INFERENTIAL STATISTICS:

REVIEW OF DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Romeo C. Layones
STATISTICS DEFINED
 science of data
branch of mathematics that deals with the collection,
tabulation or presentation, analysis and interpretation of
quantitative data (Pagoso, 1992)

STATISTICAL PROCESS
(usually a bunch of numbers;
COLLECT DATA rather messy)

SUMMARIZE DATA (graphical; tabular; numerical)

ANALYZE DATA
(use statistical methods)

DRAW CONCLUSIONS; MAKE INFERENCES or

DECISIONS ABOUT POPULATION
What are Data?
 pieces of information that serve as raw materials for any
statistical investigation
arise when measurement are made or observation are
recorded

Types of Data
(According to the variable over which they are collected)
 quantitative data (numerical data)
 qualitative data (categorical data)

(According to their measurement characteristics)

 Nominal – classification, no order, no distance, no origin
Ordinal – classification, order, no distance, no origin
Interval – classification, order, distance, no origin
Ratio – classification, order, distance, origin
Types of Data
DATA

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE

NOMINAL ORDINAL INTERVAL RATIO

Classify the following data according to their measurement
characteristics

1. Age RATIO
2. Elapsed Time RATIO
3. IQ INTERVAL
4. Class Status (Freshman, Sophomore, etc.) ORDINAL
5. Type of Intelligence using Gardner’s theory NOMINAL
6. Socioeconomic Status ORDINAL
7. Civil Status
8. Grade NOMINAL
9. Weight RATIO
10. Score in a test RATIO
SUMMARY STATISTICS/ DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Frequency/Percentage
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean
Median
Mode
Measure of Variability/Spread
Range
Semi-interquartile range
Variance
Standard deviation
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE
Frequency – the number of items in a category
Percentage – the number of items in a category divided by
the total frequency

Frequencies/Percentages are used to summarize personal information

of the respondents in a study. (Korb, 2013)
 Frequencies/percentages may be presented using tables or graphs.
For graphical presentation of frequencies, use bar chart. For graphical
presentation of percentages, use pie graph. (Bluman, 2013)

Example 1:
Profile of respondents in terms of gender (presented in a table)
Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 120 60%
Female 80 40%
Total 200 100%
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE
Example 1:
Profile of respondents in terms of gender (presented in a bar chart)
150
100
50
0
Male Female
Profile of respondents in terms of gender (presented in a pie graph)
Gender

Male (60%)
Female(40%)

Example 2: The frequency and percentage may also be used to answer

a research question such as: What is the type of intelligence of the
respondents in terms of Gardner’s classification?
Problem 1: The data below show some of the personal
information of 25 respondents in a study:
For gender: M = male F=female;
For civil status: S = single, M = married, W = widowed, WR = widower;
For highest educational attainment: N = did not graduate in elementary,
E = elementary, H = high school, C = college, G = postgraduate

Respondent Gender Status Educ. Respondent Gender Status Educ.

Att. Att.
01 M M G 11 F S C
02 F W C 12 M S N
03 F W G 13 F M H
04 F S E 14 M S H
05 M WR C 15 F M G
06 F S C 16 F M C
07 M M H 17 F W H
08 F M C 18 M WR G
09 F S E 19 F M H
10 M M H 20 F S C
 Respondent Gender Status Educ. Respondent Gender Status Educ.
Att. Att.
01 M M G 11 F S C
02 F W C 12 M S N
03 F W G 13 F M H
04 F S E 14 M S H
05 M WR C 15 F M G
06 F S C 16 F M C
07 M M H 17 F W H
08 F M C 18 M WR G
09 F S E 19 F M H
10 M M H 20 F S C

Complete the table below:

Respondent’s Frequency Percentage

gender
Male 7 35
Female 13 65
Total 20 100
 Respondent Gender Status Educ. Respondent Gender Status Educ.
Att. Att.
01 M M G 11 F S C
02 F W C 12 M S N
03 F W G 13 F M H
04 F S E 14 M S H
05 M WR C 15 F M G
06 F S C 16 F M C
07 M M H 17 F W H
08 F M C 18 M WR G
09 F S E 19 F M H
10 M M H 20 F S C

Complete the table below:

Respondent’s Frequency Percentage

status
Single 7 35
Married 8 40
Widow 3 15
Widower 2 10
Total 20 100
 Respondent Gender Status Educ. Respondent Gender Status Educ.
Att. Att.
01 M M G 11 F S C
02 F W C 12 M S N
03 F W G 13 F M H
04 F S E 14 M S H
05 M WR C 15 F M G
06 F S C 16 F M C
07 M M H 17 F W H
08 F M C 18 M WR G
09 F S E 19 F M H
10 M M H 20 F S C

Complete the table below:

Respondent’s educational Frequency Percentage
attainment
Did not graduate 1 5
Elementary 2 10
High school 6 30
College 7 35
Graduate School 4 20
Total 20 100
MEASURE OF CENTRAL LOCATION OR
MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
 number indicating the central value of a given data set or
distribution

 Mean denoted by Mn or x 
 the average or the sum of all values divided by the
number of values in the data set
 ~

 Median  denoted by Md or x 
 
 the value of the middle term in a data set that has been
arranged in increasing (or decreasing) order
Note:
If N is odd, the median is the (N+1)/2 th term.
If N is even, the median is the mean of the two
middlemost observations. 
 
 Mode  denoted by Mo or x 
 
 the value that occurs with highest frequency
MEASURE OF CENTRAL LOCATION
UNGROUPED DATA

Example : Given the following scores obtained by students

in a statistics test:
20 16 18 30 10 12 18 13 25 28
Find the mean :

Mn 
 x

20  16  ...  28
n 10
190

10
Mn  19
MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
UNGROUPED DATA
Example: Given the following scores obtained by students
in a test:
20 16 18 30 10 12 18 13 25 28
Find the median :
Arrange :
10 12 13 16 18 18 20 25 28 30
N  1 N  1 10  1 11
Compute :    5.5
2 2 2 2
 b/w 5 th and 6 th term
18  18 36
Md    18
2 2
Find the mode :
Mo  18
OTHER MEAN-RELATED CONCEPT
n
wi xi
WEIGHTED MEAN: x 
w 
i 1 wi
Example. The table below shows Nora’s grades on the second semester of
AY 2015 – 2016:
Subjects Taken Number of Units (w) Grade (x) wx
Math 1 3 3.00 9.00
English 1 3 1.25 3.75
Filipino 1 3 1.50 4.50
Sociology 1 3 2.25 6.75
Chemistry 1 5 2.00 10.00
History 1 3 1.50 4.50
Physical Education 1 2 1.25 4.50
Total 22 41.00
What was Nora’s weighted mean grade for the particular semester?
n
wi xi 41
xw     1.86
i 1 wi 22
Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Mean Median Mode
Characteristic Point at which Point above which Value which
the algebraic 50% of the cases occur most
sum of the fall and below frequently
deviations from which 50% of the
it is zero cases fall
Stability of the Less stable than
Most stable Least stable
measure from the mean
sample to sample
Subsequent Can be subjected Can be Cannot be
manipulations of the to numerous subjected to few manipulated
data mathematical mathematical mathematically
computations computations (terminal
statistic)
Number of Values in One One None, one, or
a Distribution many
Type of data from
Quantitative Quantitative Qualitative and
which the measure
Quantitative
can be obtained
Effect of extreme Very sensitive to Not influenced by
values (outliers) extreme values extreme values
The data below show the scores in an examination of
students from two sections A and B.

Section A: 87 81 85 83 84 84 84
Section B: 99 78 85 79 78 90 79

What are the mean scores of sections A and B?

X A  84 X B  84

Is the mean score enough to describe the performance of

students from sections A and B?
No!

If you the teacher and you are given the chance to choose a
section to teach, which section will you choose: A or B?
The data below show the scores in an examination of
students from two sections A and B.

Section A: 87 81 85 83 84 84 84
Section B: 99 78 85 79 78 90 79
Section A :

Section B :

78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99
VARIABILITY/SPREAD/DISPERSION
Measure of Variability – number indicating the extent of
spread of observations about the average of the data
set

1. Range – a measure of spread obtained by taking the

difference between the largest and the smallest number
in a data set
Formula: Range = Highest Value – Lowest Value

Example: The following data give the scores of 8 students

in a Statistics examination.
43 46 41 39 36 48 41 28
Find the range:
Range  HV  LV  48  28  20
VARIABILITY/SPREAD/DISPERSION
2. Semi-interquartile range(Q) – a measure of spread which
is one-half the range of the middle 50% of the cases or
observations
– also called quartile deviation
Q3  Q1
Formula: QD 
2
Example: 43 46 41 39 36 48 41 28
Arrange: 28 36 39 41 41 43 46 48
Find Q1: Find Q3:
Q1 = 37.5 Q3 = 44.5

Find QD
Q3  Q1 44.5  37.5 7
QD     3.5
2 2 2
 VARIABILITY/SPREAD/DISPERSION
3. Variance – a measure of spread which is the mean of the
squared deviations of every observation from the mean
of the data set
Formula 1:
s 
2   
xx
2

n 1
Example: x  xx 2

  
xx
2

43 46 41 39 43 7.56 s 
2

n 1
36 48 41 28 46 33.06
271.48
41 0.56 
39 1.56 7
36 18.06 s 2  38.78
48 60.06
41 0.56
322
28 150.06
 x  322 x  x  271.48
x  40.25 2

8
VARIABILITY/SPREAD/DISPERSION
4. Standard deviation – a measure of spread that is given
by the positive square root of the variance

Formula: s  sample variance

Example: 43 46 41 39 36 48 41 28

s  sample variance

 38.79
s  6.23
APPROPRIATE MEASURE TO USE
TYPE OF MEASURE OF MEASURE OF
DATA CENTRAL VARIABILITY OR
TENDENCY SPREAD

Nominal Mode None

Median Semi-interquartile
Ordinal
range

Interval; Ratio Mean (if normal) Standard deviation

Median (if skewed) (if normal)
Semi-interquartile
range (if skewed)
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS USING MS EXCEL

Example: Calculate the summary statistics for

the following data:
45 36 25 38 29 37 49 48 28 25.

1. On an Excel worksheet, enter the data

in column.

2. Select the Data tab on the toolbar

and select Data Analysis
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS USING MS EXCEL

3. In the Analysis Tools dialog box, scroll to Descriptive

Statistics, then click [OK].
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS USING MS EXCEL

3. In the Input range box, highlight the data and check the
Grouped by Columns option.
4. Select the Output range option and type in cell C1.
5. Check the Summary statistics option and click [OK].
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS USING MS EXCEL

Below is the summary output for the given data set

Note: To see all the results, increase the column width by
 highlighting the columns where the output appears (in this
case C and D) and
 selecting Format>AutoFit Column Width