dEDICATION

I hereby dedicated this project report to the almighty God, who gave me
the grace to accomplish my national diploma program (ND) also to my
dear lovely family and my late mother.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Most profound thank be to our lord Jesus Christ whom through his
infinite mercy spared my life and bless me with all it takes to
successfully write this project despite the stress and limited time given.

Special thanks to my beloved parent Mr. Emmanuel Adeniji and Late

Mrs.Toyin Emmanuel, pastor &Mrs. Emmanuel Abel, Engr. Abel
Akpovi. You have been my back bone and firm support both spiritually
and financially.

I also express my gratitude to my dear and lively friend Elijah Idowu,

Rikin Godwin and Tyosoo Moses for priceless care and support.

I cannot forget my project supervisor who gave me an unexpected

support and discipline may god whom we serve bless and reward him.

- ALL NFCS member

- MICHEAL ADENIJI OLAWALE ADENIJI, RABIU EZEKIEL
and BABATUNDE ADENIJI.
 ABSTRACT

The use of marine material has been undergoing investigation of

different level as materials for the production of lightweight aggregate
concrete element.

This project employs the use of periwinkle shell as a light weight

aggregate in the production of light weight concrete, studies were done
on physical and materials properties of the sample as well as the
sustainability of the finished product for light weight aggregate concrete,
studies carried out includes: the availability of the materials, the
crushing strength of the materials, density, aggregate impact and
aggregate crushing value of the materials use in lightweight concrete
production.

Different materials has been tested for their crushing value, but
periwinkle shell has been found to be one of the strongest light weight
aggregate having crushing strength of 48.78 N/mm2

Compressive strength test conducted also showed that 45% - 49% of

periwinkle shell replacement for granite was quiet satisfactory without
compromise in compressive strength for ration of 1:3:6.
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 PREAMBLE

The Periwinkle shells concrete is prepared almost the same way the
gravel concrete is prepared, with a difference of using periwinkle shells
in place of gravel. This research is done to check the compressive
strength of concrete with periwinkle and to find solution to high cost of
gravel / stone in construction works.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The satisfactory design of safe and economical building as a

structure demands the knowledge of the properties and behavior of
materials that form a component. Such component includes
members such as beam, columns, slabs etc. the combination of
which form a structure. In other to attain this, it entails critical
examining of the quality of the material used in producing them
i.e. cement, sand aggregate and water.

Concrete is a graded mixture of gravel or crushed stone and sand,

bond together with cementing agent usually ordinary Portland
cement. The graded mixture of sand and crushed stones is referred
to as aggregates. The material used as aggregate for concrete can
be classified as fine or coarse aggregate depending on the shape,
size occurrence, grading and weight. The aggregate could be in
 two forms either natural or artificial origin. About 80% of concrete
is composed of aggregate. Aggregate is therefore expected to have
significant influence on the properties (strength)of concretes; the
cost of steel reinforcement is another concern to contractors since
it is needed in concrete to produce tension resistance force.

The increasing cost of granite/gravel is a serious source of concern

to construction practitioners. This concern includes the steel
reinforcement to compensate for its low resistance to tension
loading.( Septon A.W. and Bjerrum (1991) properties of concrete)

Dahunsi B.I. (2003) reported local use of periwinkle shell as coarse

aggregate in concrete, in reverse side communities. He indicated
that periwinkle shells might be considered as more or less single
sited aggregate of nominal size 19.08mm, with a diameter of about
16.9mm end length of 31.8 to 63.9mm, the shape of periwinkle
shell cannot be easily describe buy using common term such as
angular, round or irregular periwinkle shells would contribute to
the production of low density concrete with subsequent implication
of reducing dead load to the structure. Periwinkle concrete was
observed by Anchikwe (1997) to have lower slump than granite
concrete.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.2.1 AIM
 The main aim of this project is to investigate the use and suitability
of periwinkle shells in the production of concrete.

1.2.2 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study include the following

i. To determine the strength requirement of the material used in

concrete as against the normal light weight concrete strength.
ii. To determine the aggregates impact value art the sample.
iii. To determine the aggregates crushing value of the sample
iv. To focus attention on cost cooperative advantages of concrete
made of periwinkle and that made of general granite.
v. To check the crushing value of the cubes
vi. Initial and final setting time test of cement

1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY AND LIMITATION

1.3.1 SCOPE

Periwinkle shell is not a conventional material in concrete

technology hence an intensive study on the physical test will be
carried out on the shell to access the suitability of the final product.
Attempt will be made on the studies of physical properties of
concrete made of periwinkle shell.
 Mix ratio of 1:3:6, cube size will be 100x100x100mm and 6
numbers of cubes will be cast each day of curing i.e. 14, 21 and 28
days all together 54 cubes.

1.3.2 LIMITATION

The test will be limited to the available equipment and materials

within my reach in the course of this investigation.

1.4 STATEMEMENT OF PROBLEM

Civil engineering practice and construction works in Nigeria

largely depend on concrete as a major building material. Since the cost
of gravel and crushed stones tends to increase daily, the use of
periwinkle shell as partial replacement of gravel and other forms of
aggregate can now be looked into so as to reduce the large and
expensive cost expensive cost of construction works.

1.5 IMPORTANACE OF THE RESEARCH

This research will help to know the appropriate percentage of light

weight aggregate that can replace coarse aggregate in concrete,
which will produce require strength of concrete, also to find
solution to increasing cost of gravel in construction works.
1.6 JUSTIFICATION FOR STUDY

The use of periwinkle shell as coarse aggregate is not new in the

universe. For instance the 44m diameter pantheon building in
Rome was largely constructed of pumice lightweight concrete in
the second century.

The development of building material has increasingly been

directed towards those that are light in weight and adoptable to
meet the structural design in a modern era, the justification of the
use of periwinkle shell as a partial replacement of granite will be
possible since it process all the physical properties required in
aggregate.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 DEFINITION OF CONCRETE

Concrete is a multi-phase materials with a number of constituents

including un-hydrated cement, cement gel, water, air, fire and

coarse aggregates. Concrete by definition is an artificial material

similar in appearance and has properties to some natural

stones,rock etc. it is formed by binding together particles of natural

or artificial, bricks or other aggregate with cement and water. In

other words, it is a mixture of small stones and cement which when

mixed with water or let or cast in a form work (mould), set and

forms a hard mass like rock which could be referred to as artificial

rock.

Concrete is both hard and brittle. It strength depend on the

proportion of the mix, the size of aggregate cement type, and

production process. (Smith A.(2003) properties of concrete,3 rd

edition)
 Osarenwida J., Awaro O., they both worked on the potential uses

of periwinkle shells as coarse aggregate for concrete. Their result

shows that periwinkle shell has a bulk density of 517kg/m 3 and

specific gravity of 2.05, the result also shows that design mix of

1:2:3, 1:2:4 with compressive strength of 25.6N/mm2 19.50N/mm2

and all at 28 days hydration period respectively met the ASTM-77

recommendation strength of 17N/mm2 for3 structural light weight

concrete.

2.2 CONSITUENTS OF CONCRETE

2.2.1 CEMENT

Cement is the building material in the concrete; good concrete

largely depend on the quality of cement used as well as the ratio at

which it is used in a proportion. Physical examination of good

cement will be warm to touch and contain no limps of hardened

powder. (Civil Engineering terms (2013) copyright)

2.2.2 AGGGREGATE (FINE AND COARSE)

 The term aggregate is used to describe gravel, stones from quarry,

sand, other material of blast furnace slag which are mixed with

cement and water to make concrete.

Generally about 75% of the volume of concrete is occupied by the

aggregate which is an invert materials, the aggregate is cheaper

than cement and a concrete mixed which make the use of

maximum, quality of aggregate is economical. The aggregate

impact greater volumetric stability on concrete.(Nevile A.M.(2002)

concrete technology and construction)

Aggregate are normally stronger than the cement paste in concrete

while the water cement ratio determines the strength of the paste.

In most cases, the aggregates are stronger than the cement paste. In

high strength concrete therefore, the failure is more likely to take

place through the loss of bound between the cement paste and the

aggregate. In low strength, the failure could be in the cement paste

itself. (www.hanson.uk)

2.2.3 WATER
 Almost natural water that is drinkable and has no pronounce taste

and odor, is satisfactory as mixing for making concrete, however,

suspected water in terms of sources impurities content should be

tested.

Excessive impurities may not only affect the setting time, but may

also cause efflorescence’s and surface decoloration.

(www.hanson.uk)

2.3 EFFECT OF AGGREGATE ON STREBGHT OF

COJNCRETE

From records of cement and aggregate ratio, aggregate are

normally stronger than the cement paste in concrete.

In fact the strength of concrete is the summation of strength of the

cement paste and adhesive force of aggregate.

It is equally interesting to note that the bond between cement paste

and aggregate depend upon the surface area produced by the

aggregate. The larger the surface area the weaker the concrete. In
 view of this therefore, the size, shape, texture and grading affect

the strength of concrete. (Nevile A.M. (2008) )

SIZE: The greater the size the weaker the concrete

SHAPE: Angular or irregular shapes provide more surface area

than the rounded ones. Angular shapes are normally required for

strength concrete.

TEXTURE: The more rough the texture, the better it is for

high concrete mode.

GRADING: Ordinary coarse grading is preferred for concrete of

all strength as it give specific surface area thereby giving

economical mix proportion, concrete strength is determined by

subjecting the concrete under 21 to 28 days curing under 90%

relative humidity.

2.4 AGGREGATE AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION

An aggregate is any inert materials that combine with a binding

medium (such as cement and mud e.tc). In the preparation of

concrete, In an analysis carried out by NEVILLE A.M., he pointed

out that coarse aggregate form two-third (2/3) by volume of the

whole concrete for normal concrete work. They are fairly

inexpensive commodities and in terms of economy, concrete

construction is much influenced by cost of transporting them from

the source to the site.

However, the size of the shape of aggregate is normally of

paramount importance if only with a view for strength and

structural performance of the concrete. The particle size

distribution of aggregate affects the density cement contents and

consequently the strength of the finished concrete.

It also affects the workability of the mix and the difficulty and cost

of placing concrete in the formwork particles size distribution and

then specific gravity. Aggregates are broadly grouped into three

main classes which are fine aggregate, course aggregate and light

weight aggregates. (Nevile A.M. properties of concrete, 3 rd edition,

Pitman publishing limited London)

2.5 PERIWINKLE AS A LIGHT WEIGHT AGGREGATE

Occurrence and mode of life periwinkle is an edible aquatic snail,

mostly found in the eastern part of Nigeria in state like Akwa-

Ibom, Cross River, Delta and Lagos usually at shores or beaches.

Periwinkle is locally called Esan, Dodonkwoand Ishauwil (Igbin)

in Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba language respectively, like most

aquatic snail, Periwinkles are scarce during raining season due to

the increase of water level at this period of the time of the year,

making it difficult to be obtained as they are mostly located at

rivers beds. However, they are abundant during dry season when

the water level would have reduced.

The periwinkle is a nocturnal (night) animal they hide in seas, and

rivers beds during the day and come out at night to feed. There are

several classes within the phylum and periwinkles belong to the

class “gastropods” gastropod (meaning belly footed) are the largest

and most wide spread group of molusc. Gastropods undergo a

stage of internal realignment called torsion. Through which rapid

 equal growth of muscles occur. The aims and body cavity are

moved and twisted to the fort of the body. (Dahunsi B.I. Properties

of periwinkle, journal of civil engineering 2003)

2.6 DESCRIPTION OF PERIWINKLE

Most gastropods like periwinkle have coiled, cone like shell it is

small-bodies animal enclosed or sheltered in a hard protective

outer shell and is bilaterally systematical in shape. When cut into

two, one part resembling the other when at rest, they are good

swimmers; they have a skin gland that produces foul taste of

sulphuric acid.

The periwinkle has a relatively strong back colored shell with an

average length of about 40.33mm. The softer part is edible. The

shell is the valuable part to the construction industry used as light

weight aggregate in concrete production. (www.sciencedirect.com)

2.6.1 STORGAE OF PERIWIMKLE SHELL

 The periwinkle shell is normally stored in a dry place after

removing the soft part. It is then thoroughly washedwith detergents

and dried in the sun. It is kept away from moisture due to

absorption of moisture content.

2.7 HISTORY OF LIGHT WEIGHT AGGREGATE

The use of light weight aggregate for light weight concrete

production is no longer new in this modern dispensation. For

instance the 44 meters diameter dome of the pantheon, Rome use

largely constructed of pumice lightweight concrete the second

century A.D (Smith A.)more so, marine aggregate has been in use

since time immemorial for concrete construction light weight

aggregate was in the early days of Rome empire pumice were

embedded in mix of the walls and dome of large temples. In the

early days of this century when a growing impetus in the building

industry brought about a progressive materials on a commercials

basic variety of factors have led to the gradual acceptance of

lightweight concrete as a common building materialsfor instance,

there is the growing need in built up area of reduction in dead

weight of tall building , flat plates roofing and utilize industrial by

product or to manufacture lightweight aggregate where natural

aggregate of good quality not readily available.

The development of materials is being inversely directed towards

those that are light in weightand best able to meet the need of

structural design and construction productivity in a modern era.

For this purpose light weight concrete has been strength shock

mitigation, weight reduction, heat insulation and fire resistance

reliability and durability as well as ease of handling. (Obaniyi J.A.

(1995) light weight aggregate in concrete work)

 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY MATERIALS

3.1 METHOD

Selection (choice) of ordinary portland cement to conform to the

requirement of BS812 (1996). The cement was use as binding

agent, including share sand granite were used as aggregate in

accordance with the requirement of BS 882.

The periwinkle shell were obtained from the central market

Kaduna where they were discard after the removal of edible

portion, impurities such as soil and other dirty removal and the

shell were sun dried, clean water was use for the mixer of the

concrete.

Thebatching of materials was done by weight with a normal mix

ratio 1:3:6, the coarse aggregate for this project was done with

mixture of periwinkle shell and gravel at the proportion of 3:3 of

periwinkle and granite, the cube were cast in a away where some
are of gravel only, some are of periwinkle only and some are of

periwinkle and gravel, six cubes were cast for this variation

(proportion).

The specimen of 100mm x 100mm in dimension were prepared in

accordance with BS 1881 part 102 (1083) the sand; cement,

periwinkle granite combination were thoroughly mixed, manually

using trowel.

The specimen were cured for 14days, 21day and 28days to show

the strength different between the days of curing and to eliminate

shrinkage, promote hydration and increase strength of the concrete.

In this project, 54 cubes were cast, so as to enable the calculation

of average in all the result. The cement sand and granite were all

bought from the market and the water use was fetched from tap at

civil engineering department, all the test were also conducted in

the laboratory.
3.1.2 COMPACTION

Sincevoid reduce strength density and durability of concrete,

compaction will be done manually in order to remove void from

the mix concrete. The cubes were left for 24hours before

demoulding.

3.1.3 CURING

The ponding method of curing will be adopted; the cubes will be

immersed in water for 14, 21 and 28days this is vital in order to

ensure the proper hydration of cement, thereby preventing

evaporation of water from the cube.

3.2 TEST OF MATERIALS

In the course of this study various test were carried out, this was
done in order to know the behavior properties and nature of the
material used.

THE TEST CARRIED OUT INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING

i. Aggregate crushing value test

ii. Aggregate impact value test
 iii. Cube crushing test
iv. Initial and final setting time test

3.2 AGGREGATE CRUSING TEST: This test is used to determine

the aggregate crushing value of a sample of coarse aggregate.

Aggregate should be strong enough to rest crushing under loading if

the strength of aggregate is weak then failure is inevitable.

The strength of aggregate is assessed by the means of aggregate

crushing value test.

The procedures are as follows:

Two clean periwinkle shells sample at dry condition were prepared

and the cylinder was placed on the base plate filled with the sample
in 3equal lagers giving 25 stroke on each lager and leveled up with
the tamping rod the sample was then weighed.

The plunger was then inserted to rest horizontally to the surface of the
aggregates, the cylinder containing sample was then placed in the
compression machine and subject to loading of 400kn for ten minutes
 the materials was removed from the cylinder and sieved on a 2.4mm
BS science, the sample passing through the sieved was collected, and
calculation made exposed in percentage.

The procedure was then repeated for the second sample and average
was taken

weight retainned on sieve 2.4 mm

ACV= total weight
x 100

3.4.2 AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE TEST

The aggregate impact value test is used to determine the impact of a

sample of course aggregate the procedure is the procedure is as
follows

A sample of periwinkle shells was prepared which passes through 12-

7mm sieve the sample was ensured to be clean and at surface dry
conditions.

The cylinder was filled at three layers given if 25 strokes with the
22.9cm metal taping rod at each layer, it was them leveled off and
weighed with the weight noted as (B)

The mould with the sample was then placed in the impact machine.
The sample was then placed in the impact machine. The sample was
 then subjected to the 15 blow by allowing the hammer to fall freely
quit, the crushed aggregate was the sieved on 2.4mm sieve and
sample passing was collected and weighed notes as(A)

The procedure is repeated for the second sample, calculations of the

percentage passing was earned out and the average was taken as the
aggregate impact value (AIV)

WEIGHT RETAINED ON SIEVE 2.4 mm

AIV = TOTAL WEIGHT X 100

3.2.3 CRUSHING TEST OF CUBE:

The cube crushing test was done by using universal machine. The
test procedures are as follows:

The pointers on the testing machine were set , the system was put
on from the switch then the machine fluid pressure system was
then closed and the crushing system was opened and the control
arm was dropped

The cube was placed on the center of the crushing face and load
were applied gradually until it reaches the failure load (i.e. at point
of sharing) the load at failure was recorded and the lever arms was
 retained to it former position the pressure fluid was then open and
thecrushing system closed.

The procedure were repeated until 54 cubes were crushed each of

the same area and volume.

failure load
Crushing strength = AREA (m m2) XC

C = conversion fact = (0.01x103)

3.2.4 INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME TEST OF CEMENT

This in test carried out to find `weather a cement set at a rate

suitable for a particular work, there is no relationship between the
setting time and the load doing time, cement with fast setting time
might have a slow have hardening time and vice versa.

The procedure of the test is as follows;

A cement paste was prepared by gauging the cement with 0.85

time the water required to give a paste of standard consistency,
then stopwatch was started the moment water was added to the
cement.

The vicat moot was filled completely with cement paste gauge
rested on a non-porous plate and smoothed off the surface of the
mould.
 FOR INITIAL SETTING TIME;

The test block bearing the needle was dropped gently in order to
mark contact with the surface of the cement paste and then release
quickly allowing it to penetrate the test block

The above procedure was repeated till the needle failed to pierce
the test block of a paint of 0.5mm measured from the bottom of the
module, the time period that elapsed between each time water was
added to the cement and the time the needle failed to pierce the test
block by 0.5mm measured from the bottom was recorded as initial
setting time of the cement.

FOR FINAL SETTING TIME

The above needle was replaced by one with annular attachment (having
5mm diameter), the needle was dropped gently to the surface of the best
block the needle made an impression on the surface of the paste.

The period that elapse between the time water was added to the
cement and the time the needle made an impressed on the surface
of the best block was recorded as the final setting time.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULT

4.1 AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE TEST

This test is used to determine the aggregate crushing value of a

sample of coarse aggregate the procedure was described in chapter
three results obtained after loading two sample of coarse aggregate
to load of 400KN for ten minutes (10mins) is as follows:

SAMPLE 1:

Weight of empty mould = 10.45kg

 Weight of mould + sample = 11.85kg

Weight of sample = 11.85 – 10.45 = 1.40kg

Weight of sample passing 2.4mm sieve (A) = 0.395kg

ACV=A x 100 = weight of sample x 100

B weight of sample passing

= 0.395 x 100 = 28.21%

1.40

SAMPLE II:
Weight of emptymould = 10.45kg
Weight of mould + sample = 11.85kg
Weight of sample II (B) = 11.85 – 10.45 = 1.40kg
Weight of sample passing sieve 2.4mm (A) = 0.418
ACV = A x 100
B
= 0.418 x 100
1.40
= 29.85 ~29.9%

Average ACV = 28.21 + 29.9

2
= 58.06
2
= 29.03%

4.2 AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE OF PERIWINKLE

 Requirement of BS 449 for aggregate crushing value (ACV) for
concrete is 45%.
The result of test conducted on sample show an average of
29.03%, this proved that the sample does not meet the standard
requirement for aggregate crushing value.
4.3 AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE TEST
The result obtained after 15 blows on two different samples are
shown below:
Sample1:
Weight of empty mould = 2.75kg
Weight of mould + sample = 3.05kg
Weight of sample passing 2.4mm sieve (A) = 0.099
Weight of sample (B) = 3.0 – 2.75 = 0.25
AIV = A x 100
B
= 0.099 x 100 = 39.6
0.25

SAMPLE 2:

Weight of empty mould = 2.75kg

Weight mould + sample = 3.0

Weight of sample passing 2.4mm sieve (A) = 0.098

Weight of sample = 3.0 – 2.75 = 0.25

 AIV = A x 100
B
= 0.098 x 100
0.025
= 39.2%
Average AIV = 39.6 + 39.2
2
= 78.8= 39.4%
2
The requirement of BS for aggregate impact value (AIV) for
concrete is 45% from the test conducted on sample, the result
shows an average of 39.4%, this therefore show that the sample
has a less impact value not meeting the required standard.
4.4 INITIAL AND FINALSETTING TIME TEST
Initial setting time is from 45mm – 2hr maximum, final setting
time is from 2 hours to 10 hours from the test conducted the results
obtained are as follows:
Initial setting time was recorded as 1hr 43min
Final setting time was recorded as 5hrs 52mins
This result is comparable with the standard.
4.5 DESITY OF PERIWINKLE SHELL
Light weight concrete are concrete having their density not more
than 1920kg/m3(Smith A.). the result obtained from the calculation
of the density are tabulated below.
Density = Mass
Volume
Volume = volume of the concrete cube m3
Mass = mass of the concrete cube kg

TABLE 4.1 WEIGHT AND DENSITY OF CUBES 28 DAYS

S/NO STONE 100% PERIWINKLE PERIWINKLE
STONE 50% 100%
Weight Density Weight Density Weight Density
Kg Kg/ M3 Kg Kg/M3 (Kg) (Kg/M3)
1 2.39 2390 1.68 1680 1.67 1670
2 2.40 2400 1.70 1700 1.69 1690
3 2.45 2450 1.75 1750 1.67 1670
4 2.50 2500 1.72 1720 1.66 1660
5 2.55 2550 1.85 1850 1.72 1720
6 2.65 2650 1.90 1900 1.71 1710
14,940 10600 10,120
The density of concrete mode with 100 % stone proves to be in
accordance with the B.S unit weight of concrete which is
2400Kg/m3
The average density are given below
For 100% stone = 14,940 = 2490kg/m3
6
For 50 % stone = 10600 = 1767 kg/m3
6
For 100% periwinkle = 10120 = 1687kg/m3
6

TABLE 4.2 FOR 21 DAYS

S/ STONE 100% PERIWINKLE 50 PERIWINKLE
NO % 100%
WEIG DENSIT WEIGH DENSIT WEIGH DENSIT
HT Y T (Kg) Y T (Kg) Y
(Kg) (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3)
1 2.36 2360 1.72 1720 1.60 1600
2 2.34 2340 1.68 1680 1.63 1630
3 2.55 2550 1.98 1980 1.57 1570
4 2.50 2500 2.10 22100 1.61 1610
5 2.45 24500 1.86 1860 175 1750
6 2.40 2400 1.96 1960` 1.75 1750
14,600 11,300 9910

Averagedensity of cube for 21 days

For 100% stone = 14600 = 2433 kg/m3
6
For 50 % stone = 11300 = 1883 kg/m3
6
For 100% periwinkle = 9910 = 1652 kg/m3
6

TABLE 4.3 FOR 14DAYS

S/ STONE 100% PERIWINKLE PERIWINKLE
NO 50% 100%
WEIGH DENSIT WEIGH DENSIT WEIGH DENSIT
T (Kg) Y T (Kg) Y T (Kg) Y
(Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3)
1 2.37 2370 1.72 1720 1,63 1630
2 2.39 2390 1.68 1680 1.57 1.570
3 2.39 2390 1.85 1850 1.61 1610
4 2.40 2400 1.95 1950 1.70 1700
5 2.50 2500 1.62 1620 1.75 1750
6 2.55 2550 1.64 1640 1.55 1550
14,600 10 10460 £56
£9810

Average density of cube for 14 days

For 100% stone = 14600 – 2433kg/m3
6
For 50% stone and periwinkle = 10460 – 1743kg/m3
6
For 100% periwinkle = 9810 – 1635kg/m3
6
The overall average density for periwinkle
= 1687 + 1652 + 1635
6
= 1658kg/m 3
 The density of the (3) three curing ages are lesser than 1920kg/m 3
this proved that it falls within the range of light weight concrete.

4.6 CUBE CRUSHING TEST

Cube made of gravels sand; cement and water of 100mm x 100mm
were cast and crushed using compressive machine. Also the cube
made of periwinkle, shell and the cubes made of periwinkle shell
and stone were also crusher. After 14, 21 and 28 days of cursing
with water. The results are shown in table below.

Crushing strength = load (N) x c

Area mm2
C = 0.01 x 103 (converting factor)

FAILURE LOAD AND CRUSHING STRENGTH OF 1:3:6 (14

DAYS)
TABLE 4.4 FOR CONCRETE MADE WITH 100% STONE

S/NO FAILURE LOAD AREA OF CRUSHING STRENGTH

(KN) CURE(MM2) (N/MM2)

1. 69 100 x 100 6.9

2. 87 100 x 100 8.7

3. 71 100 x 100 7.1

4. 70 100 x 100 7.0

5. 70 100 x 100 7.0

6. 89 100 x 100 8.9

456 45.6

Average load = 456

6
= 76KN
Average crushing strength = 45.6
6
= 76N/mm2
C = 0.01x103 (converting factor)

TABLE 4.5 FOR 100% STONE 21 DAYS CURVING

S/NO FAILURE LOAD AREA OF CRUSHING STRENGTH

(KN) CURE(MM2) (N/MM2)

1. 72 100 x 100 7.2

2. 79 100 x 100 7.9

3. 75 100 x 100 7.5

4. 68 100 x 100 6.8

5. 65 100 x 100 6.5

6. 74 100 x 100 7.4

433 43.3

Average load = 433

6
= 72.16KN
Average crushing strength = 433
6
= 72.16N/mm2
C = 0.01x103 (converting factor)

TABLE 4.6 FOR 100% STONE 28 DAYS CURVING

S/NO FAILURE LOAD AREA OF CRUSHING STRENGTH

(KN) CURE(MM2) (N/MM2)

1. 77 100 x 100 7.7

2. 72 100 x 100 7.2

3. 99 100 x 100 9.9

4. 97 100 x 100 9.7

5. 73 100 X 100 7.3

 6. 76 100 x 100 7.6

494 49.4

Average load = 494

6
= 82.3KN
Average crushing strength = 49.4 x C
6
= 82.3N/mm2
C = 0.01x103

The crushing strength for concrete made up of 100% gravel as

coarse aggregate for 14, 21 and 28 days curing are 76N/mm2, 72.16
N/mm2 and 82.3N/mm2.
This result shows the variation in strength of the concrete with
variation in curing ages. It is expected that the concrete cured for
21days, this result has proved the theory correctly.

TABLE 4.7 FOR 50% STONE AND 50% PERIWINKLE

SHELL 1:3:3:3 FOR 14 DAYS
S/NO FAILURE LOAD AREA OF CRUSHING STRENGTH

(KN) CURE(MM2) (N/MM2)

1. 46 100 x 100 4.6

2. 38 100 x 100 3.8

 3. 40 100 x 100 4.0

4. 39 100 x 100 3.9

5. 45 100 x 100 4.5

6. 37 100 x 100 3.7

245 24.5

Average load = 245

6
= 40.8KN
Average crushing strength = 24.5X C
6
= 40.8N/mm2
C = 0.01x103 (converting factor)

TABLE 4.8 FOR 21 DAYS 50% STONE AND PERIWIMKLE

SHELL
S/NO FAILURE LOAD AREA OF CRUSHING STRENGTH

(KN) CURE(MM2) (N/MM2)

1. 39 100 x 100 3.9

2. 343 100 x 100 4.3

3. 40 100 x 100 4.0

4. 38 100 x 100 3.8

5. 42 100 x 100 4.2

6. 37 100 x 100 3.7

239 23.9

Average load = 239

6
= 39.8383kn
Average crushing strength = 23.9 x c
6
= 39.83N/mm2
C = 0.01x103 (converting factor)

TABLE 4.9 FOR 28 DAYS 50% STONE AND PERIWIMKLE

SHELL
S/no Failure load Area of Crushing strength

(KN) cure(mm2) (N/mm2)

1. 48 100 x 100 4.8

2. 37 100 x 100 3.7

 3. 32 100 x 100 4.2

4. 35 100 x 100 3.5

5. 46 100 x 100 4.6

6. 49 100 x 100 4.9

257 25.7

Average load = 257

6
= 42.83kn
Average crushing strength = 25.7 x c
6
= 42.83N/mm2
C = 0.01x103

TABLE 4.10 FOR 14 DAYS 100% PERIWIMKLE 1:3:6

S/no Failure load Area of Crushing strength

(KN) cure(mm2) (N/mm2)

1. 46 100 x 100 4.6

2. 49 100 x 100 4.9

3. 48 100 x 100 4.8

4. 45 100 x 100 4.5

 5. 453 100 x 100 5.3

6. 47 100 x 100 4.7

288 28.8

Average load = 298

6
= 49.67kn
Average crushing strength = 29.8 x c
6
= 46.67N/mm2
C = 0.01x103 (converting factor)

TABLE 4.11 FOR 21 DAYS 100% PERIWIMKLE

1:3:6
S/no Failure load Area of Crushing strength

(KN) cure(mm2) (N/mm2)

1. 46 100 x 100 4.6

2. 49 100 x 100 4.9

3. 48 100 x 100 4.8

 4. 45 100 x 100 4.3

5. 53 100 x 100 5.3

6. 47 100 x 100 4.7

288 28.8

Average load = 288

6
= 48KN
Average crushing strength = 28.8 x C
6
= 48N/mm2
C = 0.01x103 (converting factor)

TABLE 4.12 FOR 28 DAYS 100% PERIWIMKLE 1:3:6

S/no Failure load Area of Crushing strength

(KN) cure(mm2) (N/mm2)

1. 50 100 x 100 5.0

2. 52 100 x 100 5.2

3. 41 100 x 100 4.1

 4. 42 100 x 100 4.2

5. 51 100 x 100 5.1

6. 56 100 x 100 5.6

292 29.2

Average load = 292

6
= 48.66KN
Average crushing strength = 292 x C
6
= 48.66Nmm2
C = 0.01x103 (conversion fact)

Overall averagestrength for periwinkle =49.67 + 48 + 48.66

3
146.33
3
= 48.78
48.78N/mm2
About 90% of the strength of concrete is grain is the first 28 days of
curing; the rest 10% - 15% is the tensional force of reinforcement.
The America concrete institute (ACI) recommends a minimum curing
days of 7 in obtaining 70% of the specified compressive strength.
Different material has tested for their crushing volume, but periwinkle as
a light weight aggregate has been found to be one of the strangest having
crushing of 48.78N/mm2 this is comparable with the existing strength of
pumice which is equal to 18-25 N/mm2 (Smith A. (1990) concrete
leeliodology 2nd edition)
This result is also comparable with the result obtained by Obimiyi
Johnson (KPT/COE/92-651) 1997. In his research on periwinkle using
mix ratio 1:3:5 he obtained the crushing strength of 30.7 N/mm 2, then
using 1:2:4 as mix ratio he obtained 33.7N/mm2.
It can also be compare with the result obtained by SeunFagbemi (PGD
student of federal university of technology Akure (2009)) she obtained
the crushing strength of 47.56 N/mm2, using mixing ratio of 1:3:6 with
cursing days 3, 7 and 14 respectively.
In the study carried out by Adewuyi and Adegoke (2008) they found out
that the replacement of granite by periwinkle shell in concrete saved
15% - 20% of material cast.
The recommended minimum strength of periwinkle as a light weight
aggregate is 17N/mm2, and the result of this study being 48.78N/mm 2 is
satisfactory.
 CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
It is expected of aggregate to have low self-weight and should have
strength enough to support both lead and live loads of the structure,
therefore considering the result obtained from this study the
following conclusion can be drawn.

1. Periwinkle shell can be considered as an alternative to other

tight weight aggregate and as partial replacement of granite.
2. It is estimated to be cheaper than granite a very good price
interval with large saving cast of construction materials
especially granite which is above 70% of the strength of
concrete.
3. It has a high crushing strength value compared to other light
weight aggregates.
4. The use of periwinkle shell as partial replacement of coarse
aggregate could reduce dead load on foundation drastically are
this could be part of the solution to failure of structure due to
high dead loads in structure.
5. It prevent flood in our environment.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION
Finally, periwinkle shell have proven to be as the strongest light
weight aggregate and it is cheaper in terms of coast, it is highly
recommended for use in light weight concrete production this is to
reduce weight of structural members and should be cured for 28
days to obtain maximum strength of the concrete.

Finally, I will encourage others to go into this research and anyone

who is willing to go into it should try the use of other mix ratio e.g.
1:2:4, 1:3:5 using a bigger mould of 150mm and conduct as many
test as he or she could carry out.