are
‘foplaced by = and =
Quantifiers Many mathentatical statentents invelve a varidble x, and the truth
Of the states depends on the valus of , For exemple, the statement "Visa
rational number” depends.on the value of xi is tue for some values of x,such as
1 toe ae
19 and GT and fae for etbes values oe = 22.7, aa
fr. Some statements, seh us x? = 0,7 ate true forall el numbers £.und other
ave always false, We vl let P{s) denote a statement whose truth depends on th
value of x,
We say
‘ar all x) P(e)" ur “Fur every sy Pla)” when the stalternesnt Pl) is trae
far every value of x. When there isat least one value of x fur which Px) is true. we
say “There exists an x such that AUx1." The twa impartant guansfiers are “for al
anil “there evista”
[ELEXADIPLES) which of the tallawing statements:
(a) For all x2? 0,
(6) Forall x7 < 0-92" =0.
{e) For every x, there exists» such thar y > 2
[d) There exists ¢ ysuch that. for all x.y >a
true? 6 Chapter 0 Prefirninares
SOLUTION
(a) Halse. we choise — 0, en i¢ nob true tail >
(h) True.If xis negative, then 1? will he positive.
(c) ‘Itue. This statement cumtuins two quunulters, “for every” und "there exists”
Tis read che: statement correctly, we must apply them in the right under. The
saterient begin “fue every.
bbe true for every value of x that we choose. If you are not sure whether the
whale stalement is true, ny a few values of andl sex whether Uhe second pant
Of the statement is tne or false. For example, we might choose x = 100;
this choice. des there exist ay that is areuter than x In ether words.is (here a
number grester than 100? Yes, of conse, The number 11 wee da, Next
choase another value for x, say’ — 1.002000. Does there exist a y that is
reater than this value of x* Again, yes: in this case the umber 160,001
would du, Nowmask yoursei-"11 [et x be any rel number, val Lbe able to lind
wy that is larpgr than 1?" The answer is yes_Just choose tobe x + |
(d) False. This scatement says that there is a reel rumber that is larger than eves
other real number. In other wonds, there ie largest real number. This i false;
here ‘sa proaf hy eontiadietion. Suppose that these exists a largest real mun.
bery. Letr = y= 1, Then x =», Which is contrary to the assumption that.
is the largest real number =
‘ifthe sua
meni teu, then what Follows must
“The megation of the siatement Pis the stulement “nol {The statement “not
is trne provided Pi false. Consitler che negation of the statemen: “for all x
Ply). Te tis negated statement i (rue, then th
for which P(x} is false: in other wards, there exists an x such that “nat P(e)” Now
consider the negation uf (he statement "ere exists una sch thal PL.” EL Uy
negated statement is tene, thea there i¢ nor a single x for which P(x) i reve Th
means chat P(x) is Tulse ap matier Waal the value Gf.4.1n other words “for all x.not
PCs)" In summary,
re mist he at least vine value af ¢
‘The negation of “for all x Pix} is “there exists an.x such that not P(x).
‘The negating of “tere exists ain x such thar P(r
Pi)"
Concepts Review
te Nunbery hatin bis wi ibe ano ties incpers A Tdeaticepotne of IEP tari
ave eated _- 4. Axioms and definitions are taken for gramed, but
2. Rerweenny two real members there icanmiber real num= secure pont
her. is what it mess in say’ that te teal numbers ane
Problem Set 0.1
a Probleons #16 splity ox mh ws ib, Bese do remeree
ail parenebese ane reduce al actions
h4- 28-1) +4 % 32-417. — 12)
ais(-34 12 <4) 4208-7)
U7 12 ty +2 18 (V5 + V8)LV5 -V3} 16. (WS - VEP
& ‘ue Frobiea 17-28, perf se fase pert a
z 1 Be Le 1) th (de — 3F
(8-9 e+ 1) ML te — 147)
pray Bey
a: 4 waa
a
e-4- 0
ras
m4, 2 2
Pade x et? % 3
29, Find the value of each of the following:
Wx
2
FT
uedelined, say
fa) 0-6 oF ot
@ eh of wm
3M. Show that division by 0 18 meaningless as follows: Sup-
pose that a # 0.1/0 = 6, then a = 0, which sa contea-
ietion, Now find a reason why 0,0 is also meaningless,
In Problems 31-36, change eack rational number toa decimal by
performing long division.
ae ae
ad aa 5
38 cay
In Problems 37-2, change each repeating decimal to a ratio of
‘vu integers (ave Example 1).
37, 0128125123 38, 0217171717.
39, 2.56965696. 40, 3429002
41, 04199999. 42, 0.399909...
43. Since 0.199999... = 0.200000... and 0.399999.
n4BN00... (Soe Problems 41 and 42). we see that certain ra:
tional numbers have two different decimal expansions. Which
rational numbers have this property?
44, Show that any rational number pf. for which che prime
factorization of g consists entirely of 2s and Ss, has a terminating
ocimal expansion,
48. Find a positive rational number and a pos
number bath smaller shan 0.06001
ive inrational
46, What isthe smallest postive integer? The smallest post
tive rational numer? The smallest postive ieaional number?
47, Finda avons moraber between 3.14159 and 7, Note that
= As
48, Is there x number between 099... (repeating 9) and
1? Ho do you rssolve this with che statcmcent that between any
two dierent real umber thece another rea number?
49, 15 0.1284567H91011121314... rational or irational? (You
should see a pattem in she given sequence of dis)
$0, Find two irrational mmiers whose sum i rational
Elin Problems 51-56, find the bes decimal approximation that
your ealcator alton Begin by mang u ent estimate.
sh (Va-+ 1 2. (V2 - V3)!
3. VEIB- VO $4 Guasp |?
$8, V850 +1 — 3 86. W (6m? — 2p
51, Show that between any two different real numbers there is
a rational number. (Hint Ut a You might also like
