Chapter 1 Introduction

1.4 Analysis and Design Objectives

Analysis
Process to determine the system’s performance, whether the transient response and steady-state error meet
the specifications.

Design
Create or change the system’s performance.
If a system’s transient response and steady-state error are not to meet the specifications, then parameters are
changed parameters or add additional components to meet the specifications.

Three major objectives of systems analysis and design:

1. Produce the desired transient response
2. Reduce steady-state error
3. Achieve stability

Design concerns/limitations:
1. Cost
2. Sensitivity
of system performance to changes in parameters.

Transient Response
First objective of analysis and design:
1. Define transient response
2. Analyze the system for its existing transient response
3. Adjust parameters or design components to produce a desired transient response

Steady-State Response
• Resembles the input
• It remains after the transient response have decayed to zero.
• The accuracy of the steady-state response is important.

Second objective of analysis and design:

1. Define steady-state errors quantitatively
2. Analyze a system’s steady-state error
3. Design corrective action to reduce the steady-state error

Stability
Total response of a system = Natural response + Forced response.

Natural response
• How the system dissipates or acquires energy.
• Dependent only on the system, not the input.
Forced response
• Dependent on the input

Stability
Natural response must either be:
1. Approach zero, leaving only the forced response,
OR
2. Oscillate

Instability
1. If the natural response grows without bound (not diminish to zero or oscillate)
2. So natural response is greater than forced response → the system is no longer controlled.

Control systems must be designed to be stable

• Natural response must decay to zero
OR
• oscillate.
if the natural response decays to zero → the transient response will also die out, leaving only the forced
response.

Third objective of analysis and design:

1. Stability

Other Considerations
1. Hardware selection
(e.g., motor sizing to fulfill power requirements and choice of sensors for accuracy, etc.)
2. Finances
(Considering economic impact e.g. budget allocations, competitive pricing, etc.)
3. Robust design.
(System will not be sensitive to parameter changes.)

Case Study
Antenna Azimuth: An Introduction to Position Control Systems
A position control system converts a position input command to a position output
response.

System concept

Input:
• Angular displacement.
• Potentiometer converts the angular displacement into a voltage.
Output:
• The azimuth angle of the antenna
Detailed Layout

• Output angular displacement is converted to a voltage by the potentiometer in the feedback path.
• The signal and power amplifiers boost the difference between the input and output voltages.
• This amplified actuating signal drives the plant.

Schematic figure

Functional Block Diagram