 The 

relative atomic mass (Ar) of an element is the ratio of the average mass of the atoms of

an element to the unified atomic mass unit
 The relative atomic mass is determined by using the average mass of the isotopes of a
particular element

 The relative isotopic mass is the mass of a particular atom of an isotope compared to the
value of the unified atomic mass unit



 The relative molecular mass (Mr) is the ratio of weighted average mass of a molecule of a
molecular compound to the unified atomic mass unit

 The relative formula mass (Mr) is used for compounds containing ions

Answer 1

The relative atomic mass of Na is 22.99

Therefore, 1 mol of Na has a mass of 22.99 g mol-1

1 mol of Na will contain 6.02 x 1023 atoms of Na (Avogadro’s constant)

Answer 2

The relative atomic mass of H is 1.005

Since there are 2 H atoms in H2, the mass of 1 mol of H2 is (2 x 1.005) 2.01 g mol-1

1 mol of H2 will contain 6.02 x 1023 molecules of H2

Since there are 2 H atoms in H2, 1 mol of H2 will contain 1.204 x 1024 H atoms

Answer 3

The relative atomic mass of Na and Cl is 22.99 and 35.45 respectively

Therefore, 1 mol of NaCl has a mass of (22.99 + 35.45) 58.44 g mol-1

1 mol of NaCl will contain 6.02 x 1023 molecules of NaCl

Since there are Na and Cl(2 atoms like the previous one) atoms in NaCl, 1 mol of NaCl will contain
1.204 x 1024 atoms in total


o There are some non-metal positive ions such as ammonium, NH4+, and hydrogen, H+

 The non-metals in group 15 to 17 have a negative charge and have the suffix ‘ide’
o Eg. nitride, chloride, bromide, iodide
 Remember: compound ions are ions that contain more than one type of element, such as
OH–

 During chemical reactions, atoms cannot be created or destroyed


o To balance firstly the carbon, then the hydrogen and finally the oxygen
in combustion reactions of organic compounds
  The physical state of reactants and products in a chemical reaction is specified by
using state symbols
o (s) solid
o (l) liquid
o (g) gas
o (aq) aqueous

Anhydrous to hydrated salt:

CuSO4 + 5H2O → CuSO4∙5H2O

Hydrated to anhydrous salt (by heating):

CuSO4∙5H2O → CuSO4 + 5H2O 

Exam Tip

To calculate the Mr of hydrated salts, the Mr of the salt and water should be
calculated separately and then added together.
  It is important to be clear about the type of particle you are referring to when dealing with
moles
o Eg. 1 mole of CaF2 contains one mole of CaF2 formula units, but one mole of
Ca2+ and two moles of F– ions

 The percentage yield shows how much of a particular product you get from the reactants
compared to the maximum theoretical amount that you can get:

 Where actual yield is the number of moles or mass of product obtained experimentally

 The predicted yield is the number of moles or mass obtained by calculation

Worked example: Mass calculation using moles

Answer

 Step 1: The symbol equation is:

2Mg(s)    +     O2(g)      →      2MgO(s)

 Step 2: The relative formula masses are:

 Magnesium : 24         Oxygen : 32         Magnesium Oxide : 40

 Step 3: Calculate the moles of magnesium used in reaction

 Step 4: Find the ratio of magnesium to magnesium oxide using the balanced chemical
equation
Therefore, 0.25 mol of MgO is formed

 Step 5: Find the mass of magnesium oxide

mass = mol x Mr
mass = 0.25 mol x 40 g mol-1
mass = 10 g

Therefore, mass of magnesium oxide produced is 10 g

Worked Example: Calculate % yield using moles

Answer

 Step 1: The symbol equation is:

Zn (s)    +    CuSO4 (aq)     →     ZnSO4 (aq)    + Cu (s)

  Step 2: Calculate the amount of zinc reacted in moles

  Step 3: Calculate the maximum amount of copper that could be formed from the molar ratio:

Since the ratio of Zn(s) to Cu(s) is 1:1 a maximum of 0.10 moles can be produced

 Step 4: Calculate the maximum mass of copper that could be formed (theoretical yield)

mass =   mol   x   Mr

mass =   0.10 mol x 64 g mol-1
mass =   6.4 g

 Step 5: Calculate the percentage yield of copper

Worked example: Excess & limiting reagent

Answer

 Step 1: Calculate the moles of each reactant

  Step 2: Write the balanced equation and determine the molar ratio

2Na + S → Na2S

The molar ratio of Na: Na2S is 2:1

 Step 3: Compare the moles and determine the limiting reagent

So to react completely 0.40 moles of Na require 0.20 moles of S and since there are 0.25 moles of S,
then S is in excess. Na is therefore the limiting reactant.

 The reactant which is not in excess is called the limiting reagent

The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent to make 1

dm3 of  solution

 The solvent is often water

 A concentrated solution is a solution that has a high concentration of solute
 A dilute solution is a solution with a low concentration of solute

Worked example: Neutralisation calculation

Answer
  Step 1: Write the balanced symbol equation

Na2CO3  +  2HCl  →  Na2Cl2  +  H2O  +  CO2

 Step 2: Calculate the amount, in moles, of sodium carbonate reacted by rearranging the
equation for amount of substance (mol) and dividing by the volume by 1000 to convert
cm3 to dm3

amount (Na2CO3) = 0.025 dm3 x 0.050 mol dm-3 = 0.00125 mol

 Step 3: Calculate the moles of hydrochloric acid required using the reaction’s stoichiometry

1 mol of Na2CO3 reacts with 2 mol of HCl, so the molar ratio is 1 : 2

Therefore 0.00125 moles of Na2CO3 react with 0.00250 moles of HCl

 Step 4: Calculate the concentration, in mol dm-3 of hydrochloric acid

concentration (HCl) (mol dm-3) = 0.125 mol dm-3