SPED 432

Information, Assessments and Interventions (including HLPs) for Students with Disabilities

What are the areas in which persons can have a Specific Learning Disability?

1. basic reading skills

2. writing expression

3. mathematics calculation

4. listening comprehension

5. reading fluency skills

6. oral expression

7. reading comprehension

8. mathematics problem solving

Identify and explain the two methods for identifying students with learning disabilities.

 Comprehensive evaluation-give a test in all areas to see their ability level and then they are
given an intellectual test. If they have an overall discrepancy in their intellectual and their ability
to do a specific subject, they can be suggested to get some help to get them to succeed.
 RTI- response to intervention- all students are considered at risk and depending on how they
response they are given intervention. If students are significantly behind, they will be chosen to
work on the tiers for RTI to see if they can improve or not.

What are some important things to remember when working with families of students with learning
disabilities?

 That we need to listen to the parents because they can be scared and/or have a good idea what
they need to do to help their child succeed.
 We also need to work with them to help them to understand what their children are struggling
with, without making their child sound like they need help.
 To stay calm.

What are some important things to remember about social, emotional, and behavioral challenges?
  That some children might not understand that they are struggling with one or more of these
things.
 They need a lot of reinforcement and repetition to help them to understand what the problem
could be.

What are some important things to remember about young children with disabilities?

 Continue to work with them to help them succeed in the classroom

 It might be harder for them to pick up on social cues
 They sometimes want to be independent from their parents.
 Be patient.
 It’s a time or rapid growth. They are learning languages, motor skills, everything.

What are some important things to remember about adolescents and adults with learning disabilities?

 They are more focused on social skills rather than learning.

 Speak their mind.
 Don’t treat them like a child, they may not be comprehending things that same as others that do
not have disabilities. Treat them as though they are an adult.

Spoken Language Difficulties: Listening and Speaking

These are some concepts that I want to remember:

 Simulation
 Small group instruction

These are some effective instructional strategies I want to remember:

 To continue learning from my students.

One assessment I may use in the future is:

EFL assessment

EFL assessment: Assessment of speaking and ... - springer. (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2021,
from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-32601-6_9. 

One instructional activity that I want to use in the future is:

 Playing games
o Simon says
o Telephone game
o Thumbs up, thumbs down
 Teach whole body listening
 Create hand signals
 Speaking in rhyme

Some important resources are:

 Nearpod
 plickers
 kahoot
 Socratic
 verso
 quiz socket
 poll everywhere
 mentimeter
 quizziz

Reading Difficulties

These are some concepts that I want to remember:

 Early intervention is critical- almost 20% of children encounter reading problems in the first 3
years of school.
 74% of children who are unsuccessful in reading in 3 rd grade are still unsuccessful in 9th grade.
  Opportunities to graduate and see employment can be limited.
 Phonic awareness-sensitivity to the sounds of words and language.
 Phonics- linking sounds to printed letters
 Fluency- reading text effortlessly and smoothly
 Vocabulary- knowledge of words in reading
 Text comprehension- gathering meaning from the printed page

These are some effective instructional strategies I want to remember:

 Repeated reading
 Read-along method
 Paired reading
 Echo reading
 Reading aloud to other audiences
 Build vocab

One assessment I may use in the future is:

 Formal assessments page 365

One instructional activity that I want to use in the future is:

 Audio books
 Spell check
 Online reading activities

Some important resources are:

 National reading panel (2000)

Written Language Difficulties: Written Expression, Spelling, and Handwriting

These are some concepts that I want to remember:

 Written expression
 Spelling
 Handwriting
 Children who use invented spelling in primary grades spell as well or better than children who
were not given this instruction.
 Children who use incented spelling write more.
 The beginning writers’ attempt to write words in their own unconventional way.

These are some effective instructional strategies I want to remember:

 Written conversations
 Personal journals
 Patterned writing
 Graphic organizers
 Drawing pictures
 Manuscript writing
 Cursive writing
 Keyboarding or typing

One assessment I may use in the future is:

Comprehensive assessment

ASHA. (n.d.). Written language disorders. Assessment. Retrieved December 13, 2021, from
https://www2.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589942549§ion=Assessment. 

One instructional activity that I want to use in the future is:

 I will have my students fill out a journal at the beginning of writing class. I think by having them
fill out a journal, they will continue writing and have the ability to free write. I will not judge
anything that a student may write, they will have a chance to write whatever they would like
(unless there is an assigned topic).
Some important resources are:

 Text-based intervention
 Language therapy
 Language learning facilitation

Mathematics Difficulties

These are some concepts that I want to remember:

 Mathematics calculation
 Mathematics problem solving
 Math difficulties continue throughout school
 Almost one half of the students identified with sever math difficulties in 4 th grade still have
problems 3 years later.
 Many problems continue into adulthood
 Motor problems-difficulty in writing numbers
 Attention problem-poor attention during math instruction
 Memory and retrieval-cannot remember math facts, sequence of steps
 Visual-spatial processing-loses place on a worksheet difficulty aligning numbers
 Auditory processing-remembering math facts, trouble “counting-on”

These are some effective instructional strategies I want to remember:

 Spatial relations-play with blocks, puzzles, models. Concepts such as over, under
 Visual-motor perception- recognizing shapes. Counting objects by touching them.
 Concepts of time, direction- Finding their way to a friend’s house. Estimating a minute, an hour.
 Use competition carefully.
 Provide practice with similar tests.
 Use clear instructions.
 Avoid unnecessary time pressure.
 Remove pressure from test-taking situations.
 Children construct their own solution to the math problem.
 Draw a picture of the math problem.
  Explain how they found the solution.

One assessment I may use in the future is:

 Achievement tests 436

 Informal measures 437
 Curriculum-based assessment 440

One instructional activity that I want to use in the future is:

 Break tasks into smaller steps.

 Administer probes to determine if students are learning.
 Supply immediate feedback.
 Provide diagrams and pictures.
 Provide lots of independent practice.
 Use problem solving strategies.
 Classification and grouping
 Ordering
 Counting
 Recognition of numbers

Some important resources are:

 BrainPOP Jr.
 Moose Math
 Prodigy
 IXL
 Kahn Academy