LITERATURE STUDY-

LITERATURE STUDY
SHOPPING COMPLEX
Submitted by: Group-3
(Rashi, Kusum, Shreyansh, Ayesha, Kushal, Ayush S., Ridwan, Shreya Ch., Nipun, Rishit,
SUBMITTED BY: GROUP-3
Shivam J., Ujjwal, Aryan)
Architectural Design-V
Ayesha, Rashi, Shreyansh, Kushal, Aryan, Kusum, Shreya Chaubey,
Ridwan, Aayush Salil, Shivam Jangid, Rishit, Nipun and Ujjwal

B. Arch. 3rd year section C

CONTENTS
1) In And Around Site Circulation ( Aayush, Kushal )
2) Parking Space ( Rashi, Kusum )
3) Basement And Services ( Aayush Salil, Kushal Agarwal )
4) Fire Tender And Fire Movement ( Shivam Jangid, Rishit Dabbas )
5) Administration ( Rashi, Kusum )
6) Shops ( Shreya, Ridwan )
7) Food Court ( Nipun, Ujjwal )
8) Multiplex ( Ayesha, Shreyansh, Aaryan )
9) Toilets ( Shivam Jangid, Rishit Dabbas )
10) Barrier Free Design ( Rashi, Kusum )
CIRCULATION
 CIRCULATION (MEANS OF ACCESS)
● The width of the main street on which the building
abuts shall not be less than 12 m and one end of
this street shall join another street not less than 12
m in width.
● The road shall not terminate in a dead end; up to a
height of 30 m.
● The approach to the building and open spaces
on all its sides shall be not less than 6 m in width,
and a turning radius of minimum 9 m shall be
provided for fire tender movement of fire tenders
weighing up to 45 tons.
● The main entrance to the plot shall be of adequate
width to allow easy access to the fire engine and in
no case shall it measure less than 6 m.
 CIRCULATION (MEANS OF ACCESS)
● ARRANGEMENT OF EXITS
○ Exits shall be so located that the travel, distance on the floor shall
not exceed the distance of 30 m in case of all mercantile building.
● CAPACITIES OF EXITS
○ Exit capacity is the number of people that can pass through a
stairway, and level components (door and corridor) and ramps.
○ The total capacity of all the respective means of egress serving a
floor shall be sufficient to allow egress of the entire population of
the floor.
○ The unit of exit width, used to measure the capacity of any exit,
shall be 500 mm.
○ A clear width of 250 mm shall be counted as an additional half unit. ________NATIONAL BUILDING CODE - 2016
Clear widths less than 250 mm shall not be counted for exit width.
○ The travel distance to an exit from the dead end of a corridor shall
not exceed 30 m.
● HORIZONTAL EXITS
○ For buildings more than 24 m in height, refuge area of 15 m2 or an
area equivalent to 0.3 m2 pe person to accommodate of two
consecutive floors.
 CIRCULATION (MEANS OF ACCESS)
● DOORWAYS
○ Every exit doorway shall open into an enclosed stairway or a
horizontal exit of a corridor or passageway providing continuous
and protected means of egress.
○ No exit doorway shall be less than 1000 mm in width except
assembly buildings where door width shall be not less than 2000
mm.
○ Doorways shall be not less than 2000 mm in height.
● STAIRWAYS AND RAMPS :
○ The minimum width of tread shall be 300mm and the maximum
height of riser shall be 150mm for mercantile buildings.
○ The minimum width for a staircase shall be 2m.
○ The minimum headroom in a passage under the landing of a ________NATIONAL BUILDING CODE - 2016
staircase and under the staircase shall be 2.2m of a ramp.
○ Handrails height not less than 1000 mm and not exceeding 1200
mm and provisions of balusters with maximum gap 150 mm
○ The slope of ramp shall shall not exceed 1:10. In certain cases
steeper slopes maybe permitted but in no case greater than 1:8.
 CIRCULATION (MEANS OF ACCESS)
● CORRIDORS AND PASSAGEWAYS *Surface materials in a means of escape route
including stairs must be low surface spread of flame
○ Where stairways discharge through corridors and passageways,
the height of corridors and passageways shall be not less than ○ BS 476:Part 7 Class 1 or Building
2.4m Regulations Class O
○ All means of exit including staircases lifts lobbies and corridors ○ Masonry; brick, stone, block,
concrete, plaster/render,
shall be adequately ventilated. plasterboard, gypsum, cement, lime
○ Internal staircase minimum width shall be 2.0m in all group f ○ Other materials will need properties
building. checking
● EXTERNAL STAIRS
○ It shall always be kept in sound operable conditions. *Group F Mercantile : These shall include any building or
○ Shall be directly connected to the ground. part thereof, which is used as shops, stores, market, for
display and sale of merchandise, either wholesale or
○ Shall be constructed of non- combustible.
retail.
○ Shall have straight flight not less than 1250 mm wide with
250mm treads and risers not more than 190 mm. ________NATIONAL BUILDING CODE - 2016
○ The number of risers shall be limited to 12 per fight in a straight
rise.
● PRESSURIZATION OF STAIRCASES (PROTECT ESCAPE ROUTES)
○ The pressurization of staircase shall be adopted for high rise
buildings and building having mixed occupancy/ multiplexes having
covered area more than 500 m2.
 CIRCULATION (LIFTS)
● Pedestrian movement in retail establishments like malls
is generally centered on escalators, and lifts do not play
a major part.
● However, provision should be made for movement of
shopping trolleys, wheel chairs, perambulators and
persons with limited mobility from one level to another.
● A commonly applied solution is the installation of inclined
moving walks. Where lifts are provided, assumptions of
lift car sizing should take into account space occupied by
trolleys and shopping bags.
● Where multiplexes are located on the upper floors,
the last movie of the day gets over after the mall is
closed at which time the escalators might not be
available. In such cases the lift provision has to be
adequate to handle the egress of the total multiplex
population.
● It is desirable to have at least a battery of two lifts at two
or more convenient points of a building.
● If this is not possible, it is advisable to have at least two
lifts side by side at the main entrance and one lift each at
different sections of the building for inter-communication.
● When two lifts are installed side by side, the machine
room shall be suitably planned with sufficient space for
housing the machine equipment.
● The positioning of lifts side by side gives the following
advantages:
○ All machines and switchgear may be housed in
one machine room,
○ Lifts can be inter-connected more conveniently
from an installation point of view, and
○ Greater convenience in service owing to the
landing openings and each floor being adjacent.
 CIRCULATION
(LIFTS)
● Typical Arrangements of lifts.
● Recommended dimensions of service lift
● Hoistway Plan (lift shaft)
● Relation between lift car and apt machine
room size to go along the cart size.

________NATIONAL BUILDING CODE - 2016

CIRCULATION (LIFTS)
 CIRCULATION (ESCALATORS)
DIMENSIONS: PLANNING:

Angle of elevation : 35 deg. when rise doesn’t exceed 6m and Max. 4 elevator entrances should be alongside each other;
speed not greater than 0.5 m/s. In other instances, angle must facing entrances should be 2500- 3500 apart. In large buildings,
not exceed 30 deg. Max. tread width: 1050 Min. tread width: 600 Lobby area tends to be 5-6 sqm per elevator on upper floors.
15-20 sqm per elevator at ground floor.

PASSENGER CONVEYORS:
 CIRCULATION
(ESCALATORS)
● Typical carrying capacity
● Length Calculation formula
● Width and traffic capacity of
escalators

________TIME SAVER STANDARDS

CIRCULATION (ESCALATORS)
 CIRCULATION (ESCALATORS)
● The clear height above the steps of the escalator or
pallets or belt of the moving walk at all points shall be not
less than 2.30 m.
● To prevent collision, a minimum free area around the
escalator or moving walk is defined. The height X12,
measured from the steps of the escalator or the pallets or
the belt of the moving walk shall be at least 2.10 m
● The depth shall be at least 2.50 m measured from the end
of the balustrade
● For moving walks, the maximum inclination should be up to
6º for use by people with disabilities height of 2100 mm.
● A minimum level of illumination of 100 lux shall be provided
on moving walks
 CIRCULATION
(ESCALATORS)
● Types of escalator placements

________TIME SAVER STANDARDS

 CIRCULATION (STAIRCASE)
ASSEMBLY (recreational places, theatres,
multiplex) :

MERCANTILE (shops, stores, market, display,

sale of merchandise) :
 CIRCULATION (RAMPS)
● Ramps in institutional buildings must be made of non-slip
material.
● These dimensions showcase clear width of the ramp i.e.
exclusive of handrail.

One way ramp of clear width of minimum 3.0 m and two way ramp
with clear width of minimum 6.0 m shall be provided for LMV

One way ramp of clear width of minimum 4.5 m and two way ramp
with clear width of minimum 9.0 m shall be provided for LCV

One way ramp of clear width of minimum 6.0 m and two way ramp
with clear width of minimum 12.0 shall be provided for FIMV
PARKING
DIFFERENT
DIMENSION
S OF CARS
AT
DIFFERENT
ANGLES
ROADWAYS AND
TURNING RADIUS FOR
VARIOUS VEHICLES
CAR
TURNING
LAYOUTS

DIFFERENT SURFACE
PARKING LAYOUTS AT
DIFFERENT ANGLES
INTERSECTING CARS AND
LANES
DIFFERENT
ALIGNMENTS WITH
OTHER LANES
DIFFERENT PARKING
LAYOUTS AT
DIFFERENT ANGLES
INTERSECTION
S AND
MOVEMENTS
OF CARS IN
PARKING AREA
CAR PARKING
OTHER WAYS OF CAR PARKING
 Ramps of width 3.6m
POSSIBLE COLUMN (for 2) or 5.4m (for 1)
ARRANGEMENTS AND width with adequate
PARKING WITH RAMPS slope should be
provided.
Basement should be
at 1.5m set back.
10% of basement
should be used for
services.
TURNING
AND
PARKING
TYPES OF
LAYOUTS
AND
CIRCULATIO
N LAYOUT
FOR CARS IN
A BASEMENT
LAYOUTS
OF
MOVING
CARS
FROM
STARTIN
G GATE
AND FOR
NARROW
SITE
LOADING AND
UNLOADING
TRUCKS AND
THEIR
PARKING
AREA
LAYOUTS
The safe distance allowed between two adjacent trucks is a
minimum of:
a. 1.5m with the use of a loading deck
b. 3m with the use of a loading door
LOADING BAYS
BASEMENT
 BASEMENT
● The basement can be permitted below the ground and
beyond the building lines at ground level subject to a
clear minimum front margin of 4.5 m. and side and rear
margin of 3m., and further subject to non-habitable
uses and provision for mechanical ventilation and all
safety provisions and drainage.
● The basement shall have the following requirements:
○ Every basement shall be in every part at least 2.4
m. in height from the floor to the underside of
the slab or ceiling
○ The height of the ceiling of any basement shall be
minimum 0.9m. And the maximum, 1.2m. Above the
average surrounding ground level.
○ However, in case of parking, mercantile or
business occupancy at ground floor, minimum height
of the ceiling of the basement may be 0.3m above
the average surrounding ground level subject to
mechanical ventilation being provided.
SERVICES
SERVICES (LIGHTING)

Lighting plays an important role on the involvement of buyers in a

place of commerce, hence as a rule of thumb it is important to
maintain 300-500-750 Lux at all retail outlets.
Arcades and shopping precincts shall maintain 100-150-200
Lux.
Public aggregation spaces shall have 200-300-500 Lux.
SERVICES (VENTILATION SHAFTS)

Size of shaft will further defines

the minimum height requirement
of rooms and corridors.
 SERVICES (VENTILATION SHAFTS)
● Openings in walls or floors , necessary to be provided to
allow passages of all building services like cables, electrical
wirings, telephone cables, plumbing pipes, etc, shall be
protected by enclosure in the form of ducts/shafts having a
fire resistance not less than 120 min.
● The inspection door for electrical shafts/ducts shall be not
less than 120 mm.
● The space between the electrical cables/conduits and the
walls/slabs shall be filled in by a fire stop material having fire
resistance rating of not less than 120 min.
● For plumbing shafts in the core of the building, with shaft
door opening inside the building, the shafts shall have
inspection doors having fire resistance rating not less than 30
min.
● For plumbing shafts doors which open in wet areas or in
naturally ventilated areas or on external wall of the
building, the shafts may not require doors having any
specified fire rating
 SERVICES (REFUSE CHUTE & REFUSE CHUTES AND VERTICAL
OPENING)
● Refuse chutes shall have opening at least 1 m above roof
level for venting purpose.
● The enclosure wall of non-combustible material with fire
resistance of not less than 120 min.
● They shall not be located within the staircase enclosure
or service shafts, or air conditioning shafts.
● Refuse chutes inspection panel and doors shall be tight fitting
with 60 min fire resistance.
● Sprinkler protection system shall be provided for the refuse
chutes.
● Refuse chutes shall be at least 6 m away from exits.

Pressurization :- Reasonable safety to the occupant while using the

means of egress by preventing spread of fire, smoke, or fumes
through vertical openings from floor to floor to allow occupants to
complete their use of the means of egress. Further it shall be
ensured to provide a clear height of 2100 mm in the exit and
access portals.
SERVICES
 SERVICES

HVAC Duct dimensions (ftf height to be determined accordingly)

FIRE TENDER AND FIRE
MOVEMENT
FIRE SAFETY & FIRE TENDER MOVEMENT
❏
Types of Construction :-
Type 1: Fire-Resistive : High-rise buildings are Type 1, which are classified as fire-resistive.

Type 2: Non-Combustible : Many new or recently renovated commercial structures — including “big box” stores and large
shopping malls — are Type 2 buildings.

Type 3: Ordinary : Both new and old buildings — like schools, businesses and houses — can use the “ordinary” construction that
distinguishes Type 3 buildings.

Type 4: Heavy Timber : Many buildings were constructed before the 1960s using large pieces of lumber, and these are known as
Type 4 buildings.
❏ Door height and location in building :-
❏ Occupant Load :- For determining the exits required, the number of persons within any floor area or the occupant load shall
be based on the actual number of occupants declared, but in no case less than that specified in Table 3. The occupant load of a mezzanine
floor discharging to a floor below shall be added to that floor occupancy and the capacity of the exits shall be designed for the total
occupancy load thus established. The occupant load of each story considered individually.
❏ Capacity Factor :-
a) Exit capacity is the number of people that can pass through a stairway, and level components (door and corridor) and ramps. The total capacity
of all the respective means of egress serving a floor shall be sufficient to allow egress of the entire population of the floor.
b) The unit of exit width, used to measure the capacity of any exit, shall be 500 mm. A clear width of 250 mm shall be counted as an additional half
unit. Clear widths less than 250 mm shall not be counted for exit width.
c) Width per person for stairways, and level components and ramps shall be determined using the capacity factors in accordance with Table 4.
❏ Travelling distance :- Travel distance shall be measured from the most remote point within a storey or a mezzanine floor
along the natural and unobstructed path of horizontal or vertical egress travel to the door to an exit.

The dead end corridor length in exit access shall not exceed 6 m for educational, institutional and assembly occupancies. For other
occupancies, the same shall be 15 m (see Fig. 6)
❏ Pressurization of staircase & lift lobbies :- Pressurization is a method adopted for protecting the
exits from ingress of smoke, especially in high-rise buildings. In pressurization, air is injected into the staircases, lobbies, etc, as applicable,
to raise their pressure slightly above the pressure in adjacent parts of the building. As a result, ingress of smoke or toxic gases into the exits
will be prevented. The pressurization of staircases and lift lobbies shall be adopted as given in Table 6. The pressure difference for
staircases shall be 50 Pa. Pressure differences for lobbies(or corridors) shall be between 25 Pa and 30 Pa. Further, the pressure differential
for enclosed staircase adjacent to such lobby (or corridors) shall be 50 Pa. For enclosed staircases adjacent to non-pressurized lobby (or
corridors), the pressure differential shall be 50 Pa.
FIRE SAFETY & FIRE TENDER MOVEMENT NORMS
ADMINISTRATION
OFFICE CONSTRUCTION Minimum area of office room is
7.5sqm, can range till 30 sqm.
Depth of room should not increase
6m otherwise unstable area will be
created at the back of the room.
Ceiling grid pattern can affect the
single room design in similar way.
Interrelationship between various areas of
administration.
DIFFERENT OFFICE
LAYOUTS
CONTROL/MANAGEMENT
ROOM LAYOUT
STORAGE SPACES
SHOPS
 TYPES OF SHOPS

1. CHAIN STORES
Chain store, any of two or more retail stores having the same ownership
and selling the same lines of goods.

2. ANCHOR STORES
An anchor store is the big department store at the mall. Depending on the
size of the shopping center, there’s often more than one and at least two,
with one at either end of the property. These are also sometimes called an
"anchor tenant", "draw tenant", or "key tenant".

In malls they are generally located in the central or corners where the
footfall is higher in comparison to the other areas of the mall.
3. KIOSKS
A temporary (semi permanent in some cases) very small 'shop' - there is often just
room inside for the sales-person to stand and sit. The goods are laid out or hung
around an opening in one side. The purchasers stand outside to buy.

Generally in the malls, these are located in between large aisle, in the centre of the
atrium or below the escalators.

4. DEPARTMENTAL STORE
A departmental store is a big store that sells goods of many varieties belonging to
different departments. It is essentially a retail establishment that offers a large number
of consumer goods that belong to various product categories.

Each departments is like a separate shop with centralised purchasing, selling and
accounting

These types of stores usually have many subsites which house a wide range and
category of products. The departmental stores might sell jewelry, clothing, home
appliances and electronics, hardware products, sporting goods, stationery items, and
many more under one roof.
5. SUPERMARKETS
A supermarket is a self-service shop offering a wide variety of food,
beverages and household products, organized into sections. This kind of
store is larger and has a wider selection than earlier grocery stores, but is
smaller and more limited in the range of merchandise than a hypermarket or
big-box market.

The items are categorized and placed in aisles so that the customers can
walk through them and take what they want. Generally they are built on a
single floor with a large amount of floor space.

5. HYPERMARKETS
A hypermarket is a big-box store combining a supermarket and a
department store. The result is an expansive retail facility carrying a wide
range of products under one roof, including full grocery lines and general
merchandise.

Hypermarkets usually have everything a customer needs for daily use,

including groceries and even toys, furniture, and electronics for consumers
to get everything under one roof.
 SHOPS
TYPES OF STORES GROSS AREA (SQM) EXAMPLES

Chain Store 80- 125 sq m Bata, Diesel, Puma, Adidas

Anchor Store 1400- 1800 sq m H&M, Zara, Lifestyle

Kiosk 9-25 sq m Ice cream, Candies, Beauty

Products, Watches,
Refreshments

Departmental Store 1800- 4600 sq m Pantaloons, Walmart,

Lifestyle

Supermarket 2000- 4000 sq m Spencers, Apna Bazaar,

Triveni Supermarket

Hypermarket 5000-15000 sqm Big Bazaar, More,

Spencer's Retail, DMart,
Hyper city

Sources- neufert, cleartax.com, indianonlineseller.com

 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHOPS LAYOUT AND DESIGN
Grid store layout
Pros
* Lots of exposure to products, as the
layout encourages customers to browse
multiple aisles
* Lots of infrastructure suppliers, such as
shelving, are available as this layout is
used so much
Cons
* Customers may be frustrated they can’t
shortcut their way to what they need
* Customers may not understand your
product groupings, leading to frustration
and questions (or worse, departure)
* Cramped aisles often lead to customers
bumping into one another
Herringbone store layout
Pros
* Suited to stores with lots of product but
minimal space
* This layout often works well for
warehouse-style stores open to the
public
Cons
* Limited visibility down “side roads” can
increase shoplifting opportunities
* Can feel cramped, and customers
easily bump into one another
Loop (racetrack) store
layout
Pros
* Maximum product exposure
* Most predictable traffic pattern; easiest
to place promotions and have highest
assurance they’ll be seen
Cons
* Customers don’t get to browse at will
* May waste the time of customers who
knows what they’ve come for.
* Not suited for shops that encourage
high traffic turnover or carry products
people need to spend little time
considering before purchase
Free-flow store layout
Pros
* Great for small spaces
* Also works within areas of loop and
spine layouts
* Creates more space between products
* Better suited to higher-end shops with
less merchandise
* Most likely to create an experiential
retail space
Cons
* Often less space to display product
* Can be confusing for customers
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHOPS LAYOUT AND DESIGN

Straight (spine) store layout Diagonal store layout Geometric store layout Angular store layout
Pros
Pros Pros Pros
* Customers are more likely to make it to
* Better customer circulation * Creates a unique retail store design * Creates a unique store design without
the back of the store
* If the checkout counter is located in * Elevates the in-store experience a high cost
* Shoppers have space to look around
the center of the store, the diagonal * Helps make a statement about the
* Allows for space to display
layout provides better security—you’ll be Cons products
merchandise
able to see more throughout the store Cons
* Rounded displays eliminate wall shelf
Cons
Cons space * May be too eccentric for less “trendy”
* Less inventory can be displayed products (or an older audience)
* Shoppers may move quickly down the
* Shoppers cannot take a shortcut to * It may not be the best option to
main aisle and merchandise at the front
specific products maximize space to display merchandise
or sides of your store will go unseen
* Narrower aisles are common in the
* A straight aisle may not lend itself as
diagonal store layout
well to exploration and discovering new
products
TYPES OF SHOPS IN SHOPPING MALL

Source-- statista.com
 SHOPS

COLUMN SPACING: Significant dim. is along the mall as this involves the widths, i.e, frontages of store.
Often used spaces are 20, 25 & 30 ft. with last the most flexible.

STORE DEPTHS: Buildings are usually 120-140 ft.deep, sometimes more to accommodate larger
store.
If there are basements and mezzanines, the depth dimension can usually be
reduced to 20-25%.

CLEAR HEIGHTS: These vary from 10-14ft.

Above this clear height there must be adequate space for air-conditioning, ducts,
recessed light, structural e-systems etc.
SHOP SIZE & LAYOUTS
● 12-15 ft wide by 50-60 ft long in large cities.

● 15-18 ft wide by 60-80 ft long in small cities.

● Basement 8-9 ft high, in the clear, permit

economical stock storage.

● The ratio of sales to ancillary space ranges

45:55 in small shops and departmental stores
to 60:40 in supermarkets.
SHOPS PLANNING
● Halls are usually designed to give a large-span open
space having natural roof lighting, good ventilation and
service connections.

● One floor trading is preferred.

● Perimeter stalls and other group layouts have service

corridors.

● Fish, meat stalls are sited in zoned areas with more

sophisticated ventilation, drainage and services.

KEY CONSIDERATIONS:
● Access and linkage to parking, shopping areas, goods
delivery etc.
 SHOPS CIRCULATION
IN SUPERMARKETS/HYPERMARKETS/
OCCUPANCY AREA/PERSON(m2)
ANCHOR STORES.
SHOPS OCCUPANCY
FASHION STORES (MEN & WOMEN)
● For self-selection clothes displayed in free or wall racks;
For personal service in glass-fronted and hanging cabinets
with special displays.

● Arrangement must be flexible, with movable equipment and

fitting room. (1500X2000)

● Changing cubicles should be 1100X1150mm.

FASHION FABRICS
● Merchandise required to be attractively arranged with
lighting to show true colours.

● Shelves not higher than 2200mm; optimum height 500-1500mm.

● Surfaces smooth so that material slides easily and does not

catch.

● Counters for standing customers 850-950mm high.

● Counters for seated customers 550-700mm.

● Counter width should be 700-850mm.

COUNTERS
SHOE STORE
● Medium size shop, personal service: 8000-16000 pairs, polish, stockings, socks, also available.
● Allow 1 footrest per 2 seats.
● Allow 1 stool per 2 footrests for sales assistants.
● Low level and wall mirrors should be provided.
● Adequate forward open stock preferable for quick service.
● For self-service shops follow general pattern, with special display racking.
FOOD COURT
FOOD COURT
FOOD COURT
FOOD COURT
FOOD COURT
FOOD COURT
FOOD COURT
FOOD COURT
FOOD COURT
FOOD COURT
FOOD COURT
FOOD COURT
FOOD COURT
MULTIPLEX
STANDARD DIMENSIONS
SPACE DIMENSION (mm)
OR QUANTITY
Chair dimension 500 x 500 mm

Spacing between rows of 900 mm (min.)

seats (back to back)

Width of an aisle 1200 mm (min.)

Number of seats in a row 7 seats

(with aisle on one side)

Number of seats in a row 14 seats

(with aisles on two sides)

Number of cross aisles to be 1

provided after every 10 rows
of seating

Width of cross aisle 2000 mm (suggestive)

 SPACE DIMENSION (mm)
OR QUANTITY

Tread of chair step 1200 mm

Riser of chair step 300 mm

Tread of aisle step 300 mm

Riser of aisle step 150 mm

The distance between screen and the front

row of seats = shall not be less than width of
the screen itself.

MATHEMATICALLY,
Distance between screen and front row = ≥ WIDTH OF
SCREEN
ANGLES AND In addition, the display must
be accessible from behind
PROJECTOR ROOM for service, maintenance,
etc. The depth from the
display front to the wall
behind will therefore have to
be in the range of 1.0–1.5 m.

The projection room shall

not have any direct access
or communication with the
auditorium.

PROJECTION ROOM DIMENSIONS-

1. AREA (for one projection machine)

= 4.45 sq m
2. AREA (for each additional
projector) = 2.23 sq m
3. HEIGHT OF ROOM= 2.8 m
Planning layouts

Single projector room catering two cinemas

simultaneously

Example layout of multiple screens in a

T- 900 mm (aisle width) multiplex
Standard dimensions of inside components

GENERAL LAYOUT SHOWING INTERNAL CONNECTIVITY OF A MULTIPLEX

Fire Entry/Exits to cinemas
NUMBER OF FIRE EXITS=

1. Every place of assembly for less than 500 persons shall have at least two
separate exits as remote from each other as practicable.

2. if capacity over 600, at least three separate exits shall be provided with
each exit not less than of 2 unit widths.

SIGNAGE =

1. All exits from the auditorium shall be clearly indicated by the word
‘EXIT’ in block letters 175 mm high and shall be so displayed as to
be clearly visible in the light as well as in the dark.

No gas piping shall be laid in the stairway.

No staircase, used as a fire escape, shall be inclined at an angle

greater than 45 DEGREES from the horizontal. Example layout plan of fire entry/
exit points from a cinema hall
Fire Entry/Exits to cinemas
➔ A landing equal to at least, the width of
the door shall be provide from the center of
the tread. d in the stairway at each doorway.
➔ Exit doorways shall be openable from the
side, which they serve without the use of a
key.
➔ Revolving doors shall not be allowed.
➔ A staircase shall not be arranged round a
lift shaft for buildings 15.0 m. and above
height.
➔ Handrails shall be provided with a minimum
height of 1000 mm. from the center of the
tread.
➔ For building more than 24 m. in height, access to main
staircase shall be through a lobby created by double door
of one hour fire rating. One of the doors will be fixed in the
wall of the staircase and other after the lobby.
➔ The main staircase and fire escape staircase shall be
continuous from ground floor to the terrace level.
➔ No combustible material shall be used for decoration/wall
paneling in the staircase.
➔ No electrical shafts/AC ducts or gas pipe etc. shall pass
through the staircase. Lift shall not open in staircase landing.
➔ Beams/columns and other building features shall not reduce
the head room/width of the staircase.
 Lighting
For Walkways:

Height of Lighting Fixtures = 4m from ground level

● Lighting requirements in theatre

○ Emergency exits.
○ During Intermission.
○ House clearance
○ Step lighting.

● 30 Lux when projection screen in use

● 50 lux for working plane
● Illuminance of all working areas within a
building should generally be 150 lux
● Use of dimmer, although its expensive
gives better and optimal energy use.
● Earlier incandescent and compact
fluorescent lamps were used but due to
their limited dimming possibilities, and bad
colour spectrum, they were discontinued.
Now LEDs are used.
Porthole
PURPOSE- The main purpose of the porthole, which is the window between the projector
and the auditorium, is to prevent noise leaking from the projection room or cabinet into the
auditorium. If the projector is in a different fire safety cell than the auditorium, the porthole
must also meet requirements for fire protection.

SIZE- If the wall between the projector and the auditorium is thick, the porthole must be
larger. Chamfering the bottom edge of the opening on the auditorium side can be a solution.

➔ The internal height= around 400 mm

➔ The width around 800 mm.
➔ If observing the screen through the glass is a necessary addition, increase the width to
1200 or 1400 mm (or more).

Additional windows in projector room is

provided so that the person inside can keep a
check on the screen in front of the audience
 Sound
● The sound reduction index (Dw) is used to describe how well a cinema
auditorium is acoustically isolated from its surroundings.

● If the noise level in the surroundings are low, Dw values of 65 dB or

higher can be acceptable. If there are two adjacent auditoriums with
shared walls, or other surroundings with high noise levels, the Dw
value must be higher and 70–75 dB is often required. In some cases
it may be even higher.

● Door- If the room on the other side of the door is quiet, a single
acoustic door with Rw > 45 dB might be acceptable. For better sound
isolation, special acoustic doors with higher Rw values (> 50 dB) must be
used, but such doors are often heavy, made of metal, and are not ideal
to operate, especially for the general audience, even if they are
motorised. A better solution might be a vestibule between the auditorium
and its surroundings.

● Vestibule - A vestibule is a small room with one door towards the

auditorium and another towards its surroundings. The vestibule
construction and the doors must be designed to give acceptable noise
reduction. Such a room will protect the auditorium from both light
and sound leakage from the outside. If the room outside is quiet, the
vestibule can be replaced by heavy black curtains to protect the
auditorium from light leakage. All surfaces in the vestibule should be
matte black and, if necessary, include lights that can be dimmed
during the show
There are two general designs movie theaters use to
soundproof their rooms. The other most common design
feature is sound baffles, which are set up on the side
walls in most theaters. These baffles bounce the sound
back into the theater, rather than allowing it to seep
through the wall.
 Materials FLOOR SEATS

SIDE WALLS
To protect the walls from damage, it may be a
good solution to use solid, perforated panels,
cassettes or similar, with dampening material Polyurethane foam

behind. This will protect the walls, while Quilted material Fabric
maintaining their acoustical properties. (if beech wood frame is used then, it is called
Beech wood seat)
Nylon carpets Axminster (wool) carpets

CEILING

Gypsum perforated
Acoustics cassettes and curtains
acoustical panel

Closer look of acoustic tiles

acoustic tiles
Wooden panels

wooden acoustic panel boxer acoustic foam

 HVAC

Equipement room for central air conditioning plant

Equipment Room location = within the building being air conditioned and closer to external wall for facilitating ventilation and
equipment movement. The equipment may also be installed in a separate service block which should also be located as
close as possible to the load/building being conditioned

Equipment room dimensions= The clear headroom below soffit of beam should be minimum 4.5 m for larger capacity
chillers (500 TR and above) and minimum 3.6 m for smaller plants.
(Ton of Refrigeration (TR): Ton of Refrigeration (abbreviated as TR) is an important historical unit of refrigeration capacity. Thus 1 TR air conditioner has a refrigeration capacity of
3516.85 W at the prescribed temperatures)

AIR HANDLING UNIT ROOM=

1. Air handling unit rooms should preferably be located vertically one above the other.
2. Access door to air handling unit room shall be single/double leaf type, air tight, opening outwards and should have a sill to
prevent flooding of adjacent occupied areas.
TOILETS
TOILET STANDARDS

Source : NBC 2016

Source : NBC 2016
Source : NBC 2016
Source : NBC 2016
 Cinemas, concert
halls and theatres
and multiplex water
requirements

1. Domestic per day=

5 ltr per seat

2. Flushing per day=

10 ltr per seat

3. Total consumption=
15 ltr per seat

Source : NBC 2016

BARRIER FREE DESIGN
ACCESS PATHWAY
The access pathway
from the plot entry to
the surface parking
and the main building
entrance should be
minimum of 1.8m in
width.

DESIGNATED
ACCESSIBLE
PARKING
SPACE
 Surface parking shall be
provided near
Common accessible entrance for
transfer area of persons with disabilities
6m total bay maximum travel
width. distance of 30m

Transfer Area
for people with Number of Designated
wheelchair with Parking Accessible
Space parking Space
minimum width
1200mm.
Upto 10 1

Upto 25 2

Upto 50 3

Upto 100 4

Upto 200 6

For over 200 parking space, 6

designated accessible parking space for
200 parking spaces and 1 for each
additional 100 parking space.
 Kerb Ramps
Material- Sinotec Rubber
Kerb ramps, precast kerb
ramps etc.

Vehicle drop off areas should be minimum of 9000 mm in length and

minimum width of 3600mm and be served by a kerb ramp
TACTILE GROUND SURFACE INDICATORS

Warning blocks shall be placed 300 mm from the beginning and end of
the ramps and stairs, at landings and entrance to any door.
Places to install TGSI:
1.In open space to orient people with visual impairment.
2. In front of an area where traffic is present.
3. In front of an entrance/exit to and from ramp, staircase,
multi-level crossing facility.
4. Sidewalk/footpath section of an approach road to a
building
BUILDING REQUIREMENTS

APPROACH TO PLINTH LEVEL

ACCESS AT ENTRANCE AND

WITHIN THE BUILDING

A clear, firm and level landing of

TACTILE at least 1 800 mm × 1 800 mm shall
PLATES be provided on either side of the
entrance door.
INTERNAL PASSAGES Changes of
direction within a
corridor shall have
a turning circle
with a diameter of
1 500 mm or
more, clear of any
obstructions.

The space required

for a wheelchair to
make a 180° turn
shall be not less
than 2 000 mm in
the direction of
These dimensions shall be exclusive of handrails and travel and not less
any other projections, for example portable fire than 1800mm
extinguishers, notice boards, etc. wide.
HANDRAILS AND GRAB BARS 1. Slip resistant handrails with round ends
HANDRAILS
2. Circular section of 38mm in diameter.

GRAB BARS
1.Have a circular section
of 38mm in diameter.
2.Have a minimum clear
space of 50mm to 65mm
from the wall.
3.Be installed at a height
of 760mm to 900mm
LIFTS

1.The lift lobby shall be of an inside measurement

of 1.8x1.8 m or more.
2. The time of an automatic closing door should be
minimum 5 secs. and the closing speed should not
exceed 0.25m/sec.
DOORS

The presence of a glass door shall be made

apparent, with permanent uninterrupted visual
manifestation at two levels (hand and eye level),
within 800 mm to 1 000 mm from the floor and
within 1 400 mm to 1 600 mm from the floor,
contrasting visually with the immediate
background with a difference in LRV of 30 points
seen through the glass in all light conditions
VERTICAL AND INCLINED LIFTING PLATFORMS

Platform Lift Dimensions

The minimum width of

the platform lift shall be 1
100 mm and the
minimum length shall be
1 400 mm for the use of
manual and powered
wheelchairs with
assistance. In existing
buildings of minor public
importance and with few
visitors, where sufficient
space is not available,
other dimensions may be
considered, for example
900 mm × 1 250 mm.
OPERATING CONTROL AND DEVICES
 TOILET ROOMS AND SANITARY ROOMS

Type A:
Toilet
Room
with
Lateral
Transfer
from
Both
Sides

Type B:
Toilet
Room
with
Lateral
Transfer
from
One
Side
Only
The provision of accessible toilets shall be such
that any wheelchair user/ambulant disabled
person does not have to travel more than 30 m
on the floor.
SIGNAGE

Signs should be designed and

located so that they are easily legible
by using suitable letter size (not
less than 20mm high)

International symbol mark for the

wheelchair shall be installed in a lift,
toilet, staircase, parking areas etc.
that have been provided for the
differently abled.

Signage indicating transfer options (right

or left hand) in unisex accessible toilet
CHOICE OF
COLOURS
AND
PATTERNS