TENSION MEMBERS

Problem 1:A 300 ISF 8 mm of grade Fe410 is used as a tension member in a lattice girder. It is
connected to a 12 mm thick gusset plate by 18 mm diameter bolts of grade 4.6. Calculate he effective
net area of the member if
1) Chain bolting is done (refer Figure a).
2) Zig-Zag bolting is done (refer Figure b).
Solution:
For Fe410 grade steel: 𝑓𝑢 = 410 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑓𝑦 = 250 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2
Given diameter of bolt, 𝑑 = 18 𝑚𝑚
Given diameter of hole, 𝑑ℎ = 18 + 2 = 20 𝑚𝑚
1) In Chain bolting critical section will be at 1-1
2
𝑝𝑠𝑖
Net Area,𝐴𝑛 = 𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑ℎ + ෍ 𝑡 = 300 − 4 × 20 + 0 × 8 = 1760 𝑚𝑚2 (Clause 6.3.1)
4𝑔𝑖
𝑖
2) In Zig-Zag bolting the sections may fail along 1-2-3-4, 1-2-5-6-7, 1-2-5-3-4, or 1-2-5-8-9-10
1-2-3-4: 𝒏 = 𝟐, 𝒏′ = 𝟎, 𝒑𝒔𝒊 = 𝟔𝟓 𝒎𝒎, 𝒈𝒊 = 𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎
2
𝑝𝑠𝑖
Net Area, 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑ℎ + ෍ 𝑡 = 300 − 2 × 20 + 0 × 8 = 2080 𝑚𝑚2
4𝑔𝑖
𝑖
1-2-5-6-7:𝒏 = 𝟑, 𝒏′ = 𝟏, 𝒑𝒔𝒊 = 𝟔𝟓 𝒎𝒎, 𝒈𝒊 = 𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎
2
𝑝𝑠𝑖 652
Net Area, 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑ℎ + ෍ 𝑡 = 300 − 3 × 20 + 1 × × 8 = 2032.66 𝑚𝑚2
4𝑔𝑖 4 × 75
𝑖
1-2-5-3-4:𝒏 = 𝟑, 𝒏′ = 𝟐, 𝒑𝒔𝒊 = 𝟔𝟓 𝒎𝒎, 𝒈𝒊 = 𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎
2
𝑝𝑠𝑖 652
Net Area, 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑ℎ + ෍ 𝑡 = 300 − 3 × 20 + 2 × × 8 = 2145.33 𝑚𝑚2
4𝑔𝑖 4 × 75
𝑖
1-2-5-8-9-10:𝒏 = 𝟒, 𝒏′ = 𝟑, 𝒑𝒔𝒊 = 𝟔𝟓 𝒎𝒎, 𝒈𝒊 = 𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎
2
𝑝𝑠𝑖 652
Net Area, 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑ℎ + ෍ 𝑡 = 300 − 4 × 20 + 3 × × 8 = 2098 𝑚𝑚2
4𝑔𝑖 4 × 75
𝑖
∴ Effective net area, 𝐴𝑛 = 2032.66 𝑚𝑚2
Problem 2:Determine the effective net area for the section shown in Figure. The angles are
connected as shown in the Figure. The steel is of grade Fe410. The bolt holes have been punched.

Solution:
For Fe410 grade steel: 𝑓𝑢 = 410 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑓𝑦 = 250 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2
Given diameter of bolt, 𝑑 = 16 𝑚𝑚
Given diameter of hole, 𝑑ℎ = 16 + 2 + 2 = 20 𝑚𝑚
1) Bolted connection
10
Net Area of connected Leg, 𝐴𝑛𝑐 = 100 − 20 − × 10 = 750 𝑚𝑚2
2
10
Gross Area of outstanding Leg, 𝐴𝑔0 = 75 − × 10 = 700 𝑚𝑚2
2
Net Area of total cross section, 𝐴𝑛 = 750 + 700 = 1450 𝑚𝑚2
Since only one leg is connected net area will be reduced depending upon the number of bolts used for
making the connection. (Clause 6.3.3)
No. of bolts are 3, reduction factor = 0.7 (Clause 6.3.3)
∴ Effective net area, 𝐴𝑛 = 0.7 × 1450 = 1050 𝑚𝑚2
2) Welded connection
10
Net Area of connected Leg, 𝐴𝑛𝑐 = 100 − × 10 = 950 𝑚𝑚2
2
10
Gross Area of outstanding Leg, 𝐴𝑔0 = 75 − × 10 = 700 𝑚𝑚2
2
Net Area of total cross section, 𝐴𝑛 = 950 + 700 = 1650 𝑚𝑚2
Since only one leg is connected and it is a welded connection, net area will be reduced and the
reduction factor = 0.8 (Clause 6.3.3)
∴ Effective net area, 𝐴𝑛 = 0.8 × 1650 = 1320 𝑚𝑚2
Problem 3:Determine the tensile capacity of the section shown in Figure (a) and (b) if
1) Angle’s are placed on the opposite sides of the gusset plate(tack bolted)
2) Angle’s are placed on the same side of the gusset plate(tack bolted)
3) Angles are not tack bolted in both the cases

Solution:
For Fe410 grade steel: 𝑓𝑢 = 410 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑓𝑦 = 250 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2
Given diameter of bolt, 𝑑 = 16 𝑚𝑚
Given diameter of hole, 𝑑ℎ = 16 + 2 = 18 𝑚𝑚 (Table 19,Clause 10.2.1)
Partial safety factor of the material: 𝜸𝒎𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜸𝒎𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 (Table 5,Clause 5.4.1)
1) Angle’s are placed on the opposite sides of the gusset plate(tack bolted)
Properties of ∠ 90 60 × 8 𝑚𝑚: 𝐴𝑔 = 978 𝑚𝑚2 (Refer IS 808 : 1989 or Steel Tables)
𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑦
Design strength due to Yielding, 𝑇𝑑𝑔 = (Clause 6.2)
𝛾𝑚0
𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑦 2274 × 250
𝑇𝑑𝑔 = = = 516.82 × 103 𝑁 = 516.82 𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑚0 1.10
0.9𝐴𝑛𝑐 𝑓𝑢 𝛽𝐴𝑔𝑜 𝑓𝑦
Design strength due to rupture of critical section, 𝑇𝑑𝑛 = + (Clause 6.3.3)
𝛾𝑚1 𝛾𝑚0
𝑤 𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑠 0.9𝑓𝑢 𝛾𝑚0
Where, 𝛽 = 1.4 − 0.076 ≤ ≥ 0.7
𝑡 𝑓𝑢 𝐿𝑐 𝑓𝑦 𝛾𝑚1
The section is double angle section ISA 90 60 X 8 mm with long legs connected.
There are 6 bolts, 16 mm diameter at a pitch of 40 mm.
∴ distance between end bolts, 𝐿𝑐 = 5 × 40 = 200 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑠 = 𝑤 + 𝑤𝑡 − 𝑡 = 60 + 60 − 8 = 112 𝑚𝑚 Figure 6, Clause 6.3.3
60 250 112 0.9 × 410 × 1.1
𝛽 = 1.4 − 0.076 ≤ ≥ 0.7
8 410 200 250 × 1.25
⟹ 𝛽 = 1.205 ≤ 1.296 ≥ 0.7
∴ 𝛽 = 1.205
 8
Net Area of connected Leg, 𝐴𝑛𝑐 = 2 × 90 − 18 − × 8 = 1088 𝑚𝑚2
2
8
Gross Area of outstanding Leg, 𝐴𝑔0 = 2 × × 8 = 896 𝑚𝑚2
60 −
2
0.9𝐴𝑛𝑐 𝑓𝑢 𝛽𝐴𝑔𝑜 𝑓𝑦 0.9 × 1088 × 410 1.205 × 896 × 250
𝑇𝑑𝑛 = + = +
𝛾𝑚1 𝛾𝑚0 1.25 1.1
∴ 𝑇𝑑𝑛 = 566.56 × 103 𝑁 = 566.56 𝑘𝑁

Block Shear Strength: (Clause 6.4.1)

• 𝐴𝑣𝑔 is Minimum gross area in shear along bolt line parallel to external force
• 𝐴𝑣𝑛 is Minimum net area in shear along bolt line parallel to external force
• 𝐴𝑡𝑔 is Minimum gross area in tension from bolt hole to the toe of the angle, end bolt
line,perpendicular to the line of force
• 𝐴𝑡𝑛 is Minimum net area in tension from bolt hole to the toe of the angle, end bolt
line,perpendicular to the line of force
∴ 𝐴𝑣𝑔 = 5 × 40 + 30 × 8 = 1840 𝑚𝑚2
1
∴ 𝐴𝑣𝑛 = 5 × 40 + 30 − 6 − × 18 × 8 = 1048 𝑚𝑚2
2
∴ 𝐴𝑡𝑔 = 30 × 8 = 240 𝑚𝑚2
1
∴ 𝐴𝑡𝑛 = 30 − × 18 × 8 = 168𝑚𝑚2
2
𝐴𝑣𝑔 𝑓𝑦 0.9𝐴𝑡𝑛 𝑓𝑢 1840 × 250 0.9 × 168 × 410
𝑇𝑑𝑏1 = + = + = 291.03 × 103 𝑁
3𝛾𝑚0 𝛾𝑚1 3 × 1.10 1.25
= 291.03 𝑘𝑁
0.9𝐴𝑣𝑛 𝑓𝑢 𝐴𝑡𝑔 𝑓𝑦 0.9 × 1048 × 410 240 × 250
𝑇𝑑𝑏2 = + = + = 233.15 × 103 𝑁 = 233.15 𝑘𝑁
3𝛾𝑚1 𝛾𝑚0 3 × 1.25 1.10
∵ 𝑇𝑑𝑏2 < 𝑇𝑑𝑏1 ,𝑇𝑑𝑏 = 2 × 𝑇𝑑𝑏2 = 2 × 233.15 = 466.30 𝑘𝑁.
(∵ the member is double angle section, 𝑇𝑑𝑏 = 2 × 𝑇𝑑𝑏2 . )
∴ Design capacity, 𝑇𝑑 of the member will be least of 𝑇𝑑𝑔 (516.82 𝑘𝑁), 𝑇𝑑𝑛 (566.56 𝑘𝑁) and
𝑇𝑑𝑏 (466.30 𝑘𝑁).
∴ Design capacity, 𝑇𝑑 of the member = 466.3 kN
2) Angle’s are placed on the same side of the gusset plate(tack bolted)
The code of practice, IS 800 : 2007 makes no difference in the calculations for net effective area of
angles placed on opposite sides or on the same side of gusset plate.
Therefore the design tensile capacity of double angle’s placed on the same side of the gusset plate
will be same as angle sections placed on the opposite sides of the gusset plate.
3) Angles are not tack bolted in both the cases
As per IS 800 : 2007 the net effective area of sections are independent of whether the sections are
tacked or not tacked.
Hence in both the cases the design tensile capacity will be same irrespective of whether the sections
are tack bolted or not.
Problem 4: A tension member 0.95 m long is to resist a service dead load of 20 kN and service live
load of 60 kN. Design a rectangular bar of standard structural steel of grade Fe410. Assume that the
member is connected by one line of 16 mm diameter bolts of grade 4.6.
Solution:
For Fe410 grade steel:𝑓𝑢 = 410 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑓𝑦 = 250 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2
Given diameter of bolt, 𝑑 = 16 𝑚𝑚
diameter of hole, 𝑑ℎ = 16 + 2 = 18 𝑚𝑚 (Table 19,Clause 10.2.1)
Partial safety factor of the material ,𝛾𝑚0 = 1.10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾𝑚1 = 1.25 (Table 5,Clause 5.4.1)
Design factored tensile load = 1.5 × 20 + 1.5 × 60 = 120 𝑘𝑁
(Table 4, Clause 3.5.1 and 5.3.3)
𝑇𝑑𝑛 𝛾𝑚1
Net area require, 𝐴𝑛 = (Clause 6.3.1)
0.9 × 𝑓𝑢
𝑇𝑑𝑛 𝛾𝑚1 120 × 103 × 1.25
𝐴𝑛 = = = 406.5 𝑚𝑚2
0.9 × 𝑓𝑢 0.9 × 410
The net area so obtained may be increased by 25% to determine the tentative gross area.
Gross area require, 𝐴𝑔 = 1.25 × 406.5 = 508.12 𝑚𝑚2
Required gross area on the basis of gross section yielding
𝑇𝑑𝑔 𝛾𝑚0
Required gross area on the basis of gross section yielding, 𝐴𝑔 = (Clause 6.2)
𝑓𝑦
 𝑇𝑑𝑔 𝛾𝑚0 120 × 103 × 1.10
𝐴𝑔 = = = 528 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 250
Hence required trial area is 528 mm2.
Assume thickness of the bar as 10 mm
528
Width of the bar = = 52.8 𝑚𝑚 ≅ 60 𝑚𝑚
10
Let us provide one bolt line. Since there is one line of bolt holes, the rectangular bar section will be
weakened by one bolt hole only.
2
𝑝𝑠𝑖
Net area provided = 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑ℎ + ෍ 𝑡 (Clause 6.3.1)
4𝑔𝑖
𝑖
Net area provided = 𝐴𝑛 = 60 − 1 × 18 + 0 × 10 = 420 𝑚𝑚2 > 406.5 𝑚𝑚2
16 mm diameter bolts of grade 4.6 have been provided for making the connection.
For steel of grade Fe410, 𝒇𝒖 = 𝟒𝟏𝟎 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 , For bolts of grade 4.6, 𝒇𝒖𝒃 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐
Net tensile stress area of 16 mm diameter bolt, 𝑨𝒏𝒃 = 𝟏𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝟐
Partial safety factor of the material (bolt), 𝜸𝒎𝒃 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 (Table 5,Clause 5.4.1)
 𝑓𝑢𝑏 𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝑛𝑏 400 × 1 × 245
𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = = = 29 × 103 𝑁 = 29 𝑘𝑁(Clause 10.3.3)
3 × 1.25 3 × 1.25
120
∴ No. of bolts required = = 4.14 ≈ 5
29
Assume, 𝑒 = 1.5 × 𝑑0 = 1.5 × 18 = 27 𝑚𝑚 (Clause 10.2.4.2)
and 𝑝 = 2.5 × 𝑑 = 2.5 × 16 = 40 𝑚𝑚 (Clause 10.2.2)
Let us provide bolts in one line at a pitch of 45 mm,end distance 35 mm and edge distance of 30 mm.
Block Shear Strength: (Clause 6.4.1)
∴ 𝐴𝑣𝑔 = 4 × 45 + 35 × 10 = 2150 𝑚𝑚2
1
∴ 𝐴𝑣𝑛 = 4 × 45 + 35 − 5 − × 18 × 10 = 1340 𝑚𝑚2
2
∴ 𝐴𝑡𝑔 = 30 × 10 = 300 𝑚𝑚2
1
∴ 𝐴𝑡𝑛 = 30 − × 18 × 10 = 210 𝑚𝑚2
2
 𝐴𝑣𝑔 𝑓𝑦 0.9𝐴𝑡𝑛 𝑓𝑢 2150 × 250 0.9 × 210 × 410
𝑇𝑑𝑏1 = + = + = 344.1 × 103 𝑁 = 344.1 𝑘𝑁
3𝛾𝑚0 𝛾𝑚1 3 × 1.10 1.25
0.9𝐴𝑣𝑛 𝑓𝑢 𝐴𝑡𝑔 𝑓𝑦 0.9 × 1340 × 410 300 × 250
𝑇𝑑𝑏2 = + = + = 296.53 × 103 𝑁 = 296.53 𝑘𝑁
3𝛾𝑚1 𝛾𝑚0 3 × 1.25 1.10
∵ 𝑇𝑑𝑏2 < 𝑇𝑑𝑏1 ,𝑇𝑑𝑏 = 296.53 𝑘𝑁.
The section is safe against Block Shear failure
Check For Slenderness Ratio:
The maximum effective slenderness ratio for tension member is 400(Table 3(vi),Clause 3.8)
𝐼 𝑏𝑡 3 Τ12 𝑡 10
Radius of gyration, 𝑟 = = = = = 2.88 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 𝑏𝑡 12 12
Length of the bar = 0.95 m
950
Effective Slenderness ratio, 𝜆 = = 329.86 < 400(Table 3(vi),Clause 3.8)
2.88