Module 1 Stresses

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES WITH ME APPLICATION - STRESSES
Stresses
Analysis of Internal Forces
Where,
( )
,
,
Note: The body as shown is under the effect of combined loads resulting in combined
stress.
ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 1

General Equation of Stress

Stress – force applied per unit resisting area.
Normal Stress, ( )
Where,
Shear Stress, ( )
Where,

If the stress is uniformly distributed or constant then,
+ +
For Normal Stress,
Where,
( ) =
For Shear Stress,
Where,
( ) =

Normal Stress Distribution
Note: Stress is uniformly distributed in section , and , but not at section

, , and . Load application of for constant distribution.

Then,
[ = 0]
( ) = ( )
But,
( )= ( )
If stress is uniformly distributed then,
( )=
From statics of rigid bodies,
( )= ( )
Where,
= =
Note: The load should pass through the centroid of the section.
Limitation of Simple Stress

1. There should be no sudden change of shape (i.e. holes, bends, grooves, etc on the
section being considered).
2. The load should be applied with a considerable distance from the section under
consideration.
3. The load should pass thru the centroid of the section.

Unit of Stresses
English Units
; ;
S.I. Units
; ;
Stress v.s. Strength of Materials

- Applied stress on the body should never exceed the strength or allowable stress.
, ,
, ,
Where,
, , , ,
( )

Problem 1.1 A hollow steel tube has an outside diameter of 100 and is subjected to a
tensile load of 300 . What tube thickness is nessesary if the stress is not to exceed
120 ?

Problem 1.2 Determine the largest weight, that can be supported by the assembly if the
cable has a working stress of 100 and cable has a working stress of 160 .
The cables cross sectional areas are: 250 for and 350 for .

Problem 1.3 Compound rod loaded as shown,
= 1
= 0.75 = 0.5
3 4 2
3 5 4
Required: Stress in each material given that = 3000 .

Problem 1.4 Assembly loaded as shown, the cylinder with mass “ ” and the cable with
= 50 and = 100 ,
Required: Mass of the heaviest cylinder, that can be supported. Neglect friction and weight
of bar .

Problem 1.5 Assembly loaded as shown,
, = 400 ,
Allowable Stress:
100
50
Required: Magnitude and location of the largest additional force that can ce applied
in the bar. The uniform bar weighs 1000 .

Shear Stress – resisting area is parallel to the direction of the applied load.
Type of Shear Stress

1. Direct Shear Stress
a. Single Shear
- If the stress distribution is uniform or constant then,
= =
b. Double Shear
- two identical areas resist the load
/2
/2
/2
= =
( )

c. Punching Shear
= =
Where,
2. Indirect Shear of Induced Shear Stress
Note: The block is under compression but shearing (sliding) may happen at the joint as
shown

Bearing Stress
- A compression but its effect is external that is at the contact surface between the
bodies in contact.
- Also referred to as the crushing or contact stress.
From the plate and rivet assembly,
( , )
= =
Where,
=
( )
Note: Failure due to the bearing stress results in an enlargement of the rivet hole.

Problem 1.7 What force is required to punch a 20 diameter hole in a plate that is
25 thick? The shear strength of the plate is 350 / ?

Problem 1.8 A circular hole is to be punched in a plate that has a shear strength of 40 .
The working compressive stress for the punch is 50 .
Required:
a. Compute the maximum thickness of a plate in which a hole 2.5 in diameter
can be punched.
b. If the plate is 0.25 thickness. Determine the diameter of the smallest hole that
can be punched.

Problem 1.9 Clevis Bracket,
Required: If = 400 and the working shear stress for the bolt is 300 ,
determine the smallest bolt diameter “ ” that can be used.

Problem 1.10 Lap joint as shown with = 50 and have 20 diameter rivets.
Required:
a. Shear stress in a rivet.
b. Bearing stress between a plate and a rivet.
c. Maximum average tensile stress in each plate with = 130 .

Problem 1.11 A pulley assembly as shown, where = 2200 ,
Where,
Required:
a. Safe dimension of “ ” of the key if the working shear stress is 60 .
b. Determine the bearing stress in the key.

Analysis to the Shaft
/2
=0
Where,
Analysis on the Pulley
=0
+ =
2 2
=( )

Where,
Belt Tension Ratio
Where,
Stress in the Key
/2
Shearing Stress in the Key
=
( )
Bearing Stress in the Key

Problem 1.12 The pin at = 20 ,
Required:
a. Diameter of the rod given that its tensile working stress is 100 .
b. Shear stress in the pin.
c. Required thickness of the crank BDC if = 80 .

Problem 1.13 Joint loaded as shown,
Working Stress:
1200 –
700 –
50 –
Required: Dimension so that the joint is as strong as the boards.

Problem 1.14 The halves of the coupling are held together by four 5/8 diameter bolts.
The working stresses are 12 for shear in the bolts and 15 for bearing in the
coupling. Find the largest torque “ ” that can be safely transmitted by the coupling. Assume
that the forces in the bolts have equal magnitudes.

Analysis in the Coupling
=0
= ( )
Where,
Shearing Stress in the Bolt
=
( )
Bearing Stress in the Coupling
= =

Normal Stress in a Thin Walled Vessel

Thin Walled Vessel
< .
Where,
A. Cylindrical Vessel
a
“ ”
Tensile Stress at ,
= = 4
( , )

Tensile Stress at , considering length,
( )
= =
2( )
= =
( , , , , )
Note: Thus, the greater stress is,
= =
( )

B. Spherical Vessel
Tensile Stress at any Section,
= = 4
= =
Note: Since the pressure excerted in all section are equal,
= = =
( )

Problem 1.16 A cylindrical vessel,

= 300
= 10
= 3
Required:
a. Longitudinal Stress
b. Transverse Stress
c. If the above cylindrical vessel has an effective length of 600 and is to be
replaced by a spherical vessel of the same pressure volume and equal material
strength, recommend the diameter and wall thickness of the spherical vessel.

Problem 1.17 A cylindrical vessel (upright position) water tank to be filled with up to a
height of 20 . The cylinder has an inside diameter of 12 and a working
tensile strength of 90 .
Required:
a. Wall Thickness “ ”
b. Sketch the vessel failure if over stressing
c. Up to what height of mercury can the above vessel contain.

Problem 1.18 A pipe carrying steam at 3.5 has an outer diameter of 450 and a
wall thickness of 10 . A gasket is inserted between the flange at one end of the pipe
and a flat plate is used to cap the end.
a. Determine how many 40 diameter bolt must be used to hold the cap on if
the allowable stress in the bolts is 80 , of which 55 is the initial stress?
b. What circumferential stress is developed in the pipe?

Tensile Stress in a Rotating Thin Ring
. .
+
Where,
( )
Stress of Thin Ring
But,
=
Where,
½
From normal acceleration,
= = =
½
(. . )

For the stress in thin ring,

( )
= =
2 2
( ( ( ))( )
=
2
But,
2
=
2
( ( ( ))
=
2
=
But,
=
Then,
=
( )
Where,

Problem 1.19 At what angular velocity will the stress in the rim of a pulley be equal to
120 , if its mean diameter is 440 ? The density of the steel rim is 7850 / .
Neglect the effect of the pulley’s hub and arms, express your answer in rpm.

Problem 1.20 Determine the limiting peripheral velocity of a steel ring if the allowable
stress is 20 the steel weighs 490 / . What is the resulting stress if the ring rotates
at 6500 ? Use = 10 .

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
Module 1
Problem Set
Instructions: Solve each of the problem. Write the question, required
value, given, solution and answer in engineering lettering. Illustrate
the problem with the corresponding free-body diagrams as necessary.
Enclose your final answer in a box.
1. A steel rod on a bridge must be made to withstand a pull of 5000
lbs. Find the diameter of the rod if the working stress is 64
ksi.
2. If the ultimate shear strength of a steel plate is 42000 psi,

what force is necessary to punch a 0.75 in diameter hole in a
0.625 in thick plate?
3. Determine the average normal stress developed in rod AB if the

load has a mass of 50 kg. The diameter of rod AB is 8 mm.
4. The average shear stress in each of the 6-mm diameter bolts and
along each of the four shaded shear planes is not allowed to
exceed 80 MPa and 500 kPa, respectively. Determine the maximum
axial force P that can be applied to the joint.
5. The homogenous bar shown is supported by a smooth pin at C and a
cable that runs from A to B around the smooth peg at D. Find the
stress in the cable if its diameter is 0.6 in and the bar weighs
6000 lb.
6. The block is subjected to a compressive force of 2 kN. Determine

the average normal and average shear stress developed in the wood
fibers that are oriented along section a-a at 30o with the axis
of the block.
7. The pulley is held fixed to the 20 mm diameter shaft using a key

that fits within a groove cut into the pulley and shaft. If the
suspended load has a mass of 50 kg, determine the average shear
stress in the key along section a-a. The key is 5 mm by 5 mm
square and 12 mm long.
8. A spherical gas tank has an inner radius of 1.5 m. If it is
subjected to an internal pressure of 300 kPa, determine its
required thickness if the maximum normal stress is not to exceed
12 MPa.
9. The gas storage tank is fabricated by bolting together two half

cylindrical thin shells and two hemispherical shells as shown. If
the tank is designed to withstand a pressure of 3 MPa, determine
the required minimum thickness of the cylindrical and
hemispherical shells. The tank and the 25 mm diameter bolts are
made from material having an allowable normal stress of 150 MPa
and 250 MPa respectively. The tank has an inner diameter of 4 m.
10. At what angular velocity (rad/s) will the stress of the rotating
steel ring equal 150 MPa if its mean radius of 220 mm? The density
of steel is 7.85 Mg/m3.

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MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES WITH ME APPLICATION - STRESSES

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 1

General Equation of Stress

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 2

If the stress is uniformly distributed or constant then,

For Normal Stress,

For Shear Stress,

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 3

Normal Stress Distribution

Note: Stress is uniformly distributed in section , and , but not at section

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 4

If stress is uniformly distributed then,

From statics of rigid bodies,

Limitation of Simple Stress

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 5

Stress v.s. Strength of Materials

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 6

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 7

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 8

Problem 1.3 Compound rod loaded as shown,

Required: Stress in each material given that = 3000 .

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 9

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 10

Problem 1.5 Assembly loaded as shown,

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 11

Type of Shear Stress

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 13

2. Indirect Shear of Induced Shear Stress

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 14

From the plate and rivet assembly,

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 15

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 16

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 17

Problem 1.9 Clevis Bracket,

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 18

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 19

Problem 1.11 A pulley assembly as shown, where = 2200 ,

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 20

Analysis to the Shaft

Analysis on the Pulley

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 21

Belt Tension Ratio

Stress in the Key

Shearing Stress in the Key

Bearing Stress in the Key

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 22

Problem 1.12 The pin at = 20 ,

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 23

Problem 1.13 Joint loaded as shown,

Required: Dimension so that the joint is as strong as the boards.

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 24

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 25

Analysis in the Coupling

Shearing Stress in the Bolt

Bearing Stress in the Coupling

ADU ME - B.A. BAUTISTA 26

Normal Stress in a Thin Walled Vessel