1963 Berry, Malech and Kennedy:

Antenna
Reflectarray 645

array has sidelobes that are larger than the main lobe,
so that it is a poor endfire array.
Each of the patterns discussedhere is obtained by
assuming the tilt angle of the elements to be 20°, since
i t is a t this angle that a maxium antenna current is in-
duced [4].
ACKKOWLEDGMENT
The author wishes to acknowledge Prof. K. kI. Chen
for his helpful suggestions, and also would like t o t h a n k
Y. H. Chuang for his assistance in the computation.
REFEREXCES
[I] C. J. Slettenand G. R.Forbes, “A new antenna radiator for
VHF-CHF communications,” U. S. Air ForceCambridge Re-
search Ctr., Cambridge, Mass., .-ZFCRC-TRJ7-114, -1D113640;
June, 1957.
[Z] G. R. Forbes,“An endfirearray continuously proiximity-coupled,”
U. S. Air ForceCambridge Research Ctr., Cambridge, Mass.,
AFCRC-TR-59-368; December, 1959.
[3] C. J. Sletten, G. R. Forbes, and L. F. Shodin, “Keeping track of
earth satellites,” Electronics, p. 81; October, 1958.
[4] K. M. Chen and R. W. P. King, ‘Dipole antennas coupled electro-
magnetically to a two-wire transmission line,” IRE TRAM.OK
ASTENSASAND PROPAGATION, vol. -4P-9, pp.125-432 ;September,
1961.
[5] E. C. Jordan, ‘Electromagnetic !.Taws and Radiating System,”
Prentice-Hall Book Company, Inc., Kew York, N. Y . ; 1950.

The Reflectarray Antenna”

Summary-A class of antennas that utilizes arrays of elementary be produced from the same aperture without the dis-
antennas as reflecting surfaces has been investigated. An antenna advantage of a complex corporate feed system.
of this type is here called a Reflectarray. It has beenfound that the
Reflectarray combines much of the simplicity of the reflector-type
The Reflectarray consistsof a surface or aperture that
antenna with the performance versatility of the array type. The re- is characterized by a surface impedance, and a primary
flecting surfaces employed in these antennas are characterized by a radiator that illuminates this surface. The amplitude
surface impedance that can be synthesized to produce a variety of and phase of the fields reflected from the surface at any
radiationpatterns.Theequations of the surface impedance as a point is determined by the impedance presented by the
function of the desired reflected phase front is derivedfor the loss-
less case and methods of realizing this surface impedance are pre-
surface a t t h a t point. Prescribed radiation characteris-
sented. Experimental results of a waveguide array type Reflectarray tics are then achieved by synthesizing the impedance
are given including pencil beam, broad beam and scanning modes. of the surface in a straightforward manner. The surface
Data on the effects of specific phase errors are presented. impedancecanbechosentoproduce reflected fields
t h a t form a pencil beam in any direction, beams that
ISTRODVCTION
are significantlymorebroadthanthosenormally as-

A PERTURE antennas can, in general, be categor-

ized as beingbasedon arraytheoryoron
geometrical optics. The former utilizes control
sociated with the size of the aperture used, or shaped
beams. Thesurfaceimpedance
changedtoscanany
also canberapidly
of theseradiationpatterns.In
of the amplitude and phase of excitation of each ele- addition,the use of amonopulse feed will !yield sec-
ment of thearraytoachievetheir desiredradiation ondary monopulse patterns. The amplitude control that
characteristics, while in the latter (reflectors and lenses), can be achieved is limited by the radiation pattern of
this control is exercised by shaping one or more sur- the primary source, and the amount of efficiency t h a t
faces that are illuminatedin a prescribed manner. Each the designer is \ d i n g t o sacrifice. Phase control is only
of these classes has distinct advantages, since optical limitedbythephysicalmeans used todevelopthe
antennasare simple,while arrays yieldmoreprecise desiredsurfaceimpedance.
control and versatility a t t h e expense of simplicity. T h e following sections describe the derivation of the
This paper describes a third class of antennas, called surfaceimpedancefunction,methods of realizing the
a Reflectarray, that combines some of the advantages function,andtheresults of a limitedexperimental
of each of the basic classes; I t possesses the versatility verification program. The latter includes measured d a t a
of the array in t h a t a variety of radiation patterns can on the pencil beam, wide beam, and scanning modes. In
addition, an approximate means of achieving the sur-
* Received January 28, 1963; relTised manuscript received hIay 9, faceimpedancefunction is described andan experi-
1963. mentaldetermination of the effect of phaseerrors is
t Dorne and Margolin, Inc., Chatsworth, Calif.
i Dorne and Margolin, Inc., \Vestbury, A-. Y. presented.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Swinburne University of Technology. Downloaded on May 20,2020 at 23:58:43 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 -.

646 IEEE TRANSACTIONS O X ANTELYNAS AND PROPAGATION Nouembe~

SURFACE IMPEDANCE FCNCTIOW which for $ polarization of the incident field is

Consider the geometry of Fig. 1 in which the phase
center of a primary source is located at ( 0 , 0 , ro) and
the Reflect surface lies in the x-y plane (a plane sur-
face is not necessary as will become clear, but is used
here in the interest of clarity). Let the normalized elec- where 71 is the impedance of free space and R is the
tric field transmitted by the feed be polarized in the $ ratio cos #/cos E.
direction and be given by The surface impedance 2, may be chosen to be real,
imaginaryorcomplex,butassumingthatthemost
e-ik r
efficient antennaisdesired,itis chosenhere t o be
Et = At7 $1 -
r
(1) imaginary and therefore, the surface is totally reflect-
ing, i.e.,
where j ( f ,$) is the magnitude of the source radiation
pattern, r the distance from the source phase center a to Zs = jX,. (7)
point P in the reflecting plane, k = h / h , and X the free-
spacewavelength.Sincethepoints P lie in the x-y Inserting (S), ( 6 ) and (7) into (4), the expression for the
reflected field becomes
plane,
r = ro,/cos + cos E (2)

and the field incident on the Reflectarray surface will

then be or

Rearranging (8) we have

Since the surface has been chosen to be totally reflect-

ing, the amplitude of the reflected field is determined
entirely by the pattern of the primary feed and its dis-
tance from the surface. The phaseof the reflected field,
on the other hand,is a function of the surface reactance
X,and hence, can be chosen arbitrarily; that is,
Fig. 1-Geometry used in the derivation of the
surface impedance equations.

Sincethissurfacehasbeenassumedtohaveanim- Solving (10) for X,yields for $ polarization,

pedance, the reflected field will be
x,
E R = EiI' (4 -= R tan 1/2[@(f, 9) - kro/(cos f cos $)I. (11)
71
where I' is the reflection coefficient at the point of in-
. terest P(:, #). I' is defined bs; The surface impedance function for ( polarization can
easily be shown to be

where 2, is the normal impedance of the surface and

4 s an example, assume that the desired reflectedfield is
a plane wave propagating parallel to the array normal
(in the positive z direction), then @(E, $) is a constant.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Swinburne University of Technology. Downloaded on May 20,2020 at 23:58:43 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
1963 Berry, Xalech and Kennedy: Rejectarray Antenna 647

I t is convenient in this case to choose the constant to be Fig. 2(a) is given by

that phase of the field whichwouldbereflected by a
short circuit (X, =0) at the extremity of the reflecting
surface ( 7 = r max). Inserting these conditions into ( l l ) ,
we have assuming a lossless dielectric.Having chosen thede-
normal
plane wave = k7 max (13) sired phase function, the slab depth at every point is
then determined by equating (15) and (1 1). I t will be
and the reactive surface becomes noted that all values of reactance can be achieved with
x,
-=
9
R t a n a ~- [,Tax 1
( ~ ) / ( c o s I c o s + ) . (14)
a ~naximum depth of less than

- .x
Other phase functions may be chosen t h a t will pro- 2dr
duce radiation patterns other thanpencil beams normal
to the reflecting surface. An example is a pencil beam
havingitsmaximum in anarbitrarydirection O o , 4o
(see Fig. 1). The required phase function is,in this case,
(a((, +) = kr max + kro sin Bo
.(sin $0 tan E + cos 40 tan +).
I t is desirable in certain cases to produce a beam from
the reflecting surface t h a t is more broad in one or both
principalplanesthan
~7ave
wouldbe produced if a plane
were rehected. This can be accomplished by choos-
ing the reflected phase front to have radii of curvature
(15)
5
-

-7 ClRCLlT
FYUIP.ib3N
(a)

(b)
-.wLI,*,DE-LLI.*lm4iW

LE

in one or both principal planes. The phase function in Fig. 2-Configurations that yield the
this case is desired surface impedance.

@(t,J.) = k7 max + kpE [J(:)' tan2 +1- 1 1 As stated above, the surface impedance of the wave-
guide array of Fig. 2(b) can only approximate the de-
sired impedance functim. As is well known,' the nor-
malized input reactance of each short-circuited guide

where pI and pE are the radii of curvature of the phase

front in the I)= O and 4 = 0 planes, respectively. I t will
be noted that (16) reduces to the plane wave case as the
-K _i n -
9 /
2b/a

-
tan

.l/i
r<)
operating in the dominant mode is given by

(6)-
(18)

radii of curvature go t o infinity. The constants in (15)

and (16) were again chosen for convenience. where a and b are the inside transverse dimensions of
the waveguide, perpendicular and parallel to the electric
REALIZATION OF THE SURFACE IMPEDAKCE field vectorrespectively, X, is the cutoff wavelength
and X, is the guide wavelength. The depth d of each
There are several methods available of realizing t h e
guidemaybeobtainedbyequating (18) and (11) or
surface impedance dictated by (14). These methods fall
( 1 1 ) , but, since(18)holdsfor any point in the guide
into two categories: those that produce thedesired sur-
aperture, specific values of 4 and I)must be chosen t h a t
faceimpedanceexactlyandthosethatonlyapproxi-
place the point P a t a specific point in the aperture and
mate the desiredimpedance.Amongtheformer is a
herein lies one of the approximations. The entire guide
dielectric slab backed by an irregularly shaped metallic
aperturepresents a singlesurfaceimpedancewhich
sheet. Examples of the latter are arrays of discrete ele-
ideally should only be presented at a single point. I t has
mentssuchas dipolesterminatedinshortcircuited
been found, however, that satisfactory results are ob-
transmission Iines oropen-endedwaveguidestermi-
tained when the points P are chosen to lie at the center
nated in short circuits. The dipole array and its varia-
of the waveguide aperture as will be seen in the follow-
tions are suitable a t low frequencies while the dielectric
ing section. Other points at which (11) is violated when
slab and waveguide array schemes are more applicable
the waveguide array is used are those points at which
a t microwave frequencies.
The metal-backed dielectric slab and the waveguide
array are illustrated schematically in Fig. 2. The nor- G. C. Southworth, "Principles a n d Applications of [Yaveguide
Transmission,' D. Van Sostrand Co., Inc., New York, X. Y.,p. 104;
malized surface reactance of the configuration shown in 1960.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Swinburne University of Technology. Downloaded on May 20,2020 at 23:58:43 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
.-.
648 IEEE TRA-NSACTIONS O N ANTEXAJAS
AND PROPAGATIOlV November

the metal sides of the guide lie in the reflecting plane. Plane Wave M o d e s
If thin walls are used, however, the degradation of the
radiation pattern is not severe. It may be possible to The surface impedance function required to produce
compensate for this effect? or a t least determine its mag- a reflected plane wave propagating parallel to the array
nitude, but no attempt has been made to do so. Even normal was determined by inserting (13) into (11). The
though this configuration only approximates( l l ) ,i t has depth of each guide was then calculated from this result
considerable merit, because i t affords a mechanism for and (18). The same calculations were carried out for E
rapidlychangingthesurfaceimpedance attheair- polarization, using (13), ( l a ) , and (18). Theresulting
waveguide interface (as will be discussed later), so that polar radiation patterns in these two cases are shown in
variety of radiation patterns ma): be produced in rapid Figs. 4(a) and 4(b). It can be seen that the half-power
sequence. I t was, in fact, this rapid change ability that beamwidths are 4” t o 5” which is approximately what
motivated the work reported on, hence, all of the experi- would be expected from the aperturesize. The major dii
mental work described in the following paragraphs was mension of t h e array is 15.6X a thefrequencyused,
conducted on waveguide array^.^ which would yield a half-power h F i d t h of 3.25” if
uniformly illuminated, and 4.33” if illuminated with a
EXPERIhfENTAL RESULTS cosinetaper.’Gainmeasurements of thesetwocases
indicated that aperture efficiencies of greater than 60
In order to verify the Reflectarray principle, Xthe 26 4 per cent were obtained when the large spillover in the
waveguide array shown in Fig. 3 was constructed. The verticle plane, caused by its restricted dimension in this
waveguides are square with a center-to-center spacing plane, was taken into account.
of 0.6X. T h e wall thickness is approximately 0.03X. 4 n The sidelobe level obtained (-16.5 db) is somewhat
offsetfeedwasused so t h a t blocking sidelobes would
higherthanwouldbeexpectedfrom an aperture an-
notmasktheReflectarraycharacteristics.Blocking tenna with this illumination taper. I t will also be noted
lobeswould, of course,besubstantialbecause of the that these sidelobes do not decrease monotonically as
limiteddimension of theReflectarray used forthese
the angle away from the normal increases. These effects
measurements. The feed was placed so that the illumi-
are attributed to the errors present in the waveguide
nation at the array edges in the wide dimension of the version of the Reflectarray and are not inherent to the
array was approximately 10 d b down from that center,
Reflectarray principle. That the error sidelobes are par-
but no attempt was made at any point in the program ticularly prominent in this case is probably because the
t o optimizetheillumination.Therefore,theresulting
experimental array is quite small in one plane. It has
radiationpatterns
are
indicative of what can
be
been shown5 that the effects of a given level of random
achieved, but do not represent optimum results.
errordecreaseasthe size of the array increases, and
The Reflectarray modes investigated were the normal
because the level of error remains unchanged ina wave-
planewavemode,planewavemodespropagatingin
guide type Reflectarraq. regardlessof its size, it is antici-
directionsotherthannormaltothearray(scanning
pated that the sidelobe level would have approached
mode)andcylindricalwave(broad-beam)mode.In
thetheoreticalvaluehadthearraybeensufficiently
addition,surfaceimpedanceerrors were deliberately
large in both dimensions.
introduced in order to determine the minimum number
The patterns shown in Figs. 5(a) and 5(b) are those
of shortcircuitterminationsthatcanbe used ina
of theReflectarraywhen its surfaceimpedanceis
Reflectarraywhen i t is desiredtochangeradiation
adjusted using (15). The parameters of Figs. 5(a) and
modes rapidlJ..
5(b) are &=90°, Bo=30° and Q0=9O0, f30=45”, respec-
tively. As expected,thesepatternsexhibitreduced
directivity.‘j The large sidelobe seen in Fig. 5(b) is the
grating lobe that appears when the beam is scanned far
enough from the array normal. For a given scan angle,
it can be reduced by reducing the element spacing or by
staggeringtheelements in everyother rowwhich
reduces the apparent element spacing. The latter was
demonstrated using the array shown inFig. 6. The indi-
vidual guides making up this array have the same inside

Fig. 3-Experimental model of the waveguide

array type Reflectarray.
4 S. X. Schelkunoff and H. T. Friis, “Antennas, Theory and Prac-
tice,” John \17iley 8 Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y.,p. 596; 1952.
R. B. Kieburtz and A. Ishimaru, “-Aperture fields of an array of 5 R. S. Elliott,“Mechanicalandelectricaltolerancesfortwo-
rectangular apertures,” I R E TRAKS. OK ANTESSAS ASD PROPAGA- dimensional scanning antenna arrays,” IRE TUNS.ON AKTENNAS
TIOX, 1.01. . W - l O , pp. 663-671; Sovember, 1962. ASD PROPAGATION, vol. AP-6, pp. 114-120; January, 1958.
A bark-scatter antenna utilizing dipole arrays for 4 to 10 meter R. iV. Bickmore, “A note on the effective aperture
of electrically
forwardscatterpropagation is describedin S. S. D. Jones, et al., scanned arrays,” I R E TRANS. O S ASTENKASAND PROPAG.4TION, vol.
U. S. patent 2,9S6,i34; May 30, 1961. .lP-6, pp. 194-196; April, 195s.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Swinburne University of Technology. Downloaded on May 20,2020 at 23:58:43 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
1963 Kennedy:
Rejlechray
Antenna
and
Xalech
Berry, 649

dimensions as the array of Fig. 3 ; however, the wall

thicknessisconsiderablygreater.Theresultisan
array with element spacing of t h and apparent element
spacing of $A. T h e 40= 90", Bo = 45" mode of this array
isshowninFig.5(c)and thegrating lobe has been
eliminated. It can be seen t h a t t h e sidelobelevel has
been increased substantially. This is a result of the in-
creased amount of metal lying in the reflecting plane
due to the increase in guide wall thickness. I n this case
approximately 35 per cent of the reflecting planeis
metal.

(C)

(b) Fig. 5-(a), (b) Radiation patterns (field intensity) of the Reflect-
array of Fig. 3 in the scanning plane wave mode. (a) @0=900,
Fig. 4-Radiation patterns (field intensity) of the Reflectarray of Q0=3Oo; ( b j @0=900, Oa=45°. (c)Radiationpattern (field in-
Fig. 3 in the normalplanewave mode. (a) @ polarization. tensity) of the Reflectarry of Fig. 6 in the @0=9O0, O O = 4 5 O plane
(b) E polarization. wave mode.

Fig. 6--\\-a\-eguide array Reflectarray with staggered rows.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Swinburne University of Technology. Downloaded on May 20,2020 at 23:58:43 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
650 IEE&emSNRdCTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION Aovember

Cylindrical Wave Xode

Using (16), the array of Fig. 3 was set to produce a
cylindricalwave
front
with
parameters p)= and
p , =23.1X.
~ The resulting pattern is shownin Fig. 7. T h e
radiation pattern calculated using the ideal surface im-
pedancemodelexhibitedthesamebeamwidth at the
half-power points as that measured, but the shoulders
and sidelobes appearing at f 10” and f 17” respectively
were not present. I t is assumed t h a t these anomalies are
due to the array errors discussedpreviouslyandare
moreprominentbecause of thereducedgain of the
array. This assumption may not be entirely valid,how- Fig. 7-Radiation pattern (field intensity) of theReflectarray of
Fig. 3 in the cylindrical wave mode.
ever, since there is obviously a maximum limit on the
beamwidth that canbe realized from an apertureof t h i s
size using phase control in discrete increments only, just
as there is on the minimum beamwidth.
Since the feasibilityof the cylindrical wave mode was
demonstrated by the production of a beamwidth ap-
proximatelyfourtimesthatproducedbytheplane
wave mode, this limitation was not investigated.

The Geometrical Optics Approximation and

Electronic Mode Change
Incalculatingtherequiredwaveguidedepthfrom
(18) and (11) or (12), it becomes apparent that tlledif-
ference in guide depth for$ or E polarization is generally
small. This fact leads to the conclusion that a circularly
polarized feed may be used with the waveguide Reflect-
array if some degradation can be tolerated. In fact, the
guide depth in these two cases is very little different
than
1 / 2 [ @ ( f ,#) - Kr~/(cosf cos #)] radians (19)

whichappearsinboth (11) and(12). Eq. (19) isthe

guide depth that would be calculated on a geometrical
optics basis, i.e., electrical path length from feed-phase
center to guide aperture to short circuit and back to (b)
guide aperture. Fig.8-Radiation patterns (field intensity) of the Reflectarray of
In order to determine the amountof degradation that Fig. 3 set for the normalplanewavemode using geometrical
optics approximation. (a) $ polarization. (b) 5 polarization.
thegeometricalopticsapproximationintroduces,the
guide depths for the normal plane wave mode were cal-
I t would appear then, that since the phase error caused
culated inserting (13) into (19). The resulting radiation
by neglecting this factor is independent of array size, the
patterns for $ and E polarization are shown in Fig. 8. I t
resultingdegradationwoulddecrease as the array is
can be seen from a comparison of these patterns and
enlarged.
those of Figs. 4(a) and 4(b), that the optical approxi-
As mentioned above, the waveguide Reflectarray was
mation does degrade both the beamwidth and sidelobe
chosen for experimental investigation because this con-
level somewhat. This degradation is a resultof neglect-
figuration presented the opportunity of rapidly chang-
ing the free space to waveguide aperture mismatch
ing modes by “electronic” means. For instance, the dis-
tance from each waveguide aperture to its short circuit
r :he factors 2b/a
in (18’1 termination can be changed by placing switching diodes
in the guidesa t appropriate intervals. Then, by shorting
theproperdiode in eachguide,any of thevarious
modes available may be chosen. Because diodes’ can be
and R in (11) and (12) .

I 7 R. 1:
. Garver, “High-speed microwaveswitching
conductors-11,’’ I R E TRANS.ON %fICROWAVE THEORY
NIQUES, vol. MTT-7, pp. 272-276; April, 1959.
of semi-
A h ? TECH-

Authorized licensed use limited to: Swinburne University of Technology. Downloaded on May 20,2020 at 23:58:43 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
1963
(d)
Fig. 9-Radiation patterns (field intensity) of the Reflectarrav of
Fig. 3 showing the effect of maximum phase errors. (a) kY2.j0
error. (b) k3Oo error. (c) +4S0 error. (d) +45” error.
switched rapidly ( = 3 X lop9 sec), very rapid scanning
can be accomplished without the
R F corporate feed systems ordinarily associated \\rith
electronically scanned antennas.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Swinburne University of Technology. Downloaded on May 20,2020 at 23:58:43 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Antenna
Bejlectarray
Berry,
Kennedy:
MaIeclt and oa 1
If diode switches are to be used in each waveguide of
the array, it becomes important to know the minimum
number of switches per guide that canbe tolerated with-
out introducing undue degradationof the electrical per-
formance of the array. The method used to determine
this was to preselect a specific number of short circuit
positions in eachwaveguide,calculatethewaveguide
depth using the geometrical optics approsimation for the
mode of interest and then position the short circuit at
the preselectedpositionclosest tothecalculated.In
this manner, the phaseof the field reradiated from each
guide deviates from the correct phase (“correct” in this
case being the approximate phase arrived at by ray trac-
ing) by at most a fraction of a wavelength determined
by the number of allowed shortcircuitpositionsper
waveguide. If eight short circuit positions (e.g., seven
diodes and one metal short),all X,/16 apart are chosen,
the maximum phase error per waveguide is t-22.5”. Six
positionsseparated by h,/12 and four positions sepa-
rated by X,/8 yield maximum phase errors of 5 30” and
t-45”, respectively. The radiation patterns of the nor-
mal plane wave mode for these three cases are shown in
Fig. 9. In addition, the 4o=9O0, do=3O0 mode with the
latter phase error condition is shown. I t is interesting to
note that the character of these patterns is not markedly
different from t h a t of Fig. 8(a). There are,however, dif-
ferences in detail, because the waveguide configuration
only approximates the proper surface impedance a t best
and, therefore, errors are always present. From these
results, i t is apparent that, for many app!ications, four
shortcircuitpositionsperwaveguide would beade-
quate.
-As mentioned above, the data of Fig. 9 were taken
using metal plugs as short circuit terminations rather
diode
than
switches.
known
From
the of
switching diodes, however, a n array using three diodes
per guide has been designed t h a t will yield an insertion
loss of less than 1 db due to diode losses.
CONCLUSIOK
T h e foregoing has described an antenna concept that
combines some of the advantages of an array with the
simplicity of a reflector. The impedance of the reflect-
ing surface can be chosen to produce any phase front
required. The particular configuration of the Reflect-
array investigated experimentally is capable of produc-
ing many radiation pattern modes including scanning
andbroad-beammodes.Inaddition,it is possible t o
change modes or direction of beam very rapidly using
semiconductor diodeswitches.
Thisperformance is
accomplished without the complexityof a corporate R F
feed system usually associated with scanning arrays.
:. G a n e r , E. G. Spencer and R. C. LeCraw, “High-speed
8 R. 1
microwareswitching of semiconductors.” J . AppZ. Phys., vol. 28,
use of the elaborate pp. 1336-1338; Sovember, 1957.
R. V. Garver, E. G. Spencer, and RI. A. Harper, “Microwave
semiconductor switching techniques,” IRE TRAXS. ON MICROWAVE
THEORY ASD TECHXQUES, TO]. MTT-6, pp. 378-383; October, 1958.