“Power quality measurement and protection.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

6th Semester
Minor Project Report on

“Power Quality Measurement and

Protection”

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Siddarameshwar. H. N

Project Associates

Dhanashree N 01FE15BEE014
Shweta T 01FE15BEE050
Vaishnavi M 01FE15BEE063
Sudha Shintri 01FE16BEE414

Year-2017-18

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 “Power quality measurement and protection.”

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Certificate
This is to certify that the project titled “Power Quality Measurement and
Protection” is a work carried out by Dhanashree, Shweta, Vaishnavi and
Sudha bonafide students of KLE Technological University, Hubli for the
fulfillment of the project assigned for VI- semester. The project report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirement in respect of the project work
prescribed for the above said course.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the H.O.D Signature of Dean

(Prof. Siddarameshwar. H. N) (Dr. A. B. Raju) (Dr. P. G. Tewari)

Name of the examiners Signature with date

1.

2.

Acknowledgement
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The satisfaction that accompanies the completion of any task would be incomplete
without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance
and encouragement ground our efforts with success. One cannot even imagine the
power of the force that guides us all and neither can succeed without
acknowledging it. Our deepest gratitude to almighty for holding our hands and
guiding us throughout our lives. We take the privilege of thanking our guide,
Prof.Siddarameshwar.H.N, Associate professor, department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering, KLETECH-Hubli for his expert guidance, encouragement
invaluable support at every step.

We also thank Dr.A.B.Raju, Head of the Department of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering, KLETECH- Hubli, who patronized throughout our career
and for the facilities provided to us to carry out this work successfully. We also
thank Dr.P. G. Tewari, our beloved Dean,and our college KLE Technological
University for providing us the platform to express our innovative ideas.

We are extremely happy to acknowledge and express our sincere gratitude to our
parents for their constant support and encouragement and last but not the least,
friends and well-wishers for their help and cooperation and solutions to problems
during the course of the project.

Project Associates

Dhanashree N

Shweta Talwar

Vaishnavi M

Sudha Shintri

Abstract
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 “Power quality measurement and protection.”

Power Quality problems are among the main causes for equipment malfunction
and damage. The different types of power quality disturbances, their impact on
equipment and electric installation, as well as possible mitigation solution are
known today. However, there are no standards, recommendations or guidelines on
how to implement, manage and continuously improve the power quality in an
electrical network. Power quality is an area of growing concern for end users due
to frequency of power quality issues and their functional impact. due to the
increasing awareness of the impacts of variations in the quality of electrical supply
consumers expect a better quality of electrical service. Automatic Load Shedding is
categorized as one of the protection systems applied to a Power network. Pre-
requirement to this is the need to understand the electrical system response to the
presence of disturbances and interruptions on over loads. The project is designed
to develop a system to detect the synchronization failure of any external supply
source to the power grid on sensing the abnormalities in frequency and voltage.

Contents

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Pg. no

Abstract 4
1. Introduction
1.1 General Introduction 6
1.2 Literature review      7
1.3 Objectives 8

2. Methodology
2.1 Block Diagram        9
2.2 Flow Chart
2.3 Circuit Diagram 10
2.4 Components Details 11

3. Results & Conclusions

3.1 Results 16
3.2 Hardware Implementation 18

4.  Conclusion 21

References
Appendix A

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1. Introduction

1.1 Introduction
In recent days ,many developing countries like India are facing the problem of
shortage of electricity as well as reliability in power towards load center. In many
countries the increase in demand is growing at a faster rate than transmission
capacity and also the cost of providing power is also increasing due to higher coal
prices and deficiency of fuel.

Power quality has become an important concern for utility, facility, and consulting
engineers in recent years. End use equipment is more sensitive to disturbances that
arise both on the supplying power system and within the
customer facilities. Also, this equipment is more interconnected in networks and
industrial processes so that the impacts of a problem with any piece of equipment
are much more severe.

The increased concern for power quality has resulted in significant advances in
monitoring equipment that can be used to characterize disturbances and power
quality variations. The types of information that can be obtained from different
kinds of monitoring equipments and methods for analyzing and presenting the
information in a useful form.

1.2 Literature survey

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When a power system is operating normally the amount of electric power

generated is the amount of electric power consumed. The load on the system is
greater than generation, load shedding is solution to maintain the frequency of the
system. As soon as the load on the generator increases there will be a falling
system frequency, and the rate of fall of frequency is the determining factor for
the amount of load to be shed.

The amount of load shedding should be minimum necessary to recover the system
frequency but it should be sufficient to cancel the generation deficit. Due to
advancement in computer technology microcontrollers are extensively used for
online instrumentation, control and projection .The microcontroller scheme is fast,
accurate, reliable and eliminates the use of large number of measuring instruments
and relays. A microcontroller scheme has been developed for load shedding based
on the rate of fall of frequency.

The increasing need for PQ measurement has driven the requirement for standards
that describe measuring methods and how the different Power Quality parameters
are calculated and interpreted. [1]
Monitor and analysis of power system is very important to guarantee Power
Quality.[2]
Power Quality is a very vast subject and has many factors that affect it. These
factors cause disturbances to the electrical system either at the supplier side or on
the consumer side. [3]

1.3 Objectives

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In today's world the demand of electric power is increasing and the production is
decreasing. As a result the necessity for the cut-off load becomes mandatory. As a
result load shedding takes place manually assuming peak demand or overvoltage.
This assumptions can be based on records which might be right or wrong. This
may happen in three types

 Over voltage at consumer side.

 Low voltage at consumer side.
 Frequency deviation at generating side.

Islanding of grid is basically to manage two parameters. One parameter is voltage

and other parameter is frequency. Frequency stability is mainly based on
recovering rate of change of frequency to normal value. Proposed system is
mainly used for effective management of power on consumer side. Without
overloading the generating stations.A predetermined value is initially set in the
microcontroller and if the frequency less than the predetermined value, the load
will be more than the available power then automatically cut off the load.

2. Methodology

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2.1 Block Diagram

 A step down transformer 230/12 V of 500mA is connected to a rectifier

to convert ac signal to a pulsating dc signal.
 Bridge rectifier is used to convert negative cycle of sine wave into
positive cycle because At mega328 does not take negative cycle of sine
wave.
 The pulsating dc signal is converted to normal dc signal using capacitor.
 The 12 V dc signal is then brought down to 5 V using a voltage regulator.
 The 5V produced is used to drive the At mega328.
 This 5V is also used to supply power to the LCD display.
 The voltage from the rectifier is given to a Optocoupler(PC817).
 The Optocoupler input signal is given to At mega328, which gives the
frequency.
 The frequency measured is given to controller with a set frequency of
50Hz.
 Voltage is varied and measured using Autotransformer.
 Frequency is varied and measured using signal generator.

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 A 16x2 LCD display is used to display the voltage and the frequency.
 The controller is given to relay system for indication of over and under
voltage and frequency.
 This is indicated by turning ON and OFF of the load.

2.2 Flow chart

Fig 2.2: Flow Chart

As per the above fig.2.2 Voltage and frequency ranges are specified in the
program as rated voltage range from 220V to 240V ,rated frequency range from

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45Hz to 55Hz. Source voltage and frequency are measured. If measured voltage
and frequency are within the specified range then load is turned ON. If it is not
within the specified range then load is turned OFF.

2.3 Circuit Diagram

The live power signal consists of voltage with magnitude of 230V and frequency
of 50Hz. Our aim is to measure this frequency accurately using Arduino kit. The
voltage rating of the microcontroller of Arduino is 5V,so any signal having
amplitude of more than 5V can damage the microcontroller. Hence this problem is
solved by converting the 230V power system supply to 0 to 5V supply ,so that
Arduino can successfully analyze the sine wave provided by supply.

The Arduino-microcontroller generally operated and manufactured to work with

voltage ratings less than or equal to 5V. So, it is not possible to directly measure
AC voltage greater than 230V by giving high input voltages to microcontrollers
which may cause temporary or permanent damage to microcontrollers.

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Hence, it is required to step down the high AC voltage around 230V to 5V for
measuring voltage. This can be done using transformer. The potential transformer
is used to step-down the voltage and then by using analog to digital converter or
rectifier the voltage reading is displayed on LCD display.

2.4 Components used

At mega 328

Fig2.3.1 At mega 328

 28-pin AVR Microcontroller

 Flash Program Memory: 32kbytes

 EEPROM Data Memory: 1kbytes

 SRAM Data Memory: 2kbytes

 I/O Pins: 23

 Timers: Two 8-bit / One 16-bit

 A/D Converter: 10-bit Six Channel

 PWM: Six Channels

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 RTC: Yes with Separate Oscillator

 MSSP: SPI and I²C Master and Slave Support

 USART: Yes

 External Oscillator: up to 20MHz

PC817

Fig.2.3.2 PC817

 PC817X Series contains an IRED optically coupled to a phototransistor.

 It is packaged in a 4pin DIP, available in wide-lead spacing option and SMT

gull wing lead-form option.

 Input-output isolation voltage(rms) is 5.0kV.

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 Collector-emitter voltage is 80V(*) and CTR is 50% to 600% at input

current of 5mA.

 From Optocoupler pulse wave form is generated.

 Total time =[ ON time +OFF time ]

1
 Frequency= Total time

Relay

Fig2.3.3 Relay

 Switching capacity available by 10A in spite of small size design for high
density P.C. board mounting technique.

 Selection of plastic material for high temperature and better chemical

solution performance.

 Sealed types available.

 Simple relay magnetic circuit to meet low cost of mass production.

LCD

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 Ground (0V)

 Supply voltage; 5V(4.7V –5.3V) Vcc

 Backlight VCC (5V) – Led+

 Backlight Ground (0V) – Led-

 Each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix

 LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.

Fig 2.3.4 LCD

Voltage Regulator

 Output Current up to 1A.

 Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 15, 18, 24V

 Thermal Overload Protection.

 Short Circuit Protection.

 Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection.

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Fig 2.3.5 Voltage Regulator

Bridge Rectifier

Fig 2.3.6 Rectifier

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of
rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until
the mains voltage and load is maintained constant.
 Seamless finish
 Simple design
 Light weight
 Strong built
 High strength

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3. Results

Fig 3.1 Schematic

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Fig 3.2 PCB Layout

PCB schematic as shown in fig 3.1 and PCB Layout fig 3.2 is done by using
EAGLE software.

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3.1 Hardware Implementation

Stable Operation: When the source voltage is within the specified range of 220V
to 240 V and source frequency range of 45Hz to 55 Hz. It is indicated by glowing
lamp as shown in fig 3.1.1

Fig .3.1.1 Stable Operation

 Under Voltage and Frequency Operation

When the source voltage is below the specified range 220V and source
frequency range of 45Hz. The load is cut off as shown in fig 3.1.2

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Fig 3.1.2 Under Voltage and Frequency Operation

 Over Voltage and Frequency Operation

When the source voltage is above specified range of 240V and source frequency
range of 50Hz. The load cuts off as shown in the fig 3.1.3

Fig 3.1.3 Over Voltage and Frequency Operation

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4.Conclusion

The project is designed to develop a system that detects the synchronization failure
of any external supply source to the power grid on sensing the abnormalities in
frequency and voltage. AC voltage greater than 230V fed to microcontroller may
cause temporary or permanent damage to devices. Arduino gives accurate results,
which can be used in protection of sensitive devices.

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References

[1] Randy Barnett , “Power Quality Measurements and Analysis”, NTT Workforce
Development Institute , March 01,2012.

[2] Kezunovie M, Liao Y, "Automated analysis of power quality disturbances",

IEE Conference Publication 2001.

[3] A. Ferroero, A. Menchetti, R. Sasdelli , "Measurement of the electric power

quality and related problems", December 1996.

[4] IEC Standard 1000-2-2, “Compatibility Levels for Low Frequency Conducted
Disturbances and Signaling in Public Low Voltage Power Supply Systems.”

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APPENDEX

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
constintanalogInPin = A0;
intsensorValue = 0; // value read from the pot
intoutputValue = 0;
int relay = 0;
LiquidCrystallcd(7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13);

intHtime; //integer for storing high time

intLtime; //integer for storing low time
floatTtime; // integer for storing total time of a cycle
float frequency; //storing frequency

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(relay,OUTPUT);
pinMode(8,INPUT_PULLUP);
lcd.begin(16, 2);
}

void loop()
{
sensorValue = analogRead(analogInPin);
outputValue = map(sensorValue, 0, 1023, 0, 380);

if((outputValue> 240)||(outputValue< 220)||(frequency > 55) ||(frequency < 45))

{
digitalWrite(relay, HIGH);
}

else
{
digitalWrite(relay, LOW);
}

if((outputValue> 240)||(outputValue< 220))

{
// digitalWrite(relay, HIGH);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);

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lcd.print(outputValue);
lcd.print(" V Fault");
}

else
{
// digitalWrite(relay, LOW);
// Serial.println(sensorValue);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(outputValue);
lcd.print(" Volts");
}

Htime=pulseIn(8,HIGH); //read high time

Ltime=pulseIn(8,LOW); //read low time

Ttime = Htime+Ltime;

frequency=1000000/Ttime; //getting frequency with Ttime is in Micro seconds

if((frequency > 55) || (frequency < 45))

{
//digitalWrite(relay, HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(frequency);
lcd.print(" Hz Fault");
}

else
{
// digitalWrite(relay, LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(frequency);
lcd.print(" Hz");
}

delay(500);
}

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