EXPLANATORY OR EXAMPLE ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR MODEL TESTS/MODEL TEST 6 739

MODEL TEST &: PROGRESS TEST

> Reading

READING 1 "Exonc AND ENDANGERED SPECIES11

1. C "...exotic species ... a resident of an established community that was deliberately or acci­
dentally moved from its home range and became established elsewhere." Choice A is not
correct because it refers to an endangered species, not an exotic species.Choice B is not
correct because exotic species are moved from their communities.Choice D is not correct
because an exotic species becomes established, unlike most imports, which fail to thrive out­
side of their home range.
2. B In this passage, connect is a synonym for "bond." Context comes from the result at the end of
the same sentence."...they started to import familiar animals."
3. C "...no natural predators ...was the reality." Choice A is not correct because it refers to a
solution for the problem, not why the plan failed.Choice B is not correct because Australians
imported rabbits because they liked the familiar species.Choice D is not correct because it
refers to the reason that the rabbits were introduced, not to why the plan failed.
4. D In this passage, usual is a synonym for "normal."
5. C The rabbits create deserts by eating the vegetation, but they were not moved to deserts.
Choice A is mentioned in paragraph 4, sentence 6. Choice B is mentioned in paragraph 4,
sentence 7.Choice Dis mentioned in paragraph 4, sentence 9.
6. B "Biting insects, mainly mosquitoes and fleas, quickly transmit the virus from host to host."
Choice A is not correct because South American rabbits are the normal hosts for the myxoma
virus.Choice C is not correct because it is the 0. cuniculus rabbit that dies when infected.
Choice Dis not correct because resistant populations of 0. cuniculus rabbits, not fleas, have
an immunity to the virus.
7. C " ...researchers are now questioning whether ... it can ... infect animals other than rab­
bits (such as humans)." Choice A is not correct because insects were not mentioned in the
Spencer Gulf experiment.Choice B is not correct because the purpose of the experiment was
to kill the rabbits. Choice Dis not correct because 80 to 95 percent of the rabbits are being
killed, but the small number with immunity is not identified as dangerous.
8. C In this passage, results is a synonym for "consequences." Context comes from the logical
connection between researchers "questioning" and the phrase "long-term," which describes
the "consequences."
9. D The farm and processing plant will manufacture products from kudzu, which will offer partial
solutions. Choice A is not correct because kudzu was imported to control erosion, not for
manufacture. Choice B is not correct because no argument is presented in defense of the
decision.Choice C is not correct because it grows in Asia already.
10. A In this passage, surpasses is a synonym for "exceeds." Context comes from the logical rela­
tionship between "demand " and "supply."
11 . D "When you hear someone bubbling enthusiastically about an exotic species, you can safely
bet the speaker isn't an ecologist ... they [exotic species] make native species endangered
species." This introduction establishes the author's opinion that exotic species are often dis­
ruptive to the ecology.
12. C Vocabulary reference is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the previ­
ous sentence.The connection is the reference to "starch " in both the insert sentence and the
previous sentence.
740 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACTIVITIES, QUIZZES, AND MODEL TESTS

13. E, B, C summarize the passage. Choice A is a minor point that refers to major point C. Choice Dis
a detail that is not developed as a major point. Choice F is an important fact, but it is· not a
major point because is it not developed.

READING 2 "l'ALEOLrrHIC ART11

14. C "...the remoteness and difficulty of access ...suggest[s] ...magical properties ...rituals or
dances." Choice A is not correct because they were probably used for rituals. Choices B and
Dare not mentioned or implied in the passage.
15. D Choice. A is mentioned in paragraph 1, sentence 5. Choice B is mentioned in paragraph 1 ,
sentence 6. Choice C is implied in paragraph 1, sentences 3 and 5.
16. A In this passage, admission is a synonym for "access." Context comes from the contrast with
"remoteness" and "difficulty" in the same sentence.
17. C In this passage, assist is a synonym for "facilitate." Context comes from the contrast of
"destruction " and "survival " in the same and following sentences.
18. B In this passage, the phrase not believed describes "discredited." Choice A describes dis­
tracted. Choice C describes discouraged. Choice Ddescribes disorderly. Context comes from
the parts of the word.The prefix dis means "not." The root credit means "believe."
19. B ". . . and composition (how the motifs are arranged on the surface).... A definition appears
within the parentheses that follow the word.Choices A and C are not correct because neither an
example nor a contrasting statement is included in reference to the word composition. Although
"art historians" are mentioned in a previous sentence about the intent of the paintings, they are
not referred to in order to define a word.
20. A It is true paraphrases "cannot ...be doubted " and the paintings were meaningful paraphrases
"the paintings did have meaning."
21. C In this passage, the phrase a single is a synonym for "an individual."
22. B "Some researchers have considered them [positive imprints] 'signatures' of cult or community
members, or . . . individual artists." Choices A and C are not correct because they are not
mentioned or implied.Choice Dis not correct because the author states that the "handprints
... must have had a purpose."
23. C "Old Stone Age painters and sculptors frequently ... used the caves' naturally irregular sur­
faces to help give the illusion of real presence to their forms." Choice A is not correct because
the hardness of the stone is not mentioned. Choice B is not correct because the rock forma­
tion, not the animals, provided inspiration. Choice D may have been true, but it is not the
reason that they selected certain surfaces in the caves.
24. C Because the author presents several different theories and does not offer a strong argument
for any of them, the author's opinion is probably that the exact purpose of cave paintings is
not known.Choice A is not correct because the author also presents the food-creation theory
and the mythology theory as alternatives to the hunting ritual theory. Choice B is not correct
because the mythology theory is not the only possibility discussed. Choice D is not correct
because the author suggests several reasons why this theory cannot explain the narrow range
of subjects or the inaccessibility of many of the paintings.
25. B Example is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the general statement
in the previous sentence. The connection is between the general statement "animals that
seem to have been diet staples ...are not ...portrayed " and the example that "red deer, not
bison were eaten."
26. B, D, A summarize the passage. Choice C is true, but it is a minor point that is mentioned as
evidence for Choice B. Choice E is not mentioned in the passage. Choice F is true, but it is a
point that is used to develop the ideas in Choice A.
 EXPLANATORY OR EXAMPLE ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR MODEL TESTS/MODEL TEST 6 741

READING 3 "GROUP DECISION MAKING11

27. A "Groups accumulate more information, knowledge and facts .. . and often consider more
alternatives." Choice B is not correct because a group tends to view a problem in more than
one way. Choice C is not correct because making recommendations instead of decisions is
not mentioned or implied in the passage. Choice D is not correct because each person has
experience, but the experience of a group is not mentioned as a reason why a group is chosen
to participate.
28. B ".. . people will . .. be more committed to a decision in which they have had a say than to
a decision made for them." Choice A is true, but more ideas do not explain why the deci­
sions are successful.Choice C is not correct because the help provided by a large number
of people is not mentioned in the passage as an advantage during implementation. Choice
D is not correct because implementation is successful in group decisions, but the decisions
themselves may or may not be successful.
29. B In this passage, significant is a synonym for "considerable." Context comes from the refer­
ence to the "time required to make a decision" as a "disadvantage."
30. D In this passage, As a result describes "Consequently." Context comes from the conclusion
that follows the word "Consequently."
31. B "One obvious disadvantage of group decision making is the time required to make a deci­
sion." Choice A is not correct because the implication is that sometimes a decision could
have been made as effectively by an individual. Choice C is not correct because the "cost"
refers to the time, not to the pay for group members. Choice D is not correct because groups
tend to avoid disagreements.
32. B "All group members need to be encouraged and permitted to contribute." Choice A is not
correct because the group should have goals, and personal goals by one member [the leader]
should not dominate the discussion. Choice C is not correct because it is considered a dis­
advantage when an individual such as the group leader dominates the group. Choice D is not
correct because expectations are not mentiqned as a responsibility of the group leader.
33. B In this passage, debatable is a synonym for "controversial." Context comes from the contrast
with "social pressure ...to conform."
34. C " .. .a group may try too hard to compromise .. . to maintain friendships and avoid disagree­
ments." Choice A is not correct because the group may not make optimal decisions when the
members try too hard to compromise. Choice B is not correct because groupthink requires
agreement rather than compromise. Choice D is not correct because helping one member to
reach a personal goal or win an argument would be the opposite of compromise.
35. A "It occurs when groups are highly cohesive, have highly directive leaders, are insulated so
they have no clear ways to get objective information, and-because they lack outside infor­
mation-have little hope that a better solution might be found than the one [solution] pro­
posed by the leader or other influential group members." The phrase "the one" does not refer
to Choices B, C, or D.
36. B ". .. self-appointed 'mind guards' . .. bring pressure on dissenters." Choice A is not correct
because people who conform will not necessarily pressure others. Choice C is not correct
because "mind guards" use force to exert influence and may not be the most ethi.cal mem­
bers. Choice D is not correct because "mind guards" do not disagree with the group.
37. C " .. .decisions .. . are made without consideration of . . . alternative options." Choice A is not
correct because the group exerts pressure on dissenters, but dissenters do not exert pres­
sure on the group. Choice B is not correct because it is neither mentioned nor implied in the
passage. Choice D is not correct because when groupthink takes place, poor decision mak­
ing and wrong decisions occur.
38. A Generalization and example is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with fol­
lowing sentences. "In fact, the traditional group is prone to a variety of difficulties" provides
742 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACTIVITIES, QUIZZES, AND MODEL TESTS

a general statement that introduces the disadvantages developed in the following sentences.
Choices B, C, and Dwould interrupt the examples by inserting the generalization.
39. A, B, D summarize the passage. Choice C is a general introductory statement, not a major point.
Choice E is true but is not mentioned in the passage. Choice F is a minor point that supports
major point A.

READING 4 "FOUR STAGES OF PLANETARY DEVELOPMENT 11

40. C "The planet Earth has passed through four stages of planetary development." This introduc­
tory sentence provides the thesis for the passage. Choice A is not correct because the four
stages are explained in the following paragraphs. Choice B is not correct because the Earth
and all the terrestrial planets have passed through the same stages. Choice D is not correct
because exploration is not mentioned in the passage.
41. A The Earth may have been liquid paraphrases "Earth was probably molten," and the heat col­
lected faster than it dissipated paraphrases "this heat would have accumulated much more
rapidly than it could leak away." In addition, if the formation took place quickly paraphrases "If
Earth formed rapidly."
42. B In this passage, broken into small parts describes the word "pulverized." Context comes from
the reference to "battered."
43. D In this passage, the phrase most important describes the word "dominant." Context comes
from the contrast with the phrase "still occasionally" earlier in the sentence.
44. B Because radioactive decay "releases heat" and "helped melt Earth," it must be concluded
that radioactive matter generates intense heat. Choice A is not correct because all traces of
early lava flooding caused by radioactive heating have been destroyed. Choice C is probably
true, but the relative importance of the stages is not mentioned in the passage. Choice Dis
not correct because the heating, not the flooding, is caused by radioactive decay.
45. B "... water fell as rain, filling the deepest basins to produce the first oceans." Choices A, C,
and Dare true, but they do not describe how the oceans formed.
46. A According to the passage, cratering is the second stage and flooding is the third stage. Choice
B is not correct because slow surface evolution is the fourth stage, after flooding. Choice C is
not correct because differentiation is the first stage, which comes before, not after cratering.
Choice Dis not correct because it is not a stage, although it is an important process.
4 7. B ". ..this process [the presence of living matter] seems to be totally missing from other worlds
in our solar system." Choice A is not correct because the author does not express doubt
in her opinion. Choice C is not correct because she gives her opinion in the final sentence.
Choice Dis not correct because she states that living matter is "totally missing."
48. D Addition is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the previous sentence.
The reference to the way that the "mountains" and "continents" are "changing" in the previous
sentence introduces the way that "air and water erode the surface and wear away geologi­
cal features [like mountains and continents]" in the insert sentence. Choices A and B are not
correct because they refer to flooding, not to the processes in slow surface evolution such as
erosion. Choice C is not correct because the sentence does not include a reference to erosion
and cannot introduce an additional sentence about erosion.
49. B "No one is sure how the presence of living matter [which is peculiar to Earth] has affected the
evolution of Earth." Choice A is mentioned in paragraph 1, sentence 1. Choice C is mentioned
in paragraph 1, sentence 2. Choice Dis mentioned in paragraph 3, sentence 5.
50. A In this passage different is a synonym for "peculiar." Context comes from the word "Never­
theless," which signals a contrast with the previous sentences that show similarities between
Earth and the other planets.
51. A In this passage, procedure is a synonym for "process."
52. E, F, B summarize the passage. Choice A is not correct because the stages are the same.
Choice C is true, but it is a minor point that refers to major point E. Choice Dis true, but it is a
minor point that refers to major point F.