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Methods of Atomic Spectros
Methods of Atomic Spectros
The excitation process is similar as for the molecular spectroscopy, but in case of atoms there
are no vibrational, rotational transitions, only electrons can be excited. Therefore the atomic
spectrum includes lines (not bands):
Fraunhofer (1815):
atomic spectral lines in the spectrum
of the sun
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Atomic spectrum
continuous spectrum
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Atomic spectrum
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Spectral lines
T
D 7.16 10 7 0
M
n= nm + na + ni (nm: atoms bonded in the molecule, na: free atoms, ni: ions in gas phase)
Degree of atomization: na/n
atomization degree
g: number of stets at tha given energy
(degeneracy)
k: Boltzmann's constant
Atomic emission
monochromator display
atomizer detector
Atomic absorption
light source
monochromator
atomizer detector display
Atomic fluorescence
atomizer
monochromator display
detector
light source
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Methods of atomic emission spectrometry
flame can be used for the most easily excitable elements (alkali, alkaline earth metals)
simple, cheap but not very sensitive
I kC m
Scheibe-Lomakin
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flame of a Bunsen-burner
Sample introduction with nebulization
goal:
forming monodisperse aerosol with small particles
pneumatic or ultrasonic nebulizers (h ~1-10 %)
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Methods of atomic emission spectrometry
• Inductively coupled plasma (ICP)
high temperature source
RF field frequency: 5-75 MHz, U=2-15 KV, P= 2 kW
plasma temperature: 6000-1000K
large amount of Ar gas is needed (carrier, cooling, plasma gas)
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Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS)
Hollow-cathode lamp
advantages: char
sensitive dry
small sample solution is required (10-50 µL) atomize
direct analysis of solid samples
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Detection limits of atomic spectrometric methods
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Interferences in atomic spectometry
• Spectral (additive)
• Physical (proportional)
• Chemical (exponential): in condensed or gaseous phase
(eg. sulphate forms nonvolatile compoud with Ca2+)
releasing agents (eg. EDTA protect the Ca2+ )
Background correction:
• signals on either side of a peak is substracted
• chopping of the analytical beam/modulation
• deuterium lamp
• utilising Zeeman effect
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Quantitative analysis
• external calibration
• standard addition
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Speciation analysis: identification and determination of element species
Species (Specific form of an element defined as to isotopic composition, electronic or
oxidation state, and/or complex or molecular structure):
• isotopes (eg. 204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb)
• different oxidation forms of an element (eg. Cr(III)-Cr(VI))
• different compounds, complexes of an element (eg. Ni3S2, NiO, Ni, NiSO4, NiCl2)
• metal-organic compounds (eg. CH3Hg+, (CH3)2Hg)
• complexes of metals with macromolecules (eg. with humic acids, serum proteins)
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Hg speciation:
• elements (metal) Hg
• inorganic (HgCl2, Hg2Cl2)
• organic (CH3HgCl, (CH3)2Hg)
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