Lab No.

11

BAHRIA UNIVERSITY KARACHI CAMPUS

Department of Electrical Engineering

Power System Protection

LAB EXPERIMENT # 11

TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT MONITORING

OBJECTIVE:

 Demonstrating how relay monitors the transmission line for an earth fault in a network
with isolated neutral connection using Residual Current.

EQUIPMENT

 IT-6019 Power circuit breaker

 IT-6002 Overhead line model
 IT-6004 Resistive load
 IT-6003 Three-phase transformer
 IT-6017 Three-phase power supply unit
 IT-6028 Combined Over Current and Earth Fault relay
 IT-6038 Moving-iron voltmeter
 IT-6047 Summation Current Transformer
 IT-6005 Inductive Load

THEORY:
The single-phase to earth fault with high fault resistance is most common for transmission lines.
Therefore, the zero-sequence-reactance relay is used for single-phase to earth faults. For single
phase to earth fault, the zero-sequence current at relay location is approximately in phase with
the voltage phasor at fault point, the phase difference angle between the two phasors is very
important to the characteristic of reactance relay, it will lead to the over-reach or under-reach of the
reactance relays. Traditionally, under the assumption of the balanced transmission line, the phase
difference is independent with the value of fault resistance, and only depends on the fault distance.
Many documents studied this angle and made a conclusion that the phase difference is not more than
10o. However, it is not the case for unbalanced lines, EMTP simulations show that the phase
difference is not only dependent on fault location but also on fault resistance. The other disadvantage
that the reactance relay (or fault component reactance relay) suffers is the “in phase” problem. When
the relay is located at receiving end, there exists value of fault resistance which makes the operation

86
 Lab No. 11

voltage in phase with the compensate voltage, as the fault resistance is larger this value, the relay
will mal-operate. As the voltage phasors are just in phase, there is no way to make out correct
decision for reactance relay, however, when the fault resistance is larger than the value which makes
the phasors just in phase, the voltage phasor at fault location can be accurately evaluated, using
an additional discriminative criterion can solve the “in phase” problem.

Figure 11.1: Typical Substation in Electrical Energy Distribution Network

PROCEDURE AND OBSERVATION:

 Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram.

 Insert all bridging plugs connecting the capacitances to line model.
 Set the primary-side of the three-phase transformer in delta connection 380 V and the
secondary-side to star UN -15%.
 The resistive load is star connected with isolated neutral point.
 The setting must be made very carefully so that all three phases have identical values.
 Before starting the experiment supply the relay and the power circuit breaker by means of the
auxiliary supply.
 Set the three-phase balanced resistive load to R 4 (standard operating condition).
 Set the supply voltage to UN = 220 V switching on the power circuit breaker: the load
condition R4 plays no role when demonstrating the relay's protective effect.
 Measure the phase current I1 =……. A.
 Initial settings are to be made at the Over/Under-Current relay (see relevant Manual).
 Set the three-phase balanced resistive load to R 4 value.

87
 Lab No. 11

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

Figure 11.1 – Earth Fault Protection Relay

CONCLUSION:

88
 Lab No. 11

Lab Assessment Rubric # 11

Needs Total
Category Excellent 8 Good 6 Satisfactory 4
improvement 2 (40)
Clearly describes the Adequately Describes the Cannot describe
objectives of lab. describes the objectives but the objectives of
Understands possible objectives, but misses some the lab, or what
Objectives and sources of errors and cannot discuss details. Cannot was learnt,
Results their effects. possible sources discuss possible sources of errors
Suggests ways to of errors and their sources of error or and their effects
minimize them. effects their effects

Circuit works Circuit performs Circuit performs Circuit does not

perfectly. All wires most the but output not give any output.
Circuit are attached. / Code functions, gives exactly as Most wires are
implementation works perfectly output./ Code expected. Some not connected/
/ software gives some errors connections not code not
coding done/ code gives compiled/ many
some correct output errors

Can clearly identify Adequately Describe the Cannot describe

the problems and identify the problem but cannot the problem, and
take steps to fix problems and suggest steps on has no effective
Trouble them. Uses an steps taken to fix how to solve them. strategy on how
Shooting effective strategy to them. Uses an Trouble shooting is to solve them.
solve problems effective strategy not consistent.
but misses some
details
Detailed results are Adequate results Some missing Most results are
Measurements shown for each step. are shown. 80% observations. 70% missing. Only
and 100% measurements measurements are results are correct 30%
Observations are correct correct measurements are
correct
Thorough Good Limited Shows incorrect
understanding of the understanding of understanding of understanding of
concepts underlying the concepts, the concepts. the concept.
the lab. Can apply it however cannot Cannot apply to Cannot find any
Conclusions
in real life situations apply them in real life situations usage of the
real life situations and suggest any knowledge.
use of the Cannot describe
knowledge what was learnt.

Lab No: 11 Total Marks: 40 Marks Obtained:

Signature:

89