NAND and NOR Logic Gates

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted
In
Physics

By
Sheersh Bajpai
With
Mr. Mohit Dubey
As Guide

Department of Physics
Sri Sathya Sai Vidya Vihar, Indore
2016 – 17
 Sri Sathya Sai Vidya Vihar, Indore
Department of Physics

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled “NAND and NOR

Gates” is a satisfactory account of project work based on the
syllabus carried out by Mr.Sheersh Bajpai. It may be accepted as
a partial fulfillment of the practical course.

External Examiner Project Guide

Principal
 Acknowledgement

I would like to thank my Physics teacher Mr. Mohit Dubey for his
teachings not only in class but also on a bigger frontier. His
valuable insight and prime teaching prowess have enabled me to
comprehend my work better, his guidance is irreplaceable.
I would also like to thank our Principal Ms. Punita Nehru for her
support and help in this project report.
My family and friends have also been an integral part of my
efforts, with whose support this has become possible.
Lastly, I would like to thank our lab assistant Mr. Rajkumar Jaatav
for his sincere dedication towards us students.
Introduction:
A logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a
Boolean function, that is, it performs a logical operation on one or
more logic inputs and produces a single logic output.

Logic gates are in integral part of our present times, they are the
fundamental building blocks of all electronic devices we use and
work on the concept of Boolean algebra.

The reason for which the computers are capable of performing

complex operation is due to the interconnection of these logic
gates. Logic gates are implemented by using transistors, diodes,
relays, optics and molecules or even by several mechanical
elements. Due to this reason logic gates can also be considered as
electronic circuits. The logic gates can be build up in a wide variety
forms such as large-scale integrated circuits (LSI), very large-scale
integrated circuits (VLSI) and also in small-scale integrated
circuits (SSI). Here the inputs and output of all the gates of
integrated devices can be accessible and also the external
connections are made available to them just like discrete logic
gates.

Inputs and outputs of logic gates are in two levels termed as HIGH
and LOW, or TRUE and FALSE, or ON and OFF, or simply 1 and
0. A table which list out the combination of input variables and the
corresponding output variables is termed as “TRUTH TABLE”.
Aim:

To prove the truth table of NAND and NOR Gates using actual
circuit.

Things Required:
 Breadboard (temporary miniature circuit board)
 Connecting Wires
 Diodes
 Transistor
 LED
 Battery
 Resistance

Theory:
The NAND Gate:
The NAND (Not – AND) gate has an output that is normally at
logic level “1” and only goes “LOW” to logic level “0” when ALL
of its inputs are at logic level “1”. The Logic NAND Gate is the
reverse or “Complementary” form of the AND gate we have seen
previously.

Logic NAND Gate Equivalence

Logic NAND gate

The logic or Boolean expression given for a logic NAND gate is

that for Logical Addition, which is the opposite to the AND gate,
and which it performs on the complements of the inputs. The
Boolean expression for a logic NAND gate is denoted by a single
dot or full stop symbol, ( . ) with a line or Overline, ( ‾‾ ) over the
expression to signify the NOT or logical negation of the NAND
gate giving us the Boolean expression of: A.B = Q.

Then we can define the operation of a 2-input digital logic NAND

gate as being:

“If either A or B are NOT true, then Q is true”

The NOR Gate:
The NOR (Not – OR) gate has an output that is normally at logic
level “1” and only goes “LOW” to logic level “0” when ANY of its
inputs are at logic level “1”. The Logic NOR Gate is the reverse or
“Complementary” form of the OR gate we have seen previously.

Logic NOR Gate Equivalent

2-input nor gate equivalent

The logic or Boolean expression given for a logic NOR gate is that
for Logical Multiplication which it performs on the complements
of the inputs. The Boolean expression for a logic NOR gate is
denoted by a plus sign, ( + ) with a line or Overline, ( ‾‾ ) over the
expression to signify the NOT or logical negation of the NOR gate
giving us the Boolean expression of: A+B = Q.

Then we can define the operation of a 2-input digital logic NOR

gate as being:

“If both A and B are NOT true, then Q is true”

Procedure:
1) Assemble circuit as shown in figure.

2) Attach Battery and provide ground where needed.

3) Attach LED and provide it with Ground.

4) Make a Truth Table and provide circuit with proper input

for every expression.

5) Note the state of the LED after every step.

6) Continue above steps for all expressions.

7) Take proper observations in observation table.

8) Repeat for other gate.

Observations:
The NAND Gate

For inputs A and B as shown in Truth Table the following

observations were made.

The NOR Gate:

For inputs A and B as shown in Truth Table the following
observations were made.
Result:
The truth table for the above two logic gates were proven.

Precautions:
 Make sure the connections are tight.

 The connections should not overlap as that would make a

False reading.

 The voltage is high enough to provide with a definitive output

 The LED is properly selected as per the application.