by :-
BRANCH: CSE, SEM:1, SEC: A, BATCH- 2019-20
 The word Laser stands for LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY
STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION.
 It is a device which amplifies light. It has properties like
coherence, unidirectionality, mono-chromaticity, focus-ability
etc.
 Absorption: When an atom absorbs an amount of energy ‘hv’
in the form of photon from the external agency and excited
into the higher energy levels from ground state, then this
process is known as absorption. Atom + hv -> atom*
 Spontaneous Emission: When an atom in the excited state
emits a photon of energy ‘hv’ coming down to ground state by
itself without any external agency, such an emission is called
spontaneous emission. Atom* -> atom + hv.
 Stimulated Emission: When an atom in the excited state,
emits two photons of same energy ‘hv’ while coming down to
ground state with the influence of an external agency, such an
emission is called stimulated emission.
Atom* -> atom + 2hv.
1. CARBON DIOXIDE LASER
2. SEMICONDUCTOR LASER
 CARBON DIOXIDE LASER :) The CO2 stands for
carbon dioxide. In CO2 laser the laser light takes place within
the molecules of carbon dioxide rather than within the atoms
of a pure gas. Therefore, CO2 gas laser is considered the type
of molecular gas laser. This laser uses the energy difference
between rotational-vibrational energy levels. Within the
vibrational levels of CO2 there are rotational sub-energy levels.
 Carbon dioxide lasers are extremely efficient, around 70%, and
powerful compared to other gas lasers making them useful for
welding and cutting.
 GALLIUM-ARSENIDE LASER :(OR)
SEMICONDUCTOR LASER :) A Semiconductor diode
laser is a specially fabricated p-n junction device that emits
coherent light when it is forward biased. In the case of
germanium and silicon-based diodes, this energy is released in
the form of heat because of recombination of carriers take
place through interaction with the atoms of the crystal. But in
the case of GaAs, the energy is released in the form of photons
as the atoms of the crystal are not involved in the release of
energy. The wavelength of the emitted photon depends upon
the activation energy of the crystal.
 The following are the requisites of a laser system :
 An excitation source for pumping action.
 An active medium which supports population inversion and
 A laser cavity.
 The required conditions are,
1. Population Inversion:
“The situation in which the number of atoms in the higher energy state
exceeds that in the lower energy state is known as population
inversion”.
2. Meta Stable State:
“It is the state where the atoms get excited and remains in the excited
state for longer time than the normal state.”
1. Communication: Lasers are used in optical communications, due
to narrow band width. The laser beam can be used for the
communication between earth & moon (or) other satellites due to the
narrow angular speed. Used to establish communication between
submarines i.e; under water communication.
2. Medical: Identification of tumors and curification. Used to detect
and remove stones in kidneys. Used to detect tumors in brain.
3. Industry: Used to make holes in diamond and hard steel. Used to
detect flaws on the surface of aero planes and submarines.
4. Chemical &Biological: Lasers have wide chemical applications.
They can initiate or fasten chemical reactions. Used in the separation
of isotopes. Lasers can be used to find the size & shape biological cells
such as erythrocytes.
 http://www.griet.ac.in/nodes/Engineering%20Physics%20Notes.pdf
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser#Laser_physics
 ENGINEERING PHYSICS, SP BASVARAJU
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF :)