Binomial expansion Mixed exercise 4

1 a i (1 − 4x)3 Use binomial expansion with n = 3 and x = − 4x

(3)(2)(4 x)2 (3)(2)(1)(4 x)3

 1  (3)(4 x)   As n  3, expansion is finite
2! 3!

and exact

 1  12 x  48x2  64 x3

ii Valid for all x

b i 16  x Write in index form

1
 (16  x) 2 Take out a factor of 16
1
  x  2
 16 1   
  16  
1
 x 2
1
1 x
 16 1  
2
Use binomial expansion with n  and x 
 16  2 16
 1  x   12   12   x  2  12   12    23   x 3 
 4 1           
 2  16  2!  16  3!  16 
 
 x x2 x3 
 4 1     … Multiply by 4
 32 2048 65 536 
2 3
x x x
 4   …
8 512 16 384

x
ii Valid for  1  | x |  16
16

1
c i Write in index form
1  2x

 (1  2 x) 1 Use binomial expansion with n  1 and x  2 x

(1)(2)(2 x) 2 (1)(2)(3)(2 x)3
 1  (1)(2 x)   
2! 3!
 1  2 x  4 x 2  8 x3 

1
ii Valid for | 2 x | 1 | x | 
2

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 4
1 d i Write in index form
2  3x

 4(2  3 x) 1 Take out a factor of 2

1
  3x  
 4  2 1   
  2 
1
 3x 
1 3x
 4  2  1   Use binomial expansion with n  1 and x 
 2  2
  3 x  (1)(2)  3 x  (1)(2)(3)  3 x 
2 3

 2 1  (1)          …
  2  2!  2  3!  2  
 
 3 x 9 x 2 27 x3 
 2 1     … Multiply by 2
 2 4 8 
2 3
9 x 27 x
 2  3x   …
2 4
3x 2
ii Valid for 1 | x | 
2 3

4
e i  4( 4  x ) 1 Write in index form
4 x
1

 4(4  x) 2
Take out a factor of 4
1

  x  2
 4  4 1   
  4 
1

 x
1
 2 1 x
 4  4 1  
2
Use binomial expansion with n   and x  
 4 2 4
  1  x    12    23   x  2   12    23   52   x 3
1 
 4 1       
2
        …
  2  4  2!  4 3!  4
 
 x 3 2 5 3 
 2 1   x  x  … Multiply by 2
 8 128 1024 
x 3 2 5 3
 2  x  x …
4 64 512
x
ii Valid  1 | x |  4
4

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 1 x 1
1 f i  (1  x)(1  3x) 1 Write in index form then expand
1  3x 1  3x
 (1)(2)(3 x) 2 (1)( 2)( 3)(3 x)3 
 (1  x) 1  (1)(3 x)    …
 2! 3! 
 (1  x)(1  3x  9 x  27 x  …) Multiply out
2 3

 1  3x  9 x 2  27 x3  x  3x 2  9 x3  … Collect like terms

 1  2 x  6 x 2  18 x 3  …
1
ii Valid for | 3x |  1 | x |
3

 1  x  (1  x)
2 2
g i    Write in index form
 1  x  (1  x)
2

 (1  x) 2 (1  x) 2 Expand (1  x) 2 using binomial expansion

 (2)(3)( x) 2 (2)(3)(4)( x)3 
 (1  2 x  x 2 ) 1  (2)( x)    …
 2! 3! 
 (1  2 x  x 2 )(1  2 x  3 x 2  4 x3  …) Multiply out brackets
 1  2 x  3 x 2  4 x3  2 x  4 x 2  6 x3  x 2  2 x3  … Collect like terms
 1  4 x  8 x 2  12 x3  …

ii Valid for |x| < 1

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 x 3 A B
1 h i Let   Put in partial fraction form
(1  x)(1  2 x) (1  x) (1  2 x)
A(1  2 x)  B(1  x)
 Add fractions.
(1  x)(1  2 x)

Set the numerators equal:

x − 3 = A(1 − 2x) + B (1 − x)

Substitute x = 1:

1−3=A×−1+B×0

⇒ −2 = −1A

⇒A=2

1 1 1
Substitute x  :  3  A 0  B 
2 2 2

1 1
 2  B
2 2
 B  5

x 3 2 5
Hence  
(1  x)(1  2 x) (1  x) (1  2 x)

2
 2(1  x) 1
(1  x)
 (1)(2)( x) 2 (1)( 2)( 3)(  x)3 
 2 1  (1)( x)    …
 2! 3! 
 2(1  x  x  x  …)
2 3

 2  2 x  2 x 2  2 x3 

5
 5(1  2 x) 1
(1  2 x)
 (1)(2)(2 x) 2 (1)(2)(3)(2 x)3 
 5 1  (1)(2 x)    …
 2! 3! 
 5(1  2 x  4 x  8 x  …)
2 3

 5  10 x  20 x 2  40 x3 

x 3 2 5
Hence  
(1  x)(1  2 x) (1  x) (1  2 x)

= (2 + 2x + 2x2 + 2x3 +…) − (5 + 10x + 20x2 + 40x3 +…)

= −3 − 8x − 18x2 − 38x3 +…

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 2
1 h ii is valid for |x| < 1
1 x

5 1
is valid for | 2 x | 1  | x | 
1  2x 2

1
Both are valid when | x | 
2

 1  1   1  1  1 
1
   1 2    1  2  3
 1  2  1  1   2  2   1   2  2  2   1 
2 1  x   1     x    x    x 
 2   2  2  2!  2  3!  2 
 1  1   1  1  3 
         
 1  1   2  2  1 2  2  2  2  1 3
 1     x   x  x 
 2  2  2 4 6 8
1 1 1 3
 1  x  x2  x 
4 32 128

3 a Using binomial expansion

 1   12  ( x)2   12   12    23   x   …
3
1
1
(1  x)  1     x   2
2

2 2! 3!
1 1 1
 1  x  x 2  x3 
2 8 16
Expansion is valid if |x| < 1.

1
b Substituting x  in both sides of the expansion gives
4
1
2 3
 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
1    1          
 4 2 4 8  4  16  4 
1
 5 2 1 1 1
   1  
4 8 128 1024

5 1145

4 1024

5 1145
 Multiply both sides by 2
2 1024
1145
5
512

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  2  2   2  2  2 
   1    1  2 
 
4 a 1  9 x   1    (9 x)   
3 3 
(9 x) 2   
2
3
2 3 3  3  (9 x)3  
3 2! 3!
 2  1   2  1  4 
         
2  3  3 
81x   
3 3  3 
 1    (9 x)  2
729 x3  
 
3 2 6
 1  6 x  9 x2  36 x3 
Equating coefficients:
c = −9 and d = 36

b 1 + 9x = 1.45
x = 0.05
2
1.45 3  1  6  0.05  9  0.05  36  0.05 
2 3

 1.282
2
c 1.45 3  1.28108713
The approximation is correct to 2 decimal places.

 1  1 
   1
=  
1
2 2 
5 a The x2 term of 1  ax   ax 
2
2
2!
1
 a 2  2
8
a  16
2

a  4

 1  1  1 
   1  2 
=  
1
2 2  2  ax 3
b The x3 term of 1  ax  2  
3!
When a = 4:
 1  1  1   1  1  3 
   1  2       
 2  2  2  ax 3   2  2  2  4 x 3
   
3! 6
 4 x3
When a = −4:
 1  1  1   1  1  3 
   1  2       
 2  2  2  ax 3   2  2  2  4 x 3
   
3! 6
 4 x3
The coefficient of the x3 term is 4 or −4

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6 a (1 + 3x)–1 Use binomial expansion with n = −1 and x = 3x
(1)(2)(3x) 2 (1)(2)(3)(3x)3
 1  (1)(3x)   …
2! 3!
 1  3x  9 x 2  27 x3  …

1 x
b  (1  x)(1  3x) 1 Use expansion from part a
1  3x
 (1  x)(1  3x  9 x 2  27 x3  …) Multiply out
 1  3x  9 x 2  27 x3  x  3x 2  9 x3  … Collect like terms
 1  2 x  6 x 2  18 x3  … Ignore terms greater than x3

1 x
Hence  1  2 x  6 x 2  18 x3
1  3x

c Substitute x = 0.01 into both sides of the above

1  0.01
1  2  0.01  6  0.012  18  0.013
1  3  0.01
1.01  1.01 101 
 1  0.02  0.0006  0.000018,   
1.03  1.03 103 
101
 0.980582 Round to 5d.p.
103
101
 0.98058 (5d.p.)
103

7 a Using binomial expansion

n(n  1)(ax)2 n(n  1)(n  2)(ax)3
(1  ax)n  1  n(ax)   …
2! 3!
If coefficient of x is −6 then na = −6 (1)
n(n  1)a 2
2
If coefficient of x is 27 then  27 (2)
2
6
From (1), a  . Substitute in (2):
n
n(n  1)  6 
2

   27
2  n 
n(n  1) 36
 2  27
2 n
(n  1)18
 27
n
(n − 1)18 = 27n
18n − 18 = 27n
−18 = 9n
n = −2

Substitute n = −2 back in (1): −2a = −6 ⇒ a = 3

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7 b Coefficient of x3 is

n(n  1)(n  2)a3 (2)  (3)  (4)  33

  108
3! 3  2 1

1
c (1 + 3x)−2 is valid if | 3x | 1  | x | 
3

8
3
 3( 4  x ) 1 Write in index form
4 x
1

 3(4  x) 2
Take out a factor of 4
1

  x  2
 3  4 1   
  4 
1

 x
1 1
 2  1 1
 3  4  1  
2
4 2
 
 4
1
2
2
4
3   1  x    12    23  4x    12    23   25  4x  
2 3

  1         …
2   2  4  2! 3! 

3 x 3 2  3
 1   x  … Multiply by
2  8 128  2
3 3 9 2
  x x …
2 16 256
3 3 9 2
  x x if terms higher than x 2 are ignored.
2 16 256
1 1
 
1 1
  1  2 1  1  2
  4  x  2   4 1  x    1  x 

9 a
4 x   4  2 4 
  1  1  
      1 2 
 1  1  2  2   1 
 1      x   
1
  x    
2   2  4  2!  4  
 
 
  1  3  
      
 1  1 
 1      x   
1 2  2  1 2
x  
2   2  4  2 16 
 
 
1 1 3 2 
 1  x  x  
2 8 128 
1 1 3 2
  x x 
2 16 256

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 1 2x 1 1 3 2 
9 b  (1  2 x)   x  x 
4 x  2 16 256 
1 1 3 2 1
  x x  x  x2  
2 16 256 8
1 17 35 2
  x x 
2 16 256

10 a (2  3x)1 Take out factor of 2

1
  3x  
  2 1   
  2 
1
1  3x  3x
 2 1   Use binomial expansion with n  1 and x 
 2  2
1  3 x  (1)(2)  3 x  ( 1)( 2)( 3)  3 x  
2 3

 1  (1)          …
2   2  2!  2  3!  2  

1 3 9 27 3  1
 1  x  x 2  x  … Multiply by
2 2 4 8  2
1 3 9 27 3
  x  x2  x …
2 4 8 16

3x 2
Valid for  1 | x | 
2 3

1 x
b Put in index form
2  3x
 (1  x)(2  3 x) 1 Use expansion from part a
1 3 9 27 3 
 (1  x)   x  x 2  x  … Multiply out
2 4 8 16 
1 3 9 27 3 1 3 9
  x  x2  x  x  x 2  x 3  … Collect like terms
2 4 8 16 2 4 8
1 1 3 9
  x  x 2  x3  …
2 4 8 16

3x 2
Valid for  1 | x |
2 3

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 1


1
  x  2
11 a (4  x) 2
  4 1    Take out factor of 4
  4 
1

 x
1 1
 2  1 1
 4 1   2
4 2
 
 4
1
2
2
4
1

1 x 2 1 x
 1   Use binomial expansion with n   and x 
2 4 2 4

1   1  x    1    23  4x    12    23   52  4x  
2 3

 1       2   
2   2  4  2! 3! 
 

1 1 3 2 5 3 
 1  x  x  x  
2 8 128 1024 

1 1 3 2 5 3
  x x  x 
2 16 256 2048

x
Valid for 1 x  4
4
1
 1 x 3x 2 5 x3
b (4  x) 2
  
2 16 256 2048
1 2 1
For   ,
4 x 2 2
x = −2
2 1 (2) 3(2) 2 5(2)3
   
2 2 16 256 2048
 0.6914
3 3
  4  1  4 
12  3  4 x 
3
  3 1  x    1  x 
  3  27  3 
1   4   3 4   4  
2

 1   3  x    x   
27  3  2! 3  

1  32 2 
  1  4 x  x  
27  3 
1 4 32
  x  x 2 
27 27 81

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0
 39 x  12 A B C
13 a   
( x  1)( x  4)( x  8) x  1 x  4 x  8
A( x  4)( x  8)  B( x  1)( x  8)  C ( x  1)( x  4)

( x  1)( x  4)( x  8)
39 x  12  A( x  4)( x  8)  B( x  1)( x  8)  C ( x  1)( x  4)

Let x  1 :
39  12  A  3  (9)  0  0
27  27 A
A 1

Let x  4 :
156  12  0  B  (3)  (12)  0
144  36 B
B  4

Let x  8 :
312  12  0  0  C  9 12
324  108C
C 3
A = 1, B = −4 and C = 3

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1
 39 x  12 1 4 3
13 b   
( x  1)( x  4)( x  8) x  1 x  4 x  8
1 4 3
   (1  x) 1  4(4  x) 1  3(8  x) 1
x 1 x  4 x  8
1 1
1   1    1 
 (1  x)  4  4 1  x    3  8 1  x  
  4    8 
1 1
 1  3 1 
 (1  x) 1  1  x   1  x 
 4  8 8 
(1)(2) 2
(1  x) 1  1  (1) x  x 
2!
 1  x  x2  
1
 1  (1)(2)  1 
2
 1 
1  x   1  (1)  x    x 
 4  4  2!  4 
1 1
 1  x  x2  
4 16
3 
1
 1  (1)( 2)  1 
2
3 1 
 1  x    1  (  1)   x     x   
8 8  8  8  2!  8  
3 3 3 2
  x x 
8 64 512
39 x  12   1 1  3 3 3 2 
  1  x  x 2     1  x  x 2      x  x   
( x  1)( x  4)( x  8)   4 16   8 64 512 
3 51 477 2
  x x 
8 64 512

12 x  5 A B
14 a  
(1  4 x) 1  4 x (1  4 x)2
2

A(1  4 x)  B

(1  4 x) 2
12 x  5  A(1  4 x)  B
1
Let x   :
4
3  5  0  B
B2
Let x  0 :
5  A 1  B
5  A 2
A3
A = 3, B = 2

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2
 12 x  5 3 2
14 b  
(1  4 x) 1  4 x (1  4 x)2
2

 3(1  4 x)1  2(1  4 x)2

 (1)(2) 
3(1  4 x) 1  3 1  (1)(4 x)  (4 x) 2  
 2! 

 3 1  4 x  16 x 2   
 3  12 x  48 x 2 
 (2)(3) 
2(1  4 x) 2  2 1  (2)(4 x)  (4 x) 2  
 2! 

 2 1  8 x  48 x 2   
 2  16 x  96 x 2 

12 x  5
 3  12 x  48 x 2  2  16 x  96 x 2  
(1  4 x) 2

 5  28 x  144 x 2 

9 x 2  26 x  20 B C
15 a  A 
(1  x)(2  x) 1 x 2  x
9
x  3x  2 9 x  26 x  20
2 2

9 x 2  27 x  18
x  2
A=9
9 x 2  26 x  20 x  2
9
(1  x)(2  x) (1  x)(2  x)
x  2 B C
 
(1  x)(2  x) 1  x 2  x
B (2  x)  C (1  x)

(1  x)(2  x)
 x  2  B(2  x)  C (1  x)

Let x  1:
1  2  B 1  0 :
B3

Let x  2 :
2  2  0  C  (1) :
C  4

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15 a (continued)

9 x 2  26 x  20 3 4
9 
(1  x)(2  x) 1 x 2  x
 9  3(1  x) 1  4(2  x) 1
1
  1 
 9  3 1  x 
1
 4  2 1  x  
  2 
1
 1 
 9  3 1  x   2 1  x 
1

 2 
 (1)(2) 2 (1)(2)(3) 3 
3 1  x   3 1  (1) x 
1
x  x  
 2! 3! 

 3 1  x  x 2  x3   
 3  3x  3x 2  3x3 

 1 
1
  1  (1)(2)  1  (1)(2)(3)  1 
2 3

2 1  x   2 1  (1)  x    x   x   
 2   2  2!  2  3! 2  
 
 1 1 1 
 2  1  x  x 2  x 3  
 2 4 8 
1 1
 2  x  x 2  x3 
2 4
3 4  1 1 
9   9  3  3 x  3 x 2  3 x 3     2  x  x 2  x 3  
1 x 2  x  2 4 
5 11
 10  2 x  x 2  x3 
2 4

Equating coefficients gives:

5 11
B  ,C  
2 4

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 9(0.1)2  26(0.1)  20
15 b q(0.1)   9.822510823
(1  0.1)(2  0.1)

Using the expansion:

5 11
q(0.1) ≈ 10  2(0.1)  (0.1)2  (0.1)3  9.82225
2 4

9.822510823  9.82225
Percentage error = 100  0.0027%
9.822510823

Challenge

1 1
f ( x)   ( 1  3x 2 )
1  3x 2
1
 1
 (1  3x ) 2 2
Use binomial expansion with n   and x  3x 2
2

 1  2   2    2  (3x )   2    2   2  (3x )
1 3 2 2 1 3 5 2 3

 1     (3x )   
 2 2! 3!

3x 2 27 x 4 135 x 6
 1   
2 8 16

Valid for | 3x 2 |  1

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