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Now, let’s see which of the factors I mentioned above are involved in Turkish verb conjugation.

I. Person / Subject

In Turkish, different suffixes are added to a verb based on the person/subject it alludes to. Since the
verb of the sentence already contains a personal pronoun through the suffix it takes, personal
pronouns aren’t usually used in sentences. Vowels in the suffixes change based on the vowel
harmony.

I’ll provide rules and examples for this below when talking about the tenses.

II. Number of Subjects

Whether the subject is singular or plural impacts the suffix the verb will get. I’ll provide examples
for this later on in this article.
III. Politeness Level

In Turkish, we use the plural “you” both as it’s used in English, and also as a polite, formal way of
naming or referring to someone. The Turkish verb conjugation rules for the plural “you” also apply
to the polite “you.”

IV. Tense

Tenses are the most confusing of all. I’ll make a Turkish verb conjugation chart for each tense,
including the person/subject suffixes. I highly recommend that you prepare your own reference file
using those charts, so that you can find all of the Turkish verb conjugation information in one
place.

A. The Verb “To Be”

The thing about the verb “to be” in Turkish is that there isn’t a word for it like there is in English
(“am,” “is,” “are”). Instead, the suffixes imply the meaning.

Word ending with a consonant

Last syllable Last syllable Last syllable


Person Last syllable
of the word of the word of the word Word ending with
+ “to of the word
has “e” or has “o” or has “ö” or a vowel
be” has “a” or
“i” “u” “ü”
“ı”
Buffer y + (rules
“I am” for the word
-ım -ım -um -um
(Ben) ending with a
consonant)
“You
Same rules in this
are” -sın -sın -sun -sun
line
(Sen)
“He /
she / it Same rules in this
-dır / tır -dır / tır -dur / tur -dur / tur
is” line
(O)
Buffer y + (rules
“We
for the word
are” -ız -ız -uz -uz
ending with a
(Biz)
consonant)
“You
Same rules in this
are” -sınız -sınız -sunuz -sunuz
line
(Siz)
“They -dırlar / -durlar / -dürler /
are” tırlar -dirler / tirler turlar türler Same rules in this
(Onlar) or -lar or -ler or -lar or -ler line

Please note that the third person singular pronoun doesn’t have to take the suffix; you can leave it
blank. The third person plural pronoun doesn’t have to take the whole suffix, either; it can take
only the plural suffixes -ler and -lar.

Here are some examples:

Person + Kızgın – Öğretmen – Tok – Üzgün – Zeki –


“to be” “Angry” “Teacher” “Full” “Sad” “Smart”
“I am”
Kızgınım Öğretmenim Tokum Üzgünüm Zekiyim
(Ben)
“You are”
Kızgınsın Öğretmensin Toksun Üzgünsün Zekisin
(Sen)
“He / she / it
is” Kızgın(dır) Öğretmen(dir) Tok(tur) Üzgün(dür) Zeki(dir)
(O)
“We are”
Kızgınız Öğretmeniz Tokuz Üzgünüz Zekiyiz
(Biz)
“You are”
Kızgınsınız Öğretmensiniz Toksunuz Üzgünsünüz Zekisiniz
(Siz)
“They are”
Kızgın(dır)lar Öğretmen(dir)ler Tok(tur)lar Üzgün(dür)ler Zeki(dir)ler
(Onlar)

B. Modal Verbs

In Turkish, there aren’t separate words for the modal verbs. To form modal verbs, certain suffixes
are added to the verbs. For example:

Can

In Turkish, we express “can” using the suffix -abil or -ebil. We add the appropriate one to the verb
root based on its last vowel. -abil and -ebil can be used with any tense, but are usually used with
the present simple tense. If the verb ends with a vowel, then the buffer y is added before the -abil or
-ebil suffix.

Verb ending with a consonant Verb ending with a vowel


Last vowel of the verb root Last vowel of the verb root
Person a/ı/o/u e/i/ö/ü a/ı/o/u e/i/ö/ü
“”
-abilirim -ebilirim -yabilirim -yebilirim
(Ben)
“You”
(Sen) -abilirsin -ebilirsin -yabilirsin -yebilirsin
“He / she / it”
-abilir -ebilir -yabilir -yebilir
(O)
“We”
-abiliriz -ebiliriz -yabiliriz -yebiliriz
(Biz)
“You”
-abilirsiniz -ebilirsiniz -yabilirsiniz -yebilirsiniz
(Siz)
“They”
-abilirler -ebilirler -yabilirler -yebilirler
(Onlar)

Examples:

Ben atabilirim. Ben çekebilirim. Ben arayabilirim. Ben söyleyebilirim.


(“I can throw.”) (“I can pull.”) (“I can call.”) (“I can tell.”)
Sen atabilirsin. Sen çekebilirsin. Sen arayabilirsin. Sen söyleyebilirsin.
(“You can throw.”) (“You can pull.”) (“You can call.”) (“You can tell.”)
O atabilir. O çekebilir. O arayabilir. O söyleyebilir.
(“He / she / it can (“He / she / it can (“He / she / it can (“He / she / it can
throw.”) pull.”) call.”) tell.”)
Biz atabiliriz. Biz çekebiliriz. Biz arayabiliriz. Biz söyleyebiliriz.
(“We can throw.”) (“We can pull.”) (“We can call.”) (“We can tell.”)
Siz
Siz atabilirsiniz. Siz çekebilirsiniz. Siz arayabilirsiniz.
söyleyebilirsiniz.
(“You can throw.”) (“You can pull.”) (“You can call.”)
(“You can tell.”)
Onlar
Onlar atabilirler. Onlar çekebilirler. Onlar arayabilirler.
söyleyebilirler.
(“They can throw.”) (“They can pull.”) (“They can call.”)
(“They can tell.”)

Must

In Turkish, we express “must” using the suffixes -malı or -meli, which are added to the verb root.

Last vowel of the verb root


Person a/ı/o/u e/i/ö/ü
“I”
-malıyım -meliyim
(Ben)
“You”
-malısın -melisin
(Sen)
“He / she / it”
-malı -meli
(O)
“We”
-malıyız -meliyiz
(Biz)
“You” -malısınız -melisiniz
(Siz)
“They”
-malılar -meliler
(Onlar)

Here are some examples:

Ben yapmalıyım. Ben gelmeliyim.


(“I must do.”) (“I must come.”)
Sen yapmalısın. Sen gelmelisin.
(“You must do.”) (“You must come.”)
O yapmalı. O gelmeli.
(“He / she / it must do.”) (“He / she / it must come.”)
Biz yapmalıyız. Biz gelmeliyiz.
(“We must do.”) (“We must come.”)
Siz yapmalısınız. Siz gelmelisiniz.
(“You must do.”) (“You must come.”)
Onlar yapmalılar. Onlar gelmeliler.
(“They must do.”) (“They must come.”)

C. Simple Present Tense

The simple present tense is used for the actions that we do all the time. Here are the rules for
Turkish present tense conjugations:

1. The following suffixes are added to the verb root for verbs ending with a vowel:

Last vowel of the verb root


a/ı e/i o/u ö/ü
“I”
-rım -rım -rum -rum
(Ben)
“You”
-rsın -rsın -rsun -rsun
(Sen)
“He / she / it”
-r -r -r -r
(O)
“We”
-rız -rız -ruz -ruz
(Biz)
“You”
-rsınız -rsınız -rsunuz -rsunuz
(Siz)
“They”
-rlar -rler -rlar -rler
(Onlar)
Here are some examples:

Ben boyarım. Ben söylerim. Ben okurum. Ben yürürüm.


(“I paint.”) (“I tell.”) (“I read.”) (“I walk.”)
Sen boyarsın. Sen söylersin. Sen okursun. Sen yürürsün.
(“You paint.”) (“You tell.”) (“You read.”) (“You walk.”)
O boyar. O söyler. O okur. O yürür.
(“He / she / it (“He / she / it (“He / she / it (“He / she / it
paints.”) tells.”) reads.”) walks.”)
Biz boyarız. Biz söyleriz. Biz okuruz. Biz yürürüz.
(“We paint.”) (“We tell.”) (“We read.”) (“We walk.”)
Siz boyarsınız. Siz söylersiniz. Siz okursunuz. Siz yürürsünüz.
(“You paint.”) (“You tell.”) (“You read.”) (“You walk.”)
Onlar boyarlar. Onlar söylerler. Onlar okurlar. Onlar yürürler.
(“They paint.”) (“They tell.”) (“They read.”) (“They walk.”)

2. The following suffixes are added to the verb root for verbs that have one syllable and end with a
consonant:

Last vowel of the verb root


Person a/ı/o/u e/i/ö/ü
“I”
-arım -erim
(Ben)
“You”
-arsın -ersin
(Sen)
“He / she / it”
-ar -er
(O)
“We”
-arız -eriz
(Biz)
“You”
-arsınız -ersiniz
(Siz)
“They”
-arlar -erler
(Onlar)

Please note that there are some exceptions to this rule:

Almak – “To take”


Bilmek – “To know”
Bulmak – “To find”
Durmak – “To stop”
Gelmek – “To come”
Görmek – “To see”
Kalmak – “To stay”
Olmak (helping verb) – “To be”
Ölmek – “To die”
Sanmak – “To suppose”
Vermek – “To give”
Varmak – “To arrive”

Here are some examples for this rule:

Ben açarım. Ben severim.


(“I open.”) (“I love.”)
Sen açarsın. Sen seversin.
(“You open.”) (“You love.”)
O açar. O sever.
(“He / she / it opens.”) (“He / she / it loves.”)
Biz açarız. Biz severiz.
(“We open.”) (“We love.”)
Siz açarsınız. Siz seversiniz.
(“You open.”) (“You love.”)
Onlar açarlar. Onlar severler.
(“They open.”) (“They love.”)

3. The following suffixes are added to the verb root for verbs that have more than one syllable and
end with a consonant:

Last vowel of the verb root


Person a/ı e/i o/u ö/ü
“I”
-ırım -ırım -urum -urum
(Ben)
“You”
-ırsın -ırsın -ursun -ursun
(Sen)
“He / she / it”
-ır -ır -ur -ur
(O)
“We”
-ırız -ırız -uruz -uruz
(Biz)
“You”
-ırsınız -ırsınız -ursunuz -ursunuz
(Siz)
“They”
-ırlar -irler -urlar -ürler
(Onlar)

Below are some examples for this rule:

Ben çalışırım. Ben öğretirim. Ben unuturum. Ben götürürüm.


(“I work.”) (“I teach.”) (“I forget.”) (“I take.”)
Sen çalışırsın. Sen öğretirsin. Sen unutursun. Sen götürürsün.
(“You work.”) (“You teach.”) (“You forget.”) (“You take.”)
O çalışır. O öğretir. O unutur. O götürür.
(“He / she / it (“He / she / it (“He / she / it (“He / she / it
works.”) teaches.”) forgets.”) takes.”)
Biz çalışırız. Biz öğretiriz. Biz unuturuz. Biz götürürüz.
(“We work.”) (“We teach.”) (“We forget.”) (“We take.”)
Siz çalışırsınız. Siz öğretirsiniz. Siz öğretirsiniz. Siz götürürsünüz.
(“You work.”) (“You teach.”) (“You teach.”) (“You take.”)
Onlar çalışırlar. Onlar öğretirler. Onlar unuturlar. Onlar götürürler.
(“They work.”) (“They teach.”) (“They forget.”) (“They take.”)

Please also note that sometimes helping words such as etmek and olmak are combined together
with other words like kaybolmak and seyretmek. These verbs don’t follow this rule; instead, the
rule that applies to the helping verbs etmek and olmak is used.

D. Present Continuous Tense

If the verb root ends in a vowel, the vowel at the end is dropped and the following suffixes are
added. The suffixes shown below also are used for verbs ending with a consonant:

Person a/ı e/i o/u ö/ü


“I”
-ıyorum -ıyorum -uyorum -uyorum
(Ben)
“You”
-ıyorsun -ıyorsun -uyorsun -uyorsun
(Sen)
“He / she / it”
-ıyor -ıyor -uyor -uyor
(O)
“We”
-ıyoruz -ıyoruz -uyoruz -uyoruz
(Biz)
“You”
-ıyorsunuz -ıyorsunuz -uyorsunuz -uyorsunuz
(Siz)
“They”
-ıyorlar -ıyorlar -uyorlar -uyorlar
(Onlar)

Please take a look at the examples below:

Ben arıyorum. Ben geliyorum. Ben soruyorum. Ben bölüyorum.


(“I am looking for.”) (“I am coming.”) (“I am asking.”) (“I’m dividing.”)
Sen arıyorsun. Sen bölüyorsun.
Sen geliyorsun. Sen soruyorsun.
(“You are looking (“You are
(“You are coming.”) (“You are asking.”)
for.”) dividing.”)
O arıyor. O geliyor. O soruyor. O bölüyor.
(“He / she / it is (“He / she / it is (“He / she / it is (“He / she / it is
looking for.”) coming.”) asking.”) dividing.”)
Biz arıyoruz. Biz geliyoruz. Biz soruyoruz. Biz bölüyoruz.
(“We are looking for.”) (“We are coming.”) (“We are asking.”) (“We are dividing.”)
Siz arıyorsunuz. Siz bölüyorsunuz.
Siz geliyorsunuz. Siz soruyorsunuz.
(“You are looking (“You are
(“You are coming.”) (“You are asking.”)
for.”) dividing.”)
Onlar arıyorlar. Onlar geliyorlar. Onlar soruyorlar. Onlar bölüyorlar.
(“They are looking (“They are (“They are (“They are
for.”) coming.”) asking.”) dividing.”)

E. Past Tense

To use the correct rule for past tense conjugations, you need to check the last vowel and the last
letter of the verb. Study this Turkish conjugation table to see what we mean:
Last vowel of the verb root
a/ı e/i o/u ö/ü
If the If the If the If the
very last If the very very last If the very very last If the very very last If the very
letter of last letter letter of last letter letter of last letter letter of last letter
the verb of the verb the verb of the verb the verb of the verb the verb of the verb
root is root root is root root is root root is root
Person
one of contains one of contains one of contains one of contains
these the rest of these the rest of these the rest of these the rest of
letters: the letters: the letters: the letters: the
ç/f/h/k/s/ consonants. ç/f/h/k/s/ consonants. ç/f/h/k/s/ consonants. ç/f/h/k/s/ consonants.
ş/t/p. ş/t/p. ş/t/p. ş/t/p.
“I”
-tım -dım -tım -dım -tum -dum -tum -dum
(Ben)
“You”
-tın -dın -tın -dın -tun -dun -tun -dun
(Sen)
“He /
she /
-tı -dı -tı -dı -tu -du -tu -du
it”
(O)
“We”
-tık -dık -tık -dık -tuk -duk -tuk -duk
(Biz)
“You”
-tınız -dınız -tınız -dınız -tunuz -dunuz -tunuz -dunuz
(Siz)
“They”
-tılar -dılar -tiler -diler -tular -dular -tüler -düler
(Onlar)

Below are some examples that will help you understand the Turkish conjugation for the past tense
better:

Ben sattım. Ben temizledim. Ben oturdum. Ben öptüm.


(“I sold.”) (“I cleaned.”) (“I sat down.”) (“I kissed.”)
Sen sattın. Sen temizledin. Sen oturdun. Sen öptün.
(“You sold.”) (“You cleaned.”) (“You sat down.”) (“You kissed.”)
O sattı. O temizledi. O oturdu. O öptü.
(“He / she / it (“He / she / it (“He / she / it sat (“He / she / it
sold.”) cleaned.”) down.”) kissed.”)
Biz sattık. Biz temizledik. Biz oturduk. Biz öptük.
(“We sold.”) (“We cleaned.”) (“We sat down.”) (“We kissed.”)
Siz sattınız. Siz temizlediniz. Siz oturdunuz. Siz öptünüz.
(“You sold.”) (“You cleaned.”) (“You sat down.”) (“You kissed.”)
Onlar sattılar. Onlar temizlediler. Onlar oturdular. Onlar öptüler.
(“They sold.”) (“They cleaned.”) (“They sat down.”) (“They kissed.”)

F. Future Tense

Verbs ending with a consonant Verbs ending with a vowel


Person a/ı/o/u e/i/ö/ü a/ı/o/u e/i/ö/ü
“I”
-acağım -eceğim -[y]acağım -[y]eceğim
(Ben)
“You”
-acaksın -eceksin -[y]acaksın -[y]eceksin
(Sen)
“He / she / it”
-acak -ecek -[y]acak -[y]ecek
(O)
“We”
-acağız -eceğiz -[y]acağız -[y]eceğiz
(Biz)
“You”
-acaksınız -eceksiniz -[y]acaksınız -[y]eceksiniz
(Siz)
“They”
-acaklar -ecekler -[y]acaklar -[y]ecekler
(Onlar)

There are two words that have an exception: demek (“to say,” “to tell”) and yemek (“to eat”). The
letter e changes to i, and then the above-mentioned suffixes are added. For example:

Ben yiyeceğim. (“I will eat.”)


Sen diyeceksin. (“You will tell.”)

Here are some examples:

Ben yazacağım. Ben seçeceğim. Ben uyuyacağım. Ben deneyeceğim.


(“I will write.”) (“I will choose.”) (“I will sleep.”) (“I will try.”)
Sen yazacaksın. Sen seçeceksin. Sen uyuyacaksın. Sen deneyeceksin.
(“You will write.”) (“You will choose.”) (“You will sleep.”) (“You will try.”)
O yazacak. O seçecek. O uyuyacak. O deneyecek.
(“He / she / it will (“He / she / it will (“He / she / it will (“He / she / it will
write.”) choose.”) sleep.”) try.”)
Biz yazacağız. Biz seçeceğiz. Biz uyuyacağız. Biz deneyeceğiz.
(“We will write.”) (“We will choose.”) (“We will sleep.”) (“We will try.”)
Siz yazacaksınız. Siz seçeceksiniz. Siz uyuyacaksınız. Siz deneyeceksiniz.
(“You will write.”) (“You will choose.”) (“You will sleep.”) (“You will try.”)
Onlar
Onlar yazacaklar. Onlar seçecekler. Onlar uyuyacaklar.
deneyecekler.
(“They will write.”) (“They will choose.”) (“They will sleep.”)
(“They will try.”)
G. Negativity

Creating the negative form of “to be” is simple. The word değil means “not,” and it takes the
personal suffix. Let me explain it with examples:

Ben şişman değilim.


“I am not fat.”
Sen şişman değilsin.
“You are not fat.”
O şişman değil.
“He / she / it is not fat.”
Biz şişman değiliz.
“We are not fat.”
Siz şişman değilsiniz.
“You are not fat.”
Onlar şişman değiller.
“They are not fat.”

H. Interrogation

Let’s look at the present form of “yes or no” questions. Here are the words that turn a sentence into
a closed question. I said “words” because they’re not suffixes, but separate words, which don’t
mean anything when used alone.

Last vowel of the last syllable


Person a/ı e/i o/u ö/ü
“I”
mıyım? mıyım? müyüm? müyüm?
(Ben)
“You”
mısın? mısın? müsün? müsün?
(Sen)
“He / she / it”
mi? mi? mü? mü?
(O)
“We”
mıyız? mıyız? muyuz? muyuz?
(Biz)
“You”
mısınız? mısınız? musunuz? musunuz?
(Siz)
“They”
mı? mı? mü? mü?
(Onlar)
Examples:

Sen aşçı mısın?


(“Are you a cook?”)
Singular “you”

Siz deli misiniz?


(“Are you crazy?”)
Plural “you”

O tok mu?
(“Is he / she / it full?”)
Biz kötü müyüz?
(“Are we bad?”)

3. Verb Modification

Now let’s look at a few different ways to modify verbs.

I. Passive

Verbs can be made passive by adding n if the verb ends with a vowel:

Aramak – “To look for,” “To call”


The verb root is ara; it takes n and becomes:

Aranmak – “To be looked for,” “To be called”

You can also add ıl, il, ul, or ül depending on the vowel harmony if the verb ends with a consonant
other than l:

Açmak – “To open”


Açılmak – “To be opened”
Yermek – “To criticize”
Yerilmek – “To be criticized”
Sunmak – “To offer”
Sunulmak – “To be offered”
Çözmek – “To resolve”
Çözülmek – “To be resolved”

Finally, you can add ın, in, un, or ün depending on the vowel harmony if the verb ends with l:

Çalmak – “To steal”


Çalınmak – “To be stolen”
Silmek – “To delete”
Silinmek – “To be deleted”
Bulmak – “To find”
Bulunmak – “To be found”
Bölmek – “To divide”
Bölünmek – “To be divided”

II. Causative

The causative verbs are formed by adding the causative suffix after the verb root according to the
vowel harmony rules.

Add t if the verb ends with a vowel, or r:

Aramak – “To look for”


Aratmak – “To have somebody look for”
Oturmak – “To sit down”
Oturtmak – “To seat somebody”

Add ır, ir, ur, or ür based on the vowel harmony if the verb stem ends with ş or ç:

Düşmek – “To fall”


Düşürmek – “To make somebody fall”
İçmek – “To drink”
İçirmek – “To have somebody drink”

Most verbs get the following suffixes based on the vowel harmony:
dir, dır, dür, dur, tir, tır, tür, tur

Gülmek – “To laugh”


Güldürmek – “To make somebody laugh”

A few mono-syllable verbs ending in k take -it, -ıt, -üt, or -ut suffixes:

Korkmak – “To be scared”


Korkutmak – “To scare someone”
Akmak – “To flow”
Akıtmak – “To let something flow”

There are also some verbs that take the -er and -ar suffixes:

Kopmak – “To break off”


Koparmak – “To make something break off”

There is one verb that’s irregular:

Görmek – “To see”


Göstermek – “To show”

Double causative verbs also exist:

Pişmek – “To cook” (ex: the meat cooks)


Pişirmek – “To cook” (ex: my wife cooks the meat)
Pişirtmek – “To have something cooked”
Ölmek – “To die”
Öldürmek – “To kill”
Öldürtmek – “To have someone killed”

III. Reflexive

You can create a reflexive verb by adding the suffix -in. For example:

Giymek – “To wear clothes“


Giyinmek – “To dress oneself”

IV. Verbs of Mutual Action

Here are some examples:

Görmek – “To see”


Görüşmek – “To see one another” or “To converse”
Görüşülmek – “To be conversed about”
Görüştürmek – “To make conversation with one another”
Görüştürülmek – “To be made to converse with one another”
4. Ready for a Challenge?
After all this information, are you ready for some Turkish verb conjugation practice? How about
taking a short quiz to see how much information you’ve absorbed about Turkish conjugation?

1. How is the verb atlamak (“to jump”) conjugated in the first person plural as future tense?

a. Atladım

b. Atlayacağım

c. Atlıyorsunuz

d. Atlayacağız

2. Complete the sentence with the correct present “to be” suffix.
Biz güzel….. (“We are beautiful.”)

a. dik

b. iz

c. eceğiz

d. ıyoruz

3. Complete the sentence with the correct past tense suffix.

Ben gör…. (“I saw”)

a. düm

b. dük

c. üm

d. eceğim

4. Complete the sentence with the correct present continuous tense suffix.

Sen iç…….. (“You are drinking”)

a. tim

b. sın

c. eceğim

d. iyorsun

5. Complete the sentence with the correct modal verb suffix.

Siz koş………. (“You must run”)

a. abilirsiniz

b. acaksınız

c. malısınız

d. uyorsunuz

Are you looking for the answer key? If so, you need to read the rest to get to it!

5. Conclusion
How does it feel to learn about those Turkish conjugation rules? Seems like too much info, huh? If
you have combined all the Turkish verb conjugation charts and created a Turkish verbs conjugation
PDF file for yourself, then you can refresh your memory whenever you need to. Furthermore,
make sure to visit our website, TurkishClass101.com, to reinforce what you’ve learned.

Please keep in touch with us to share your learning experience.

Last but not least, here are the answers to the quiz:

1.d; 2.b; 3.a; 4.d; 5.c

Posted by TurkishClass101.com in Learn Turkish, Team TurkishClass101, Turkish Grammar,


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