4th chapter

 Gases in a container exert a pressure as the gas molecule are constantly colliding with the
wall of the container
 Decreasing the volume (at constant temperature) of the container causes the molecules to
be squashed together which results in more frequent collisions with the container wall
 The pressure of the gas increases
 The volume is therefore inversely proportional to the pressure (at constant temperature)
o A graph of volume of gas plotted against 1/pressure gives a straight line

Decreasing the volume: Pressure increases

 increasing the temperature (at constant volume) of the gas causes the molecules to gain
more kinetic energy
 This means that the particles will move faster and collide with the container walls
more frequently
 The pressure of the gas increases
 The temperature is therefore directly proportional to the pressure (at constant volume)
o A graph of temperature of gas plotted against pressure gives a straight line

Increasing the temperature: Pressure increases

 The kinetic theory of gases states that molecules in gases are constantly moving
 The theory makes the following assumptions:
o The gas molecules are moving very fast and randomly
o The molecules hardly have any volume
o The gas molecules do not attract or repel each other (no intermolecular forces)
o No kinetic energy is lost when the gas molecules collide with each other (elastic
collisions)
o The temperature of the gas is related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules
 Gases that follow the kinetic theory of gases are called ideal gases
 An elastic collision is an encounter between two bodies in which the total kinetic energy of
the two bodies remains the same.

Increasing the temperature: Volume increases

 Real gases therefore do not obey the following kinetic theory assumptions at high
temperatures and pressures:
o There is zero attraction between molecules (due to attractive forces,
the pressure is lower than expected for an ideal gas)
o The volume of the gas molecules can be ignored (volume of the gas is smaller than
expected for an ideal gas)
 pV = nRT
 p = pressure (Pascal’s, Pa)
 V = volume (m3)
 n = number of moles of gas (mol)
 R = gas constant (8.31 J K-1 mol-1)
 T = temperature (kelvin, K)
 Most ionic, metallic and covalent compounds are crystalline lattice
 The ions, atoms or molecules are arranged in a regular and repeating arrangement

The crystal lattice is the symmetrical three-dimensional structural arrangements of

atoms, ions or molecules (constituent particle) inside a crystalline solid as points.

 The type of lattice formed depends on the sizes of the positive and negative ions which are
arranged in an alternating fashion
o The ionic lattice of MgO and NaCl are cubic
 Covalent compounds can be arranged in simple molecular or giant molecular lattices
o Simple molecular lattices: Iodine, buckminsterfullerene (C 60) and ice
o Giant molecular: silicon(IV) oxide, graphite and diamond


The metal ions are often packed in hexagonal layers or in a cubic arrangement
 Graphite, diamond and buckminsterfullerene are allotropes of carbon.
 They are different structural forms of the same element (which is carbon).
 Different types of structure and bonding have different effects on the physical
properties of substances such as their melting and boiling points, electrical
conductivity and solubility
 Ionic compounds are strong
o The strong electrostatic forces in ionic compounds keep the ions strongly together
 They are brittle as ionic crystals can split apart
 Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points
o The strong electrostatic forces between the ions in the lattice act in all directions and
keep them strongly together
o Melting and boiling points increase with charge density of the ions due to the
greater electrostatic attraction of charges
o Mg2+O2- has a higher melting point Na +Cl–
 Ionic compounds are soluble in water as they can form ion – dipole bonds
 Ionic compounds only conduct electricity when molten or in solution
o When molten or in solution, the ions can freely move around and conduct electricity
o In the solid state they’re in a fixed position and unable to move around
 Metallic compounds are malleable
o When a force is applied, the metal layers can slide
o The attractive forces between the metal ions and electrons act in all directions
o So when the layers slide, the metallic bonds are re-formed
o The lattice is not broken and has changed shape
 Metallic compounds are strong and hard
o Due to the strong attractive forces between the metal ions and delocalized electrons
 Metals have high melting and boiling points
 Pure metals are insoluble in water
 Metals can conduct electricity when in the solid or liquid state
o As both in the solid and liquid state there are mobile electrons which can freely
move around and conduct electricity
 o The mobile electron is term used in metallic bonding. The valence electron in
metals is loosely bonded and they are free to move in whole of metallic lattice
that is why they called mobile electrons.
 Simple covalent lattices have low melting and boiling points
o These compounds have weak intermolecular forces between the molecules
o Only little energy is required to break the lattice
 Most compounds are insoluble with water
o Unless they are polar (such as HCl) or can form hydrogen bonds (such as NH 3)
 They do not conduct electricity in the solid or liquid state as there are no charged particles
o Some simple covalent compounds to conduct electricity in solution such as HCl
which forms H+ and Cl– ions
 Giant covalent lattices have high melting and boiling points
o These compounds have a large number of covalent bonds linking the whole structure
intermolecular forces between the molecules
o A lot of energy is required to break the lattice
 The compounds can be hard or soft
o Graphite is soft as the forces between the carbon layers are weak
o Diamond and silicon(IV) oxide are hard as it is difficult to break their 3D network of
strong covalent bonds
 Most compounds are insoluble with water
 Most compounds do not conduct electricity however some do
o Graphite has delocalized electrons between the carbon layers which can move along
the layers when a voltage is applied
o Diamond and silicon(IV) oxide do not conduct electricity as all four outer electrons
on every carbon atom is involved in a covalent bond so there are no free electrons
available
The correct answer is 4

The relatively high melting point, solubility in water and electrical conductivity when molten suggest
that X is a giant ionic structure.

The low melting point of Y suggests that little energy is needed to break the lattice which
corresponds to a simple molecular structure. This is further supported by the low electrical
conductivity and its being almost insoluble in water.

Compound Z has a very high melting point which is characteristic of either metallic or giant
molecular lattices, however since it conducts electricity, compound Z must be a giant metallic
lattice.