Pakistan studies Past Paper Questions

Ideology of Pakistan in light of sayings of Allama Muhammad Iqbal & Quaid-e-Azam?

IDEOLOGY

Ideology is a set of beliefs, values and ideals of a group and a nation. It is deeply ingrained in the
social consciousness of the people. It is a set of principles, a framework of action and guidance
system that gives order and meaning to life and human action.

Ideology emphasizes on some particular principles, ideals and blueprint for the future. It is a
review of the existing political, social and economic arrangements that create consciousness
based on its principles. It legitimizes or delegitimizes certain actions and philosophies. Ideology
gives nation a direction and worldview and its implementation is the responsibility of the
concerned people.

The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical experience
provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated it
into a political reality. The basis of the Muslim nationhood was not territorial, racial, linguistic,
or ethnic rather they were a nation because they belonged to the same faith, Islam.
ALLAMA IQBAL: POET AND PHILOSOPHER

VISION OF A SEPARATE MUSLIM STATE

Allama Iqbal was the person who, for the first time, gave the concept of a separate state for
Muslims keeping in view the Two Nation Theory. He was conscious of significance of Islam in
lives of the Muslims. He clearly explained the ideology of Pakistan in his sayings and poetry. His
first public appearance was in 1899 at the annual session of Anjuman Himayat-i-Islam in Lahore
when he presented the poem, Nala-i-Yatim.

At initial stages Dr. Iqbal was a nationalist by ideas and his poetry contained verses like Tarana-
i- Hind. His poetry was a critique of the existing societal conditions. Being educated from
Europe, he knew all weak aspects of the Western culture. He criticized capitalism, materialism
and lack of spiritualism.

Aims of Iqbal and ideology of Pakistan:

• Separate Recognition & Existence of Muslims

• Condemnation of western democratic concepts
• Concept of separate Muslim state
• Commendation of Idea of Single Nation
• Concept of 2 Nation theory
• Eradication of Racial & Regional prejudices
• Explanation of relation of Islam & politics
• Islam is complete code of life, a lively power, and the way to success
• No ideology of life than Islam
• Islam as the only foundation of Pakistan

In the Allahabad Address to the Muslim League Session, on December 1930, he desired:

“I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sind, Balochistan amalgamated into a single state as a
self government within the British empire or without. This is the final destiny of the Muslims of
N.W. India.”

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Muhammad Ali Jinnah
M. A. Jinnah was the great leader of the 20th century, who changed the course of history. He
possessed a visionary leadership, commitment to the cause and political mobilization capacity.

Role of Jinnah
Jinnah played a decisive role in articulating the Muslim demands and pursuing these faced strong
oppositions from the Hindus and the British. He started his political career in 1906 by joining the
Indian National Congress. He was elected to the Legislative Council in 1909 and in 1913 he also
joined the All India Muslim League. Now he was member of both the political parties. Having
disagreement with Gandhi on the issue of Swaraj (self-rule), complete freedom from the British
and on using extra-constitutional means, Jinnah resigned from the Congress in 1920.
His early
efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity were materialized when The Lucknow Pact (1916) was
signed.

The Hindus accepted the Muslim demands:

• Separate Electorate
• One-third Seats in Central Legislature
• Protection of minority rights

In the Nehru Report, the accepted Muslim rights were ignored. Jinnah retaliated forcefully by
presenting 14 Points in 1929. He defined Muslim identity and mobilized them with reference to
Islam and convinced others that Muslims are different from the Hindus and the Congress.
Islamic principles, concepts and symbols surfaced in his speeches and statements.

Jinnah used the term “Nation” for the Muslims of India in Feb 1935 (Legislative Assembly). He
argued that the combination of religion, culture, race, arts, music and so forth make a minority a
“Separate Entity”. In March 1936 Bombay, he stated that the Muslims could arrive at a
settlement with Hindus as “Two Nations.” In 1937, he asserted that there is also a third party in
India, the Muslims. In 1939, he roared that the Muslims and Hindus are two nations and they are
going to live as a nation and playing part as a nation. In March 1944, while addressing to the
students of Muslim University of Aligarh, he uttered “Pakistan came into being the day the first
Hindu embraced Islam in India.”

Jinnah neither struggled for a Secular nor for a theocratic state, rather he fought for the creation
of a Muslim Nation State. He believed in the force of Islam as he said that Islam is a dynamic
force that can unite the Muslims. It can help to overcome the present crisis. It’s a source of
inspiration and guidance providing ethical foundation, a framework, social order and civilization.

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Aims & Objectives in Establishment of Pakistan?
There were several aims and objectives of the creation of Pakistan, which were already referred
and explained by the architects of Pakistan in their speeches, addresses, interviews and writings.
Basic aims and objectives of the creation of a Muslin state in South Asia were:

1. Survival of the Indian Muslims as a separate nation

- This was the first and basic aim
2. Separate identity of the Indian Muslims
- Historically, culturally, religiously, socially, and psychologically the Indian Muslims
belonged to a different nation
3. To preserve the historical and cultural heritage of the South-Asian Muslims
- It is the moral, social, and national obligation of the Indian Muslims to preserve their
history and cultural heritage in South Asia. However, many anti-Muslim acts were
placed in a Hindu dominated political order, which attacked Muslim’s History,
religious rituals, and cultural heritage.
4. To destroy the Nefarious designs of the Indian National Congress
- The Indian National Congress, which was in politics since 1885, was a Hindu-
dominated political organization and its track record sowed the seeds of separatism in
India. Example: The Nehru Report (1928), denied any constitutional guarantee to the
Muslims for their genuine rights
5. Creation of Pakistan- Completion of the Mission of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
- Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was a visionary Muslim of his time, who made it a point to
recognize the Indian Muslims as a separate nation, entitled to the right if self-
determination
6. Negation of the Indian Nationalism
- The creation of Pakistan, in a sense, was negation of the Indian Nationalism. The
leaders of the Indian National Congress used to claim that all the Indians, including
Muslims, belong to one and the same nation – the Indian Nation
7. Right to Self-Determination
- Politically speaking, a nation is a nation of account of this right
8. Preventing non-Muslim domination in Muslim India
- Averting the non-Muslim domination, either by British Imperialism or Hindus’
domination, was their national duty
9. Elimination of the Hindus’ Economic Monopoly
- Under the British Masters, the Hindu bannias were holding key posts and positions
10. They didn’t want India to become a Dar-ul-Harb (land of warfare)
- This was a religious obligation of the Indian Muslims
11. Creation of Pakistan- the great dream of Dr. Allama Iqbal
- To Recognize the Allahabad Address of Dr. Allama Iqbal (1930), in which he
declared the creation of a Muslim state in the North West of India as the last destiny
of the Indian Muslims
12. Delhi Resolution 1946- the Blueprint of Pakistan
- Aim: To give practical shape to Delhi Resolution and it was through this resolution
that Pakistan Resolution (1940) was amended, which paved the way for the creation
of a single Muslim State (Pakistan) possible
13. Muslim-majority Rule in Muslim-majority Provinces
- Hindus were trying to get established the majority rule throughout India, which was
not acceptable to the leader of All Indian Muslim League.

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Hazrat Mujaddad Alf Sani and his reformative movement?

Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi (1564-1624) commonly known as Mujaddad Alf Thani, or “the reformer
of the second millennium,” was an Indian Islamic scholar from Punjab and belonged to
Naqshbandi Sufi order. He worked in rejuvenating Islam and highly criticized the heterodoxies
prevalent in the time of Emperor Akbar. He boldly opposed all plans to bring Islam and
Hinduism together on the religious level, knowing that it would loosen the Muslim grip on the
sources of imperial strength.

History reveals the fact that in the mid of sixteenth century, there were 2 great challenges to
the Muslims:
I. Din-e Illahi (man made religion)
II. Wahdat-ul-Wajood
An evaluation of the services rendered by this great reformer of the 2nd Millennium is
presented as under:
➢ Anti-Din-e Illahi Movement
In the era of Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi, Muslim society was ridden with un-Islamic
practices and beliefs. His preaching and revival was a reaction to the secular policies of
Mughal emperor Akbar. He denounced Akbar’s policy of Din-e-illahi (mixing of religions)
and believed that “what is outside the path shown by the prophet (Sharia) is forbidden.”
➢ Denouncement of Wahdat-ul-Wajood
Mujaddad Alf Thani dedicated his sincerity of purpose to purify Islam and to rid it of the
accretions of Hindu Pantheism as well as the philosophy of Wahdat-ul Wajood. He gave
the philosophy of Wahdat-ul-Shahood. Both doctrines are related to the relationship
between God and the universe. Wahdal ul-Wajood means the unity of being/unity of
existence. This Doctrine, formulated by the school of Ibn al Arabi, which postulates that
God and His creation are one, since all that is created preexisted in God's knowledge
and will return to it. While Wahdat ul-Shahood is opposed to Wahdat ul-Wajood. This
Doctrine, taught by Sufi Ahmed al-Sarhindi which holds that God and His creation are
entirely different.
➢ Refutation of Sejda-e Ta’ zimi
Hazrat Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi offered great sacrifices to eliminate un-Islamic and
inhuman practices from the South Asian Muslim Society. He openly refused to do Sejda-
e-Ta’zimi and bow before Jahangir, the emperor, who had called him to his court. This
invoked the emperor’s anger, who consequently put him behind the bars for one year at
Gwalior Fort.

Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi undertook the job of purifying Muslim society of un-Islamic tendencies
by sending a number of his disciples in all directions to preach true Islam. The work was
vigorously pursued in India and other neighbouring Muslim countries. He exposed the fallacy of
Din-e-Ilahi and came out with full vigour the influence of that satanic creed. He worked hard to
restore the original teachings of Islam and emphasized on the concept of “Tauheed.”

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Hazrat Shah Waliullah and his reformative movement?

In the post-Great Mughal era, the ideological and the arch rivals of the Muslims- the Marathas,
Sikhs, and Jats, challenged both Islam and the Muslims. Religious conflict, low moral tone of the society,
poor understanding of the Holy Quran gave rise to the era of religious regeneration and made Hazrat
Shah Waliullah a great reformer of his time.
Shah Wali Ullah belonged to a religious family. He was educated at Madrasa-i-Rahimiyah by his
father Shah Abdul Rahim. After finishing his education, he went for pilgrimage and higher studies to
Saudi Arabia. While in Hajj, he decided to launch a campaign to uphold the banner of Islam, steengthen
the ideological fronteirs of South-Asian Muslims and to enable them to retain their separate identity. On
his return to the Sub-continent, he started working towards the achievement of these goals and some of
his services are explained as under:
1. Preaching of Islam- Translation of the Holy Quran into Persian
He advocated the Qur’anic education for the welfare of the Muslims of subcontinent. He urged
the people to live simple life. Shah Waliullah recognized that the tenets of Islam could not be
followed properly unless the Holy Quran itself was understood. In order to spread teachings of
Islam, he translated the Holy Quran into Persian, which is titles Fathur-Rehman. Later on, his
sons Shah Abdul Qadir and Shah Abdul Aziz translated the Holy Quran in Urdu.
2. Making Saha-e Sitta an Integral part of the Curriculum of Madrassa-e Rahimia
Saha-e Sitta (6 major collections of Hadiths) was a great religious service and achievement
3. Role on Politics- Inviting Muslim Kings and Conquerors to India
Shah Waliullah led the Muslims to struggle for their political rights. The 3 great enemies of the
Muslims, namely Sikhs, Marhattas and Jats embarked upon the mission to bring an end to the
Muslims’ rule in India and convert the country into a Dae-ul-Harb (land of warfare).
Consequently, he wrote many letters to the great Afghan ruler Ahmed Shah Abdali to retrieve
Muslim rule in India. Saying yes to his invitation, Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India many times
but in 1763, he fought the historic war, the Third Battle of Panipat, against the Marathas, in
which he crushed their fore and strength forever.
4. The concept of Ijtihad
Ijtihad means to strive and struggle. It is also called independent judgment. The person who
makes Ijtihad is called Mujtahid and through Ijtihad, Mujtahidin seek solutions to
unprecedented and new problems. According to Hazrat Shah Waliullah, Ijtihad is the way
forward for advancement of Muslims, particularly in temporal affairs.
5. The Economic System of Islam
Hazrat Shah Waliullah directed his teachings towards reorienting the Muslim society with the
concepts of basic social justice, removing social inequalities, and balancing the unjust
distribution of wealth so that the wealthy class cannot exploit the poor and the needy.
6. Two Nation Theory
The efforts of Shah Waliullah for the spread of Islam were the first step towards the
establishment of free Islamic Society as well as the establishment of Pakistan. He played a vital
role in establishing the personality and identity of Muslims. He said that the Muslims are one
nation according belief and there is no importance of their color and any geographical existence.
Shah Wali Ullah was responsible for awakening in the community the desire to win back its moral piety
and maintain its purity. To rescue a community’s conscience, belief and faith from destruction was no
small achievement. Even after his death in 1762, his sons and followers carried on his work. Many future
Islamic leaders and thinkers were inspired by his example.

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Sir Syed Ahmad
• Educational, Political, Religious services for Muslims of Indian Subcontinent?
• 2 Nation Theory?

→ Educational, Political, Religious services for Muslims of Indian Subcontinent?

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898) was one of the Muslim reformers. He carefully studied and analyzed
the decline of Muslims in political power, social status and economic well-being. He came to the
conclusion that Muslims were being handicapped because of the misunderstanding which had cropped
up between the British and Muslim rulers, the Muslims opposed and hated the British and everything
associated with the British. Muslims kept away from modern education and English language which the
British were trying to enforce in India. On the other hand, the British held the Muslims responsible for
the revolt of 1857 and considered them (Muslims) to be their real enemies. The result of this mistrust
was that Muslims were being crushed in every way.
Therefore, Sir Syed tried to remove this misunderstanding by addressing both the British and Muslims.
Sir Syed wrote books and explained to the British that the real cause of 1857 uprising was the wrong
policies and altitude of the British themselves. To Muslims, Sir Syed explained that Christians and
Christianity should not be hated. He specially stressed that Muslims should come towards modern
education, the lack of which was causing continual set back to the Muslims of India.

1. Education
Sir Syed gave much importance to modern education and his efforts and contribution to Muslim
education is very important. He opened schools at several places where he was posted. He established
Scientific Society and printed the Aligarh Institute Gazette. He was visited England in 1869, on his own
expenses, to observe the working of British Universities. Most important achievement in education
sector was the founding of M.A.O College at Aligarh in 1877. Sir Syed founded the Mohammadens
Educational Conference whose objective was to discuss and solve the education problems of Muslims in
the sub-continent. His efforts for Muslim education served double purpose. It helped the Muslims to get
good jobs and raised their status in society. It also helped in removing the mistrust between the British
and the Muslims. Therefore, education was the most important aspect of Sir Syed’s services in the
Muslims of India and he was the first reformer to embark upon the mission to empower the Indian
Muslims with the power of pen.

2. Politics
Sir Syed’s advice to Muslims in the political field is also important. He believed that under the European
system or democratic government, the Muslims of India would always be at the mercy of Hindu
majority. He suggested separate electorate for Muslims. He advised the Muslims not to join Congress.
He opposed the system of competitive examinations for government posts because Muslims were much
behind the Hindus in education. Sir Syed strongly opposed the replacement of Urdu with Hindi as court
and official language. He stated that the Muslims were a nation who could not and must not be
submerged in a system of government by majority vote.

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3.Religion
Through the power Religion, Sir Syed united the Muslims by supporting the “Two Nation Theory” and
the Hindi-Urdu controversy of 1867 in which Hindus wanted Hindi to be the official language while the
Muslims wanted Urdu. He realized the threat towards Muslims, so united them on the basis of religion
and gave them good education. He reconciled Islam with Western learning.

Sir Syed rendered many religious services through his movement:

• Essay On Life Of Muhammad (PBUH)
William Muir, a Christian writer, wrote a book, “Life of Muhammad of (PBUH)” and used derogatory
remarks against the last prophet of Islam. Sir Syed took frequent notices of his book and wrote essays on
the life of (PBUH) named Kutbat-i-Ahmadiyah in which he gave befitting reply to William Muir.
• Tabeen-e-Alkalam:
Sir Syed also wrote a commentary on Bible in a philosophical style and explained the similarities
between the Islam and Christianity with solid arguments.

→ 2 Nation Theory?
Sir Syed was the “Pioneer of Two Nation Theory” because he used the word ‘nation’ for the Muslims
and there were several reasons as to why it was necessary. Some of them were:
Urdu was the national language for many years. But Hindus opposed it in Urdu Controversy. This
provoked Sir Syed to make his Two Nation Theory, through which he declared the Indian Muslims as a
different nation, entitled to the right of self-determination. It was important because Sir Syed had
realized that Muslims and Hindu couldn’t work together as the Hindus were not with the Muslims.

Another reason was that the parliamentary system was not supported by Sir Syed, as the Hindus
were in more number and they always outnumbered the Muslims. Sir Syed realized that separate
electorate was the possible solution. So in view of his Two Nations Theory, he made this decision of
separate electorate demand for elections for the good of the Muslims.

Sir Syed also urged Muslims to remain at distance from Congress, because in his acceptable
opinion, it was a party that was exclusively dedicated to the cause of Hindus and disadvantageous to
Muslims and their philosophies and ideologies. This paved the way for the establishment of the Muslim
League later in 1906.

Sir Syed worked tirelessly to improve the relation of British and Muslims and wrote several books and
pamphlets so that British might be convinced and trust Muslims once again. He played a major role in
educating Muslims so that they can take up good jobs and their condition was improved. Undoubtedly,
Sir Syed’s Aligarh Movement was the pioneer of two-nation theory which injected life in the dormant
body of Muslim nation. He restored confidence among Muslims and fought for their political, religious,
cultural, social and economic rights. He died on 27th March 1898.

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Deoband School of Thought: Role and Services?

Reasons Establishment Of Darl-Ul-Uloom-i-Deoband:

1. Firstly, during the post-Mutiny era, the doors of Madrassa-e Rahimia were close to the
followers of Hazarat Shah Waliullah, and a number of movements were launched by the
British as well as the Hindus to weaken the ideological frontiers of the Muslims. In the
given circumstances, survival of the Muslims, as a nation in India and reformation of the
Muslim society become the top most priorities of some of the Indian Muslim visionaries.
2. Another reason for its formation was that, although the Aligarh Movement did a lot of
work for social, political and economic uplift of the Muslims. It, however, lacked in
religious sphere and could not work commendably for religious training of the Muslims.
The lack of stress on religious aspect of the Muslims in the Aligarh Movement brought
adverse effects on the spread of Islam. For this purpose, Ulema started their movement
with the establishment of institution to impart religious training.

The Deoband Movement was the result of the Muslim desire for its reawakening.

Establishment Of Darl-Ul-Uloom-i-Deoband:
Maulana Mohammad Qasim Nanautvi started this movement by establishing Deoband
Madrassa in the Chatha Mosque, in Deoband (Sharanpur) on May 30th, 1866. Though Deoband
Madrassah took its origin in a very humble manner yet through dedicated approach, very soon
it developed into one of the leading religious institutions of India, Dar-ul-uloom (House of
Knowledge).

Characteristics And Effects Of Deoband Movement:

• Political Services of Deoband
Deoband participated in local politics and made Jamiat ulama e hind. Later it was
divided into two parts (1) Jamiat ulama e hind (2) Jamiat ulama e Islam.
→Jamiat ulama e hind: Opposed the moderate and constitutionalists leaders and
parties of the Muslims, particularly, All India Muslim
League, and supported the Indian National Congress. They
saw nothing Islamic in the idea of Pakistan.
→ Jamiat ulama e Islam: Openly supported the creation of Pakistan and extended
valuable assistance to the Quaid-i-Azam.
• 
Educational Services of Deoband 

→ A great religious Madrasah-- 2nd to Al Azhar 

1. Provided comprehensive information to the Muslims about their religion and making
arrangements for teaching of Quraan, Tafseer, Hadees, etc.
2. Invoking the spirit of Islam among the students.
3. Propagation and teaching of Islam.
4. Preserving the freedom of thoughts and knowledge.
5. Establishment of Arabic institution for the propagation of Islam.
6. Deoband Movement produced many eminent religious scholars, authors. These scholars
successfully checked the growth of Christianity and other secular faiths.

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 • Religious Services of Deoband
The Ulemas of Deoband rendered great services in protecting/defending Islam against
all anti-Islamic forces. This movement also protected religious and national rights of the
Muslims.

The truth is generally recognized that if the Deoband movement had not come after the events
of 1857 and if the Indian Muslims had not come under the profound influence of the great and
learned men of Deoband, the true face of Islam would have either been distorted or the faith
would have entirely been wiped out from the land.

Role: Islamia College Peshawer during struggle for independence

Islamia College formerly known as the Darul-Uloom-e-Islamia Sarhad, is not just the
name of an educational institution but it was a movement through education. It was founded
by Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qaiyum in 1902, because there was a shortage that was felt in the
educational institutions in the province, where both religious and modern education could be
given to the Muslims. The establishment of this grand institution carries behind it a long history
and it stands for a great movement which ultimately transformed the whole of N.W.F.P and the
adjoining tribal areas. The movement is significant for imparting quality education,
establishment of democratic institutions and finally a struggle to achieve independence from
alien rule.

The students of Islamia College Peshawar were in the liberation of their mother land and the battle
for Pakistan. Some contributions were as follows:

1. Khilafat Movement→ students collected donation for the Turks and sending a Medical Mission
to Turkey
2. Hijrat movement→ many of the students took part in it
3. London-based Pakistan National Movement
→ Chaudry Rehmat Ali coined the word PAKSTAN in 1932
→ Pamphlet Now or Never, which carried the word “Pakistan”
4. Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
→ In 1948, he addressed the students by thanking them for taking a significant part in the
movement and achievement of Pakistan.

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Pakistan Population and Importance in Family Planning

Family planning means taking of practical steps by a husband and his wife and doing
whatever they think can result in the betterment of their family. This process of family planning
starts before conception and it incorporates planning about all aspects of family life. Every
decision is taken keeping in mind all the physical, scientific, social, and psychological factors
that might have effect on the family.

In today’s Pakistan, we are facing an unfortunate situation due to bad planning. Right
from an individual up to state level, we lack planning in all spheres of life. Each person is faced
with the question of planning but nowhere is there a clear answer, which results in either no
practice of family planning or if one had considered it, it is considered as an inevitable evil.
However, clear messages lie in the Quran and the Hadith, so that pointless debate is avoided.
Arguments like “this is interference with the religion”, “all this is in the hands of God,” or
making the matter of having offspring as a competition among families; are all leading to the
downfall of families and thus in turn, causing the collapse of society. Attitudes towards these
issues have to be changed. For instance, although the birth of every child takes place by the
orders of God, its cause and source is the human being. Using these excuses to avoid
obligations and responsibilities will lead into a corrupt society.

Not only Pakistan but also the entire Muslim Ummah is passing through a crucial stage.
Most of the population does not have access to clean drinking water, basic health facilities,
education and employment opportunities; whereas corruption, undemocratic attitude and high
crime rate had grasped our individual as well as collective life.

By closing our eyes, we cannot deny the facts, rather any negligence at this stage would
take us to further backwardness. It is time to come up with well planned needs- based on
strategy and planning, in the light of modern education and realities. One must realize that it is
our Planning, which can help us overcome drug menace, high crime rate, juvenile delinquency,
overpopulation and other social hazards. This is essential now and important for the benefit of
future generations. If the bricks are not solid, the quality of the building needs no further
assessment.

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All India Muslim League→ causes and objectives

After the creation of the Indian National Congress and its time as a ‘representative’ party for
the people of the Indian sub-continent, there was felt a need to reassess its claims at unbiased
representation. From the very start of its existence the Congress had shown clear its interest to
safeguard the rights of Hindus only. The Muslims of India were greatly disappointed by the anti-
Muslim stance that the Congress seemed to have adopted. Many events took place that
strengthened the desire of the Muslims to organize themselves politically as separate
community. The birth of All India Muslim League on 30th December 1906 came as an
expression of that desire.

Following are the reasons for the establishment of Muslim league:

1. Indifferent Attitude of the Congress towards Muslims:
All India National Congress was a pre-dominantly Hindu body. Its interests were always
at odds ends to those of the Muslims. By 1906, Muslim leaders were convinced that
they must have their own party which may speak for the community on all important
occasions.
2. Educational and Economic Backwardness:
Muslims had lagged far behind from the Hindus in education and economic progress.
Educational and economic conditions could only be up graded by establishing a separate
Muslims organization that could represent the wishes of the Muslims.
3. Urdu-Hindi Controversy:
The Urdu-Hindu controversy began with the demand of Hindus to replace Urdu by Hindi
as official language. Congress clearly sided with Hindi and supported the movement
against Urdu and there was no other political party to support Urdu. Thus, the need of
formation of a Muslim political party was felt severely.
4. The Evolution of Minto Marley Reforms:
The turning point came in the summer of 1906 during John Morley’s budget speech, in
which he hinted of constitutional reforms. At that time Muslims did not have a political
platform to demand their share. It was reasserted that they wanted a separate political
platform.
5. The Success of Simla Deputation:
Minto offered fullest sympathy to the Muslim demands. The success of Deputation
compelled the Muslims to have a separate political association of their own.
6. To Save Muslim Entity:
The belief uttered by sir Syed Ahmed Khan that the Muslims were somehow a separate
entity. The Muslims did not believe that Hindus and Muslims formed one nation. They
were different by religion, history, languages and civilization. It became essential for
Muslims to establish a political party of their own.

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A resolution to form the All India Muslim League was passed by Nawab Salimullah Khan, they
never compromised on the following aims and objectives:
1. To set free the Indian Muslims from the British Imperialism and avert the possibility of
the Hindus’ domination after the British withdrawal from India
2. To negate the Indian Nationalism on the basis of Two-Nation Theory
3. To take the Two-Nation Theory to its logical consequences
4. To make the Indian Muslims the masters of their own lands and destiny
5. To create the greatest Muslim State in South-Asia

Khilafat Movement (1919) → objectives, events, & Impact

During the World War 1, the Muslims extended cooperation to the British Government with the
promise to safeguard and protect of the holy places of Turkey and on the condition that Turkey
will not to be deprived of its territories. But the British Government could not fulfill both of
these promises after the war had ended. Rather, they imposed the Treaty of Savers (1920) on
Turkey and its territories were taken from it and distributed among European countries. A wave
of anger swept across the Muslin World and the Indian Muslims rose against the British
Government.
Thus, under the leadership of prominent Muslim leaders notable one being Maulana
Abul Kalam Azad, the Muslims organized a mass movement, which came to be known as
Khilafat Movement. The aims of this movement were:
(a) To protect the Holy place of Turkey
(b) To restore the Territories of Turkey
(c) To restore the Ottoman Empire.
The Khilafat Movement, aimed against the British government, received the support
of Mahatma Gandhi, who related his Non Cooperation Movement with it. The main objective
behind this move was to enlist the support of the Muslim community into his movement, which
addressed the issue of ‘Swaraj’ (Self-Government). By mid-1920 the Khilafat leaders assured full
support to the non-violent methods (Satyagraha-passive resistance) of Gandhi, which facilitated
the establishment of a united front of Hindus and Muslims against the British government. This
combined force formed a major threat to the British rule.
The Khilafat Movement however did not last long. Owing to some violent incidents in
the country, like the Chura Churi incident in 1922, which resulted in the deaths of many Indian
and British people; Mahatma Gandhi called off his Non Cooperation Movement. This was a
major jolt to the Khilafat Movement, as a result, it caused disunity and misunderstanding
between South Asia and the Central Asian Muslims.

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Despite its failure, the Khilafat Movement left a far-reaching impact on the Indian politics.
Following are the most significant influences which the Khilafat Movement left on the Indian
Politics:
➢ The Khilafat Movement was a great Muslim struggle which provided dynamic leadership
to the Muslims and established foundations to launch further Muslim Freedom
movement on stable and firm basis.
➢ The era of Hindu-Muslim unity came to an end
➢ It developed a sense of concern amongst the Muslims about their national matters and
inculcated among them the awareness about their future.
➢ It immensely strengthened the Two-Nation Theory which became the basis of
establishment of Pakistan.
➢ It added much to the economic miseries of the Muslims who resigned their jobs.
➢ It was an important step towards liberation of India from the shackles of the British rule.
➢ Failure of this movement enhanced people’s trust and confidences in moderate politics
as no substantial success can be achieved through emotional and agitation politics
The Khilafat movement proved that Hindus and Muslims were two different nations as they
could not continue the unity and could not live together. The Khilafat Movement created
political consciousness among the Indian Muslims, which inspired them to constitute another
movement for then Independence. Thus, they started Pakistan Movement.

14
→ Summary of Events that took place:
• Establishment of the Khilafat Committee
→ Formation of the “All India Khilafat Committee” on Nov 23, 1919
• Hindu-Muslim Unity and Non-Cooperation
→ In 1919, the Indian National Congress decided to support the Muslims [on the
Khilafat issue and through the authorization of Gandhi, the idea of non-cooperation
programme was brought forward.
• Khilafat Delegation
→ In 1920, a delegation headed by Maulana Muhammad Ali set off for London. The
British Government refused to listen and as a result, meetings were held to the
explain its position to the general public
• The Treaty of Sevres
→ In May 1920, the Allied Forces Decided on Turkey’s fate under the treaty made at
Sevres. The Empire was stripped off its occupations in Europe and Arabia
• Non-Cooperation Movement (August 1920) by Gandi
→ Program of Movement announced – 4 stages
i. Titles awarded given up & Educational institutes boycotted 

ii. Resignations of civil government’s servants 

iii. Police and military to be quitted
iv. Refusal to pay taxes & Civil disobedience 

• End of Movement 

a. Moplah revolt→ Aug 1921
i. Muslim tribe revolted against Hindu landlords
b. Chora Chori Incident→ Feb 1922
i. 21 Policemen were set on fire 

ii. Gandhi called off the movement, because of civil disobedience on Feb 05,
1922
c. Abolition of Khilafat on March 3, 1924
→ Atarurk came to power in Turkey, and abolished the Khilafat Movement

15
Allahabad Address

In the session held at Allahabad in 1930, Iqbal presented a review of the political and social
situation of India and solution of the ills befalling India. He evaluated the importance of role of
Islam in the lives of Muslims of British India. He explained that Islam offers an ethical order,
socio-political structure, legal framework, code of life, culture and civilization. Thus, Allama
Iqbal proposed that the Muslims should have their own state and should be acknowledged as a
separate identity.

Importance of the meeting:

1. Concept of Separate States: Allama Iqbal said in his Allahabad Address:
“I would like to see the Punjab, the North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and Balochistan
amalgamated into a single state. Self government within the British Empire, or without
the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state
appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.”
2. Sep. Recognition of Muslims: lqbal made it clear, “India is not a country, it is a Sub-
continent of human beings belonging to different languages and practicing different
religions. Muslim nation has its own religious and cultural identity.”
3. Condemnation of Western Democratic Concepts: lqbal was strongly against the
western concept of Democracy. Despite flourishing all over the world, this system
cannot provide solution of the problem of Islamic world. Iqbal was of the view that all
social and political problems can be solved with the help of Islamic system.
He said,
“Western democracy is devoid of depth, it has merely an attractive out look.”
4. Idea of Single Nation is Impractical: In March, 1909 when lqbal was asked to address a
meeting by Raj Amritsar, he refused the single Nation theory and said, “I remained the
supporter of this idea but now I am of the view that preservation of separate
nationhood is useful for Hindus and Muslims birth. To have the concept of single nation
in India is no doubt poetic and beautiful but impractical regarding present
circumstances.”
5. Two Nation Theory: Iqbal said explaining the two nation theory: “Despite living together
for 1000 years, Hindus and Muslims have their own individual ideologies so the only
solution of political conflict in India is to have a separate independent parliament for
each nation.”
6. Eradication of Racial & Regional; Prejudices: Once lqbal said, “Concept of nation and
homeland is confusing the Muslims. That is why Islamic humane objects are becoming
dim. It is also possible that these concepts may destroy the real concepts of Islam.”
7. Islamic is not separate form politics: Iqbal was in the favor of basic Islamic concept that
politics is a part of religion and religion specially Islam provides complete guidance
about it.

It was the desire of the Muslims that they should be acknowledged as a separate identity.
Allama Iqbal’s Allahabad address clearly reveals this fact. The Muslims could not tolerate that
their religious, political and social rights should be denied to them.


16
Steps taken by congress Ministries (1937-39) & its consequences for Indian Muslim

INTRO
• Elections held in 1937 under Govt. of India Act 1935
• Muslim League & Congress took part rejected the federal part of the Act, but both accepted the
Provincial part.
MUSLIM LEAGUE'S MANIFESTO
• Self-rule for Indians, provincial autonomy & welfare of poor
• Congress did not accept Muslim League as party, so Iqbal advised Jinnah to call for independent
Islamic state for Muslims, for the first time in Indian politics (earlier, Iqbal's vision had been a
single Muslim province, not a state)
ELECTION RESULTS
• Congress won & formed government in 7 out of 11 provinces; it refused to acknowledge
minority interests
• Muslim League did not win many seats even in Punjab & Bengal, and had to form coalitions →
Reason: Poorly organized with little public support
CONGRESS POLICIES
• Congress ministries tried to suppress Muslim culture by Hindu domination
• Introduced education policy called "Wardha Scheme" in schools:
o Singing Hindu national anthem "Vande Matram"
o Teaching in Hindi language (re-igniting the old Hindi-Urdu controversy)
o Paying respect to Gandhi's portraits
• Muslim "azan" interrupted by songs; pigs thrown into mosques
• It seemed that "Hindustan" was only for the Hindus
MUSLIM LEAGUE'S RESPONSE
• Jinnah reminded Muslims that they were in danger as Congress was only for Hindus. It is at this
point that Jinnah became Quaid-e-Azam
• He reminded British that they had failed to protect minority interests
• Muslim League started mass contact programme, and opened a lot of local branch offices
• Chief Ministers of Punjab, Bengal & Assam joined Muslim League
• Congress rule's suppression & Muslim League's campaigning caused its Muslim vote-bank to
increase, making it a powerful party for Muslim masses
DAY OF DELIVERANCE
• World War 2 broke out in Sep. 1939; lack of trust between the Congress Ministries and the
British ruler of India→ British rulers of India plunged India into war without any consultation
with the Congress Ministries, which the Congress leaders, understood as an insult to them
• Result→Congress resigned from ministries in Oct 1939
• By now, Jinnah had revolutionized Muslim League into a mass party, with huge membership and
a challenge to Congress
• He offered cooperation if Congress stopped anti-Muslim policies, but Congress rejected
• Muslim League celebrated "Day of Deliverance" on December 22, 1939 from "Congress injustice
& oppression". Discord between two communities was now formal & final

CONSEQUENCES FOR INDIAN MUSLIMS:

1. The Congress rule converted Muslim Leage into All India Muslim League
2. The Congress rule paved the way for Muhammad Ali Jinnah to become Quaid-e-Azam
3. Pakistan Resolution 1940, revolutionized the strategy of All India Muslim League

17
Lahore resolution (1940) & its importance

The experience of Congress Rule compelled the Muslims to launch the movement for separate
homeland. The Hindus made them realize that Hindu government would mean an anti-Muslim
rule in India. The Muslims’ disappointment from the Congress leadership decided to open a
new phase of history. Thus, the Lahore Resolution, famously known as the “Resolution of
Pakistan” was passed in 23rd March 1940 in the Minto Park.

Prominent Features of the Resolution:

The Lahore Resolution embodied minimum demands regarding the political statues of the
Muslims in South-East Asia. The Muslims resolved in definite terms that they will only accept a
constitutional formula which satisfies the following Muslim demands:

• Federal Scheme Disapproved: They decided that the Federal system under
Government of India Act, 1935 was not acceptable for the Muslims.
• Establishment of Independent States: No revised constitutional plan would be
acceptable unless it was framed with their approval and consent.
• Extent of State Sovereignty: Adjacent units where Muslims are in a majority, as in
Northwest and East, should be constituted as Independent States where the
constituent units will be independent and sovereign. It should ensure full control
over defense, foreign affairs, communications, and customs.
• Safeguards for Minorities: Protection of minorities would be given priority.

Significance:
This Resolution did not specify any demarcation of the territory but it defined the future plan of
struggle for the establishment of the Muslims states in the India. And made a significant
landmark in the history of Muslim India. Following reasons signify its importance:

1. Muslims of India set their national objectives and expressed their determination to
make efforts for achievement of these objectives.
2. the Muslims of the sub-continent changed their demand from “Separate Electorates” to
a “Separate State.”
3. This Resolution rejected the idea of a United India and the creation of an independent
Muslim state was set as their ultimate goal
4. It gave new energy and courage to the Muslims of the region who gathered around
Quaid-i-Azam from the platform of the Muslim League to struggle for their freedom.
5. It gave a direction to the political struggle of the Muslims, and made it possible for
them to achieve an independent state within seven years of their struggle, and that too
when the odds were against them.

18
 Initial problems & challenges soon after establishment of Pakistan

The attainment of independence on August 14,1947 brought an end to one phase of the
struggle and marked the beginning of a new one for setting up and running a viable,
stable and prosperous state. Pakistan began its independent life under very difficult and
unfavorable circumstances. Pakistan faced serious problems in the initial stages and were:

1. New Administration

2. Unfair Division of Assets

3. Weak Economy
4. Unprotected Muslim Minority in India
5. Integration of Princely States
6. Communal Riots and Arrival of Refugees
7. Canal Water Dispute

1. New Administration:
The shortage of trained human power especially senior officers was a serious problem in
the setting up of federal government in Karachi. Most of them had migrated to India. On
the other hand, the provincial governments were overburdened that needed very
accurate connection between the Centre and the provinces to solve the problems of the
Muslim refugees who had nothing to eat, drink, wear, rest, etc. To counter the critical
situation, the official system should have been efficient but due to the lack of all these
facilities the administrative authorities were painfully facing difficulties.

2. Unfair division of civil and defense assets

The Indian government was not cooperative for transfer of record and equipment to
Pakistan. The civil administration was not handing over the promised financial, military,
and other shares that created immense hurdles and put Pakistan in great difficulties:
→ Pakistan was promised to get Rs.750 million but the Bharat government only
gave Rs.200 million
→ Pakistan didn’t receive the due share of military assets either

3. Weak Economy

Pakistan had inherited a weak economy and poor industrial base. The beginning years of
Pakistan were troubled and difficult because India deprived it from both cash and
assets.

4. Unprotected Muslim Minority in India

Muslims who did not migrate from India to Pakistan, in post-partition era, faced
unprecedented difficulties and challenges. The Inter-Dominion Minority Board between
the 2 counties was passed in November 1947. However, India fell short and harassment
of the minorities continued.

19
 5. Illegal annexation(invasion) of Hyderabad and Junagarh Princely states
All Indian princely states were given the right to link up with either of dominions.
However, the fate of following states remained undecided:

• Junagadh (means: old fort) →It was a small state located on the south western end
of Gujrat, where the ruler was Muslim while the majority of its population was
Hindu. The ruler decided to accede to Pakistan and Pakistan also accepted the
accession. However, in November 1947, the Indian troops entered the state and
took its control by force.
• Hyderabad→This was geographically a big and financially rich state. It was
surrounded by India from all sides. Its ruler was Muslim and majority population was
Hindu. Nizam decided to remain independent but the pressure tactics began to be
applied by the Indian Government. This made him sign the Standstill Agreement,
hoping to preserve his independence. But India attacked Hyderabad on September
1948, sending its troops under the code name “operation polo,” and forcibly
annexed this state to India
• Kashmir Dispute
The most important state was Kashmir, which was naturally connected with
Pakistan. Its ruler was Hindu while population was Muslim. The population inclined
towards Pakistan but the Hindu ruler declared to join India. The Kashmiri people
revolt against the ruler and soon it became widespread. The ruler sought Indian
support. India demanded accession and on October 27, 1947 Indian troops landed in
the valley of Kashmir. This resulted in many wars between India and Pakistan and to
this day, the problem remains unsolved

6. Influx of refugees from India into Pakistan

The Communal riots occurred earlier in August 1946. The killing of Muslims in Indian
areas forced them to leave India. The Sikhs and Hindus attacked the refugee caravans
and trains. There were organized gangs to kill the Muslims. The refugee problem
created critical condition in the border areas. The massive migration proved serious
economic and humanitarian problems for the new state.

7. Canal water Dispute

Most of the rivers flowing in Pakistan have their origin in India. In 1948, India cut off
water supply which was a serious threat to agriculture in West Pakistan. It also showed
the traditional anti-Muslim attitude. However, The World Bank settled the problem in
September 1960 (Indus Water Treaty).

20
Islamic provisions 1962 constitution

General Ayub Khan abrogated the Constitution of 1956 and proclaimed Martial Law on
October 7, 1958 in the country due to the political disaster. Later on he became President
of Pakistan. The following were Islamic Provisions of the constitution of 1962:

1. Sovereignty of Allah: Sovereign authority of the Universe belongs to Allah.

Power to rule the state is a sacred trust enthused to the people of Pakistan by Allah
Almighty.
2. Islamic Republic: State renamed to Islam Republic of Pakistan (Original:
Republic of Pakistan)
3. Muslim Head of the State: Only a Muslim could be the President of the
Republic. Since this was a presidential constitution, office of the prime minister
did not exist under this constitution.
4. Supremacy of the Islamic Law: Laws should be amended in the light of Islamic
Principles and Islamic Shariah
5. Establishment of Islamic society: Enable Muslims of Pakistan to live according
with the tenets of Islam. The society shall eradicate vices like usury, prostitutions,
gambling and drinking.
6. Safeguard of Islamic Institutions: Islamic institution like zakat, and masjid shall
be organized by the state and shall be preserved and promoted
7. Building of a Progressive Welfare Society: Vow of making Pakistan a
progressive welfare society
8. Safeguard of Minorities: Minorities shall be provided religious liberty according
to Islamic spirit of tolerance
9. Establishment of Islamic Research Institute: New problems arise ad new
realities emerge with the change of times. The “Islamic Research Institute” was
created to find the solution to these problems
10. The Islamic Advisory Council: Establishment of this council was necessary to
ensure that new laws are in accordance with the Islamic tenets

21
Islamic provisions in 1973 constitution

After the separation of East Pakistan in 1971, the Military Regime transferred the power
to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto on December 20, 1971, who imposed the 1973 Constitution in
April. The following were Islamic Provisions of the constitution of 1962:

1. Sovereignty of Allah: Sovereign authority of the Universe belongs to Allah. The

people of Pakistan will exercise the sovereignty within the limits as a sacred trust
of Allah. 

2. The Islamic Republic: State is proclaimed as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
3. State religion: Clearly proclaims Islam to be the religion of the state
(Constitutions 1956/1962 were silent about this point)
4. Muslim Heads of the State and Government: Only a Muslim could be elected to
the office of the President & Prime Minister. (1956-President only and not prime
minister; 1962- presidential constitution office of the prime minister did not exist)
5. Definition of the Muslim: “A person who believed in oneness (Tauhid) of Allah
and in the Prophet hood of Hazrat Muhammad (pbuh) as the last prophet of
Allah,” is a Muslim.
6. Establishment of an Islamic Society: System should be based on Islamic
Principles of democracy, tolerance, freedom, equality, and social justice. The
Principled of policy further envision that the state shall try to make the learning of
the Holy Quran and Islamic education compulsory, encourage the learning of
Arabic, and ensure error-free printing of the Holy Quran
7. Preservation of Islamic Institution and Values:
→Ensure proper organization of zakat, auqaf, and masjid.
→Proper provision of the necessity of life to the poor and needy.
→Improvement of the working conditions of the laborers
→Elimination of vices like ignorance, usury, prostitution, and gambling
8. Affirmation of Pakistan Ideology: The Prime Minister has a duty to preserve the
Islamic Ideology, which forms the basis of the creation of Pakistan
9. The Council of Islamic Ideology: In order to bring all laws in conformity with
Islam, the Council is needed to provide guidelines and make recommendations to
the legislative assemblies, the President, and the Prime Minister
10. Solidarity with the Muslim World: Establishment of friendly relations with the
Muslim Countries of the world on the basis of Islamic fraternity

22
Efforts & steps taken by different governments of Pakistan for Islamization process

General Zia-ul-Haq took over the country in 1977. He took some steps towards Islamization in
Pakistan which are as follows: 

1) Judiciary and Legal System
a. Islamic penalties were imposed on crimes like drinking, stealing, adultery, and
false allegation of adultery
b. Shariat Court was established at Federal level, its status equal to that of High
Courts. Ulama and experts of Islamic Jurisprudence were appointed as judge at
this court.
c. Un-Islamic practices in court procedure were abolished
d. A Shariah Faculty and an Islamic University was established in Islamabad
e. The Objectives Resolution (Sovereignty of Allah & State of Pakistan based on
Islamic principles) was made a justiciable part of the Constitution

2) Financial Matters
a. June 1980- Zakat Introduced
b. January 1981- Banks and other financial institutions started a program of interest
free economy
c. 1983- collection and distribution of Ushr started from the Rabi crop

3) Revival of the Religious Spirit

To give the society an Islamic color and character, following important steps were taken:
a. Congregational Zuhr prayers were made compulsory in all government
institutions
b. Eating and drinking at public places was strictly prohibited during the month of
Ramadan
c. Insulting/ making derogatory remarks about the pious caliphs/members of the
Prophet’s (pbuh) household was made a penal offence
d. New office of Ombudsman was created in the federal government to fight vices
like illegal gratification, corruption and inefficiency of the government
functionaries
Definition→ Ombudsman: an official appointed to investigate individuals'
complaints against maladministration, especially that of public authorities.
e. Radio and Television broadcasting “Azan”

4) Education
a. Islamic Studies made compulsory subject for all examinations up to Degree level
b. Higher degrees of the religious institutions were recognized to be at par with BA
and MA degrees
c. Masjid Maktab Scheme→Islamization of education system at elementary level
d. Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence)→ compulsory subject for law graduates

23
 5) Islamization of the Electronic Media
In 1979, Government also introduced reforms in the Electronic media following steps
were being taken in this regard:
i) Ban on un-Islamic and indecent program 

ii) Introduction of Izan on T.V. 

iii) Teaching of Holly Quran and Islamic teachings started on T.V. 

iv) Live coverage of Hajj and other important religious events 

6) Shari’ah Bill
In 1991, the Parliament passed a Shariah Bill, implementing Islam as the effective and
justiciable law of land

24
Determinants of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
Definition
A set of principles, set by a state for serving the supreme interests of its citizens on the regional and global level

Determinants of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy

There are internal as well as external determinants of the Foreign Policy of Pakistan and some important are as
under:
1. Security
2. Ideology
3. National Interests
4. Diplomacy
5. Public Opinion
6. Role of media and Think-tanks
7. Alliances
8. Globalization
9. International environment and World Order
10. Minimum Credible Deterrence (MCD)

Fundamental Principles of Pakistan Foreign Policy

1.Protection of freedom and Sovereignty
Pakistan came into being after great sacrifices. Thus, there is a need for preservation
of its independence and does not permit any country to harm its freedom.
2.Cordial Relations with Muslim Countries
Strengthening fraternal ties with the Muslim countries of the world forms an
essential part of Pakistan Ideology. Pakistan is an important member of the
OIC(Islamic Conference) and all other international Islamic forums.
3.Non Interference in Internal Affairs of Other countries
Pakistan has sought to establish normal and friendly relations with all countries,
especially its neighboring countries. It acknowledges the principle of national
sovereignty, non-use of force, non-interference in the internal affairs of state.
4.Implementation of U.N Charter
Pakistan's policy is to act upon UN Charter and always supported the policy of resolving
international disputes through negotiation. Pakistan has been the member of UN since the year
of its birth.
5.Promotion of World Peace
Pakistan policy is to promote peace among nations. It has no aggressive designs against any
country, and neither does it support any such action. Pakistan has always held that the
international disputes should be settled through negotiations rather than non-battlefield.
6.Non-Alignment
Pakistan follows the policy of Non-Alignment – international organization (group of countries)
who do not want to be officially aligned (friends) with or against any major power bloc (group of
countries). Pakistan found its way to freedom on the ideology, based on principles of Islam, and
doesn’t want to adopt any other ideological principles.
7. Support for Self-Determination and Condemnation of Racial Discrimination
Pakistan is a staunch supporter of the right of self-determination and has been in the fore front
of efforts to eliminate colonialism. It has advocated the right of self determination of Kashmir.

The guiding principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy are rooted in the country's Islamic ideology, its rich cultural
heritage and historical experience. As an Islamic and non-aligned country, Pakistan supports Islamic causes and
firmly upholds the above mentioned principles, which hold out the promise of a just and equitable world order in
which nations can live in peace and security.

25
Pakistan’s Geographical importance? Discuss Geo-political importance of Pakistan &
its impact on global politics

Geographical importance:
The geographical significance of a country plays a pivotal role in the world politics for that country. It marks
that how critically beneficial is the country to the other countries in social, economic and political respects.
Geographically, Pakistan is connected with South-Asia, Central Asia and West Asia. The warm water
of the Arabian Sea connects her with the Persian Gulf and the oil producing Arab lands. The Northern
Mountains of Pakistan and Himalayas serve as Natural Defense System of the country.

Geographical Location of Pakistan:

Pakistan is located in South East Asia. Pakistan is a land of plains, mountain ranges, deserts and coastal belt.It
lies between 24.35 and 37.05 Northern latitude and between 61 and 75.05 Eastern longitude. Total area is
796096 sq. km. In geographical terms, it is surrounded by four countries; Afghanistan, Iran, India and China,
each of which is a major player in international politics. The country shares its Eastern Border called 'Radcliffe
Line' with India. On its Northern side, it has Sino-Pak Border. Its Western fronts include the boundaries of
'Durand Line' with Afghanistan and 'Gold Smith Line' with Iran.

Geostrategic Importance:
Definition: the importance of a country or a region as by virtue of its geographical location.
1. Proximity of great powers
2. Significance as a transit economy
3. Gateway to central Asia- oil and energy game
4. Significance as an important link in the chain of Muslim countries
5. Only Muslim country having nuclear capability

1. Proximity of great powers: Pakistan is located at the junction of great powers like Russia and China.
Any alliance among world powers enhances its significance. US’s interest in the region to contain the
growing China, nuclear Iran, and terrorist Afghanistan and to benefit from the market of India. In all
these issues Pakistan is directly or indirectly involved.

2. Significance as a transit economy: Pakistan offers Central Asia regions the shortest route of 2600km
as compared to Iran 4500km or Turkey 5000km, Gwadar port attracts the trade ships of China and South
East Asia countries. Once complete, Gwader will be ranked as the world’s largest deep sea port. China is
growing rapidly as the world’s supreme economy through its trade and exports all around the world.
And Pakistan is very important for China for this purpose.

3. Gateway to Central Asia (Oil & Energy games): Situated in South Asia, Pakistan is a gateway to
control Asia and its Arabia Sea provides easy access to the countries of the Middle East. Pakistan is the
only direct and shortest link between China and the Middle East.

4. Important link in the chain of Muslim countries: Geographically, Pakistan is situated in the Centre of
the Islamic countries of Africa and Asia. Thus it can actively participate in the activities of Muslim world’s
economic development, transport of resources and above all combat terrorism.

5. Only Muslim Country with Nuclear Capability: Pakistan’s strategic position in the world has been
considerably increased ever since it has achieved nuclear capability, which has made it the only Muslim
country armed with atomic weapons. Its nuclear power has significantly elevated its importance in the
international community.

26
Geo-political importance of Pakistan & its impact on global politics

Definition: Stressing the influence of geographic factors on the state power, international
conduct and advantages it derives from its location.

Geopolitical Importance
Pakistan enjoys immense importance in the community of nations because of its geographical
location. Some of its aspects are given below:
1. A Protagonist of the Unity of Muslim Ummah.
2. A Check to Russian Expansionism.
3. Oil Politics and Pakistan.
4. Israeli Aggression and Pakistan.
5. Front Line country in war against Terrorism
6. US interests

1. A Protagonist of the Unity of Muslim Ummah: Geographically, Pakistan is situated at

the center of the Islamic countries of Africa and Asia. It is linked to these Muslim states
through land and sea routes and thus not only its ideological background, but its
geographical centrality necessities that it supports mutual alliance and the unity of
Muslim world.
2. A Check to Russian Expansionism: To the north of Pakistan is Russia, which for centuries
has planned to penetrate towards the south in search of warm waters. The invasion of
Afghanistan by Russian forces was a part of this plan. However, Pakistan due to religious
and cultural bonds with Afghan people, gave its full support and thus frustrated the
Russian designs. In this way, Pakistan has posed a great obstacle in the way of Russian
expansionism.
3. Oil Politics and Pakistan: Pakistan is Adjacent to Middle East and its closeness with
Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea has worked to enhance its significance. During the Cold
War, this played a significant part in Western block’s help to Pakistan as West feared
Russian penetration in Middle East.
4. Israeli Aggression and Pakistan: Due to the spiritual and geographical closeness of
Pakistan with Islamic countries, Pakistan provides services of its army officers to these
brotherly countries. She also gives education of engineering, medicine and military
training to the Arabs. In this way, Pakistan has played a significant role in protecting
Arab countries from Israeli aggression.
5. Front Line Country in War against terrorism: Nowadays, the Western World is
frightened by terrorism. Al-Qaida and Taliban hold the title of terrorism and they have
waged war against these forces. This war could not succeed without the cooperation of
Pakistan
6. US interests: US Interests in the regions are to contain the Growing China, nuclear Iran,
terrorist Afghanistan, and to benefit from the market of India. Security and Business are
two main US interests in the region

27
Kashmir Dispute

The partition Plan if India (June 3, 1947), provided for all Princely States of India two options:
Either to accede to India or to Pakistan; bearing in mind the geographical situation of their
respective states, the composition of their population and the wishes of their people. Kashmir,
being a Muslim majority State (77%) was justified demographically, geographically, culturally,
and historically to join Pakistan. But the Maharaja of Kashmir acceded to India against the
wishes of his people

In 1948, a war was imposed by India in the valley and the Pakistan forces supported the
Kashmiri fighters struggling for their cause. Pakistani forces and the tribes- men gained almost
one-third of the area until a cease fire was imposed by U.N.O. When Pakistan involved into the
war, India went to U.N.O for help and United Nations passed a resolution that a plebiscite will
be held in the state of Kashmir. It means that the people of that region were to decide either to
choose Pakistan or India for allegiance. But unwillingness of India for the plebiscite delayed the
solution of this dispute.

India and Pakistan have different angles to look at the problem. Pakistan believes that 77%
percent of the Kashmiris were Muslim at the time of partition. And the geographical conditions
favors that Kashmir should be a part of Pakistan. Pakistan terms the accession of Kashmir to
India as invalid because the Maharaja had a "Standstill Agreement" with Pakistan. The
agreement does not allow for any accession. But the Indians believe it as their 'integral part'
because the Maharaja had a legal accession to India.

Kashmir is indeed a dangerous place because prospect of two nuclear powers facing off across
such a comparatively small space is frightening. Since the partition of India and Pakistan in
1947, this unresolved land and the people who live there have been at the root of constant
tension between India and Pakistan. That three major wars have been fought among them over
the years only heightens the fear that now exists given their advanced technology. Global and
regional implications aside, the instability and lack of any conclusive resolution to the political
dispute have left the population of Kashmir divided and uncertain about their future.

28
War on terror→ its consequences; the role of Pakistan & effects on Pakistani society

Terrorism means harassment, destruction, and killing of innocent people for no reasons. Terrorism
disturbs the inhabitants, damage infrastructure, cause a decline in economic well-being, bring political
instability, and break the social fabric of the society.
Pakistan has been fighting the war on terror, as a front line state, since September 2001. So far,
the war has brought huge destruction to Pakistan by slowing down the economic growth, devastating
the social structure, and harming the country politically. The war has cost the country the lives of more
than 35,000 citizens and 3,500 security personnel, besides destruction of infrastructure and $67.93
billion direct economic loss. Pakistan is facing terrorist attacks including suicide bombing which has
deteriorated law and order situation and the foreign investors are reluctant to invest in Pakistan.
Terrorist activities have also shattered Pakistan’s image in the international community; and threatened
the peace, stability and well-being of Pakistani society.
Impact Analysis of the War on Terror on Pakistan
The ongoing war on terror has left deep negative social, political, economic, and psychological
implications for Pakistan.
1. Social Impact of the War
a. Incidence of Terrorism and Human Cost: The intensity of terrorism increased in
Pakistan in 2009 as the country experienced mega terrorist’s attacks. Frequent terrorist
attacks brought negative economic, political, social and psychological consequences for
Pakistan by destruction of property, infrastructure and sluggish economic growth
b. Rate of Unemployment: terrorist attacks decrease employment opportunities and
Pakistan has witnessed an increase in unemployment since 2009
c. Impact on Education: Education is the key to progress for any nation of the world.
Militants attacked and destroyed a number of boys and girls schools in FATA and KPK as
a strategy to imbue the youth of the area with militant values.
d. Displacement and its Impact: The displaced people left their homes for safety and
security and went to the urban areas of the country to support their families. Conflict
areas suffered from physical and psychological abuse and traumas. The fear of death
and feelings of helplessness further traumatized their lives
2. Political Impact of the War
• Increased political instability in a country→Militants destroyed the local social, political and
judicial structures.
• War on terror has left significant political impact on Pakistan at domestic, regional and
international level. For Instance, at international level, Pakistani citizens have been denied US
visas and subjected to humiliation at American airports through special search and screening.
3. Economic Impact of the War
a. Slowing down of domestic economic activity→ foreign direct investment, industrial
output, tax collection and exports decreased.
b. Increase in the credit risk of the country→ Pakistan suffered from the financial
losses by failing to repay the loans it obtained from financial organizations
c. Enormous increase in unemployment in terrorism affected areas like KPK and
FATA→ Losses to agriculture sector, damage to businesses and tourist resorts
thousands of people lost their jobs.

d. Heavy costs of displacement of local population→ due terror activates, counter

military operations taken to ensure safety of people
e. Delay in development projects in KPK & FATA

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 Pakistan studies Past Paper Questions

1. Ideology of Pakistan in light of sayings of Allama Muhammad Iqbal &

Quaid-e-Azam?
2. Aims & Objectives in Establishment of Pakistan?
3. Hazrat Mujaddad Alf Sani and his reformative movement?
4. Hazrat Shah Waliullah and his reformative movement?
5. Sir Syed Ahmad
→Educational, Political, Religious services for Muslims of Indian
Subcontinent?
→2 Nation Theory?
6. Deoband School of Thought: Role and Services?
7. Role: Islamia College Peshawer during struggle for independence
8. Pakistan Population and Importance in Family Planning
9. All India Muslim League→ causes and objectives
10. Khilafat Movement (1919) → objectives, events, & Impact
11. Allahabad Address
12. Steps taken by congress Ministries (1937-39) & its consequences for Indian
Muslim
13. Lahore resolution (1940) & its importance
14. Initial problems & challenges soon after establishment of Pakistan
15. Islamic provisions 1962 constitution
16. Islamic provisions in 1973 constitution
17. Efforts & steps taken by different governments of Pakistan for Islamization
process
18. Determinants of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
19. Pakistan’s Geographical importance? Discuss Geo-political importance of
Pakistan & its impact on global politics
20. Kashmir Dispute
21. War on terror→ its consequences; the role of Pakistan & effects on
Pakistani society

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