks with
10
frequency
0
10 2 10 3
f [Hz]
In-Phase Components
0.1 kHz 0.7 kHz 1 kHz 1 kHz 4 kHz 10 kHz

提示:减少纸盆有效面积
TIP: Reduction of effective cone area
• 分裂始于外部 Breakup starts outside

• 外环面积不能辐射明显的音压 Outer ring
area does not radiate significant sound rrbb
• 内部应辐射音压 (同相分量) Inner part
should radiate sound (in-phase component) 64 kHz
2 kHz
1 kHz
500 Hz 3 kHz 7 kHz

Providing Input Data for FEA
Radiator
E,η (cone, diaphragm, panel)
Finite
Element Material
Analysis
Parameters
3937,5 Hz
η
Predicted Víbration
(accumulated level + shape)
•of total vibration
Modal & •of separated components
Decomposition
Drive Unit Analysis
(woofer, tweeter, ...) Fitting
Modal &
Geometry Decomposition
Analysis Measured Víbration
(accumulated level + shape)
Vibration 3937,5 Hz
•of total vibration
•of separated components

結論
Conclusion
• 位移感測器 + 掃描器 + 信號處理

Displacement sensors + scanner + signal processing
Æ揚聲器的動態測量解決成本經濟
cost effective solution for loudspeakervibrometry
• 幾何形狀 + 振動資料是分析的基礎
Geometry + Vibration data is basis for analysis
• 振動和輻射之間的相互影響是很重要的
Interaction between vibration + radiation are important
• 新的分解技術 Æ簡化解讀
New decomposition techniquesÆsimplifies interpretation

规格：小讯号性能
Specification: Small Signal Performance
有源和无源扬声器系统
Active and passive Loudspeaker System
• SPL沿轴方向的幅度响应 SPL on-axis amplitude

response
Æ 在无反射条件下 under anechoic conditions (IEC 60268-5)
• 指向性 Directivity
Æ 定向指数 Directivity index Di(f)
Æ 声功率响应 or sound power response Pa(f) (IEC 60268-5 Sec.
22.1)
• 群延迟 Group delay
Æ 等待 latency
Æ 变化与频率的关系 variation vs. Frequency,
Æ 通道之间的变化 variation between channels

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大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器

Big Sound from Small Speakers

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 1

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 2

How to get the desired frequency response and directivity pattern?

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 3

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 4

• 小體積 Small dimensions

Æ及再大聲一些 “Loud“speakers are required

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 5

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 6

1 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 20 kHz

heat transfer Resonance

Time constant 时间常数

Length of sound wave振动波长

distributed model required 分散模式

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 7

Electrical domain 電子域 Mechanical domain 機械域

Force factor 驅動因子

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 9

Linear Lumped Paramters線性集中參數

Derived Parameters (Thiele/Small) 線性參數 ( T/S ):

0,8 measured KLIPPEL

0,2 • Creep model implemented in LPM

Re Cms(f) Mms Rms

Kundsen and Jensen, JAES

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 11

Identification of Mechanical Parameters

Known Perturbation Direct Measurement of a

Perturbation method: Added Mass

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 14

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 15

Measurement in air or in vacuum ?

Real surface area S 實際表面積

Mean voice coil displacement

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 17

How to Measure Radiation Area Sd ?

static air pressure p0. adiabatic

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 18

See KLIPPEL syringe (medical injection pump

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 19

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 20

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 21

Why is a precise measurement of Sd important ?

Effective Radiation Area Sd 有效振動面積Sd

• affects the precision of the parameter measurement if the

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 22

transfer functions -55

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 23

1 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 20 kHz

heat transfer Resonance

Time constant 时间常数

Length of sound wave振动波长

distributed model required 分散模式

大聲壓輸出的小型揚聲器 Big Sound from Small Speakers, 24

電測量Electrical 力測量Mechanical 聲測量Acoustical

Ze(f)=U(f)/I(f) Hx(f)=X(f)/U(f) Far Field

Drive Unit單元聲改善的指標