EE411: Senior Design

Project
(Semester 182, 2019)

Wireless Power
Transmission
Supervisor:
Prof. Mohamed Eleiwa

Done by:
Eng. Mohammad Alomaim
Eng. Ziyad Almotairi
Eng. Salim Alnekhelan 15 April,2019
Presentation Outline
1.Introduction
2.Advantages of WPT
3. WPT Applications
4.Objective
5.Techniques of WPT
6.What about Safety
7.Economic Impact of WPT
8. Explanation Operation
9. Inverter converter
10. Resonance circuit
11.Mutual Inductance circuit
Presentation Outline
12. The Result with K =0.
13. The Result with 0<K<1.
14. Rectifier converter
15.Design of the Coils
16. 50 turns VS 20 turns
17 .Resonant inductive coupling Vs Inductive coupling
18 . The result of different values of capacitor in TX & RX
19. The ability transferring energy through barriers.
20.Power Transmission Distance:
21. Results
22. Recommendation for future work
23.Conclusion
 1.Abstract
Wireless power transmission is technology that enables an energy
transferring from the source to the load over an air gap without
interconnecting conductors. This technology using an electromagnetic
induction method was discovered by Nikola Telsa in the year 1899.

And based on that concept, this technology is developed to transfer power within
a small range to feed small loads.
 2. Advantages of WPT
The advantages of wireless power transfer are:

• Reduce the cost of wires and batteries.

• Avoid the problem of the mess of wires.
• Not subject to the weather conditions.
• The ability transferring energy through barriers.
 3. WPT Applications
Some applications of wireless power transmission are showing in
the followings:

• Charging electronics devices.

• Electric vehicle charging
• Solar Power Stellate
• Medical uses (Heart pieces maker)
4.Objective
The purpose and our main objective from implement wireless power
transmission technology are in the following points:

• Study and analysis the result of resonate inductive coupling technique.

• Research and exploration of ways to develop this technology.
• Strengthen our understanding in wireless power transmission.
• Study the different techniques of WPT.
• Comparing the result of the different techniques.
• Clarify the importance of coupling coefficient in WPT.
• Analysis the effect of the distance in WPT.
• Prove the effect of resonance frequency.
 5.Techniques of WPT

There are several major types techniques of wireless power transmission

based on the distance are in the followings:

• Short range:
Inductive coupling

• Medium range:
Resonant inductive coupling (The used)

• Long range:
Microwave.

• Long range:
Light waves.
6.What about Safety
Of course, WPT is not "electricity in the air," but a technique that uses
magnetic fields that move between the coils. With proper design, electric
and magnetic fields can be kept at the level of human safety limits.

• First thing it is non radiative, the energy transferred by electromagnetic

induction.
• The electromagnetic field that used is safe for human.
• It transmits energy to things that operate on the same frequency.
7.Economic Impact of WPT
Many countries will benefit economically from this new technology. this
technology will not need electric wires to transfer energy.
8. Explanation Operation
At first we need to convert electricity into an electromagnetic field. And in
order to generate an electromagnetic field, we need coil (the transmitted
coil) which is connected to an electrical circuit with AC source so, this coil
will generate an electromagnetic field as a result of pass the current
through the coil and the higher the current passing through the coils, the
more electromagnetic field.
U1
LM7812CT Q3
R1 IRFZ44N
LINE VREG
VOLTAGE
470Ω D3
COMMON R3 D7 BYV26E
V1 10kΩ 1N4742A
12V C1
TX
312pF
5mH

R4 D2 D4
10kΩ 1N4742A BYV26E
R2
Q4
470Ω IRFZ44N
 D1 D6
BYV26E BYV26E 0V 10V
10ms 20ms Q1
RX C2 X1
arduino 2N2222A
312pF 5V
5mH D8
D5
BYV26E
BYV26E

The above circuits contents several parts which are in the followings:

• Inverter convertor.
• Resonant Circuit.
• Mutual inductions Circuit.
• Rectifier converter.
• Amplify Current Circuit.
9. Inverter converter
One of the most important parts of the project and the purpose of its use is
to provide an AC power source so that we can generate electromagnetic
field.
In this project we used this type of half bridge invert which contains two
MOSFET. It is considered as switch open and close very fast per second by
controlling of it gate. The design also contains 4 diodes two of them are a
Zener type and the purpose from them to control the opening and closing of
the MOSFET. the resulting of open and close the MOSFET very fast per
second will convert the form of sources from dc to ac and also amplify the
electrons signals.
As showing below the graph output of the inverter circuit.
10. Resonance circuit
This circuit is the difference between resonant inductive coupling and
inductive coupling techniques. This circuit is characterized by increasing the
efficiency of transmission which we will verify it later. This circuit is
responsible for controlling the frequency :

RX C2
312pF
5mH
11.Mutual Inductance circuit
Wireless power transmission technology based on that Mutual Inductance
circuit, it occurs when a change of current in a coil affects an effort in
another nearby coil. The efficiency of transferring energy depend on
coupling coefficient (K) and it value from 0 to 1.
12. The Result with K =0
13. The Result with 0<K<1
14. Rectifier converter
An electrical device that converts an AC signal to a DC signal. Our Purpose
from use it is feed the load with dc sources.
15.Design of the Coils
We bought from the market ,copper wire that made from isolated wires of
pure red copper and the design specifications of coils are :
• 50 turns in each coil.
• The diameter of each coil is 21 cm
• The width is 1.5 cm .
• The cross sectional area is 0.8 mm.
16. 50 turns VS 20 turns
Number of turns Vo

50 5V

20 1V
17 .Resonant inductive coupling
Vs
Inductive coupling:
Value of Capacitor Vo

312p F 5V

0F 1.8 V
18 . The result of different values of
capacitor in TX & RX
Value of Capacitor

312p F (RX)

100u F (TX)
19. The ability transferring energy
through barriers.
barriers Vo

Yes 3.16 V

No 3.16 V
20. The Distance:
Wireless power transmission distance is one of the most important factors
in efficiency. Where the greater the distance the less efficient the transfer
between coils. It is also one of the most difficult challenges in this project to
transfer energy as far as possible.

Distance Vo
0 cm 5.5 V
3 cm 4.6 V
5 cm 4.16 V
7 cm 3.56 V
10 cm 2.7 V
15 cm 0.844 V
20 cm 0.475 V
30 cm 0.152 V
40 cm 50m V
50 cm 10m V
57 cm 0V
21. The first model design:
22. The Results:
• Input voltage Vin= 12 volts,
• Output voltage Vo= 5.5 volts
• Operation frequency f= 127 K Hz
• Efficiency 46 % of transferring.
23.Where the rest of power is gone:
Most the power is gone in mutual coupling losses between the coils. Or on
other word to be more specific it happen in the inverter and the design of
coils witch are provide the electromagnetic that the one transfer through air
gap to the load.

In the next slide we will show you how to improve the efficiency.
24. Recommendation for future
work
 25.Conclusion
We have studied the different techniques of wireless power
transmission using inductive coupling , resonant inductive coupling
and microwave. Based on that study we choices to proceed our
project by using resonant inductive coupling technique. And based on
this study, we can say through the implementation of this project will
achieve a reduction in the number of wires and batteries and thus
reduce the cost, and also achieve greater welfare of users by the
transfer of electricity wirelessly.
Thank You…

Any Questions
please?
Abstract
The effectiveness of a solar tracker and PV technology in general, is directly correlated to the amount
of sunlight that it is being exposed to; its power output is dependent on the amount of light that reaches the
solar cell. The solar tracking will contribute significantly to increasing the efficiency of energy collection
from the PV panels. The Dual-Axis solar systems allow for precise control of the elevation and azimuth
angle of the panel relative to the sun. To produce an efficient solar generation system, a dual-axis solar
tracker was designed, built and tested.
Step 8: Connect Vcc in the shape of any DC source
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
(Batteries) and GND to the microcontroller and
 To design a solar tracker that will maximize the LDRs circuit.
efficiency of solar power. Step 9: Verify that there are no loose wires that
 To prove that tracking indeed increase the could interfere with the movement of the device,
efficiency greatly. and start working on the aesthetics of the device
 To program the circuit to compare the sensors’
outputs and command the tracker system to RESULTS & VALIDATIONS
rotate towards the sun using Arduino Uno.
The result of our work during this semester is a
PROJECT PLAN perfectly working dual axis solar tracker. That is
able to track the sun (or the strongest light
This work is divided into two parts, hardware and available) wherever it goes, increasing the
software system. In the hardware part, four light efficiency of the solar panel connected to it
sensors are used to detect the utmost light greatly. Which was the original objective of the
source from the sun. Two servo motors conjointly project. The panel outputs the most power when
used to move the solar panel to the maximum the sun is at a 90o with the panel’s surface. So, by
light source location perceived by the sensors. In tracking the sun, we make sure the sun is
orthogonal to the panel during the entire day.
the software part, the code is written by using
the C programming language and has targeted to
the Arduino UNO controller.
DESIGN SPECIFICATION & CONSTRAINTS

The purpose of the functional model is to be able

to demonstrate to the students how the large
scale model is going to work. The model should
be small and light. Also, the prototype should
include all the features of the real tracker system
and must look appealing. The circuit design of
solar tracker is not very complicated. But setting
up the system must be done carefully to get the CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK
correct angle of the sun, and for all the
Working on this device have been very exciting
computations to be accurate.
and educational for all of us. We are all extremely
DESIGN METHODOLOGIES happy that we set our minds on a project,
worked hard on it, put all of our knowledge in it,
Step 1: Upload the program to the Arduino Uno
and finally to see it working perfectly as intended
using a computer and a USB cable.
in front of our eyes. This project can still be
Step 2: Fix the solar panel to a base surface.
improved a lot. There is still a possibility to add
Step 3: Install four Light Dependent Resistors on
the solar panel with a chargeable battery, a DC
every corner of the surface.
load of some kind. Or we can add a DC\AC
Step 4: connect the LDRs and resistors in a
Inverter and connect it to an AC load. Also, we
voltage divider fashion.
can make it a self-sustainable system if we
Step 5: Take the outputs of the LDRs and send
connect the panel to a battery through a
them to the four analog input pins of the Arduino
charging controller. And power the circuit and
Step 6: Get the output of the Arduino
micro-controller using that battery.
microcontroller as Pulse Width Modulated
signals, and send them to the servomotors ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
controlling the movement of the panel from
output pins 9 and 10. We would like to thank Dr. Anouar FARAH for
Step 7: Install the whole thing on a wooden base helping us and giving us great advice and ideas.
that’s specially made in such a way that allows us Also, we would like to extend our thanks to the
to connect the two servo motors to the wooden entire EE department and COE for providing
base and rotate them vertically and horizontally. support to us throughout the project.
.
 Electrical Engineering Dept, College of Engineering, University of Hail, KSA
By Students:
1- Hammam Fawzi
2- Majid Mohammed
3-Faisal Abdullah
Supervised by Dr. Khalid Alqunun
Minimization of Losses in Transformers

ABSTRACT RESULTS & VALIDATIONS

We have completed 28-weeks period of training We worked in some Transformers and
at MATCO. We were assigned as a quality
engineers, transformer testing engineers and
one of it is this, it was failed in load
supervision of transformer assembly area. We losses(high load losses). After we
have worked as a part of AL-Ojaimi team and we worked on it we tried to find a
gained experience of transformer manufacturing. problem that the workers did , In the
We have decided to study for the High Loss in
transformers with reference of International
two figures it shown the losses before
Electrotechnical Commission standard IEC and after , and in the digram we
60076. This study is a theoretical experimental arrived to minimize the losses to:
study to reduction of losses in transformers
which is very important project to improve
transformer efficiency and performance

PROJECT OBJECTIVES
❖ The treatment of high power losses
after manufacturing.
❖ Increasing of transformers efficiency.
❖ To sell transformers with excellent
value
❖ Improve the work of transformers
❖ Avoid losing money.
❖ To transfer the quantities you want
with the same value
❖ To reduce the risk
❖ To improve the quality of transformers
❖ For high security and work well done

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS & CONSTRAINTS

There are mechanical and electrical components in
the transformers which they affect the performance
of the transformers. Each one has different process to
be made. This transformer has started with
engineering design which they are using AutoCAD to
draw each part then manufacturing the parts by
using CAM program to make G code to make the
machine cut the parts, one of these machines is laser
machine, after that all the parts go to fabrication
department then assembly. Although there is an
electrical part which are core and coil which has
different manufacturing process starting from the
silicon steel cutting to stacking and clamping together
then the coil design process starting from winding
wires and insulation as layers
CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE WORK
DESIGN METHODOLOGIES
The senior design project was very helpful for us
Upon my understanding design methodology and it improves our skills dramatically and provide
to approach the projected problem by using us with a very good experience in power losses of
below equipment and technique. transformer, also it was a great opportunity to do a
1- By using power analyzer. lot of researches about transformer and its
contents. Also we gained a new skills about how the
2- Winding resistance measurement machines.
search to solve a problem. The power losses have a
3- Measurement of transformer turn ratio by
relation with all the content of the transformer that
TTR (Turns Ratio Measurement) machine. leading us to have experience about how to reduce
4- Testing results calculation and matching power losses that definitely will increase the
with design references. efficiency of transformer. Finally, it help us to work
5- Measurement of HV / LV winding diameters. together and be a team worker.
6- Measurement of conductive materials like
enamel wire or foils and busbars. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
7- Checking of core material / grade / We thank the MATCO factory for their
measurement of bur thickness during silting cooperation with us in supporting the success
and cutting process. of our project. We also thank our supervisor
8- Measurement of core stacking. Khalid Al-Qanoon and all the university doctors
of the department.
RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION DESIGN © 2012

www.PosterPresentations.com
 Optimal Solution of the Overload
Issues in South Hail
By Students:
Hatim Rasheed Al-Mangoor 201007973 Supervised by:
Mohammed Nasser Al-Tamimi 201403360 Ayoob Al-Ateeq
Mohammed Faraj Al-Shammari 201400297
Electrical Engineering Dept., College of Engineering, University of Hail, KSA
ABSTRACT RESULTS & VALIDATIONS
The study will provide a solution to the excess load that the Saudi

Electricity Company faced in August 2018 in the southern part of Hail

by applying a simulation of the distribution substation's feeders data

which recorded about the overload problem. The optimal solution of

this proposed method is Depend on the improving the voltages of the

entire power system by the lowest cost. In addition, programming work

to achieve the vision of Saudi Arabia 2030.

PROJECT OBJECTIVES
• Developing and improving the electrical system.
• Manage loads in a flexible and efficient way to meet overload.
• Energy efficiency and diversification of sources of electricity
distribution by linking grids In a loop.
• Reduce power interruptions by more than 60%.
Load of s/s8907 before applying optimal
A solution
• Ensure the stability of the feeding of the electrical grids of the 350

region the next ten years at least.

300

PROJECT PLAN
SEC A

250

Results exceed SEC B

200

expectations
150
Simulating the optimal solution
SEC C
by using PowerWorld Simulator 100

Finding an optimal solution at the lowest 50

cost
0
Analyzing of recorded data for feeders loads in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

August 2018
Feeders NO
Searching for causes of the problem of overload
Fig 2: s/s8907before applying optimal solution
Seeing the overload problem, during COOP Training Period in Saudi and the load capacities at each feeder.
Electricity Company

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS & CONSTRAINTS

Load of s/s8907 after applying optimal

solution
A
350

300

250
SEC A

200

Fig 1: Substations in south Hail including the SEC B

150

proposed substation. 100

SEC C

DESIGN METHODOLOGIES 50

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
PowerWorld Simulator (Simulator) is a power system simulation
Simulator has the power for serious engineering analysis, but it is also Feeders NO
so interactive and graphical that it can used to explain power system
operations. In this project, we used the PowerWorld to complete this Fig 3: s/s8907 after applying optimal solution
work. The following design is an example of designing S/S 7928 " new
substation “ in the PowerWorld simulator.
and the load capacities at each feeder.

CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE WORK

This project provides a proposed solution to solve overloading problem
in the south of Hail, taking into account the economic and technical
aspects. Our goal is to work within the safety range and thus be able to
meet the energy demand in the region with the growth of the load. We
have obtained satisfactory results included in the plan. In addition to
that, the proposed solution could meet the future demand within the
coming five and ten years.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The supports of EE, COE and university of Hail
Fig 2: designing S/S 7928 " new substation “ in are acknowledged by the EE students and
the PowerWorld simulator. faculties.
SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT PRESENTATION

RFID BASED AUTOMATIC ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM

MAY, 2019
Classification: Internal Use

INTRODUCTION

• The aim of this project is to develop RFID based automatic access to the parking
system. This will increase the efficiency of existing manual parking systems and reduce
operational and cost by reducing personnel requirement, cost of operation, depend up
processing and check out etc.
• This would help in tackling the increasing demand for parking facilities by decreasing
capital requirement per car slot.
• It will also provide a platform for monitoring parking demand at different times of the
day.

2
Classification: Internal Use

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

1- Reduced manpower.
2- Reduced maintenance costs.
3- Accurately identification of authorized vehicles.
4- Time saving.
5- Improved security.
6- Use of information as a database.

3
Classification: Internal Use

RFID READER & TAGS

• The use of RFID reader is to detect the tag on the vehicle arriving at the entrance and providing the tag's ID to
the microcontroller.
• It has an inbuilt small antenna, which emits radio waves continuously when it is in active mode, and the RFID
tag responds to the radio waves by sending its data to the reader.
• A Radio Frequency Identification tag/card usually known as RFID tags are electronic gadgets that can be
attached with a product, person, animal or many more for their identification or tracking using radio waves.
• Every tag has its own identity or tag number.

4
Classification: Internal Use

CONNECTION FOR THE READER

5
Classification: Internal Use

IR SENSOR

• IR Infrared Obstacle Avoidance Sensor Module has a pair of infrared transmitting and receiving tubes.

• When the transmitted light waves are reflected back, the reflected IR waves will be received by the receiver
tube.
• Figure below show the connection: -

6
Classification: Internal Use

SERVO MOTOR

The motors are chosen according to the requirement of the system under consideration. In this
regard, various approaches have been recorded in literature.
This servo can rotate approximately 180 degrees (90 in each direction).

connection of servo IN/OUT

7
Classification: Internal Use

LCD

• This is a 16x2 LCD display screen with I2C interface. It is able to display 16x2 characters on 2 lines, white
characters on a blue background.
• Usually, Arduino LCD display projects will run out of pin resources easily, especially with Arduino Uno. And it
is also very complicated with the wire soldering and connection.

Connection for LCD

8
Classification: Internal Use

SOFTWARE CODE

• It is an open source software available directly at Arduino's website & program, for beginners and

professionals to carry out projects like this as well as more projects and stuff.

• Language Used: C

• Language C is a very similar language to C and C++ with few of its libraries and function name

being different it serves as an easy and simple language to make embedded systems work

according to the coders need.

9
Classification: Internal Use

DESIGN

10
Classification: Internal Use

CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE WORK

• This project provides a solution to the problem of controlling access to

restricted areas by using RFID tags. This may really contribute to reduce
the deployment of man power in such areas hence maintaining the cost,
saving time and offers improved security to the areas under
surveillance.
• The whole system can be applied to real time scenarios for controlled
access.
• Active tags, with power supply.
• Put solar panels above the car umbrellas to feed the project.

11
Classification: Internal Use

12
 University of Hail
Electrical Engineering Department

Senior Design Project

Final
Simulation and Implementation of Flame Detection System
by
Khaled Marfoua Alshammri 201410767
Yasir Fehaid Alshammari 201410032

Supervised by

Dr. Ahmed Althunian

 Abstract

Fire detection system is very important for early detection and

promptly extinguishing fire in short time. In this project, the flame
detection system is designed to detect a fire by using YG1006 flame
sensor existing on servo motor to monitor and cover several angles
which are (45,90,135) degree and using a water pump to provide
water flow. The system design consists of two main functions:
 An early alarm will be raised so that people can be evacuated to
an assembly area.
 A fire pump is activated to provide a water flow to put out the
fire.
 Project Objective

 The main objective of the project is to develop a system that can

detect fire and extinguish it in the shortest time before it spreads.
 Save human lives.
 Save time by fast extinguish fire before it spreads.
 Fast fire detection.
 Reduce fire damage costs.
 Reduce fire risks.
 Software requirements

In this project we used these programs Arduino 1.8.7 compiler to write

code, TinkerCAD to implement the software and Fritzing program to
show wiring connection.

Hardware requirements

We need these hardware requirements Arduino Uno, Flame sensor,

Resistor, Bread Board, LED, Buzzer, Wires, Relay, Water pump,
Servo motor and 9v battery for project implementation.
 Main components
1) Arduino
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use
hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light
on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it
into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED.
2) Flame sensor
In this project we are using an IR based flame sensor. It is based on
the YG1006 sensor which is a high speed and high sensitive NPN
silicon phototransistor. It can detect infrared light with a wavelength
ranging from 700nm to 1000nm and its detection angle is about 60°.

Item Min Typical Max Unit

5.00 5.30 VDC
Voltage 4.75
20 - mA
Current -
940 1000 nm
Range of Spectral 700
Bandwidth
15 μS
Response Time
- 1 m
Detection range 0
Simulation by using TinkerCAD
Wiring connection by using fritzing program
Hardware
The hardware consists of three main parts: sensor part, control part and
pump & water tank part.
Sensor part
In this part there are flame sensor and water hose mounted in servo motor as
shown in Figure below. The servo motor helps flame sensor to covers several
angles.
Pump and water tank part
In this part there are pump and small water tank to provide a water flow to
put out fire.

Control part
In this part there is Arduino Uno which represent the controller and other things
like relay, breadboard, buzzer and wires.
 90⁰
15.3 cm

135⁰

the dimensions and angles

 Conclusion and future directions

What we have designed is not a robot but an automatic fire fighting

system that detects and put out the fire. it provide enhanced flexibility
of building design and increase the overall level of fire safety and
decrease the chance of fire accident. Also this system can be used in
Houses, laboratories, offices, factories, facilities, storages, hospitals,
…etc.
Thank you
 Senior Design Project
Presentation
(Optimal Solution of the Overload issues in
South Hail)

By
Mohammed F. Al-Shammari
Mohammed N. Al-Tamimi
Hatim R. Al-Mangour
 Outlines
• Seeing the overload problem, during COOP Training Period in
Saudi Electricity Company.
• Searching for causes of the problem of overload.
• Analyzing of recorded data for feeders loads in August 2018 .
• Finding a optimal solution at the lowest cost.
• Simulating the optimal solution by using PowerWorld Simulator
• Results exceed expectations
• Conclusion.
Optimal Solution of the Overload
Issues in South Hail
 Seeing the overload problem, during COOP Training
Period in Saudi Electricity Company

We stayed two weeks at the main distribution control center in

the SEC in August 2018 during the training period, and we saw the
overload problem that occurred at AlNugrah S/S 8907 in the south
of the city. The continuous overload of the substation caused
severe damage and short circuit which leaded to many continuous
interruptions, making the substation (Black Out) at more than one
time.
Seeing the overload problem, during COOP Training
Period in Saudi Electricity Company

SEC C SEC B SEC A

253.5241928 191.872467 127.015
283.8744049 139.885 55.53964615
51.72099113 207.2920303 238.8790512
74.56467724 128.3957787 161.3816757
95.99420547 193.2811279 213.0114517
132.7355 170.951561 50.21131229
138.83 263.4923401 192.7967758
198.343689 306.4762039 141.23
207.5722427 196.6417923 93.2
113.105 192.0047722 126.385
205.64 139.66 134.47 Total ( A )
1755.905 2129.9 1534.11 5419.7 A
This table shows that the all feeders value of Al-Nugrah S/S 8907
 Searching for causes of the problem of overload
The annual increase in buildings during the past three years
indicates that there is a large urban growth in Hail moving
south of the city due to the proliferation of residential plans
for a large number of neighborhoods and expansions in the
population density and construction. This growth is the
reason for the increase in the demand for electricity
service, thus increasing loads in the south of Hail.
 Analyzing of recorded data for feeders loads in
August 2018

To make the AL-Nugrah s/s8907 in a safe position, the load ratio of any power
transformer should not exceed 66% of its total capacity. This figure shows that the
transformer B exceeds by 19% and the transformer C exceeds by 4%. The override rate
is 23%.
So:-
Total overload of S/S 8907 = ( 129MVA/100 )* 23% = 29.67MVA
 Analyzing of recorded data for feeders loads in
August 2018

A 350
Load of s/s8907
300

250

SEC A 200

150
SEC B 100

50
SEC C
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Feeders NO

To make the feeders of AL-Nugrah s/s8907 in a safe position, the load value of any
feeder should not exceed 200A of its total capacity which is 400A. This chart shows
that the all feeders value
so:-
The overload = 29MVA= ( 29MVA)/(√3*13800 V) = 1234 A
 Finding a optimal solution at the lowest cost

Design a distribution substation of 33 / 13.8 KV in the south of Hail city .

The substation was named Al-Wadi s/s7928. We will work to connect the
Al-Wadi s/s7928 with a 33KV from the GHARNADA s/s8904 by the Bus
A(feeder M9 ) and Bus C ( feeder M26 ) with capacity 45MVA for each
feeder the total of them 90 MVA. s/s7928 will be designed by three
transformers 33KV - 13.8KV with total power capacity 60MVA for each
transformer, so the safe of capacity should not exceed 39.7MVA. That
means the Al-Wadi s/s7928 will be able to loaded 10 years coming.
 Finding a optimal solution at the lowest cost

The picture shows the proposed interconnection between The Gharnada s/s8904
and Al-Wadi s/s7928 with double circuit and length of 11 km
 Finding a optimal solution at the lowest cost

This is the single line diagram of Al-Wadi s/s7928. This substation will be able to
loaded 29MVA which is the value of overload in S/S8907. The 29MVA distributed
for 7 feeders out of 12 feeder available.
 Finding a optimal solution at the lowest cost
SEC C SEC B SEC A
Loads transferred 186 170 170
from the s / s8907 205 163 163
0 172 0
substation. 13 0 13 Total ( A )
404 505 346 1255

SEC C SEC B SEC A

loads after five 191 170 170
years. 200 163 163
100 172 109
13 0 13 Total ( A )
504 505 455 1464

SEC C SEC B SEC A

loads after ten 191 170 170
200 163 183
years 153 172 191
13 52 13 Total ( A )
557 557 557 1671
Simulating the optimal solution by using PowerWorld
Simulator

250
A Load of S/S7928
200

150
SEC A
SEC B 100
SEC C
50

0
1 2 3 4
Feeders NO
Simulating the optimal solution by using PowerWorld
Simulator

A Load of S/S7928 after five years

250

200

150
SEC A
100
SEC B
50
SEC C
0
1 2 3 4
Feeders NO
Simulating the optimal solution by using PowerWorld
Simulator

A
250
Load of S/S7928 after ten years
200

150
SEC A
100
SEC B
50
SEC C
0
1 2 Feedrs NO 3 4
 Results exceed expectations

After applying the optimal solution to the problem of

overload. The Al-Nugrah S/S 8907 become to safe operating
situation


 Results exceed expectations

A
Load of s/s8907 After
350
300
250
SEC A
200
SEC B 150
100
SEC C
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Feeders NO
 Conclusion

This project provides the best solution for the problem of overloading in the

south of Hail, taking into account the economic and technical aspects. The

goal here is to be able to work within the safety range and thus be able to

meet the energy demand in the region with the growth of the load. We have

obtained satisfactory results included in the plan.

 Bander Yousif
Fahad Abdulmohsen
Mukhlef Ghazi
Supervised by: Dr. Anouar FARAH
Presentation Outline
 Introduction to Renewable and solar energy and
tracking systems.

 Comparison between Single Axis and Dual axis w.r.t

Fixed Panels.

 Project objectives , component and procedure.

 Reviewing the final product

Renewable Energy
 Renewable energy is a form of energy that meet our
today’s demand of energy without putting them in
danger of getting expired or depleted and can be used
over and over again.
Solar Energy
 The solar energy is the most important form of
sustainable energy, and the form with the brightest
future. Because the sun is a very abundant source of
power. Even so, only a fraction of the entire energy is
harnessed and that too not efficiently. The main cause
of this is the high cost of installation of solar cells.

 Solar cells are mostly kept fixed, so they do not obtain

the optimum amount of sunlight throughout the day.
Tracking Systems
 There are four main kinds of tracking systems, they are
the following:

 Single Axis or Dual Axis

 Active Tracking or Scheduled Tracking

Fixed vs. Single Axis vs. Dual Axis
Dual Axis Tracking
 Dual axis trackers have two degrees of freedom that act
as axes of rotation. These axes are typically normal to
one another. The axis that is fixed with respect to the
ground can be considered a primary axis. The axis that
is referenced to the primary axis can be considered a
secondary axis.
 No matter where the Sun is in the sky, dual axis
trackers are able to angle themselves to be in direct
contact with the Sun.
Project Objectives
 To design a device that will maximize the efficiency of
solar power.

 To prove that tracking indeed increase the efficiency

greatly.

 To program the circuit to compare the sensors’ outputs

and command servomotors to rotate towards the sun.
Project Components
 Arduino Uno + USB Cable.
 2x MG995 Servo motors.
 4x 100KΩ Resistors (1/4W).
 4x Photoresistors (LDR) 12mm.
 30cm male-male & male-female Wires.
 Solderer.
 Wood pieces in different sizes.
Circuit Diagram
Project Procedure
1. Upload the program to the Arduino Uno using the USB cable
and a computer.
2. Fix the solar panel to a base surface.
3. Install four Light Dependent Resistors on every corner of the
panel.
4. connect the LDRs and resistors in voltage divider fashion.
5. Install the whole thing on a wooden base that’s specially made
in such a way that allows us to connect two servo motors to the
wooden base and rotate them vertically and horizontally.
6. Connect Vcc and GND to LDRs circuit.
7. Verify that there are no loose wires that could interfere with
the movement of the device, and start working on the
aesthetics of the device.
Final Product
Conclusion
 Working on this device have been very exciting and
educational for all of us.

 Future improvements by adding panels, battery

storages, loads and inverters. Also, self-cleaning with
mechanical vibration.

 We would like to thank Dr. Anouar and all of EE

department lead by Dr. Mohammed Eliwafor their
support throughout the project.
THANK YOU FOR LESTENING
 Senior Design Project
Traffic board powered by solar PV

ID: Student name :

201406926 Abdullah Muflih S. Alghaythi
201406017 Adel Khalid Mohammed Alshaya
201402469 Ali Khalaf Ali Alkhalaf
Advisor name:
Dr. Abdullah Fahad Albaker

1
 Introduction
 Project background
 System components
 Software simulation construction
 Simulation results
 Hardware work
 Conclusion

2
 Electronic traffic signs provide significant
information for cars' drivers and pedestrians.
 Electronic traffic signs are used within parking
guidance and information systems to guide
drivers to available car parking spaces, besides
many other applications.

3
 Electronic traffic signs may also ask vehicles to
take alternative routes, limit travel speed, warn
of duration and location of the incidents, or
just inform of the traffic conditions.

4
 System will not require any external power
sources aside from the PV electronics
 System should not be excessively heavy or
large
 System parts cost $1000
 System will be able to operate for two days
without sunlight

5
Figure 1: Block diagram of the PV electronic traffic sign
system.

6
 Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System.

• The stand-alone photovoltaic systems are

normally used in remote or isolated places
where the electric supply from the power-grid
is unavailable.
• PV system offers a reliable, low maintenance
with zero fuel costs and does not require an
attendant to be present during operation.

7
 Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System.

• PV stand-alone system can supply power from

milliwatts to several kilowatts.
• The system do not have any connection to an
electricity grid. Therefore, since most moving
message displays are connected to local power
supplies; Thus a stand-alone PV system is used
to power these panel in this work.

8
 Battery charge controller :

• The charger controller in the stand-alone PV

system is to maintain the battery at its highest
possible state of charge and protect it from
overcharging by the PV array and from over-
discharging by the loads

9
 BATTERY SELECTION:

• The battery serves as the direct source of

power for the LED electronic traffic sign at
night.
• A battery with a capacity rating of 65 amp
hours was selected, which means the battery
could theoretically provide 1 amp of current for
65 hours, or 5 amps of current for 13 hours
and so on.

10
 BATTERY SELECTION:

• A capacity of 65 amp hours was selected as it

is desired to have the system be functional for
at least 2 days without sunlight to account for
cloudy days, without over discharging and
damaging the battery.

11
 DC- AC inverter

• A power inverter, is an electronic device or

circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to
alternating current (AC). The input voltage,
output voltage and frequency, and overall
power handling depend on the design of the
specific device or circuitry. The inverter does
not produce any power; the power is provided
by the DC source (Solar PV).

12
 AC – DC Rectifier

• A rectifier is an electrical device that converts

alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which
flows in only one direction.

13
 DC-DC converter

• The step up DC-DC converter is an electronic

circuit which converts a source of direct current
from one voltage level to another.
• The converter is designed to operate in the
continuous mode. Moreover, the DC-DC
converter is used for maximum power point
tracking.

14
Figure 2: Simulink simulation of the solar PV model.

15
Figure 3: The above figure shows voltage, current and the
current State of Charge, respectively.

16
 Figure 4: Shows the DC signal coming out of the MPPT.

17
 Stand Alone system

• Designing the stand and taking in account :

1. It can hold the component of the system.
2. You can rotate the solar in 360 degree.
3. It had wheels so it is easy to move.

18
 Electronic Traffic Sign
• Programing the load by using :
1. LedShow Software
2. LAN Cable
Characteristics of the load
Voltage 5V
Current 4A
Power 20 W
Frequency 50-60 Hz
Temperature -20 C to 50 C
Table 1: Characteristics of the load

19
 Hardware Component :
a) 100 W solar PV
b) Charge controller
c) 1000 W inverter
d) 65 Ampere Battery
e) Electronic traffic sign (20W,5V,4A)
f) Electrical connector
g) MC4 connector
h) 4MM cable

20
21
 In the 14 weeks we searched about the project
and read about all the components that we
need. We also simulate the project in Matlab,
bought the components for the hardware and
Connect them together.

22
Thank you for
Listening

23
 Final
Senior Design Project Presentation

Minimization of Losses in Transformer

 OUTLINE

- Introduction

- Project Objective

- Transformer

- Losses In Transformer

- Results

- Recommendations

- Conclusion
 Introduction
• The transformer always having losses, but the
idea is to minimization the losses as possible as
we can.

• Doing the minimization is to sell transformers

with excellent value and the treatment of high
power losses after manufacturing.
 Project Objective
• The treatment of high power losses after manufacturing.
• Increasing of transformers efficiency.
• To sell transformers with excellent value.
• Improve the work of transformers.
• Avoid losing money.
• To transfer the quantities you want with the same value.
• To improve the quality of transformers.
• For high security and work well done.
 Transformer
It is transmission of energy is generally divided in two
parts:

• Transmission over long distances at high voltages, which

is supported by power transformers.

• The second parts distribution of the energy from

substations to the various users.
 Distribution Transformer
• Distribution transformer is a transformer that provides
the final voltage transformation in the electric power
distribution system, stepping down the voltage used in
the distribution lines to the level used by the customer.
 Types of Distribution Transformers:
1- Three-Phase Distribution Transformers:-
Large Distribution Transformers. Ground Mounted Transformers.

Pole Mounted Transformers. Substation Type Transformers.

• 2-Single-Phase Distribution Transformer:-
 Losses In Transformer
 ‘Losses’ are the difference between input power
and output power. A transformer only consists of
electrical losses (iron losses and copper losses).

Types of Losses in Transformer:

1.Core loss or Iron loss.
2.Copper losses.
3.Stray Losses.
4.Dielectric Losses.
• (i) Core loss or Iron loss
Hysteresis losses: This loss is due to magnetic
properties of iron part or core.

Hysteresis loss is to reversal of magnetization in

the transformer core. This loss depends on the
volume and grade of the iron, frequency of
magnetic reversals and value of flux density.
It can be given by, Steinmetz formula:
• Eddy current losses: In transformer, AC current is
supplied to the primary winding which sets up
alternating magnetizing flux. When this flux links with
secondary winding, it produces induced emf in it. But
some part of this flux also gets linked with other
conducting parts like steel core or iron body or the
transformer, which will result in induced emf in those
parts, causing small circulating current in them. This
current is called as eddy current. Due to these eddy
currents, some energy will be dissipated in the form of
heat.
The equation of the eddy current loss is given as
• (ii) Copper losses: Copper loss is due to ohmic
resistance of the transformer windings. Copper loss
for the primary winding is I12R1 and for secondary
winding is I2^2R2. Where, I1 and I2 are current in
primary and secondary winding respectively, R1 and
R2 are the resistances of primary and secondary
winding respectively. It is clear that Cu loss is
proportional to square of the current, and current
depends on the load. Hence copper loss in
transformer varies with the load.
Therefore, the total copper losses will be
• (iii) Stray Losses
The percentage of these losses are very small as
compared to the iron and copper

• (iv) Dielectric Losses

Dielectric loss in the insulating material of the
transformer that is in the oil of the transformer, or in
the solid insulations. When the oil gets deteriorated or
the solid insulation get damaged, or its quality
decreases, and because of this, the efficiency of
transformer is effected.
 Measurement of Power losses
• No load losses test:
No load losses divided into 3 types of losses:
a. Hysteresis Losses.
b. Eddy current Losses.
c. Dielectric losses.
• load losses test:
Load losses divided into three main types:
a. Copper losses.
b. Stray losses.
c. Leakage flux losses
Results
• Case1:
Here we will explain how to calculate power losses of
transformer with apply one example of calculating the losses.
According to IEC 60076-1 international standard.
• Step 1:
HV rated current =KVA / V1* 𝟑 LV rated current =KVA / V2* 𝟑
HV rated current = 1500K/13800*1.732 = 62.76 Amps
LV rated current = 1500k/400*1.732 = 2165.13 Amps

• Step 2:
𝐈 𝟐 R Losses HV = (𝐈 𝟐 * R *1.5) 𝐈 𝟐 R Losses LV = (𝐈 𝟐 * R *0.5*3)
I2 R Losses HV = (62.76) ^2 * 0.6014 * 1.5 = 3553 Watts
I2 R Losses LV = (2165.13) ^2 * 0.000644 * 0.5 * 3 = 4528.4 Watts

• Step 3:
Total 𝐈 𝟐 R Losses at amb temp = (𝐈 𝟐 R)𝑯𝑽 + (𝐈 𝟐 R)𝑳𝑽
Total stray 𝐈 𝟐 R Losses amb temp = LL - {(𝐈 𝟐 R)𝑯𝑽 + (𝐈 𝟐 R) 𝑳𝑽 }
Total I2 R Losses at amb temp = 3553 + 4528.4 = 8081.4 Watts
Total stray I2 R Losses amb temp = 10900 – 8081.4 = 2818.6 Watts
• Step 4:
𝐈 𝟐 R Losses @ 75 ℃ = (total 𝐈 𝟐 R Losses at amb temp * 310) / (235 + amb temp)
Stray 𝐈 𝟐 R Losses @ 75 ℃ =Total stray Losses at amb temp*(235 +amb temp) /
310
I2 R Losses @ 75 ℃ = (8081.4 * 310) / (235 + 32.2) = 9375.8 Watts
Stray I2 R Losses @ 75 ℃ = 2818.6 * (235 + 32.2)/310 = 2429.5 Watts
Note: Material constant (235 for copper, 225 for aluminum) & Temperature
constant (310 for copper, 300 for aluminum)

• Step 5:
LL @ 75 ℃ = 𝐈 𝟐 R Losses @ 75 ℃ + Stray 𝐈 𝟐 R Losses @ 75 ℃ .
LL @ 75 ℃ = 9375.8 + 2429.5 = 11805.3 Watts
• Case2:

We decided to study the transformers production

rate passed and failed in this section. Figure in the
next slide filled by the monthly target of testing
transformers. This process consider for these last
four months in our training in MATCO.
We worked on transformers that failed in August and explain the reasons
and how to solve them and avoid repeating the same mistakes in the
future.
• Case3:
• Transformer design and active part number: 1006-1320
• Transformer rating: 1000 KVA, 13.8/0.400 KV
• Date of Testing: 20/Aug./2018
• Type of Failure: No Load Loss (NLL).
• Reason of Failure:
In testing analysis found this transformer failed in NLL at U
phase.
During dismantling the defective coil, there were some issues:
- Overlap in many layers and not uniformed winding in HV.
- Unsymmetrical winding started from lead 7 as shown in
figure.

• Corrective Action:
Removed HV wire and rewind new HV wire properly.
• Case4:
• Transformer design: 4662
• Transformer rating: 1500 KVA, 13.8/0.400 KV
• Date of Testing: 16/Aug./2018
• Type of Failure: No Load Loss (NLL).
• Reason of Failure:
TR failed in NLL (U- Phase) during in routine test, on
29/12/2018.

• Investigation:
During the routine test found this TR failed in NLL at U phase.
QC request to dismantle the coil to find out the reason of failure.
Coil has dismantled and found out there is short circuit
occurred between LV turns (14&amp; 13) may be caused by
small practical in the foil (not clear evidence).
• Corrective Action:
Clean the effective spot by sand paper on layer 13 and 14 and
add double DDP on the last two layers.
• Case5:
• Transformer design: 5187
• Transformer rating: 1000KVA-13.8/.400-.230-
.133kv
• Date of Testing: 09/aug/2018
• Type of Failure: High load losses
• Reason of Failure:
TR failed in Load losses (High load losses) during in
routine test, on dated 20/01/2019.
• Investigation:
Active part # 37, 42 we open in repair area and found
loose connection in LV risers.
• Corrective Action:
Re- tight all LV riser jumpers by torque wrench.
• Case 6:
• Transformer design: 5127
• Transformer rating: 1000KVA-13.8/0.400kv.
• Date of Testing: 15/Nov/2018

PASS
• Procedure:
After confirming the quality section in the
assembly section, use the torque wrench instead
of using manual hand and continuous
monitoring to assembly the coil. We have
achieved positive results.
 Recommendations:
We recommend the quality department to focus in the
work of the workers to reduce the human mistake,
because these small problems is cost them a lot of
money. We recommend to provide a testing machine
single coil, because a lot of the mistakes are coming from
assembly coil. We have to check all material before to
start assembly. Also we recommend to check all the
materials before start assembly the transformer. We
recommend to use torque wrench instead of the manual
tight. We notice that the design department don’t have a
quality man to check the design before start production
line and that will reduce the filed transformers.
 Conclusion
The senior design project was very helpful for us
and it improves our skills and provide us with a
very good experience in power losses of
transformer, also it was a great opportunity to do a
lot of researches about transformer and its
contents. Also we gained a new skills about how
the search to solve a problem. The power losses
have a relation with all the content of the
transformer that leading us to have experience
about how to reduce power losses that definitely
will increase the efficiency of transformer. Finally, it
help us to work together and be a team worker.
Thank You
Senior Design Project Presentation

Solar Powered Backpack

Done by
Turki Altamimi 201411973
Saad Alsaif 201412074
Thamer Motlaq 201300670
Omar Albadran 201000387
Solar Powered Backpack outline:
 Abstract
 Renewable energy
 Solar energy
 Solar powered backpack
 Solar panel
 Charge control
 DC DC booster
 Steps to execute the project
 Abstract

The main purpose of this senior project is to show

how to make solar powered backpack explaining its
main components and its operation. This project will
convert the sun’s energy into reusable electric energy.
The purpose of this senior project is to develop a
solar powered backpack that can charge certain
portable USB devices for students.
 Renewable Energy
 Renewable energy is energy take from
Natural Resources like water, wind and sun.
It called renewable because it can be easily
replenished.
 There are many forms of renewable energy:
1. Solar Energy.
2. Hydropower.
3. Wind Power.
 Solar Energy
Solar energy is free, environmentally clean,
and therefore is recognized as one of the
most promising alternative energy
recourses options.
 Photovoltaic (PV) cell: It is an energy
harvesting technique, so there are several
different types of photovoltaic cells that all
use semiconductors such as polycrystalline
solar panels
 Solar Powered Backpack
 A solar backpack is a backpack equipped
with thin film solar cells and batteries.
 Solar backpack has many advantages such
as:
1. It is light-weight .

2. It carry a green energy source for the

environment .
 Goals of Project
 There are many goals of the project and
it benefit most of people such as :
1. Students and workers.
2. Emergency relief staff.
3. Field workers.
4. Emergency staff.
 Project Objectives
 The main objectives of the project include
the following:
1. To design a solar powered backpack.
2. To help the people in far areas to charge
their mobiles.
3. Generating the electricity from the solar
panel.
 Project Requirements
The main requirements of this project include
the following:
1. Battery
2. Backpack
3. Solar panel
4. TP4056 Charge control
5. DC-DC booster
6. Board
7. Diode
8. Wires for connection
 Solar Panel
In the following table, the panel produce 5W and
voltage open circuit mean calculate the voltage
without load. Current short circuit mean it
connect positive and negative terminal together
then calculate current by current measurement.
Power 5W

VMP 9V

IMP 0.55 A
Voc 12 V
Isc 0.6 A
Max system voltage 1000 V
STC 1000 W/m²AM 1.5 25C°
 TP4056 Charge Controller
 The TP4056 is a Lithium Ion battery charger
controller IC. It supports a constant current
and constant voltage charging mechanism for
single cell Li-Ion Battery.
 DC-DC booster
 This regulator will boost 0.9V-5V to
regulated 5V. It has a USB connector to
charge phones or iPod from a lower
voltage battery.
 Block diagram of the solar
powered backpack
Steps to execute the project
 Step 1: In this step, we measured the
open circuit output voltage of the solar.
 Step 2: the solar panel should be
connected to the board
as shown in the figure.
 Step 3: In this step, we connect the diode
between solar panel and charging
controller.
 Step 4: The lithium battery (2500mAh) is
then connected with charge controller.
 Step 5: we connect the booster and the
red led means the booster is working.
 Step 6: The output voltage should be 5 V.
The output voltage of this circuit can
charge any portable electronic device
Assembling solar powered battery charge
Conclusion
Solar-powered backpacks are a great innovation in the fields of
solar technology and backpacks. Now, people can also use their
backpack as an on go outlet (charging station) when traveling,
hiking, trekking, biking or doing other activities. This project
provides a potential solution to the very real problem of
needing to charge portable electronic devices.

In the future, the design can be altered to charge laptops

instead of only USB devices. Another useful improvement can
be to add a GPS tracker.
Final Presentation
 HOMER

Location Resources

Load
Profile
Month Clearness Index Daily
Radiation
(kWh/m2/day)
Jan 0.547 4.654
Feb 0.545 5.061
Mar 0.576 5.810
Apr 0.572 6.037
May 0.606 6.415
Jun 0.573 6.017
Jul 0.534 5.610
Aug 0.565 5.928
Sep 0.583 5.942
Oct 0.625 5.923
Nov 0.636 5.509
Dec 0.572 4.711
Month Average Speed
(M\s)
Jan 6.960
Feb 6.280
Mar 5.270
Apr 3.830
May 4.320
Jun 8.300
Jul 10.230
Aug 9.730
Sep 6.290
Oct 4.290
Nov 5.850
Dec 6.700
Hour January February March April May June July August September October November December

0 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
1 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
2 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
3 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
4 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
5 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
6 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
7 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
8 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
9 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
10 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
11 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
12 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
13 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
14 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
15 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
16 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
17 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
18 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
19 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
20 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
21 376 433 373 410 485 546 801 621 670 489 455 331
 HOMER Simulation Model
 Schematic Hybrid Power System
 HOMER Simulation Model
 System Components
 PV Array
Quantity Value Units

Rated capacity 500 Kw

Minimum Output 0 kW

Maximum Output 499.95 kW

Hours of Operation 4,340 hrs/yr

Efficiency 17.3 %

Life time 25 Year

 HOMER Simulation Model
 System Components
 Wind Turbine
Quantity Value Units

Rated capacity 250 Kw

Total rated capacity 36000 Kw
Minimum Output 0 kW

Maximum Output 36,000 kW

Hours of Operation 7,552 hrs/yr
Hub height 48 M
Life time 20 Year
 HOMER Simulation Model
 System Components
 Converter and Battery
Converter
Capacity 900 kw
Lifetime 10 year
Battery
Lifetime 20year
Connection type Parallel
Bus Voltage 48 v
Simulation Results
Result Solar Wind Grid Converter Battery Wind PV(kw)
number turbine turbines
numbers

1 Yes Yes Yes No No 144 8,117

2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 144 11,059

3 No Yes Yes No No 144 ----

4 No Yes Yes Yes Yes 144 -----

5 Yes No Yes NO NO ----- 9,178

6 Yes No Yes Yes Yes ---- 9,154

7 NO No Yes No NO ------- -----

8 No No Yes Yes Yes ---- -------

 Electrical Output
 Production results
Production kWh/yr %

PV 2,114,926 2.66

Wind turbine 2,114,926 96.7

Grid Purchases 491,475 0.617

Total 79,648,940 100

Renewable fraction 99.4%

 Electrical Output
 Monthly Average Electric Production
 Electrical Output
 PV output (kW)
 Electrical Output
 Wind Turbine Output
 Electrical Output
 Renewable Energy Output
 Simulation and Implementation of Flame Detection System
By Students:
Yasir Fehaid Alshammari 201410032
Khaled Marfoua Alshammri 201410767
Supervised by
Dr. Ahmed Althunian
Electrical Engineering Dept., College of Engineering, University of Hail, KSA

ABSTRACT RESULTS & VALIDATIONS

Fire detection system is very important for
early detection and promptly extinguishing
fire in short time. In this project, the flame
detection system is designed to detect a fire
by using YG1006 flame sensor existing on
servo motor to monitor and cover several
angles which are (45,90,135) degree and
using a water pump to provide water flow.
The system design consists of two main
functions:
➢ An early alarm will be raised so that (wiring
people can be evacuated to an assembly diagram)
area.
➢ A fire pump is activated to provide a
water flow to put out the fire.
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
➢ The main objective of the project is to
develop a system that can detect fire and
extinguish it in the shortest time before it
spreads.
➢ Save human lives.
➢ Save time by fast extinguish fire before it
spreads.
➢ Fast fire detection.
➢ Reduce fire damage costs.
Sensor part In this part there are flame sensor
➢ Reduce fire risks. and water hose mounted in servo motor. The
PROJECT PLAN servo motor helps flame sensor to covers several
➢ To implemented flame detection system. angles.
➢ To detect and respond to the presence of Pump and water tank part In this part there are
a flame. Responses can include an alarm pump and small water tank to provide a water
and activating a fire suppression system. flow at a high pressure to put out fire.
➢ To protect our Houses, laboratories, Control part In this part there is an Arduino Uno
offices, factories, facilities, storages, which represent the controller and other things
hospitals, …etc. like relay, breadboard, buzzer and wires.
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS & CONSTRAINTS CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE WORK
What we have designed is not a robot but
an automatic fire fighting system that
detects and put out the fire. By mounting it
and making it into a fire monitoring system
we can target only the fire flame and
decrease the chance of collateral damage.
This system can overcome deficiencies in
risk management, building construction,
DESIGN METHODOLOGIES and emergency response. it also provide
➢ Programming of Arduino according to enhanced flexibility of building design and
requirement. increase the overall level of fire safety.
➢ Selection of suitable water pump. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
➢ Calculation of flame sensor distance to First and foremost, We would like to thank our
detect fire supervisor Dr. Ahmed Althunian for his guidance
➢ Fritzing program to show wiring and advice on this project. We also would like to
connection thank my group and friends for sharing
➢ Simulation and implementation of information to complete this senior design
project project successfully.
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