ADP, ATP and

Cellular
Respiration

1
 What Is ATP?
Energy used by all Cells

Adenosine Triphosphate

Organic molecule containing high-

energy Phosphate bonds

2
Chemical Structure of ATP
Adenine Base

3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar

3
 What Does ATP Do for
You?
It supplies YOU with ENERGY!

4
How Do We Get Energy From
ATP?

By breaking
the high-
energy bonds
between the
last two
phosphates
in ATP
5
 What is the Process Called?
HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)

H2O

6
 How Does That Happen?

An Enzyme!

7
 How is ATP Re-Made?
The reverse of the previous
process occurs.

Another Enzyme is
used!

ATP Synthetase

8
 The ADP-ATP Cycle

ATP
ATP-ase Synthetase

9
When is ATP Made in the
Body?
During a
Process called
Cellular
Respiration
that takes
place in both
Plants &
Animals
10
 Respiration
 Includes pathways that require
oxygen
 Glucose is oxidized and O is
2
reduced
 Glucose breakdown is therefore
an oxidation-reduction reaction
 Breakdown of one glucose
results in 36 to 38 ATP
molecules
11
 What Type of Process is
Cellular Respiration?
 An Oxidation-Reduction Process
or REDOX Reaction
 Oxidation of GLUCOSE --> CO
2
+ H2O (e- removed from
C6H12O6)
 Reduction  O   to  H O (e-
2 2
passed to O2)
12
What Carries the Electrons?
 NAD+
(nicotinadenine
dinucleotide) acts
as the energy
carrier
 NAD+ is a
coenzyme
 It’s Reduced to
NADH when it
picks up two
electrons and one
hydrogen ion 13
 Other Cellular Respiration
Facts
 Metabolic Pathway that breaks down
carbohydrates
 Process is Exergonic as High-energy
Glucose is broken into CO2 and H2O
 Process is also Catabolic because
larger Glucose breaks into smaller
molecules
14
 Where Does Cellular
Respiration Take Place?
 Itactually
takes place in
two parts of
the cell:
Glycolysis occurs
in the Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle &
ETC Take place in
the Mitochondria 15
 Review of Mitochondria
Structure
 Smooth outer
Membrane
 Folded inner
membrane
 Folds called
Cristae
 Space inside
cristae called the
Matrix
16
 Glycolysis Summary
Takes place in the Cytoplasm

Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)

Requires input of 2 ATP

Glucose split into two molecules of

Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid
17
 Glycolysis Summary

Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP

Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA
and CO2 is removed

18
19
20
 Energy Balance
 energy investment
phase, ATP provides
activation energy by
phosphorylating
glucose, 2 ATP per
molecule
 energy investment
phase, ATP provides
the activation energy
by phosphorylating
glucose
 4 ATP (net) and
2 NADH are produced
per glucose.

21
 End Glycolysis
 net yield of glycolysis is 2 ATP and 2
NADH/glucose.
 Glycolysis occurs whether O2 is there
or not So it can run under aerobic or
anaerobic conditions.

22
A Little Krebs Cycle History
 Discovered by
Hans Krebs in
1937
 He received the
Nobel Prize in
physiology or
medicine in 1953
for his discovery
 Forced to leave
Germany prior to
WWII because he
was Jewish
 Krebs Cycle Summary
 Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
 Cyclical series of oxidation
reactions that give off CO2 and
produce one ATP per cycle
 Turns twice per glucose molecule
 Produces two ATP
 Takes place in matrix of
mitochondria
 Krebs Cycle Summary
Entering the Krebs Cycle 75% of the original
energy in glucose is still present in the 2
molecules of pyruvate
With oxygen present the pyruvate enter the in
the mitochondrion where enzymes of the Krebs
cycle oxidize the organic fuel to carbon dioxide.

Step 1: When pyruvate enters the mitochondria

sveral enzymes modify it into acetyl CoA,
carboxyl group is removed as CO2 NADH is also
made using that are given off by the reaction.

25
Krebs Cycle Step 1

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Krebs Cycle Krebs Cycle
 Krebs Cycle
 Each cycle
produces one ATP
by substrate-level
phosphorylation,
three NADH, and
one FADH2
 Krebs cycle
produces large
quantities of
electron carriers
 Krebs Cycle

ATP

NET: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH , & 2CO