Name: ABDULRRAZIQ MOHAMMED AHMED

1. Background to writing
1 The purpose of academic writing
 to present a hypothesis for consideration by others
 to make notes on something read or heard
 to report on a piece of research the writer has conducted.
 To answer a question, the writer has been given tasks
 To discuss a subject of common interests and give the writer's view.

2 Common types of academic writing

Notes–A written record of the main points of a text or lecture, for a student's personal use.
Report–A description of something a student has done, e.g. conducting a survey.
Project- A piece of research, either individual or group work, with the topic chosen by the
student(s).
Essay –The most common type of written work, with the title given by the teacher, normally
1000 to 5000 words.
Dissertation/ Thesis –The longest piece of writing normally done by a student (20,000+
words) often for a higher degree, on a topic chosen by the student.
Paper –A general term for any academic essay, report, presentation or article.

3 The format of long and short writing tasks

A. Short essay
 Introduction
 Main body
 Conclusion
B. Longer essay and reports
 Introduction
 Main body
 Literature preview
 Case study
 Discussion
 Conclusion
 References
 Appendices
3. Dissertation and journal articles
 Abstract
 List of contents
 List of tables
 Introduction
 Main body
 Literature preview
 Case study
 Discussion
 Conclusion
 Acknowledgments
 References
 Appendices
4 The features of academic writing
 title
 sub-title
 heading
 sentence
 phrase
 paragraph

5. Some other common text features

 References to source using citation
 The use of abbreviation
 Italics
 Brackets

6 Simple and complex sentences

7. Writing in paragraphs
 1.2 Reading: finding suitable sources
1 The main features of academic texts.
 Formal vocabulary
 Use of references
 Impersonal style
 Long, complex sentences

2 Types of text
 Textbook
 Website
 Journal article
 Official report (from government)
 Newspaper or magazine article
 e-books

3. Using reading lists

4 Using library catalogues

e.g

Full Title Year Location Holdings

details
1 Skyscrapers: a history of 2013 Main Library Availability
the
World ..

5. Using Library website to search electronic resources

UNIT3.
Reading Developing Critical Approaches
1. Reading methods
2. Survey text features ( e.g. abstract, contents, index)
 Skim text for gist- is it relevant?
 Scan text for information you need (e.g. names)
3. Read extensively when useful sections are found.
4. Read intensively to make notes on key points.

2. Titles, sub-titles and text features

 Author
 Publication date and edition
 Abstracts
 Contents
 Introduction or preface
 References
 Bibliography
 Index
3.Readind abstracts
Abstracts normally have a standard structure
 Background
 Aim and thesis of paper
 Methods of research
 Results of research
4.Fact and opinion
5. Assessing internet sources critically
6. Critical thinking
As you read you should ask yourself the following questions:
 What are the key ideas in this ?
 Does the argument of the writer develop logically, step by step ?
 Are the examples helpful? Would other examples be better?
 Does the author have bias (leaning to one side or the other)?
 Does the evidence presented seem reliable, in my experience and using
common sense?
  Do I agree with the writer's view?

UNIT 4
1.Avoiding plagiarism
Plagiarism means to pass off someone else’s work, intentionally or unintentionally,
as your own.
This might be by copying or paraphrasing someone's published or unpublished work
without proper acknowledgment, or representing someone's artistic or technical work
or creation as your own.

2.Avoiding plagiarism by
 Plan your work carefully so you don't have to write an essay at the last minute.
 Take care to make notes on your own words, not copping from other sources.
 Keep a record of all sources you use.
 Make sure all your in-text citations are included in the list of references.
UNIT 5
From understanding titles to planning
1. The planning process
 Analyze the title wording
 Decide how long each section should be
 Prepare an outline using your favorite method

2.analyse essay titles

 Analyze – break down into the various parts and their relationships
 Assess – decide the worth or value of a subject
 Describe – give a detailed account of something
 Discuss – look at various aspects of a topic, compare benefits and
drawbacks
 Examine – divide into sections and discuss each critically
 Illustrate – give examples
 Outline – give a simple, basic account of the main points of a topic
 State – explain a topic briefly and clearly
 Suggest – make a proposal and support it
 Summarize – deal with a complex topic by reducing it to the main
elements