Section 1 Solving this quadratic equation we obtain:

The Nature of Mathematics 1+ √5

Φ¿
What is Mathematics? 2
Binet Formula:
 Numbers
1 n
 Numbers are the heart of Fn= ¿)
mathematics √5

Who uses mathematics?

 Engineers a. Using Binet Formula, what is the 8th
number in the Fibonacci sequence?
 Nurses
b. 11th?
 Accountants and bankers c. 16th?
 Teachers
 Farmers Solutions:
1 n
Mathematics in our world Fn= ¿) ; n = 8
a. Patterns and Numbers in Nature √5
and the World 1 8
¿ ¿)
√5
 What is a pattern? Fn = 21
 a pattern is a repeated arrangement
of numbers, shapes, colours and 1 n
so on. b. Fn= ¿) ; n = 11
 it can be both man-made and natural √5
1 11
¿ ¿)
 Natural patterns √5
Fn = 89
b. The Fibonacci Sequence
1 n
c. Fn= ¿) ; n = 16
√5
1 16
¿ ¿)
√5
Fn = 987
d. 45th?
Fn = 1134903170
e. 62nd?
Fn = 4.0527 x 1012
 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144 f. 301st?
 Golden Ratio (1843) Fn = 3.5958 x 1062
 1.61803398874989484820
c. Mathematics helps organize patterns and
I. If 1 is subtracted from 1.618034… it results regularities in the world
to 0.618034… which is its reciprocal. d. Mathematics helps predict the behavior
II. If 1 is added to 1.618034… it results to of nature and phenomena in the world
2.618034… which is its square e. Mathematics helps control nature and
Let Φ = 1.618034 occurrences in the world for our own
Φ – 1 = 1/Φ ends
Φ + 1 = Φ2 f. Mathematics has numerous applications
in the world making it indispensable
II. Mathematical Language and
Symbols
a. Characteristics of mathematical
language
 Mathematical language is the
system used to communicate
mathematical ideas. This language
consists of some natural language
using technical terms (mathematical
terms) and grammatical conventions
that are uncommon to mathematical
discourse, supplemented by a highly
specialized symbolic notation for
mathematical formulas. The
mathematical notation used for
formulas has its own grammar and
shared by mathematicians anywhere
in the globe.
 The characteristics of
mathematical language is being
precise, concise and powerful.
 Precision in mathematics is like
being correct all the time.
 Mathematical language must be
concise or show simplicity.
 Mathematical language must also be
powerful. It is a way of expressing
complex thoughts with relative ease.
b. Conventions in mathematical language
 Mathematical convention is a
fact, name, notation, or usage which
is generally agreed upon by
mathematicians
 e.g., The principle of PEMDAS
 As is the case for spoken
mathematical language, in written or
printed mathematical discourse,
mathematical expressions containing
a symbolic verb, like;
c. Expressions vs Sentences
 Expression (or mathematical
expression) – is a finite
combination of symbols that is well-
defined according to the rules that
depend on the context
 Sentence (or mathematical
sentence) – makes a statement
about two expressions, either using
numbers, variables, or a combination
of both
For example:
Mia visits Ameerah
Mia is the noun and visits is the verb
In mathematics, the equivalent of the noun
is an expression and the complete thought
is also called a sentence.
For example:
2+3=5
5x = 10
The expressions are 2 + 3 and 5x. The
verb is the equal sign (=). Reading the
example in a sentence, “two plus three
equals five” and “five x equals ten”.
 Expressions can look different but
they are the same. In English, they
are referred to as synonyms.
In mathematics, the following represent
synonyms.
3 2+1 6÷2 5–3+1 6–3
 True or False
3x – 6 = 0
it will be true if x = 2
3x – 6 = 0 if x = 2
Truth Table for compound sentences
a. 1 + 2 = 3 is equivalent to 3 + 2 = 5
b. 1 + 2 = 3 is equivalent to 3 + 2 = 6
c. 1 + 2 = 4 is equivalent to 3 + 2 = 5
d. 1 + 2 = 4 is equivalent to 3 + 2 = 6
Truth Value for mathematical
sentences

a. 2 + 2 = 4 and 5 + 5 = 10
b. 2 + 2 = 4 and 5 + 5 = 15
c. 2 + 2 = 6 and 5 + 5 = 10
d. 2 + 2 = 6 and 5 + 5 = 15
e. 2 + 2 = 4 or 5 + 5 = 10
f. 2 + 2 = 4 or 5 + 5 = 15
g. 2 + 2 = 6 or 5 + 5 = 10
h. 2 + 2 = 6 or 5 + 5 = 15
Then A x B gives all possible pairings of the
elements of A and B, let the relation R from A
to B be given by R = {(a, s), (a, t), (a, u), (a,
v), (b, s), (b, t), (b, u), (b, v),
(c, s), (c, t), (c, u), (c, v), (d, s), (d, t), (d, u),
(d, v)}
 A function is a relation in which,
for each value of the first component
of the ordered pairs, there is exactly
one value of the second component.
Example:

d. Four basic Concepts

Language of Sets
 Set Theory is the branch of
mathematics that studies sets or the
mathematical science of the infinite.
A set is a well-defined collection of
objects; the objects are called the
elements or members of the set.
The symbol ∈ is used to denote that
an object is an element of a set, and
Determine whether each of the following
the symbol ∈ denotes that an object relations is a function:
is not an element of a set. 1. A = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3,6), (4, 7)}
2. B = {(-2, 4), (-1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4)}
A. Roster Method or Tabulation 3. C = {(1, 3), (2, 5), (3, 7), (3, 9)}
Method – when the elements of the set
are enumerated and separated by a coma
Example: E = {a, e, i, o, u}

B. Rule Method or Set builder

notation – is used to describe the
elements or members of the set
Example: E = {x/x is a collection of vowel
letters}
Language of Functions and Relations
 A relation is a set of ordered pairs.
If x and y are the elements of the sets Language of Binary Operations
and if a relation exists between x and Let f(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 5x + 2
y, then we say x corresponds to y Find:
or that y depends on x and is a. f(1
represented by the ordered pair of (x, b. f(0)
y). c. f(-1

Solutions:
a. f(1) = 2(1)3 – 3(1)2 – 5(1) + 2
Example: = -4
A = {a, b, c, d} be the set of car brands b. f(0) = 2(0)3 – 3(0)2 – 5(0) + 2
B = {s, t, u, v} be the set of countries of the =2
car manufacturer c. f(-1) = 2(1)3 – 3(-1)2 – 5(-1) + 2
=2

Given two functions: f(x) and g(x)

1. Sum of two functions : f(x) + g(x)
2. Difference of two functions: f(x) –
g(x)
3. Product of two functions: f(x) * g(x)
4. Quotient of two functions: f(x) /
g(x) , g(x) ≠ 0

Given f(x) = x2 + 1 and g(x) = x2 – x,

compute:
a. f(x) + g(x)
b. f(x) – g(x)
c. f(x) * g(x)
d. f(x) / g(x), g(x) ≠ 0
SOLUTIONS:
a. f(x) + g(x)
= (x2 + 1) + (x2 – x)
= x2 + 1 + x2 – x = 2x2 – x +1

b. f(x) – g(x)
= (x2 + 1) - (x2 – x)
= x2 + 1 - x2 + x = x +1

c. f(x) * g(x)
= (x2 + 1) * (x2 – x)
= x4 – x3 + x2 - x

d. f(x) / g(x)
= (x2 + 1) / (x2 – x)
2
( x +1)
=
[ x ( x−1 ) ]